States of the Weimar Republic
The States of the Weimar Republic were the first-level administrative divisions and constituent states of the German Reich during the Weimar Republic era. The states were established in 1918 following the German Revolution upon the conclusion of World War I, and based on the 22 constituent states of the German Empire that abolished their local monarchies. The new states continued as republics alongside the three pre-existing republican city-states within the new Weimar Republic, adopting the titles Freistaat ("Free State") or Volksstaat ("People's State").
Weimar Republic states edit
Germany suffered significant territorial losses from the Treaty of Versailles following World War I, and some states had their borders altered by international border changes. In 1920, the state of Thuringia was formed from the former Ernestine duchies that continued briefly as republics before merging, except for Saxe-Coburg, which became part of Bavaria. Additionally, the Saar Basin and the city of Danzig were detached from Germany and placed under the administration of the League of Nations.
States under Nazi Germany edit
The states of the Weimar Republic were effectively abolished after the establishment of Nazi Germany in 1933 by a series of laws and decrees between 1933 and 1935, and autonomy was replaced by direct rule of the National Socialist German Workers' Party in the Gleichschaltung process. The states continued to formally exist as de jure bodies, but from 1934 were superseded by de facto Nazi Party administrative units called Gaue. Many of the states were formally dissolved at the end of World War II by the Allies, and ultimately re-organised into the modern states of Germany.
In July 1932, the government of Prussia, by far the largest of the German states, had already been taken over by the Reich in the Preußenschlag under then Reich Chancellor Franz von Papen. Following the Nazi seizure of power, they sought to gain direct control over all the remaining states after winning the general election of March 1933. The independent state governments and parliaments were successively abolished, and the Reich government took over direct control in a process called Gleichschaltung ("coordination").
Barely a week after the passage of the Enabling Act of 1933, which effectively made Adolf Hitler the dictator of Germany, the Nazi government issued the Provisional Law on the Coordination of the States with the Reich (German: Vorläufiges Gesetz und Zweites Gesetz zur Gleichschaltung der Länder mit dem Reich) on 31 March 1933. This law dissolved the duly-elected sitting state parliaments of the German states except for the Prussian parliament which the Nazis already controlled. It then reconstituted them based on the electoral results of the 5 March 1933 election, except that the seats won by the Communist Party were expressly excluded. This law essentially nullified the results of the most recent state parliamentary elections and effectively installed a working majority for the Nazis in each state.
A week later, the Nazi government issued the Second Law on the Coordination of the States with the Reich (German: Zweites Gesetz zur Gleichschaltung der Länder mit dem Reich) on 7 April 1933. This law created the office of Reichsstatthalter (Reich Governor) and deployed one in each state. The Reich Governors were given the task of overseeing the fulfillment of Hitler's political guidelines in the states. Indeed, the law required them to carry out "the general policy of the Chancellor." In practice, they acted as proconsuls with complete authority over the state governments. They were empowered to dissolve the state parliaments, preside over the state government and appoint and dismiss ministers, judges and other state officials. In Prussia, Hitler himself was designated by the law as Reichstatthalter. However, he delegated his authority to Hermann Göring, whom he installed as Prussian minister president on 11 April 1933 without an election. The Prussian provinces were similarly administered by an appointed Oberpräsident, usually the local Nazi Party Gauleiter.
The Law on the Reconstruction of the Reich (German: Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs), passed on 30 January 1934, formally de-federalized the Reich for the first time in its history. However, Germany already had effectively become a highly centralized state with the passage of the Enabling Act and the posting of the Reich Governors. This law transferred the states' sovereignty to the Reich, and their parliaments were formally abolished. The Reich Governors were made responsible to the Reich Minister of the Interior, Wilhelm Frick. The Law on the Abolition of the Reichsrat (German: Gesetz über die Aufhebung des Reichsrats), issued on 14 February 1934, formally abolished the upper chamber of the Reich parliament, which represented the states in the formation of national legislation. For all intents and purposes, the states were reduced to mere administrative units of the Reich government.
The Reich Governors Law (German: Reichsstatthaltergesetz) of 30 January 1935 formally designated the Reich Governors as the representatives of the Reich government, appointed to watch over the execution of the political guidelines issued by the Führer und Reichskanzler (Hitler). They received the authority to "inform" the provincial authorities about the guidelines and the measures to fulfill them. The Reichsstatthalter were now also empowered to take over all functions of state government. They also appointed the mayors of all towns and cities with populations fewer than 100,000. This had the effect of giving the Reich Interior Ministry near-complete control over local government. The Interior Minister appointed the mayors of all cities with populations greater than 100,000 (though Hitler reserved the right to appoint the mayors of Berlin and Hamburg himself if he deemed it necessary) and, as mentioned above, the Reich Governors were responsible to him.
Annexed territories edit
After the Anschluss ("union") with Germany, Austria, renamed Ostmark, became the first of a new type of administrative subdivision called a Reichsgau (not to be confused with Nazi Party Gaue). Austria's last pre-war chancellor Arthur Seyss-Inquart became its first Reichsstatthalter. However, with the promulgation of the Ostmarkgesetz on 1 May 1939, the former States of Austria were reorganized into seven new Reichsgaue, each under the rule of a government official holding the dual offices of Reichsstatthalter (governor) and Gauleiter (Nazi Party leader). Generally, these positions were occupied by the last state premier.
The names of these new Reichsgaue were sometimes different and there were some differences in borders. The former states of Burgenland and Vorarlberg were dissolved. The Reichsgaue were as follows:
- Carinthia, including East Tyrol; increased by Slovenian Carinthia and Upper Carniola as occupied territories after the 1941 Balkans Campaign
- Lower Danube (Niederdonau), the new name for Lower Austria, with its capital at Krems an der Donau, including the northern districts of Burgenland with Eisenstadt and the South Moravian territories around Znojmo (Deutsch-Südmähren) annexed with the "Sudetenland" according to the 1938 Munich Agreement.
- Salzburg
- Styria, including the southern districts of Burgenland; increased by Lower Styria as occupied territory after the 1941 Balkans Campaign
- Upper Danube (Oberdonau), the new name for Upper Austria, including the Styrian Aussee region (Ausseerland) and the South Bohemian territories around Český Krumlov annexed with the "Sudetenland" according to the 1938 Munich Agreement
- Tyrol, i.e. North Tyrol, plus the administrative district of Vorarlberg
- Vienna, i.e. "Greater Vienna", including several surrounding Lower Austrian municipalities incorporated in 1938.
Subsequently, additional Reichsgaue were added as Germany invaded more European territories before and during World War II. These included:
- Sudetenland (1939)
- Danzig-West Prussia (1939)
- Flanders (1944)
- Wallonia (1944)
List of states edit
Free States edit
| State | Full name | Capital | Established | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anhalt | Free State of Anhalt Freistaat Anhalt | Dessau | 1918 | Merged into Saxony-Anhalt in 1945 |
| Baden | Republic of Baden Republik Baden | Karlsruhe | 1918 | Split into Württemberg-Baden and South Baden in 1945 |
| Bavaria | Free State of Bavaria Freistaat Bayern | Munich | 1919 | |
| Brunswick | Free State of Brunswick Freistaat Braunschweig | Braunschweig | 1918 | Split and merged into Lower Saxony and Saxony-Anhalt in 1946 |
| Coburg | Free State of Coburg Freistaat Coburg | Coburg | 1918–20 | Merged into Bavaria in 1920 |
| Gotha | Free State of Gotha Freistaat Gotha | Gotha | 1918–1920 | Merged into Thuringia in 1920 |
| Hesse | People's State of Hesse Volksstaat Hessen | Darmstadt | 1918 | Split into Greater Hesse and Rhineland-Palatinate in 1945 |
| Lippe | Free State of Lippe Freistaat Lippe | Detmold | 1918 | Merged into North Rhine-Westphalia in 1947 |
| Mecklenburg-Schwerin | Free State of Mecklenburg-Schwerin Freistaat Mecklenburg-Schwerin | Schwerin | 1918 | Merged into Mecklenburg in 1933 |
| Mecklenburg-Strelitz | Free State of Mecklenburg-Strelitz Freistaat Mecklenburg-Strelitz | Neustrelitz | 1918 | Merged into Mecklenburg in 1933 |
| Oldenburg | Free State of Oldenburg Freistaat Oldenburg | Oldenburg | 1918 | Split into Lower Saxony, Schleswig-Holstein and Rhineland-Palatinate in 1946 |
| Prussia | Free State of Prussia Freistaat Preußen | Berlin | 1918 | Abolished in 1947 |
| Saxony | Free State of Saxony Freistaat Sachsen | Dresden | 1918 | |
| Reuss | People's State of Reuss Volksstaat Reuß | Gera | 1918–20 | Merged into Thuringia in 1920 |
| Schaumburg-Lippe | Free State of Schaumburg-Lippe Freistaat Schaumburg-Lippe | Bückeburg | 1918 | Merged into Lower Saxony in 1946 |
| Thuringia | Free State of Thuringia Freistaat Thüringen | Erfurt | 1920 | Formed from the merger of the Free States of Gotha, Saxe-Altenburg, Saxe-Meiningen, Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, Schwarzburg-Sondershausen and the People's State of Reuss |
| Saxe-Altenburg | Free State of Saxe-Altenburg Freistaat Sachsen-Altenburg | Altenburg | 1918–20 | Merged into Thuringia in 1920 |
| Saxe-Meiningen | Free State of Saxe-Meiningen Freistaat Sachsen-Meiningen | Meiningen | 1918–20 | Merged into Thuringia in 1920 |
| Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach | Free State of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach Freistaat Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach | Weimar | 1918–20 | Merged into Thuringia in 1920 |
| Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt | Free State of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt Freistaat Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt | Rudolstadt | 1918–20 | Merged into Thuringia in 1920 |
| Schwarzburg-Sondershausen | Free State of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen Freistaat Schwarzburg-Sondershausen | Sondershausen | 1918–20 | Merged into Thuringia in 1920 |
| Waldeck-Pyrmont | Free State of Waldeck-Pyrmont Freistaat Waldeck-Pyrmont | Arolsen | 1918–29 | Pyrmont merged into Prussia in 1921; Waldeck merged into Prussia in 1929 |
| Württemberg | Free People's State of Württemberg Freier Volksstaat Württemberg | Stuttgart | 1918 | Split into Württemberg-Baden and Württemberg-Hohenzollern in 1945 |
Free and Hanseatic Cities edit
Other territories edit
After World War I, the Saar Basin was occupied and governed jointly by the United Kingdom and France from 1920 to 1935 under a League of Nations mandate.[1] After a plebiscite was held in January 1935, the region was returned to Germany.[2]
In accordance with the Treaty of Versailles, the city of Danzig (now Gdańsk, Poland) was detached from Germany on 15 November 1920 and turned into a semi-autonomous city-state under the protection of the League of Nations.[3][4] The Treaty stated that it was to remain separate from both Germany and the newly independent Poland, but was not its own sovereign state.[5] After Germany invaded Poland in September 1939, the city's autonomous status was revoked and it was annexed by Germany.
See also edit
References edit
- ^ Article 45–50 with Annex, Treaty of Versailles
- ^ M G Callagher. "The Saar Plebiscite, 1935". Moodle.kkc.school.nz. Retrieved 2014-05-02.
- ^ Loew, Peter Oliver (February 2011). Danzig – Biographie einer Stadt (in German). C.H. Beck. p. 189. ISBN 978-3-406-60587-1.
- ^ Samerski, Stefan (2003). Das Bistum Danzig in Lebensbildern (in German). LIT Verlag. p. 8. ISBN 3-8258-6284-4.
- ^ Kaczorowska, Alina (2010-07-21). Public International Law. Routledge. p. 199. ISBN 978-0-203-84847-0.
- Solsten, Eric (1999). Germany: A Country Study. DIANE Publishing Company. ISBN 0-7881-8179-3.