Provinces of Austria
Austria is a federal republic made up of nine provinces (German: Länder). Since Land is also the German word for "country", the term Bundesländer (literally federal states) is often used instead to avoid ambiguity. The Constitution of Austria uses both terms. Austrian provinces can pass laws that stay within the limits of the constitution, and each province has representatives in the main Austrian parliament.
| Provinces of Austria Österreichs Länder / Bundesländer (German) | |
|---|---|
| Category | Federal state |
| Location | Republic of Austria |
| Government | |
| Subdivisions | |
Geography
The majority of the land area in the provinces of Upper Austria, Lower Austria, Vienna, and Burgenland is situated in the Danube valley and thus consists almost completely of accessible and easily arable terrain. The other five provinces, in contrast, are located in the Alps and thus are comparatively unsuitable for agriculture. Their terrain is also relatively unfavourable to heavy industry and long-distance trade. Accordingly, the population of what now is the Republic of Austria has been concentrated in the former four provinces since prehistoric times. Austria's most densely populated province is Vienna, the heart of what is Austria's only metropolitan area. Lower Austria ranks only fourth in population density even though it contains Vienna's suburbs; this is due to large areas of land being predominantly agricultural. The alpine province Tyrol, the less alpine but geographically more remote province Carinthia, and the non-alpine but near-exclusively agricultural province Burgenland are Austria's least densely populated states. The wealthy alpine province Vorarlberg is something of an anomaly due to its small size, isolated location and distinct Alemannic culture.[citation needed]
Federalism and provincial powers
Each Austrian province has an elected legislature, the provincial parliament, and a provincial government (Landesregierung) headed by a governor (Landeshauptmann or Landeshauptfrau). Elections are held every five years (six years in Upper Austria). The provincial constitution, among other things, determines how the seats in the provincial government are assigned to political parties, with most provinces having a system of proportional representation based on the number of delegates in the provincial parliament in place. The governor is elected by the provincial parliament, though in practice the governor is the leader of the majority party or coalition in the provincial parliament.
Vienna, the capital of Austria, plays a double role as a city and a province. The mayor has the rank of a provincial governor, while the city council also functions as a provincial parliament. Under the municipal constitution, however, city and provincial business must be kept separate. Hence, while the city council and provincial parliament have identical memberships, they hold separate meetings, and each body has separate presiding officers. When meeting as a city council, the deputies can only deal with city affairs; when meeting as a provincial parliament, they can only deal with affairs of the province.
Austrian federalism is largely theoretical, as the provinces are granted few legislative powers. The federal constitution initially granted all legislative powers to the provinces, but many powers have been subsequently taken away, and only a few remain, such as planning and zoning codes, nature protection, hunting, fishing, farming, youth protection, certain issues of public health and welfare and the right to levy certain taxes.
All other matters, including but not limited to criminal law, civil law, corporate law, most aspects of economic law, defense, most educational matters and academia, telecommunications, and much of the healthcare system are regulated by federal laws. There is also no judiciary of the provinces, since the federal constitution defines the judiciary as an exclusively federal matter. This centralisation follows a historic model where central power during the time of the empire was largely concentrated in Vienna.
However, the province governor (Landeshauptmann) is in charge of the administration of much of federal administrative law within the respective province, which makes this post an important political position. Furthermore, provincial competences include zoning laws, planning issues and public procurement on the regional level, which adds considerable weight to provincial politics. As a practical matter, there have been cases where provinces have been able to block projects endorsed by the federal government, as in the case of a railway tunnel that was to be built below the Semmering.
Austrian provinces are formally and practically endowed with a much smaller degree of autonomy than American states or German lands. Even so, Austrians tend to identify passionately with their respective province and often defend what little independent governance their province has. It is not unheard of for Austrians to consider themselves, for instance, Tyrolean first, Austrian second.
Historical development
In terms of boundaries, the present-day provinces arose from the crown lands of Austria-Hungary, an extensive multiethnic realm whose German-speaking nucleus emerged as the Republic of Austria after the dissolution of the Dual Monarchy in the end of World War I.
The provinces of Upper Austria and Lower Austria are essentially equivalent to what were the two halves of the Archduchy of Austria, a principality which formed the empire's historic heartland. Salzburg is coterminous with the former Austro-Hungarian Duchy of Salzburg (the former Archbishopric). Similarly, the province of Carinthia descends from the Duchy of Carinthia, the province of Styria descends from the Duchy of Styria, and the province of Tyrol descends from the Princely County of Tyrol; these provinces had to cede territories to Czechoslovakia, Italy, and Yugoslavia when Austria emerged in its present form. The province of Vorarlberg is made up of territories acquired by the House of Habsburg in the 14th and 15th centuries,[1]: 73 and was a semi-autonomous part of the County of Tyrol from 1861.
The 1815 Congress of Vienna saw most of these areas lose their autonomy. Provincial charters were put in place in 1861, although power remained with the central government. Following the First World War, the provincial governments declared themselves part of the Republic of German-Austria. Negotiations at this time between the provincial governments and the national governments resulted in the agreement to form a federation, with a nationally elected lower house and an upper house representing the provinces.[1]: 73–74
The city-province of Vienna was a part of Lower Austria up until 1921.[2] The province of Burgenland is made up of the predominantly German-speaking area that the Kingdom of Hungary until 1921 had to cede to the First Austrian Republic after World War I as a result of the Treaties of Trianon and Saint-Germain-en-Laye.[3]
List of provinces
The nine provinces (Bundesländer) of Austria are:[4]
| Province (Bundesland) | Capital | Population (January 2022) | Area (km2) | Pop. density (people/km2) | Cities | Towns | Governor (Landeshauptmann) | Incumbent | Party | Coalition |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Burgenland | Eisenstadt | 297,583 | 3,965 | 75 | 13 | 158 | Governor | Hans Peter Doskozil | SPÖ | SPÖ |
| Carinthia (Kärnten) | Klagenfurt | 564,513 | 9,537 | 59 | 17 | 115 | Governor | Peter Kaiser | SPÖ | SPÖ, ÖVP |
| Lower Austria (Niederösterreich) | Sankt Pölten | 1,698,796 | 19,180 | 89 | 76 | 497 | Governor | Johanna Mikl-Leitner | ÖVP | ÖVP, SPÖ, FPÖ |
| Salzburg | Salzburg | 560,710 | 7,155 | 78 | 11 | 108 | Governor | Wilfried Haslauer Jr. | ÖVP | ÖVP, Grüne, NEOS |
| Styria (Steiermark) | Graz | 1,252,922 | 16,399 | 76 | 35 | 251 | Governor | Hermann Schützenhöfer | ÖVP | ÖVP, SPÖ |
| Tyrol (Tirol) | Innsbruck | 764,102 | 12,648 | 60 | 11 | 266 | Governor | Anton Mattle | ÖVP | ÖVP, SPÖ |
| Upper Austria (Oberösterreich) | Linz | 1,505,140 | 11,983 | 126 | 32 | 406 | Governor | Thomas Stelzer | ÖVP | ÖVP, FPÖ, SPÖ, Grüne |
| Vienna (Wien) | Itself | 1,931,593 | 415 | 4,654 | 1 | – | Mayor | Michael Ludwig | SPÖ | SPÖ, NEOS |
| Vorarlberg | Bregenz | 401,647 | 2,602 | 154 | 5 | 91 | Governor | Markus Wallner | ÖVP | ÖVP, Grüne |
For the purpose of the above list, a city is a community defined to be a city by Austrian law, and a town is a community not defined to be a city. Many of Austria's cities have population figures on the order of 10,000 inhabitants; some are even smaller.
See also
References
- ^ a b Bußjäger, Peter (2013). "Very Small Worlds: The Austrian Länder as Constituent Units of the Austrian Federation". L'Europe en Formation. 369 (3): 71–85. doi:10.3917/eufor.369.0071.
- ^ City of Vienna, History, retrieved 2010-05-17
- ^ Encyclopedia of Austria - Burgenland, retrieved 18 May 2010
- ^ Parties and Elections in Europe – Austria (States)