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1191

May 12, 2024

Year 1191 (MCXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Millennium: 2nd millennium
Centuries:
Decades:
Years:
1191 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar1191
MCXCI
Ab urbe condita1944
Armenian calendar640
ԹՎ ՈԽ
Assyrian calendar5941
Balinese saka calendar1112–1113
Bengali calendar598
Berber calendar2141
English Regnal year2 Ric. 1 – 3 Ric. 1
Buddhist calendar1735
Burmese calendar553
Byzantine calendar6699–6700
Chinese calendar庚戌年 (Metal Dog)
3888 or 3681
    — to —
辛亥年 (Metal Pig)
3889 or 3682
Coptic calendar907–908
Discordian calendar2357
Ethiopian calendar1183–1184
Hebrew calendar4951–4952
Hindu calendars
 - Vikram Samvat1247–1248
 - Shaka Samvat1112–1113
 - Kali Yuga4291–4292
Holocene calendar11191
Igbo calendar191–192
Iranian calendar569–570
Islamic calendar586–587
Japanese calendarKenkyū 2
(建久２年)
Javanese calendar1098–1099
Julian calendar1191
MCXCI
Korean calendar3524
Minguo calendar721 before ROC
民前721年
Nanakshahi calendar−277
Seleucid era1502/1503 AG
Thai solar calendar1733–1734
Tibetan calendar阳金狗年
(male Iron-Dog)
1317 or 936 or 164
    — to —
阴金猪年
(female Iron-Pig)
1318 or 937 or 165
Acre surrenders to King Philip II (right).

Events edit

By place edit

Byzantine Empire edit

  • April 10 – King Richard I (the Lionheart) leaves Messina for Palestina, but a storm drives his fleet apart. Richard is forced to seek shelter at a Cretan port – from which he has a tempestuous passage to Rhodes, where he stays for ten days (from April 22 to May 1), recovering from his sea-sickness. After some searching, he discovers that the ship carrying his sister Joan of England and his new fiancée, Berengaria of Navarre, is anchored on the south coast of Cyprus, along with the wrecks of several other vessels, including Richard's treasure ship. The survivors of the wrecks have been taken prisoner by Isaac Komnenos, the self-styled emperor of Cyprus.[1]
  • May 8 – Richard I and his main fleet arrive in the Byzantine port of Limassol on Cyprus. He orders Isaac Komnenos to release the prisoners and his treasure. Isaac refuses, Richard embarks his forces, and takes Limassol. The Byzantine population and also the Latin merchants in their dislike of Isaac, show themselves friendly to the English invaders. Various leading Crusaders of the Holy Land arrive in Limassol, on May 11. Among them are King Guy of Lusignan of Jerusalem, Bohemond III of Antioch, Humphrey IV of Toron, and Leo I of Armenia. They declare their support for Richard in return that he supports them against their rival, Conrad of Montferrat.[2]
  • May 12 – Richard I marries the 19-year-old Berengaria of Navarre, daughter of King Sancho VI (the Wise), in the Chapel of St. George at Limassol. On the same day, she is crowned Queen of England, by John, bishop of Évreux in the presence of the archbishop of Bordeaux and many other clergy. After this, hearing that the daughter of Isaac Komnenos has taken refuge in Kyrenia Castle, Richard goes there with his army and receives her submission. On the orders of Richard, she is entrusted to the care of Joan and Berengaria. By the end of May, Richard, with his ships, sails around the island seizing all the Cypriot towns and ports on the coast.[3]
  • June 1 – A Crusader force led by Richard I defeats the Byzantine army near the village of Tremithus. Isaac Komnenos flees from the battlefield to Kantara. Richard captures Isaac's banner and hunts down the remnants of his army. At Nicosia Richard becomes ill; Guy of Lusignan in command of Richard's forces, marches on Kyrenia and captures it, taking the empress and her child prisoner. Isaac is taken before Richard (in chains of silver) and accepts an unconditional surrender. Richard places garrisons in the towns and castles, and appoints Richard de Camville as governor of Cyprus, jointly with Robert of Thornham.[4]
  • Autumn – Emperor Isaac II (Angelos) leads a punitive expedition against Grand Prince Stefan Nemanja. The Serbians are defeated at South Morava and retreat into the mountains. The Byzantine forces raid all lands around the bank of the river and burn down Stefan's court in Kuršumlija. Nemanja does not surrender and starts irregular warfare and Isaac negotiates a peace treaty. The Serbians are forced to give up a large part of their conquests, east of the Velika Morava, and recognize Byzantine rule. Isaac recognizes Nemanja as Grand Prince of Serbia.

Third Crusade edit

  • February 13 – Muslim forces attack and succeed in breaking the siege lines around Acre. Though the Crusaders seal the breach, Saladin is able to replenish the garrison, by sending reinforcements. For the defenders, this is a temporary respite – and Saladin is having difficulty keeping his army together. Taqi al-Din, Saladin's nephew and one of his most effective commanders, fails to rejoin the siege. He divides his army for his own territorial ambitions in modern southeastern Turkey. Later in the spring, Taqi al-Din brings his forces to support the double-siege at Acre.[5]
  • April 20 – King Philip II (Augustus) arrives with a Genoese flotilla (six ships) filled with French nobles and his cousin Conrad of Montferrat at Acre. He begins the construction of seven immense stone-throwers – which are used to bombard the city, on May 30. One of the siege-machines is called by the French soldiers the "Evil Neighbour" and "God's Own Sling", and a grappling ladder is known as the "Cat". Meanwhile, the walls of Acre are pounded relentlessly. The Crusaders built earthworks, ramparts, and ditches to protect themselves against Muslim attacks.[6]
  • June 8 – Richard I arrives with 25 ships and a strong advanced guard at Acre. Upon reaching the city, he is greeted by Philip II and then sets up his camp. Richard becomes almost immediately seriously ill (called Arnaldia) and is confined to his tent. Nevertheless, he leaps into action and secretly initiates negotiations with Saladin. After having been refused a personal meeting, Richard sends a Moroccan prisoner to Saladin's camp as a sign of goodwill. Finally, Saladin accepts a three-day truce and allows his younger brother, Al-Adil, to negotiate with Richard.[7]
  • June 25 – The Crusader armies (now totaling some 25,000 men) who are deployed around Acre, implement a unified strategy of assault-based siege. Teams of sappers and, increasingly massive use of advanced and new stone-throwing catapults, brought by Philip II and Richard I, are used to hammer Acre's walls continuously with giant, accurately loosed stones. By late June, the assault is beginning to undermine the walls, which are tottering. Because of troop shortages and disease, the Muslim defenders can not any longer strengthen their walls.[8]
  • July 3 – The Crusaders change their strategy from battering the Acre fortifications to exploiting the breaches. After only the first day of these all-out attacks to seize the city, Saladin's governor sends a message stating he would surrender unless he is relieved. Both French sappers and English catapults manage to make significant breaches in the walls – but the assault is repulsed. Meanwhile, Richard I, still unable to walk due to illness, is carried on a regal stretcher near the front lines from where he picks off Muslim troops on the walls using his crossbow.[9]
  • July 12 – Siege of Acre: The Muslim garrison surrenders to Philip II, which includes an agreement to give up the 70 Muslim ships in the harbour without Saladin's consent, and by the time that he learned of this intention, the city has already capitulated. Conrad of Montferrat, who has negotiated the surrender, raises the banners of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, and of the Crusader leaders Philip II, Richard I, and Leopold V of Austria, on the city's walls and towers. The siege of Acre has taken nearly two years and has cost some 100,000 Christian casualties.[10]
  • July 31 – Philip II, accompanied by Conrad of Montferrat, departs to Tyre and returns to France. He leaves behind a French army (some 10,000 men) under the command of Hugh III, duke of Burgundy. Richard I is left in sole command of the Crusader forces in the Levant. Back in France, Philip schemes with Richard's brother, John of England, to dispossess Richard of his French lands while he is still away, but the intervention of John's mother, Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine, foils the plan. Meanwhile, Richard rebuilds and strengthens the walls of Acre.[11]
  • August 20 – Massacre of Ayyadieh: Richard I orders the execution of some 3,000 Muslim prisoners (captured after the siege of Acre), including women and children. The bound prisoners are mercilessly beheaded or cut down using swords and lances. A small group of Saladin's forces (located on Mount Tabor) tries to intervene in order to stop the massacre – but they are repelled. In response, Saladin executes all the Latin prisoners he himself has taken. In the Ayyubid Sultanate, Latin prisoners are tortured and murdered in reprisal for their infamy.[12]
  • August 22 – Richard I leads the Crusader forces (some 15,000 men) out of Acre and marches south along the coast, being closely supported by the Crusader fleet, carrying most of the supplies. Meanwhile, Saladin has given his son Al-Afdal orders to remain close to the Crusader rearguard under Hugh III, and strengthens the Muslim garrison both in Jerusalem and Ascalon with 20,000 men each. Richard advances at an unexpectedly slow pace and decides to make camp near Haifa – which Saladin has dismantled shortly before the fall of Acre.[13]
  • August 25–26 – Richard I leads a fast-moving advance-guard and establishes a strong position at the fortress near Merle before Saladin arrives. He then hurries back to support the rearguard, to regain contact with the Crusader forces. Richard reorganizes his marching column. The elite Templar and Hospitaller knights hold the van and rearguard, while Richard and a central mass of knights are screened on their landward left side by dense ranks of well-armoured infantry, whose panoply makes them almost immune to Muslim missile attacks.[14]
  • August 30 – Richard I advances in three divisions towards Caesarea, with the Crusader fleet accompanying him off-shore. The rearguard becomes engaged, and the French forces under Hugh III are nearly annihilated. Saladin has selected this part of the road for a major assault, but the Muslim attacks have little effect. The main effort to harass the Crusaders from a distance fails. Richard makes camp at the mouth of the Zarqa River, despite the intense heat, thirst, and the loss of many lives. Both armies rest and watch each other the rest of the day.[15]
  • September 2 – Richard I leads the Crusader army past Caesarea and is forced to turn inland, where he is separated from his supply ships. Saladin personally attacks the massed Crusader infantry, by bombarding them with arrows before charging their line with cavalry. During this brief but indecisive engagement, Richard is struck in the side by a crossbow bolt – though his armour absorbs much of the blow. By the end of the day, only 25 miles from Jaffa, Richard allows his men to rest (while recovering from his wounds) and re-assembles his forces.[16]
  • September 5 – Richard I dispatches envoys to request for peace talks and meets Al-Adil under a flag of truce. Saladin allows the Crusaders to forage in the Forrest of Arsuf. But Richard is in no mood for actual negotiations and demands nothing less than the cession of Palestina. Al-Adil at once breaks off the negotiations. Richard orders his forces to march quietly through the woods, and the Crusaders manage to reach the limits of the forest unhindered and unharmed. The Crusaders pitch their tents in the "Rochetaille" and rest for the night.[17]
  • September 7 – Battle of Arsuf: Richard I fights a pitched battle – while waiting for the ideal moment to mount a counterattack. However, the Hospitaller knights led by Garnier de Nablus break formation and launch a charge. Richard restores order in the turmoil and is forced to commit his entire army to support the attack. The Muslim forces flee in panic, but Saladin rallies them in time to defend his camp, and even to lead a counter-charge. By evening, Richard has defeated the Muslim forces, and Saladin retreats in good order to Ramallah.[18]
  • September 9–10 – Richard I and his Crusader forces march on to Jaffa and set about rebuilding its fortifications, which Saladin has destroyed by his scorched-earth policy. Mid-September, a large number of French nobles begin to resist – such as Hugh III. They argue about the refortification of Jaffa, instead of a direct strike inland on Jerusalem. Meanwhile, Saladin evacuates and demolishes most of the fortresses of southern Palestina.[19]
  • October 29 – Richard I marches with the Crusader forces onto the plains east of Jaffa and begins the slow, steady work of rebuilding a string of sites through which to advance on Jerusalem. During this period, the Third Crusade degenerates into a series of skirmishes. Richard uses diplomacy alongside military threats, hoping to bring Saladin to the point of submission before he has to make the siege of Jerusalem itself.[20]
  • December – Richard I and his Crusader forces occupy Latrun, while the advance-guard takes Bayt Nuba. He is warned by his nobles to take no further risks – due to winter conditions, and for being cut off if he presses on. Amongst those keenest on continuing are the French Crusaders under Hugh III. On December 25, Richard is now just 12 miles from Jerusalem.[21]

Europe edit

England edit

  • Spring – William de Longchamp, Chief Justiciar and regent, besieges Lincoln Castle accusing the castellan Gerard de Canville of corruption. In response, Prince John captures Nottingham and Tickhill castles from William. News of the dispute reaches Richard I, who sends Walter de Coutances, archbishop of Rouen, with orders to lead negotiations, for a peace between John and William.[28]
  • April – John and William de Longchamp meet at Winchester to discuss their differences. Several senior bishops are appointed as arbitrators. At the end of the meeting, both John and William agree to follow the recommendations. William is to return Lincoln Castle to Gerard de Canville and accepts limits to his powers. In return, John is to surrender Nottingham and Tickhill castles.
  • September – Geoffrey, illegitimate son of the late King Henry II and half-brother to Richard I and John, lands secretly at Dover. He has been consecrated as the new archbishop of York while in Tours, and on his return is arrested by William de Longchamp. Citing the Winchester treaty, John seeks a meeting with William. Geoffrey is freed, William flees and heads to Dover Castle.[29]
  • October – William de Longchamp tries to hold the Tower of London against John's supporters for three days. He surrenders the Tower and escapes to continue his support for Richard I. On October 29, William is captured when disguised as a female merchant. John orders that he be expelled from the country.[30]

Asia edit

By topic edit

Religion edit

Births edit

Deaths edit

In fiction edit

References edit

  1. ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 37. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
  2. ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, pp. 38–39. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
  3. ^ Nicholson, Helen J. (1997). Chronicle of the Third Crusade: A Translation of the Itinerarium Peregrinorum et Gesta Regis Ricardi, p. 189. Ashbury, UK: Ashgate. ISBN 1-85928-154-0.
  4. ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, pp. 39–40. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
  5. ^ David Nicolle (2005). The Third Crusade 1191: Richard the Lionheart, Saladin and the struggle for Jerusalem, p. 47. ISBN 978-1-84176-868-7.
  6. ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 41. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
  7. ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, pp. 40–41. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
  8. ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 42. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
  9. ^ Asbridge, Thomas (2012). The Crusades: The War for the Holy land, p. 294. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-849-83770-5.
  10. ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 43. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
  11. ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, pp. 44–45. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
  12. ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, pp. 45–46. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
  13. ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 46. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
  14. ^ David Nicolle (2005). The Third Crusade 1191: Richard the Lionheart, Saladin and the struggle for Jerusalem, p. 52. ISBN 978-1-84176-868-7.
  15. ^ David Nicolle (2005). The Third Crusade 1191: Richard the Lionheart, Saladin and the struggle for Jerusalem, p. 59. ISBN 978-1-84176-868-7.
  16. ^ David Nicolle (2005). The Third Crusade 1191: Richard the Lionheart, Saladin and the struggle for Jerusalem, p. 66. ISBN 978-1-84176-868-7.
  17. ^ David Nicolle (2005). The Third Crusade 1191: Richard the Lionheart, Saladin and the struggle for Jerusalem, p. 66. ISBN 978-1-84176-868-7.
  18. ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, pp. 47–49. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
  19. ^ Oman, Charles William Chadwick (1924). A History of the Art of War in the Middle Ages. Vol I: 378–1278 AD, pp. 317–318. London: Greenhill Books; Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books, reprinted in 1998.
  20. ^ Verbruggen, J. F. (1997). The Art of Warfare in Western Europe during the Middle Ages: From the Eighth Century to 1340, p. 239. Boydell & Brewer.
  21. ^ David Nicolle (2005). The Third Crusade 1191: Richard the Lionheart, Saladin and the struggle for Jerusalem, p. 85. ISBN 978-1-84176-868-7.
  22. ^ Horst Fuhrmann (1986). Germany in High Middle Ages: c. 1050–1200, p. 181. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-31980-5.
  23. ^ Khazanov, Anatoly M. (2001). Nomads in the Sedentary World, p. 49. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-7007-1369-7.
  24. ^ David Nicolle (2011). The Fourth Crusade 1202–04: The betrayal of Byzantium, p. 12. ISBN 978-1-84908-319-5.
  25. ^ Picard, Christophe (1997). La mer et les musulmans d'Occident VIIIe-XIIIe siècle. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
  26. ^ Picard, Christophe (2000). Le Portugal musulman (VIIIe-XIIIe siècle. L'Occident d'al-Andalus sous domination islamique. Paris: Maisonneuve & Larose. p. 110. ISBN 2-7068-1398-9.
  27. ^ Georg Haggren; Petri Halinen; Mika Lavento; Sami Raninen ja Anna Wessman (2015). Muinaisuutemme jäljet. Helsinki: Gaudeamus. p. 380.
  28. ^ Huscroft, H. (2005). Ruling England 1042–1217, p. 144. London: Pearson/Longman. ISBN 0-582-84882-2.
  29. ^ Warren, W. L. (1978). King John, p. 42. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-03643-3.
  30. ^ Turner, Ralph V. (2007). Longchamp, William de (d. 1197). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (May 2007 revised ed.). Oxford University Press.
  31. ^ Cynthia Talbot (2015). The Last Hindu Emperor: Prithviraj and the Indian Past, 1200–2000, p. 47. ISBN 978-1-10711-856-0.
  32. ^ Grandsen, Antonia (2001). "The Growth of Glastonbury Traditions and Legends in the Twelfth Century". In J. P. Carley (ed.). Glastonbury Abbey and the Arthurian tradition. Boydell & Brewer. p. 43. ISBN 0-85991-572-7.
  33. ^ Voell, Stéphane; Kaliszewska, Iwona (March 9, 2016). State and Legal Practice in the Caucasus: Anthropological Perspectives on Law and Politics. Routledge. p. 25. ISBN 978-1-317-05050-6.

May 12, 2024
1191, year, mcxci, common, year, starting, tuesday, link, will, display, full, calendar, julian, calendar, millennium, millennium, centuries, 11th, century, 12th, century, 13th, century, decades, 1170s, 1180s, 1190s, 1200s, 1210s, years, 1188, 1189, 1190, 1192. Year 1191 MCXCI was a common year starting on Tuesday link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar Millennium 2nd millennium Centuries 11th century 12th century 13th century Decades 1170s 1180s 1190s 1200s 1210s Years 1188 1189 1190 1191 1192 1193 1194 1191 in various calendarsGregorian calendar1191MCXCIAb urbe condita1944Armenian calendar640ԹՎ ՈԽAssyrian calendar5941Balinese saka calendar1112 1113Bengali calendar598Berber calendar2141English Regnal year2 Ric 1 3 Ric 1Buddhist calendar1735Burmese calendar553Byzantine calendar6699 6700Chinese calendar庚戌年 Metal Dog 3888 or 3681 to 辛亥年 Metal Pig 3889 or 3682Coptic calendar907 908Discordian calendar2357Ethiopian calendar1183 1184Hebrew calendar4951 4952Hindu calendars Vikram Samvat1247 1248 Shaka Samvat1112 1113 Kali Yuga4291 4292Holocene calendar11191Igbo calendar191 192Iranian calendar569 570Islamic calendar586 587Japanese calendarKenkyu 2 建久２年 Javanese calendar1098 1099Julian calendar1191MCXCIKorean calendar3524Minguo calendar721 before ROC民前721年Nanakshahi calendar 277Seleucid era1502 1503 AGThai solar calendar1733 1734Tibetan calendar阳金狗年 male Iron Dog 1317 or 936 or 164 to 阴金猪年 female Iron Pig 1318 or 937 or 165 Acre surrenders to King Philip II right Contents 1 Events 1 1 By place 1 1 1 Byzantine Empire 1 1 2 Third Crusade 1 1 3 Europe 1 1 4 England 1 1 5 Asia 1 2 By topic 1 2 1 Religion 2 Births 3 Deaths 4 In fiction 5 ReferencesEvents editBy place edit Byzantine Empire edit April 10 King Richard I the Lionheart leaves Messina for Palestina but a storm drives his fleet apart Richard is forced to seek shelter at a Cretan port from which he has a tempestuous passage to Rhodes where he stays for ten days from April 22 to May 1 recovering from his sea sickness After some searching he discovers that the ship carrying his sister Joan of England and his new fiancee Berengaria of Navarre is anchored on the south coast of Cyprus along with the wrecks of several other vessels including Richard s treasure ship The survivors of the wrecks have been taken prisoner by Isaac Komnenos the self styled emperor of Cyprus 1 May 8 Richard I and his main fleet arrive in the Byzantine port of Limassol on Cyprus He orders Isaac Komnenos to release the prisoners and his treasure Isaac refuses Richard embarks his forces and takes Limassol The Byzantine population and also the Latin merchants in their dislike of Isaac show themselves friendly to the English invaders Various leading Crusaders of the Holy Land arrive in Limassol on May 11 Among them are King Guy of Lusignan of Jerusalem Bohemond III of Antioch Humphrey IV of Toron and Leo I of Armenia They declare their support for Richard in return that he supports them against their rival Conrad of Montferrat 2 May 12 Richard I marries the 19 year old Berengaria of Navarre daughter of King Sancho VI the Wise in the Chapel of St George at Limassol On the same day she is crowned Queen of England by John bishop of Evreux in the presence of the archbishop of Bordeaux and many other clergy After this hearing that the daughter of Isaac Komnenos has taken refuge in Kyrenia Castle Richard goes there with his army and receives her submission On the orders of Richard she is entrusted to the care of Joan and Berengaria By the end of May Richard with his ships sails around the island seizing all the Cypriot towns and ports on the coast 3 June 1 A Crusader force led by Richard I defeats the Byzantine army near the village of Tremithus Isaac Komnenos flees from the battlefield to Kantara Richard captures Isaac s banner and hunts down the remnants of his army At Nicosia Richard becomes ill Guy of Lusignan in command of Richard s forces marches on Kyrenia and captures it taking the empress and her child prisoner Isaac is taken before Richard in chains of silver and accepts an unconditional surrender Richard places garrisons in the towns and castles and appoints Richard de Camville as governor of Cyprus jointly with Robert of Thornham 4 Autumn Emperor Isaac II Angelos leads a punitive expedition against Grand Prince Stefan Nemanja The Serbians are defeated at South Morava and retreat into the mountains The Byzantine forces raid all lands around the bank of the river and burn down Stefan s court in Kursumlija Nemanja does not surrender and starts irregular warfare and Isaac negotiates a peace treaty The Serbians are forced to give up a large part of their conquests east of the Velika Morava and recognize Byzantine rule Isaac recognizes Nemanja as Grand Prince of Serbia Third Crusade edit February 13 Muslim forces attack and succeed in breaking the siege lines around Acre Though the Crusaders seal the breach Saladin is able to replenish the garrison by sending reinforcements For the defenders this is a temporary respite and Saladin is having difficulty keeping his army together Taqi al Din Saladin s nephew and one of his most effective commanders fails to rejoin the siege He divides his army for his own territorial ambitions in modern southeastern Turkey Later in the spring Taqi al Din brings his forces to support the double siege at Acre 5 April 20 King Philip II Augustus arrives with a Genoese flotilla six ships filled with French nobles and his cousin Conrad of Montferrat at Acre He begins the construction of seven immense stone throwers which are used to bombard the city on May 30 One of the siege machines is called by the French soldiers the Evil Neighbour and God s Own Sling and a grappling ladder is known as the Cat Meanwhile the walls of Acre are pounded relentlessly The Crusaders built earthworks ramparts and ditches to protect themselves against Muslim attacks 6 June 8 Richard I arrives with 25 ships and a strong advanced guard at Acre Upon reaching the city he is greeted by Philip II and then sets up his camp Richard becomes almost immediately seriously ill called Arnaldia and is confined to his tent Nevertheless he leaps into action and secretly initiates negotiations with Saladin After having been refused a personal meeting Richard sends a Moroccan prisoner to Saladin s camp as a sign of goodwill Finally Saladin accepts a three day truce and allows his younger brother Al Adil to negotiate with Richard 7 June 25 The Crusader armies now totaling some 25 000 men who are deployed around Acre implement a unified strategy of assault based siege Teams of sappers and increasingly massive use of advanced and new stone throwing catapults brought by Philip II and Richard I are used to hammer Acre s walls continuously with giant accurately loosed stones By late June the assault is beginning to undermine the walls which are tottering Because of troop shortages and disease the Muslim defenders can not any longer strengthen their walls 8 July 3 The Crusaders change their strategy from battering the Acre fortifications to exploiting the breaches After only the first day of these all out attacks to seize the city Saladin s governor sends a message stating he would surrender unless he is relieved Both French sappers and English catapults manage to make significant breaches in the walls but the assault is repulsed Meanwhile Richard I still unable to walk due to illness is carried on a regal stretcher near the front lines from where he picks off Muslim troops on the walls using his crossbow 9 July 12 Siege of Acre The Muslim garrison surrenders to Philip II which includes an agreement to give up the 70 Muslim ships in the harbour without Saladin s consent and by the time that he learned of this intention the city has already capitulated Conrad of Montferrat who has negotiated the surrender raises the banners of the Kingdom of Jerusalem and of the Crusader leaders Philip II Richard I and Leopold V of Austria on the city s walls and towers The siege of Acre has taken nearly two years and has cost some 100 000 Christian casualties 10 July 31 Philip II accompanied by Conrad of Montferrat departs to Tyre and returns to France He leaves behind a French army some 10 000 men under the command of Hugh III duke of Burgundy Richard I is left in sole command of the Crusader forces in the Levant Back in France Philip schemes with Richard s brother John of England to dispossess Richard of his French lands while he is still away but the intervention of John s mother Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine foils the plan Meanwhile Richard rebuilds and strengthens the walls of Acre 11 August 20 Massacre of Ayyadieh Richard I orders the execution of some 3 000 Muslim prisoners captured after the siege of Acre including women and children The bound prisoners are mercilessly beheaded or cut down using swords and lances A small group of Saladin s forces located on Mount Tabor tries to intervene in order to stop the massacre but they are repelled In response Saladin executes all the Latin prisoners he himself has taken In the Ayyubid Sultanate Latin prisoners are tortured and murdered in reprisal for their infamy 12 August 22 Richard I leads the Crusader forces some 15 000 men out of Acre and marches south along the coast being closely supported by the Crusader fleet carrying most of the supplies Meanwhile Saladin has given his son Al Afdal orders to remain close to the Crusader rearguard under Hugh III and strengthens the Muslim garrison both in Jerusalem and Ascalon with 20 000 men each Richard advances at an unexpectedly slow pace and decides to make camp near Haifa which Saladin has dismantled shortly before the fall of Acre 13 August 25 26 Richard I leads a fast moving advance guard and establishes a strong position at the fortress near Merle before Saladin arrives He then hurries back to support the rearguard to regain contact with the Crusader forces Richard reorganizes his marching column The elite Templar and Hospitaller knights hold the van and rearguard while Richard and a central mass of knights are screened on their landward left side by dense ranks of well armoured infantry whose panoply makes them almost immune to Muslim missile attacks 14 August 30 Richard I advances in three divisions towards Caesarea with the Crusader fleet accompanying him off shore The rearguard becomes engaged and the French forces under Hugh III are nearly annihilated Saladin has selected this part of the road for a major assault but the Muslim attacks have little effect The main effort to harass the Crusaders from a distance fails Richard makes camp at the mouth of the Zarqa River despite the intense heat thirst and the loss of many lives Both armies rest and watch each other the rest of the day 15 September 2 Richard I leads the Crusader army past Caesarea and is forced to turn inland where he is separated from his supply ships Saladin personally attacks the massed Crusader infantry by bombarding them with arrows before charging their line with cavalry During this brief but indecisive engagement Richard is struck in the side by a crossbow bolt though his armour absorbs much of the blow By the end of the day only 25 miles from Jaffa Richard allows his men to rest while recovering from his wounds and re assembles his forces 16 September 5 Richard I dispatches envoys to request for peace talks and meets Al Adil under a flag of truce Saladin allows the Crusaders to forage in the Forrest of Arsuf But Richard is in no mood for actual negotiations and demands nothing less than the cession of Palestina Al Adil at once breaks off the negotiations Richard orders his forces to march quietly through the woods and the Crusaders manage to reach the limits of the forest unhindered and unharmed The Crusaders pitch their tents in the Rochetaille and rest for the night 17 September 7 Battle of Arsuf Richard I fights a pitched battle while waiting for the ideal moment to mount a counterattack However the Hospitaller knights led by Garnier de Nablus break formation and launch a charge Richard restores order in the turmoil and is forced to commit his entire army to support the attack The Muslim forces flee in panic but Saladin rallies them in time to defend his camp and even to lead a counter charge By evening Richard has defeated the Muslim forces and Saladin retreats in good order to Ramallah 18 September 9 10 Richard I and his Crusader forces march on to Jaffa and set about rebuilding its fortifications which Saladin has destroyed by his scorched earth policy Mid September a large number of French nobles begin to resist such as Hugh III They argue about the refortification of Jaffa instead of a direct strike inland on Jerusalem Meanwhile Saladin evacuates and demolishes most of the fortresses of southern Palestina 19 October 29 Richard I marches with the Crusader forces onto the plains east of Jaffa and begins the slow steady work of rebuilding a string of sites through which to advance on Jerusalem During this period the Third Crusade degenerates into a series of skirmishes Richard uses diplomacy alongside military threats hoping to bring Saladin to the point of submission before he has to make the siege of Jerusalem itself 20 December Richard I and his Crusader forces occupy Latrun while the advance guard takes Bayt Nuba He is warned by his nobles to take no further risks due to winter conditions and for being cut off if he presses on Amongst those keenest on continuing are the French Crusaders under Hugh III On December 25 Richard is now just 12 miles from Jerusalem 21 Europe edit April 15 Henry VI son of the late Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa is crowned as Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire together with his wife Constance by Pope Celestine III on Easter Monday at Rome Henry marches south and begins a campaign in Apulia He besieges Naples but encounters the resistance of Sicilian forces under Margaritus of Brindisi who come to support the city s defense Tusculum is destroyed by the rebel army of the Commune of Rome on April 17 22 August Margaritus of Brindisi defeats the Pisan fleet during the siege of Naples and nearly destroys the late arriving Genoese contingent He keeps the harbour approaches open for supplies and reinforcements Prince Yury Bogolyubsky leads a rebellion of disaffected Georgian nobleman against his ex wife Queen Tamara the Great but her forces win a two pitched battle at Tmogvi and Erusheti Yury is captured and Tamara allows him to withdraw to Constantinople 23 Henry VI is forced to raise the siege of Naples due to an epidemic and returns to Germany Upon Henry s retreat the Lombard cities that have surrendered to the Germans resubmit to Tancred of Lecce king or usurper of Sicily The populace of Salerno turn against Empress Constance during her visit to the city and Margaritus of Brindisi delivers her to Tancred at Messina Later Constance is imprisoned at Castel dell Ovo at Naples The counties of Flanders and Hainaut modern Belgium are united under Count Baldwin VIII Flanders a feudal fiefdom of France becomes an important wealthy independent state of Western Europe 24 Siege of Silves Almohad forces under Caliph Abu Yusuf Yaqub al Mansur reconquer Silves in Portugal 25 In the same campaign the Almohads take also Alcacer do Sal while Palmela and Almada are sacked 26 Berthold V duke of Zahringen founds the city of Bern modern Switzerland King Canute VI leads a Danish Crusade to Finland 27 England edit Spring William de Longchamp Chief Justiciar and regent besieges Lincoln Castle accusing the castellan Gerard de Canville of corruption In response Prince John captures Nottingham and Tickhill castles from William News of the dispute reaches Richard I who sends Walter de Coutances archbishop of Rouen with orders to lead negotiations for a peace between John and William 28 April John and William de Longchamp meet at Winchester to discuss their differences Several senior bishops are appointed as arbitrators At the end of the meeting both John and William agree to follow the recommendations William is to return Lincoln Castle to Gerard de Canville and accepts limits to his powers In return John is to surrender Nottingham and Tickhill castles September Geoffrey illegitimate son of the late King Henry II and half brother to Richard I and John lands secretly at Dover He has been consecrated as the new archbishop of York while in Tours and on his return is arrested by William de Longchamp Citing the Winchester treaty John seeks a meeting with William Geoffrey is freed William flees and heads to Dover Castle 29 October William de Longchamp tries to hold the Tower of London against John s supporters for three days He surrenders the Tower and escapes to continue his support for Richard I On October 29 William is captured when disguised as a female merchant John orders that he be expelled from the country 30 Asia edit November 13 Battle of Tarain Sultan Muhammad of Ghor invades northern India but is defeated by Rajput forces under Prithviraja III ruler of Ajmer and Delhi Prithviraj marches against the Ghurid army some 100 000 men with infantry cavalry and an elephant force He repulses the Ghurid invasion near Taraori some 70 miles of Delhi Muhammad escapes the battlefield 31 The administration of the Taungoo region modern Myanmar is first recorded King Narapatisithu appoints his son in law Ananda Thuriya as governor of Kanba Myint King Jayavarman VII of the Khmer Empire sacks the capital of Champa approximate date By topic edit Religion edit March 20 Pope Clement III dies at Rome after a pontificate of less than 3 years He is succeeded by the 85 year old Celestine III as the 175th pope of the Catholic Church The monks of Glastonbury Abbey dig up the remains of a large knight and a blonde woman and announce they have discovered the tomb of King Arthur and Queen Guinevere 32 Births editFebruary 8 Yaroslav II Grand Prince of Vladimir d 1246 Geoffrey de Mandeville English nobleman approximate date George IV or Lasha Giorgi king of Georgia d 1223 33 Joanna of Hohenstaufen countess of Burgundy d 1205 Mafalda of Castile Spanish princess infanta d 1204 Richard Marshal Norman nobleman and knight d 1234 Stephen Devereux Norman nobleman approximate date Theobald I German nobleman House of Lorraine d 1220 Tolui Mongol general and son of Genghis Khan d 1232 Yan Yu Chinese poetry theorist and writer d 1241 Deaths editJanuary 14 Berno German missionary and bishop January 20 Frederick VI son of Frederick I Barbarossa b 1167 Theobald V the Good French nobleman b 1130 February 8 Erard II French nobleman House of Brienne February 24 John I French nobleman House of Alencon March 20 Clement III pope of the Catholic Church b 1130 April 1 Engelbert II German nobleman House of Gorizia June 10 Barisone II of Torres Sardinian ruler of Logudoro June 29 William le Vavasour English nobleman b 1131 July 3 Alberic Clement Marshal of France b 1165 July 7 Judith of Hohenstaufen German noblewoman August 1 Philip of Alsace Flemish nobleman b 1143 August 5 Rudolf of Zahringen archbishop of Mainz August 13 Philip I archbishop of Cologne b 1130 September 7 James of Avesnes French nobleman September 9 Conrad II duke of Bohemia b 1136 September 10 Ralph de Warneville Norman bishop October 15 Raoul I the Red French nobleman December 15 Welf VI margrave of Tuscany b 1115 December 26 Reginald Fitz Jocelin English bishop Adam de Senlis French Benedictine monk and abbot Agnes of Loon German duchess and regent b 1150 Galeran V de Beaumont French nobleman and knight Geoffroy III de Pons French nobleman and knight Hugh VI the Clever French nobleman and knight John I of Ponthieu Norman nobleman and knight Maurice of Carnoet French Cistercian abbot b 1117 Mor Ni Tuathail queen of Leinster approximate date Richard de Camville English nobleman and governor Rupert III German nobleman House of Nassau Shun e or Tayu no Kimi Japanese waka poet Sohrevardi Persian scholar and philosopher b 1154 Walter Ophamil or Offamil Sicilian archbishop William V the Old Italian nobleman and knight William Fitzstephen English cleric and administratorIn fiction editThe events of the Ubisoft video game Assassin s Creed take place this year The Adventures of Robin Hood 1938 Film starring Errol Flynn and Olivia de Havilland Claims to be set in this year References edit Steven Runciman 1952 A History of The Crusades Vol III The Kingdom of Acre p 37 ISBN 978 0 241 29877 0 Steven Runciman 1952 A History of The Crusades Vol III The Kingdom of Acre pp 38 39 ISBN 978 0 241 29877 0 Nicholson Helen J 1997 Chronicle of the Third Crusade A Translation of the Itinerarium Peregrinorum et Gesta Regis Ricardi p 189 Ashbury UK Ashgate ISBN 1 85928 154 0 Steven Runciman 1952 A History of The Crusades Vol III The Kingdom of Acre pp 39 40 ISBN 978 0 241 29877 0 David Nicolle 2005 The Third Crusade 1191 Richard the Lionheart Saladin and the struggle for Jerusalem p 47 ISBN 978 1 84176 868 7 Steven Runciman 1952 A History of The Crusades Vol III The Kingdom of Acre p 41 ISBN 978 0 241 29877 0 Steven Runciman 1952 A History of The Crusades Vol III The Kingdom of Acre pp 40 41 ISBN 978 0 241 29877 0 Steven Runciman 1952 A History of The Crusades Vol III The Kingdom of Acre p 42 ISBN 978 0 241 29877 0 Asbridge Thomas 2012 The Crusades The War for the Holy land p 294 Simon and Schuster ISBN 978 1 849 83770 5 Steven Runciman 1952 A History of The Crusades Vol III The Kingdom of Acre p 43 ISBN 978 0 241 29877 0 Steven Runciman 1952 A History of The Crusades Vol III The Kingdom of Acre pp 44 45 ISBN 978 0 241 29877 0 Steven Runciman 1952 A History of The Crusades Vol III The Kingdom of Acre pp 45 46 ISBN 978 0 241 29877 0 Steven Runciman 1952 A History of The Crusades Vol III The Kingdom of Acre p 46 ISBN 978 0 241 29877 0 David Nicolle 2005 The Third Crusade 1191 Richard the Lionheart Saladin and the struggle for Jerusalem p 52 ISBN 978 1 84176 868 7 David Nicolle 2005 The Third Crusade 1191 Richard the Lionheart Saladin and the struggle for Jerusalem p 59 ISBN 978 1 84176 868 7 David Nicolle 2005 The Third Crusade 1191 Richard the Lionheart Saladin and the struggle for Jerusalem p 66 ISBN 978 1 84176 868 7 David Nicolle 2005 The Third Crusade 1191 Richard the Lionheart Saladin and the struggle for Jerusalem p 66 ISBN 978 1 84176 868 7 Steven Runciman 1952 A History of The Crusades Vol III The Kingdom of Acre pp 47 49 ISBN 978 0 241 29877 0 Oman Charles William Chadwick 1924 A History of the Art of War in the Middle Ages Vol I 378 1278 AD pp 317 318 London Greenhill Books Mechanicsburg Pennsylvania Stackpole Books reprinted in 1998 Verbruggen J F 1997 The Art of Warfare in Western Europe during the Middle Ages From the Eighth Century to 1340 p 239 Boydell amp Brewer David Nicolle 2005 The Third Crusade 1191 Richard the Lionheart Saladin and the struggle for Jerusalem p 85 ISBN 978 1 84176 868 7 Horst Fuhrmann 1986 Germany in High Middle Ages c 1050 1200 p 181 Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 31980 5 Khazanov Anatoly M 2001 Nomads in the Sedentary World p 49 London and New York Routledge ISBN 0 7007 1369 7 David Nicolle 2011 The Fourth Crusade 1202 04 The betrayal of Byzantium p 12 ISBN 978 1 84908 319 5 Picard Christophe 1997 La mer et les musulmans d Occident VIIIe XIIIe siecle Paris Presses Universitaires de France Picard Christophe 2000 Le Portugal musulman VIIIe XIIIe siecle L Occident d al Andalus sous domination islamique Paris Maisonneuve amp Larose p 110 ISBN 2 7068 1398 9 Georg Haggren Petri Halinen Mika Lavento Sami Raninen ja Anna Wessman 2015 Muinaisuutemme jaljet Helsinki Gaudeamus p 380 Huscroft H 2005 Ruling England 1042 1217 p 144 London Pearson Longman ISBN 0 582 84882 2 Warren W L 1978 King John p 42 Berkeley CA University of California Press ISBN 0 520 03643 3 Turner Ralph V 2007 Longchamp William de d 1197 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography May 2007 revised ed Oxford University Press Cynthia Talbot 2015 The Last Hindu Emperor Prithviraj and the Indian Past 1200 2000 p 47 ISBN 978 1 10711 856 0 Grandsen Antonia 2001 The Growth of Glastonbury Traditions and Legends in the Twelfth Century In J P Carley ed Glastonbury Abbey and the Arthurian tradition Boydell amp Brewer p 43 ISBN 0 85991 572 7 Voell Stephane Kaliszewska Iwona March 9 2016 State and Legal Practice in the Caucasus Anthropological Perspectives on Law and Politics Routledge p 25 ISBN 978 1 317 05050 6 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title 1191 amp oldid 1163521198, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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