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The Commune of Rome (Italian: Comune di Roma) was established in 1144 after a rebellion led by Giordano Pierleoni. Pierleoni led a people's revolt due to the increasing powers of the Pope and the entrenched powers of the nobility. The goal of the rebellion was to organize the government of Rome in a similar fashion to that of the previous Roman Republic. Pierleoni was named the "first Patrician of the Roman Commune", but was deposed in 1145.[1]
In a pattern that was to become familiar in the communal struggles of Guelfs and Ghibellines, the commune declared allegiance to the more distant power, the Holy Roman Emperor, and initiated negotiations with newly elected Pope Lucius II. The commune wanted him to renounce temporal power and take up an office with the duties of a priest. Lucius gathered a force and assaulted Rome, but the republican defenders repulsed his army and Lucius died from injuries received from a stone that hit his head.
Lucius's successor, Pope Eugene III, could not be consecrated in the city due to the resistance. However, he eventually came to an agreement with the civil authority that had deposed Pierleoni, and returned to Rome on Christmas Day 1145. In March 1146 he again had to leave. He returned in 1148 and excommunicated Arnold of Brescia, a political theorist who had joined the commune and was its intellectual leader.
The Pope lived in Tusculum beginning in 1149 and was not installed as pope in Rome until 1152. The existence of the Republic was precarious. Eugene's successor, Adrian IV, convinced Emperor Frederick Barbarossa to lead an army against the city. Arnold was arrested, tried, convicted, and hanged in 1155. His body was burnt and the ashes cast into the Tiber.
In 1188, shortly after his accession, Pope Clement III succeeded in allaying the half-century-old conflict between the popes and the citizens of Rome with the Concord Pact. The Pact allowed citizens to elect magistrates with the power of war and peace. The Prefect was named by the Emperor and the Pope had sovereign rights over his territories.
From 1191 to 1193, under a radical reduction of the number of senators to a single one, the city was ruled by a Benedetto called Carus homo (carissimo) as summus senator, and Rome had the first municipal statute.
After this, the city was again under papal control, although the civil government was never again directly in the hands of the higher nobles or the papacy.
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This article is about the medieval commune For the present commune see Rome This article includes a list of general references but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations December 2014 Learn how and when to remove this template message This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in Spanish June 2020 Click show for important translation instructions View a machine translated version of the Spanish article Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Consider adding a topic to this template there are already 5 177 articles in the main category and specifying topic will aid in categorization Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Spanish Wikipedia article at es Comuna de Roma see its history for attribution You should also add the template Translated es Comuna de Roma to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation The Commune of Rome Italian Comune di Roma was established in 1144 after a rebellion led by Giordano Pierleoni Pierleoni led a people s revolt due to the increasing powers of the Pope and the entrenched powers of the nobility The goal of the rebellion was to organize the government of Rome in a similar fashion to that of the previous Roman Republic Pierleoni was named the first Patrician of the Roman Commune but was deposed in 1145 1 Commune of RomeComune di Roma1144 1193FlagCapitalRomeCommon languagesItalianGovernmentRepublicCity stateHistorical eraMedieval Established1144 Disestablished1193Preceded by Succeeded byPapal States Papal States Contents 1 Papal relationship 2 Battles 3 See also 4 References 5 SourcesPapal relationship EditIn a pattern that was to become familiar in the communal struggles of Guelfs and Ghibellines the commune declared allegiance to the more distant power the Holy Roman Emperor and initiated negotiations with newly elected Pope Lucius II The commune wanted him to renounce temporal power and take up an office with the duties of a priest Lucius gathered a force and assaulted Rome but the republican defenders repulsed his army and Lucius died from injuries received from a stone that hit his head Lucius s successor Pope Eugene III could not be consecrated in the city due to the resistance However he eventually came to an agreement with the civil authority that had deposed Pierleoni and returned to Rome on Christmas Day 1145 In March 1146 he again had to leave He returned in 1148 and excommunicated Arnold of Brescia a political theorist who had joined the commune and was its intellectual leader The Pope lived in Tusculum beginning in 1149 and was not installed as pope in Rome until 1152 The existence of the Republic was precarious Eugene s successor Adrian IV convinced Emperor Frederick Barbarossa to lead an army against the city Arnold was arrested tried convicted and hanged in 1155 His body was burnt and the ashes cast into the Tiber In 1188 shortly after his accession Pope Clement III succeeded in allaying the half century old conflict between the popes and the citizens of Rome with the Concord Pact The Pact allowed citizens to elect magistrates with the power of war and peace The Prefect was named by the Emperor and the Pope had sovereign rights over his territories From 1191 to 1193 under a radical reduction of the number of senators to a single one the city was ruled by a Benedetto calledCarus homo carissimo as summus senator and Rome had the first municipal statute After this the city was again under papal control although the civil government was never again directly in the hands of the higher nobles or the papacy Battles Edit1145 Battle against Tivoli Italy 1167 Battle of Monte Porzio against Holy Roman Emperor Tusculum and Albano Laziale 1170 Destruction of Albano Laziale 1191 Destruction of Tusculum See also EditHistory of Rome Roman Commune 14 regions of Medieval RomeReferences Edit Wilcox Charlie 2013 12 24 Historical Oddities The Roman Commune The Time Stream Retrieved 2016 12 18 Sources EditGregorovius Ferdinand History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages Vol IV Part 2 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Commune of Rome amp oldid 1111160252, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
