"Tut tut" redirects here. For the Canadian ferry, see MV Skookum (1906).
"ǀ" redirects here. Not to be confused with the vertical bar.
Dental (or more precisely denti-alveolar)[1]clicks are a family of click consonants found, as constituents of words, only in Africa and in the Damin ritual jargon of Australia.
In English, the tut-tut! (British spelling, "tutting") or tsk! tsk! (American spelling, "tsking") sound used to express disapproval or pity is an unreleased[2] dental click, although it is not a lexical phoneme (a sound that distinguishes words) in English but a paralinguistic speech-sound. Similarly paralinguistic usage of dental clicks is made in certain other languages, but the meaning thereof differs widely between many of the languages (e.g., affirmation in Somali but negation in many varieties of Arabic).[3]
The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the place of articulation of these sounds is ⟨ǀ⟩, a vertical bar. Prior to 1989, ⟨ʇ⟩ was the IPA letter for the dental clicks. It is still occasionally used where the symbol ⟨ǀ⟩ would be confounded with other symbols, such as prosody marks, or simply because in many fonts the vertical bar is indistinguishable from an el or capital i.[4] Either letter may be combined with a second letter to indicate the manner of articulation, though this is commonly omitted for tenuis clicks.
In official IPA transcription, the click letter is combined with a ⟨k ɡ ŋ q ɢ ɴ⟩ via a tie bar, though ⟨k⟩ is frequently omitted. Many authors instead use a superscript ⟨k ɡ ŋ q ɢ ɴ⟩ without the tie bar, again often neglecting the ⟨k⟩. Either letter, whether baseline or superscript, is usually placed before the click letter, but may come after when the release of the velar or uvular occlusion is audible. A third convention is the click letter with diacritics for voicelessness, voicing and nasalization; it does not distinguish velar from uvular dental clicks. Common dental clicks are:
The last is what is heard in the sound sample at right, as non-native speakers tend to glottalize clicks to avoid nasalizing them.
In the orthographies of individual languages, the letters and digraphs for dental clicks may be based on either the vertical bar symbol of the IPA, ⟨ǀ⟩, or on the Latin ⟨c⟩ of Bantu convention. Nama and most Saan languages use the former; Naro, Sandawe, and Zulu use the latter.
Clicks may be oral or nasal, which means that the airflow is either restricted to the mouth, or passes through the nose as well.
They are central consonants, which means they are produced by releasing the airstream at the center of the tongue, rather than at the sides.
The airstream mechanism is lingual ingressive (also known as velaric ingressive), which means a pocket of air trapped between two closures is rarefied by a "sucking" action of the tongue, rather than being moved by the glottis or the lungs/diaphragm. The release of the forward closure produces the "click" sound. Voiced and nasal clicks have a simultaneous pulmonic egressive airstream.
The Cushitic language Dahalo has four clicks, all of them nasalized: [ᵑ̊ʇ, ᵑʇ, ᵑ̊ʇʷ, ᵑʇʷ].
Dental clicks may also be used para-linguistically. For example, English speakers use a plain dental click, usually written tsk or tut (and often reduplicatedtsk-tsk or tut-tut; these spellings often lead to spelling pronunciations/tɪsk/ or /tʌt/), as an interjection to express commiseration, disapproval, irritation, or to call a small animal. German (ts or tss), Hungarian (cöccögés), Persian (noch), Portuguese (tsc), Russian (ts-ts-ts; sound file) Spanish (ts) and French (t-t-t-t) speakers use the dental click in exactly the same way as English.
The dental click is also used para-linguistically in Semitic languages such as Arabic, Hebrew and Indo-European Pashto, and Persian where it is transcribed as نچ/noch and is also used as a negative response to a "yes or no" question (including Dari and Tajiki). It is also used in some languages spoken in regions closer to, or in, Europe, such as Turkish, Albanian, Greek, Bulgarian, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, Romanian or Serbo-Croatian to denote a negative response to a "yes or no" question. The dental click is sometimes accompanied by an upward motion of the head.[5][3]
dental, click, redirects, here, canadian, ferry, skookum, 1906, redirects, here, confused, with, vertical, dental, more, precisely, denti, alveolar, clicks, family, click, consonants, found, constituents, words, only, africa, damin, ritual, jargon, australia, . Tut tut redirects here For the Canadian ferry see MV Skookum 1906 ǀ redirects here Not to be confused with the vertical bar Dental or more precisely denti alveolar 1 clicks are a family of click consonants found as constituents of words only in Africa and in the Damin ritual jargon of Australia Dental click plain velar k ǀǀᵏʇIPA Number177 201Audio sample source source source helpEncodingEntity decimal amp 448 amp 647 Unicode hex U 01C0 U 0287X SAMPA BrailleImageVoiced dental clickǀ ᶢǀ ᵈǀʇ ᶢʇDental nasal clickǀ ᵑǀ ⁿǀʇ ᵑʇIn English the tut tut British spelling tutting or tsk tsk American spelling tsking sound used to express disapproval or pity is an unreleased 2 dental click although it is not a lexical phoneme a sound that distinguishes words in English but a paralinguistic speech sound Similarly paralinguistic usage of dental clicks is made in certain other languages but the meaning thereof differs widely between many of the languages e g affirmation in Somali but negation in many varieties of Arabic 3 The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the place of articulation of these sounds is ǀ a vertical bar Prior to 1989 ʇ was the IPA letter for the dental clicks It is still occasionally used where the symbol ǀ would be confounded with other symbols such as prosody marks or simply because in many fonts the vertical bar is indistinguishable from an el or capital i 4 Either letter may be combined with a second letter to indicate the manner of articulation though this is commonly omitted for tenuis clicks In official IPA transcription the click letter is combined with a k ɡ ŋ q ɢ ɴ via a tie bar though k is frequently omitted Many authors instead use a superscript k ɡ ŋ q ɢ ɴ without the tie bar again often neglecting the k Either letter whether baseline or superscript is usually placed before the click letter but may come after when the release of the velar or uvular occlusion is audible A third convention is the click letter with diacritics for voicelessness voicing and nasalization it does not distinguish velar from uvular dental clicks Common dental clicks are Trans I Trans II Trans III Description velar k ǀ ᵏǀ ǀ tenuis dental click k ǀʰ ᵏǀʰ ǀʰ aspirated dental click ɡ ǀ ᶢǀ ǀ voiced dental click ŋ ǀ ᵑǀ ǀ dental nasal click ŋ ǀ ʰʰ ᵑǀ ʰʰ ǀ ʰʰ aspirated dental nasal click ŋ ǀˀ ᵑǀˀ ǀ ˀ glottalized dental nasal click uvular q ǀ ǀ tenuis dental click q ǀʰ ǀʰ aspirated dental click ɢ ǀ ǀ voiced dental click ɴ ǀ ᶰǀ dental nasal click ɴ ǀ ʰʰ ᶰǀ ʰʰ aspirated dental nasal click ɴ ǀˀ ᶰǀˀ glottalized dental nasal clickThe last is what is heard in the sound sample at right as non native speakers tend to glottalize clicks to avoid nasalizing them In the orthographies of individual languages the letters and digraphs for dental clicks may be based on either the vertical bar symbol of the IPA ǀ or on the Latin c of Bantu convention Nama and most Saan languages use the former Naro Sandawe and Zulu use the latter Contents 1 Features 2 Occurrence 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External linksFeatures EditFeatures of dental clicks The basic articulation may be voiced nasal aspirated glottalized etc The forward place of articulation is typically dental or denti alveolar and laminal which means it is articulated with the tip of the tongue against the alveolar ridge or the upper teeth but depending on the language may be interdental or even apical The release is a noisy affricate like sound Clicks may be oral or nasal which means that the airflow is either restricted to the mouth or passes through the nose as well They are central consonants which means they are produced by releasing the airstream at the center of the tongue rather than at the sides The airstream mechanism is lingual ingressive also known as velaric ingressive which means a pocket of air trapped between two closures is rarefied by a sucking action of the tongue rather than being moved by the glottis or the lungs diaphragm The release of the forward closure produces the click sound Voiced and nasal clicks have a simultaneous pulmonic egressive airstream Occurrence EditDental clicks are common in Khoisan languages and the neighboring Nguni languages such as Zulu and Xhosa In the Nguni languages the tenuis click is denoted by the letter c the murmured click by gc the aspirated click by ch and the nasal click by nc The prenasalized clicks are written ngc and nkc The Cushitic language Dahalo has four clicks all of them nasalized ᵑ ʇ ᵑʇ ᵑ ʇʷ ᵑʇʷ Dental clicks may also be used para linguistically For example English speakers use a plain dental click usually written tsk or tut and often reduplicated tsk tsk or tut tut these spellings often lead to spelling pronunciations tɪsk or tʌt as an interjection to express commiseration disapproval irritation or to call a small animal German ts or tss Hungarian coccoges Persian noch Portuguese tsc Russian ts ts ts sound file Spanish ts and French t t t t speakers use the dental click in exactly the same way as English The dental click is also used para linguistically in Semitic languages such as Arabic Hebrew and Indo European Pashto and Persian where it is transcribed as نچ noch and is also used as a negative response to a yes or no question including Dari and Tajiki It is also used in some languages spoken in regions closer to or in Europe such as Turkish Albanian Greek Bulgarian Italian Portuguese Spanish Romanian or Serbo Croatian to denote a negative response to a yes or no question The dental click is sometimes accompanied by an upward motion of the head 5 3 Language Word IPA MeaningZulu icici iːǀiːǀi iːʇiːʇi earringukuchaza uɠuˈǀʰaːza uɠuˈʇʰaːza to fascinateisigcino isiᶢǀʱǐ ːno isiʇ ʱǐ ːno endincwancwa iᵑǀwaːᵑǀwa iʇ waːʇ wa sour corn mealingcosi iᵑǀʱǒ ːsi iʇ ʱǒ ːsi a bitHadza cinambo ǀinambo ʇinambo fireflycheta ǀʰeta ʇʰeta to be happyminca miᵑǀa miʇ a to smack one s lipstacce taᵑǀˀe taʇ ˀe ropeKhoekhoe ǀgurub ǀȕɾȕp ʇȕɾȕp dry autumn leavesǀnam ǀnȁm ʇ ȁm to loveǀHōǂgaeb ᵑ ǀʰȍoǂae p ʇ ʰȍoǂae p Novemberǀoroǀoro ᵑǀˀoɾoᵑǀˀoɾȍ ʇ ˀoɾoʇ ˀoɾȍ to wear outǀkhore ǀ xoɾe ʇ xoɾe to divine prophesizeSee also EditLateral click Alveolar click Bilabial click Palatal click Retroflex click Index of phonetics articlesNotes Edit Ladefoged amp Traill 1984 18 In the English sound the velar closure is not released unlike the released sound found in languages that combine clicks with vowels a b WALS info on Para linguistic usage of the dental click John Wells 2011 Vertical lines Compare the vertical bar ǀ with l and I unformatted ǀ l I Deliso Christopher Saying Yes and No in the Balkans Overseas Digest Archived from the original on 2008 12 26 Retrieved 2008 10 23 References EditPullum Geoffrey K Ladusaw William A 1996 Phonetic Symbol Guide University of Chicago Press p 178 External links EditList of languages with ǀ on PHOIBLE Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Dental click amp oldid 1126495575, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
