Ukrainian literature

Ukrainian literature is literature written in the Ukrainian language.^[1]^[2]^[3]

Ukrainian literature mostly developed under foreign domination over Ukrainian territories, foreign rule by the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Poland, the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Romania, the Austria-Hungary Empire, and the Ottoman Empire, enriched Ukrainian culture and language, and Ukrainian authors were able to produce a rich literary heritage.

Ukrainian literature’s precursor: writings in Old-Church Slavonic and Latin in Ukraine

Prior to the establishment of Ukrainian literature in 1700s, many authors from Ukraine wrote in "scholarly" languages of middle-ages – Latin and Old-Church Slavonic. Among prominent authors from Ukraine who wrote in Latin and Old-Church Slavonic are Hryhorii Skovoroda, Yuriy Drohobych, Stanislav Orikhovsky-Roxolan, Feofan Prokopovych, Jan-Toma Yuzefovych [pl], Pavlo Rusyn-Krosnyanyn [pl] and others.

The beginnings of oral Ukrainian literature

During this period of history there was a higher number of elementary schools per population in the Hetmanate than in either neighboring Muscovy or Poland. In the 1740s, of 1,099 settlements within seven regimental districts, as many as 866 had primary schools.^[4] The German visitor to the Hetmanate, writing in 1720, commented on how the son of Hetman Danylo Apostol, who had never left Ukraine, was fluent in the Latin, Italian, French, German, Polish and Russian languages^[5]

Late 16th and early 17th century included the rise of folk epics called dumy. These songs celebrated the activities of the Cossacks and were oral retellings of major Ukrainian historical events in modern Ukrainian language (i.e., not in Old-Church Slavonic). This period produced Ostap Veresai, a renowned minstrel and kobzar from Poltava province, Ukraine.

The beginnings of written Ukrainian literature

Ivan Kotlyarevsky (1769–1838)	Taras Shevchenko (1814–1861)	Ivan Franko (1856–1916)	Mykhailo Kotsiubynsky (1864–1913)	Lesya Ukrainka (1871–1913)

The establishment of Ukrainian literature is believed to have been triggered by the publishing of a widely successful poem Eneida by Ivan Kotliarevsky in 1798, which is one of the first instances of a printed literary work written in modern Ukrainian language.^[6]^[7] Due to Kotliarevsky's role as the inaugurator of Ukrainian literature, among literary critics he is often referred to as "the father of Ukrainian literature".^[8] Modern Ukrainian prose was inaugurated by Hryhorii Kvitka-Osnovianenko’s novel Marusya (1834).^[6]^[7]

Iryna Vilde

Ukrainian writer Iryna Vilde (pseudonym of Daryna Dmytrivna Makohon) was born on 5 May 1907 in Czernowitz (Chernivtsi), Austro-Hungarian monarchy and died on 30 October 1982 in Lviv. Her father was Dmytro Makohon, a lecturer and writer on folk arts. She graduated from Lviv University in 1932. She was married to Eugene Polotnyuk.

From 1930 to 1939 she published short stories and novels about the life of Western Ukrainian intelligentsia, the petty bourgeoisie and students. In 1935 she, for the first time under the pseudonym "Iryna Vilde" published the novel "The Butterflies in high heels" (Ukrainian "Meteliki na shpilkah").

After the reunification of Western Ukraine with Ukrainian SSR, she continued to describe the familiar themes of family in bourgeois society. She is the author of many short stories, novellas and novels. Her work contain a huge number of characters – protagonists from all public layers of the then Galicia – of the clergy, employees, workers, peasants, petty bourgeoisie, as well as information on the activities of various parties and public organizations, the Polish administration policy, the economy, education and the culture.

Some of her work are: The collection of short stories "Bizarre Heart" (1936), the story "Adult Children" (1939), a collection of lyrical miniatures "Okrushyny" (1969), the trilogy "Butterflies heels" (2007), novels "Adult Children" (1952), "Sisters Richynski" (Book 1 – 1958 book 2 – 1964), the trilogy "Butterflies on hairpins" (2007). "Sisters Richynski" is considered to be her most creative achievement.

Contemporary literature

Since the late 1980s, and particularly after the independence of Ukraine (1991) and disappearance of Soviet censorship the whole generation of writers emerged: Sofia Maidanska, Ihor Kalynets, Moysey Fishbein, Yuri Andrukhovych, Serhiy Zhadan, Oksana Zabuzhko, Oleksandr Irvanets, Yuriy Izdryk, Maria Matios, Ihor Pavlyuk and many others. Many of them are considered to be "postmodernists".

At the same time the post-neoclassical literary trend has grown where the main figures are Igor Kaczurowskyj (d. 2013) and Maksym Strikha.

List of notable Ukrainian writers

Ukrainian notable writers include (alphabetically):

References

^ Ukraine: Cultural life — literature // Encyclopædia Britannica 15th ed. (second version, Macropædia) Vol. 28: S-U (1985–2010). 1050 p.: 981—1982 pp. (in English)
^ Ukrainian literature // Encyclopædia Britannica 15th ed. (second version, Micropædia) Vol. 12: Trudeau — Żywiec (1985–2010). 968 p.: p. 111 (in English)
^ // Encyclopædia Britannica Online, жовтень 2019 (in English)
^ Magocsi, Paul Robert (1996). A History of Ukraine. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 285. ISBN 0-8020-0830-5.
^ Volodymyr Sichynsky (1953). Ukraine in foreign comments and descriptions from the VIth to XXth century. New York: Ukrainian Congress Committee of America
^ ^a ^b Ukrainian literature // Encyclopædia Britannica 15th ed. (second version, Micropædia) Vol. 12: (1985–2010). 948 p.: p. 111 (in English)
^ ^a ^b // Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2019 (in English)
^ Parody and Burlesque // Hardie, Philip. The Last Trojan Hero: A Cultural History of Virgil's Aeneid. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. 2014. 264 p: 187 (in English)

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External links

A history of Ukrainian literature by Dmytro Čyževs'kyj
Modern Ukrainian Literature
Electronic Library of Ukrainian Literature – established under the auspices of the Institute of Encyclopedic Research, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
An Anthology of Modern Ukrainian Drama (CIUS, 2012), Ed. Larissa M.L. Zaleska Onyshkevych
Danylo Husar Struk. Literature at the Encyclopedia of Ukraine
Existentialism in Modern Ukrainian Drama by Larissa M. L. Zaleska Onyshkevych (Ann Arbor, U. microfilms, 1973)
Slavic Literature Resources from the Slavic Reference Service, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign^{[permanent dead link]}
"Tradition and Innovation in Twentieth-Century Ukrainian Verse Drama" by Larissa M. L. Zaleska Onyshkevych, In Creating a Modern Ukrainian Cultural Space, Ed. Myroslav Shkandrij, CIUS, 2000, 139-157.
"The Problem of the Definitive Literary Text and Political Censorship" [in Mykola Kulish's plays] by Larissa M. L. Zaleska Onyshkevych, Perspectives on Modern Central and East European Literature: Quests for Identity. Ed. Todd Patrick Armstrong. Palgrave, 2001, 25-37.
Ukrainian Latin literature
Ukrainian literature at The Columbia Encyclopedia
Ukrainian literature – written by the Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica
Ukrainian Writing in Canada in The Canadian Encyclopedia
Ukrainian literature at The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe
Ukrainka, Lesia at The Columbia Encyclopedia
Pavlo Tychyna by Michael M. Naydan
Avant-garde
Ukrainian Romanticism: Historical and Cultural Survey by Svitlana Kobets
Mariana Pytuliak. The Peculiarities of the Gothic Prose Genre in Ukrainian and English Literature: Formation and Development
Ukrainian: Біографії, життєписи, творчість Ірина Вільде (1907–1982)

[1] Ukraine: Cultural life — literature // Encyclopædia Britannica 15th ed. (second version, Macropædia) Vol. 28: S-U (1985–2010). 1050 p.: 981—1982 pp. (in English)

[2] Ukrainian literature // Encyclopædia Britannica 15th ed. (second version, Micropædia) Vol. 12: Trudeau — Żywiec (1985–2010). 968 p.: p. 111 (in English)

[3] // Encyclopædia Britannica Online, жовтень 2019 (in English)

[4] Magocsi, Paul Robert (1996). A History of Ukraine. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 285. ISBN 0-8020-0830-5.

[5] Volodymyr Sichynsky (1953). Ukraine in foreign comments and descriptions from the VIth to XXth century. New York: Ukrainian Congress Committee of America

[BT_1-6] Ukrainian literature // Encyclopædia Britannica 15th ed. (second version, Micropædia) Vol. 12: (1985–2010). 948 p.: p. 111 (in English)

[BT_2-7] // Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2019 (in English)

[8] Parody and Burlesque // Hardie, Philip. The Last Trojan Hero: A Cultural History of Virgil's Aeneid. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. 2014. 264 p: 187 (in English)

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www.wiki3.en-us.nina.az

Ukrainian literature

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