"Gobō" redirects here. For the city in Wakayama Prefecture, see Gobō, Wakayama.
Arctium lappa, commonly called greater burdock,[2]gobō (牛蒡/ゴボウ), edible burdock,[2]lappa,[2]beggar's buttons,[2]thorny burr, or happy major[3] is a Eurasian species of plants in the family Asteraceae, cultivated in gardens for its root used as a vegetable. It has become an invasive weed of high-nitrogen soils in North America, Australia, and other regions.[4][5][6][7]
Greater burdock is a biennial plant, rather tall, reaching as much as 3 metres (10 feet).[8] It has large, alternating, wavy-edged cordiform leaves that have a long petiole and are pubescent on the underside.[9][10]
The flowers are purple and grouped in globular capitula, united in clusters. They appear in mid-summer, from July to September.[11] The capitula are surrounded by an involucre made out of many bracts, each curving to form a hook, allowing the mature fruits to be carried long distances on the fur of animals. The fruits are achenes; they are long, compressed, with short pappus hairs. These are a potential hazard for humans, horses, and dogs. The minute, sharply-pointed, bristly pappus hairs easily detach from the top of the achenes and are carried by the slightest breeze – attaching to skin, mucous membranes, and eyes where they can cause severe dermal irritation, possible respiratory manifestations, and ophthalmia.[12] The fleshy taproot can grow up to 1 m (3 ft 3 in) deep.[9]
Arctium lappa L. (right), illustration from the Japanese agricultural encyclopedia Seikei Zusetsu (1804)
†Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults. Source: USDA FoodData Central
The roots are edible cooked.[10] Greater burdock root is known as niúbàng (牛蒡) in Chinese, which was borrowed into Japanese as gobō and Korean as ueong (우엉), and is widely eaten in Japan, Korea and Taiwan. It was used in Europe during the Middle Ages as a vegetable, but now it is rarely used except in Italy and Portugal, where it is known as bardana or "garduna". It is also known under the same names and eaten in Brazil. Plants are cultivated for their slender roots, which can grow about 1 m long and 2 centimetres (3⁄4 in) across. The root was traditionally used in Britain as a flavouring in the herbal drink dandelion and burdock, which is still commercially produced.
The root is very crisp and has a sweet, mild, and pungent flavor with a little muddy harshness that can be reduced by soaking julienned/shredded roots in water for five to ten minutes. The harshness shows excellent harmonization with pork in miso soup (tonjiru) and takikomi gohan (a Japanese-style pilaf). A popular Japanese dish is kinpira gobō, julienned or shredded burdock root and carrot, braised with soy sauce, sugar, mirin and/or sake, and sesame oil. Another is burdock makizushi, rolled sushi filled with pickled burdock root; the burdock root is often artificially colored orange to resemble a carrot. Burdock root can also be found as a fried snack food similar in taste and texture to potato chips and is occasionally used as an ingredient in tempura dishes. Fermentation of the root by Aspergillus oryzae is also used for making miso and rice wine in Japanese cuisine.[16]
The tender leaf stalks can be peeled and eaten raw or cooked.[10] Immature flower stalks may also be harvested in late spring, before flowers appear. The taste resembles that of artichoke, a burdock relative.
In the second half of the 20th century, burdock achieved international recognition for its culinary use due to the increasing popularity of the macrobiotic diet, which advocates its consumption. The root contains a fair amount of dietary fiber (GDF, 6 g per 100 g), calcium, potassium, amino acids,[17] and is low calorie. It contains polyphenols that causes darkened surface and muddy harshness by formation of tannin-iron complexes. Those polyphenols are caffeoylquinic acid derivatives.[18]
A Japanese appetizer, kinpira gobō, consisting of sauteed gobō (greater burdock root) and carrot, with a side of sautéed dried daikon
^Grieve, Maud (1971). A Modern Herbal: The Medicinal, Culinary, Cosmetic and Economic Properties, Cultivation and Folk-lore of Herbs, Grasses, Fungi, Shrubs, & Trees with All Their Modern Scientific Uses, Volume 1. p. 143. ISBN9780486227986.
^Flora of North America Vol. 19, 20 and 21 Page 169 Great burdock, grande bardane, Arctium lappa Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 816. 1753.
^Cole T.C.H.; Su S.; Hilger H.H. (2016). "Arctium lappa – Burdock pappus bristles can cause skin irritation and burdock ophthalmia". PeerJ Preprints. doi:10.7287/peerj.preprints.1871v1.
^Hayashi, K; Narutaki, K; Nagaoka, Y; Hayashi, T; Uesato, S (2010). "Therapeutic effect of arctiin and arctigenin in immunocompetent and immunocompromised mice infected with influenza". Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 33 (7): 1199–1205. doi:10.1248/bpb.33.1199. PMID 20606313.
^Xie L.-H.; Ahn E.-M.; Akao T.; Abdel-Hafez A.A.-M.; Nakamura N.; Hattori M. (2003). "Transformation of arctiin to estrogenic and antiestrogenic substances by human intestinal bacteria". Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 51 (4): 378–384. doi:10.1248/cpb.51.378. PMID 12672988.
^Matsumoto T.; Hosono-Nishiyama K.; Yamada H. (2006). "Antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of from Arctium lappa on leukemic cells". Planta Medica. 72 (3): 276–278. doi:10.1055/s-2005-916174. PMID 16534737.
^"New probiotic identified in fermented Japanese vegetable: Enzyme improves colon health in rats". Science Daily.
^（井関 清経＝健康サイト編集）. "ゴボウの皮はむかないのが"新常識" (06/01/19) - ニュース - nikkei BPnet". Nikkeibp.co.jp. Archived from the original on 2012-09-04. Retrieved 2012-02-02.
^Maruta, Yoshihiko; Kawabata, Jun; Niki, Ryoya (1995). "Antioxidative caffeoylquinic acid derivatives in the roots of burdock (Arctium lappa L.)". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 43 (10): 2592. doi:10.1021/jf00058a007.
^Chan Y.-S.; Cheng L.-N.; Wu J.-H.; Chan E.; Kwan Y.-W.; Lee S.M.-Y.; Leung G.P.-H.; Yu P.H.-F.; Chan S.-W. (2010). "A review of the pharmacological effects of Arctium lappa (burdock)". Inflammopharmacology. 19 (5): 245–54. doi:10.1007/s10787-010-0062-4. hdl:10397/4042. PMID 20981575. S2CID 15181217.
^School of Chinese Medicine database August 26, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
External links
A modern herbal, burdock
Plants for a future: Arctium lappa
Wikiversity has bloom time data for Arctium lappa on the Bloom Clock
March 03, 2023
arctium, lappa, gobō, redirects, here, city, wakayama, prefecture, gobō, wakayama, commonly, called, greater, burdock, gobō, 牛蒡, ゴボウ, edible, burdock, lappa, beggar, buttons, thorny, burr, happy, major, eurasian, species, plants, family, asteraceae, cultivated. Gobō redirects here For the city in Wakayama Prefecture see Gobō Wakayama Arctium lappa commonly called greater burdock 2 gobō 牛蒡 ゴボウ edible burdock 2 lappa 2 beggar s buttons 2 thorny burr or happy major 3 is a Eurasian species of plants in the family Asteraceae cultivated in gardens for its root used as a vegetable It has become an invasive weed of high nitrogen soils in North America Australia and other regions 4 5 6 7 Arctium lappaGreater burdockScientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClade AngiospermsClade EudicotsClade AsteridsOrder AsteralesFamily AsteraceaeGenus ArctiumSpecies A lappaBinomial nameArctium lappaL SynonymsSynonymy Arcion majus BubaniArcion tomentosum BubaniArctium bardana Willd Arctium chaorum KlokovArctium grandiflorum Desf Arctium leiospermum Juz amp Ye V Serg Arctium majus Gaertn Bernh Arctium ruderale Salisb Arctium vulgare Hill EvansArctium vulgare Hill DruceBardana arctium HillBardana lappa HillLappa glabra Lam Lappa major Gaertn Lappa nemorosa Lej Korn ex GriewankLappa officinalis All Lappa vulgaris HillLappa platylepis Boiss amp Balansa ex Boiss amp Balansa Contents 1 Description 1 1 Chemistry 1 2 Similar species 2 Distribution and habitat 3 Ecology 4 Uses 4 1 Culinary 4 2 Traditional medicine 5 References 6 External linksDescription EditGreater burdock is a biennial plant rather tall reaching as much as 3 metres 10 feet 8 It has large alternating wavy edged cordiform leaves that have a long petiole and are pubescent on the underside 9 10 The flowers are purple and grouped in globular capitula united in clusters They appear in mid summer from July to September 11 The capitula are surrounded by an involucre made out of many bracts each curving to form a hook allowing the mature fruits to be carried long distances on the fur of animals The fruits are achenes they are long compressed with short pappus hairs These are a potential hazard for humans horses and dogs The minute sharply pointed bristly pappus hairs easily detach from the top of the achenes and are carried by the slightest breeze attaching to skin mucous membranes and eyes where they can cause severe dermal irritation possible respiratory manifestations and ophthalmia 12 The fleshy taproot can grow up to 1 m 3 ft 3 in deep 9 Arctium lappa L right illustration from the Japanese agricultural encyclopedia Seikei Zusetsu 1804 A 180 cm 6 ft tall man holding a leaf Inflorescence Burrs Chemistry Edit Burdock roots contain mucilage sulfurous acetylene compounds polyacetylenes and bitter guaianolide type constituents citation needed Seeds contain arctigenin arctiin and butyrolactone lignans 13 14 15 Similar species Edit See also Arctium minus The burdock could be confused with rhubarb the leaves of which are toxic 10 Distribution and habitat EditThis species is native to the temperate regions of the Old World from Scandinavia to the Mediterranean and from the British Isles through Russia and the Middle East to India China Taiwan and Japan It is naturalized almost everywhere and is usually found in disturbed areas especially in soil rich in humus and nitrogen preferring full sunlight Ecology EditThe leaves of greater burdock provide food for the caterpillars of some Lepidoptera such as the thistle ermine Myelois circumvoluta Uses EditThe species is commonly cultivated in Japan where it gives its name to a particular construction technique burdock piling Culinary Edit Burdock root rawNutritional value per 100 g 3 5 oz Energy302 kJ 72 kcal Carbohydrates17 34 gSugars2 9Dietary fiber3 3 gFat0 15 gProtein1 53 gVitaminsQuantity DV Thiamine B1 1 0 01 mgRiboflavin B2 3 0 03 mgNiacin B3 2 0 3 mgPantothenic acid B5 6 0 321 mgVitamin B618 0 24 mgFolate B9 6 23 mgVitamin C4 3 mgVitamin E3 0 38 mgVitamin K2 1 6 mgMineralsQuantity DV Calcium4 41 mgIron6 0 8 mgMagnesium11 38 mgManganese11 0 232 mgPhosphorus7 51 mgPotassium7 308 mgSodium0 5 mgZinc3 0 33 mgLink to USDA Database entryUnits mg micrograms mg milligrams IU International units Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults Source USDA FoodData CentralThe roots are edible cooked 10 Greater burdock root is known as niubang 牛蒡 in Chinese which was borrowed into Japanese as gobō and Korean as ueong 우엉 and is widely eaten in Japan Korea and Taiwan It was used in Europe during the Middle Ages as a vegetable but now it is rarely used except in Italy and Portugal where it is known as bardana or garduna It is also known under the same names and eaten in Brazil Plants are cultivated for their slender roots which can grow about 1 m long and 2 centimetres 3 4 in across The root was traditionally used in Britain as a flavouring in the herbal drink dandelion and burdock which is still commercially produced The root is very crisp and has a sweet mild and pungent flavor with a little muddy harshness that can be reduced by soaking julienned shredded roots in water for five to ten minutes The harshness shows excellent harmonization with pork in miso soup tonjiru and takikomi gohan a Japanese style pilaf A popular Japanese dish is kinpira gobō julienned or shredded burdock root and carrot braised with soy sauce sugar mirin and or sake and sesame oil Another is burdock makizushi rolled sushi filled with pickled burdock root the burdock root is often artificially colored orange to resemble a carrot Burdock root can also be found as a fried snack food similar in taste and texture to potato chips and is occasionally used as an ingredient in tempura dishes Fermentation of the root by Aspergillus oryzae is also used for making miso and rice wine in Japanese cuisine 16 The tender leaf stalks can be peeled and eaten raw or cooked 10 Immature flower stalks may also be harvested in late spring before flowers appear The taste resembles that of artichoke a burdock relative In the second half of the 20th century burdock achieved international recognition for its culinary use due to the increasing popularity of the macrobiotic diet which advocates its consumption The root contains a fair amount of dietary fiber GDF 6 g per 100 g calcium potassium amino acids 17 and is low calorie It contains polyphenols that causes darkened surface and muddy harshness by formation of tannin iron complexes Those polyphenols are caffeoylquinic acid derivatives 18 A Japanese appetizer kinpira gobō consisting of sauteed gobō greater burdock root and carrot with a side of sauteed dried daikon Gobō salad Japanese burdock salad Traditional medicine Edit Dried burdock roots Bardanae radix are used in traditional medicine 19 The seeds of greater burdock are employed in traditional Chinese medicine under the name niubangzi 20 Chinese 牛蒡子 pinyin niupangzi some dictionaries list the Chinese as just 牛蒡 niubang References Edit The Plant List Arctium lappa L a b c d Arctium lappa Germplasm Resources Information Network GRIN Agricultural Research Service ARS United States Department of Agriculture USDA Retrieved 2017 12 15 Grieve Maud 1971 A Modern Herbal The Medicinal Culinary Cosmetic and Economic Properties Cultivation and Folk lore of Herbs Grasses Fungi Shrubs amp Trees with All Their Modern Scientific Uses Volume 1 p 143 ISBN 9780486227986 Flora of North America Vol 19 20 and 21 Page 169 Great burdock grande bardane Arctium lappa Linnaeus Sp Pl 2 816 1753 Atlas of Living Australia Arctium lappa L Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map Altervista Flora Italiana Bardana maggiore Arctium lappa L many photos COMMON BURDOCK Arctium minus Ohio Perennial and Biennial Weed Guide Ohio State University http www oardc ohio state edu weedguide singlerecord asp id 900 a b Flora of China Vol 20 21 Page 153 牛蒡 niu bang Arctium lappa Linnaeus Sp Pl 2 816 1753 a b c d The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants United States Department of the Army New York Skyhorse Publishing 2009 p 34 ISBN 978 1 60239 692 0 OCLC 277203364 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint others link Rose Francis 1981 The Wild Flower Key Frederick Warne amp Co pp 386 387 ISBN 0 7232 2419 6 Cole T C H Su S Hilger H H 2016 Arctium lappa Burdock pappus bristles can cause skin irritation and burdock ophthalmia PeerJ Preprints doi 10 7287 peerj preprints 1871v1 Hayashi K Narutaki K Nagaoka Y Hayashi T Uesato S 2010 Therapeutic effect of arctiin and arctigenin in immunocompetent and immunocompromised mice infected with influenza Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 33 7 1199 1205 doi 10 1248 bpb 33 1199 PMID 20606313 Xie L H Ahn E M Akao T Abdel Hafez A A M Nakamura N Hattori M 2003 Transformation of arctiin to estrogenic and antiestrogenic substances by human intestinal bacteria Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 51 4 378 384 doi 10 1248 cpb 51 378 PMID 12672988 Matsumoto T Hosono Nishiyama K Yamada H 2006 Antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of from Arctium lappa on leukemic cells Planta Medica 72 3 276 278 doi 10 1055 s 2005 916174 PMID 16534737 New probiotic identified in fermented Japanese vegetable Enzyme improves colon health in rats Science Daily 井関 清経 健康サイト編集 ゴボウの皮はむかないのが 新常識 06 01 19 ニュース nikkei BPnet Nikkeibp co jp Archived from the original on 2012 09 04 Retrieved 2012 02 02 Maruta Yoshihiko Kawabata Jun Niki Ryoya 1995 Antioxidative caffeoylquinic acid derivatives in the roots of burdock Arctium lappa L Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 43 10 2592 doi 10 1021 jf00058a007 Chan Y S Cheng L N Wu J H Chan E Kwan Y W Lee S M Y Leung G P H Yu P H F Chan S W 2010 A review of the pharmacological effects of Arctium lappa burdock Inflammopharmacology 19 5 245 54 doi 10 1007 s10787 010 0062 4 hdl 10397 4042 PMID 20981575 S2CID 15181217 School of Chinese Medicine database Archived August 26 2014 at the Wayback MachineExternal links EditA modern herbal burdock Plants for a future Arctium lappa Wikiversity has bloom time data for Arctium lappa on the Bloom Clock Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Arctium lappa amp oldid 1118776811, 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