This article is about a flower structure. For the mathematician, see Pappus of Alexandria.
"Pappi" redirects here. For the 1934 German film, see Pappi (film).
In Asteraceae, the pappus is the modified calyx,[citation needed] the part of an individual floret, that surrounds the base of the corolla tube in flower. It functions as a wind-dispersal mechanism for the seeds. The term is sometimes used for similar structures in other plant families e.g. in certain genera of the Apocynaceae, although the pappus in Apocynaceae is not derived from the calyx of the flower.[citation needed]
The pappus-clad fruits that make up the familiar "dandelion clock" being dispersed by the wind (family Asteraceae)Tragopogon pratensis (Asteraceae) "puffball" of pappus-clad fruits, similar in structure to "dandelion clock"Sonchus oleraceus (Asteraceae)Paired, follicular fruits of Asclepias curassavica (Apocynaceae) dehiscing to release seeds, each clad in a silky pappusSeeds of Adenium obesum (Apocynaceae) equipped with double pappus (i.e. having a tuft of hairs at both ends) being shed from a dehiscent, follicular fruitPappus-clad seeds of Nerium oleander (Apocynaceae) being released from dehiscent, paired, follicular fruits
In Asteraceae, the pappus may be composed of bristles (sometimes feathery), awns, scales, or may be absent, and in some species, is too small to see without magnification. In genera such as Taraxacum or Eupatorium, feathery bristles of the pappus function as a "parachute" which enables the seed to be carried by the wind.[1] The name derives from the Ancient Greek word pappos, Latinpappus, meaning "old man", so used for a plant (assumed to be an Erigeron species) having bristles and also for the woolly, hairy seed of certain plants.
The pappus of the dandelion plays a vital role in the wind-aided dispersal of its seeds. By creating a separated vortex ring in its wake, the flight of the pappus is stabilized and more lift and drag are produced.[2][3] The pappus also has the property of being able to change its morphology in the presence of moisture in various ways that aid germination. The change of shape can adjust the rate of abscission, allowing increased or decreased germination depending on the favorability of conditions.[4][5]
Biomimicryedit
The pappus of the dandelion has been studied and reproduced for a variety of applications. It has the ability to retain about 100 times its weight in water and pappus-inspired mechanisms have been proposed and fabricated which would allow highly efficient and specialized liquid transport.[6] Another application of the pappus is in the use of minute airflow detection around walls which is important for measuring small fluctuations in airflow in neonatal incubators or to measure low velocity airflow in heating and ventilation systems.[7]
^Cummins, Cathal; Seale, Madeleine; Macente, Alice; Certini, Daniele; Mastropaolo, Enrico; Viola, Ignazio Maria; Nakayama, Naomi (2018). "A separated vortex ring underlies the flight of the dandelion" (PDF). Nature. 562 (7727): 414–418. Bibcode:2018Natur.562..414C. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0604-2. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 30333579. S2CID 52988814.
^Ledda, P. G.; Siconolfi, L.; Viola, F.; Camarri, S.; Gallaire, F. (2019-07-02). "Flow dynamics of a dandelion pappus: A linear stability approach". Physical Review Fluids. 4 (7): 071901. Bibcode:2019PhRvF...4g1901L. doi:10.1103/physrevfluids.4.071901. hdl:11568/998044. ISSN 2469-990X. S2CID 198429309.
^Greene, David F. (2005). "The Role of Abscission in Long-Distance Seed Dispersal by the Wind". Ecology. 86 (11): 3105–3110. doi:10.1890/04-1430. ISSN 0012-9658.
^Seale, Madeleine; Zhdanov, Oleksandr; Cummins, Cathal; Kroll, Erika; Blatt, Michael R; Zare-Behtash, Hossein; Busse, Angela; Mastropaolo, Enrico; Viola, Ignazio Maria (2019-02-07). "Moisture-dependent morphing tunes the dispersal of dandelion diaspores". doi:10.1101/542696. hdl:10044/1/102018. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^Meng, Qingan; Wang, Qianbin; Liu, Huan; Jiang, Lei (2014). "A bio-inspired flexible fiber array with an open radial geometry for highly efficient liquid transfer". NPG Asia Materials. 6 (9): e125. doi:10.1038/am.2014.70. ISSN 1884-4049.
^Bruecker, Christoph H.; Mikulich, Vladimir (2017-06-28). "Sensing of minute airflow motions near walls using pappus-type nature-inspired sensors". PLOS ONE. 12 (6): e0179253. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1279253B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0179253. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC5489159. PMID 28658272.
pappus, botany, this, article, about, flower, structure, mathematician, pappus, alexandria, pappi, redirects, here, 1934, german, film, pappi, film, asteraceae, pappus, modified, calyx, citation, needed, part, individual, floret, that, surrounds, base, corolla. This article is about a flower structure For the mathematician see Pappus of Alexandria Pappi redirects here For the 1934 German film see Pappi film In Asteraceae the pappus is the modified calyx citation needed the part of an individual floret that surrounds the base of the corolla tube in flower It functions as a wind dispersal mechanism for the seeds The term is sometimes used for similar structures in other plant families e g in certain genera of the Apocynaceae although the pappus in Apocynaceae is not derived from the calyx of the flower citation needed The pappus clad fruits that make up the familiar dandelion clock being dispersed by the wind family Asteraceae Tragopogon pratensis Asteraceae puffball of pappus clad fruits similar in structure to dandelion clock Sonchus oleraceus Asteraceae Paired follicular fruits of Asclepias curassavica Apocynaceae dehiscing to release seeds each clad in a silky pappusSeeds of Adenium obesum Apocynaceae equipped with double pappus i e having a tuft of hairs at both ends being shed from a dehiscent follicular fruitPappus clad seeds of Nerium oleander Apocynaceae being released from dehiscent paired follicular fruitsFurther information Asteraceae Floral heads In Asteraceae the pappus may be composed of bristles sometimes feathery awns scales or may be absent and in some species is too small to see without magnification In genera such as Taraxacum or Eupatorium feathery bristles of the pappus function as a parachute which enables the seed to be carried by the wind 1 The name derives from the Ancient Greek word pappos Latin pappus meaning old man so used for a plant assumed to be an Erigeron species having bristles and also for the woolly hairy seed of certain plants The pappus of the dandelion plays a vital role in the wind aided dispersal of its seeds By creating a separated vortex ring in its wake the flight of the pappus is stabilized and more lift and drag are produced 2 3 The pappus also has the property of being able to change its morphology in the presence of moisture in various ways that aid germination The change of shape can adjust the rate of abscission allowing increased or decreased germination depending on the favorability of conditions 4 5 Biomimicry editThe pappus of the dandelion has been studied and reproduced for a variety of applications It has the ability to retain about 100 times its weight in water and pappus inspired mechanisms have been proposed and fabricated which would allow highly efficient and specialized liquid transport 6 Another application of the pappus is in the use of minute airflow detection around walls which is important for measuring small fluctuations in airflow in neonatal incubators or to measure low velocity airflow in heating and ventilation systems 7 References edit Composite flowers Cummins Cathal Seale Madeleine Macente Alice Certini Daniele Mastropaolo Enrico Viola Ignazio Maria Nakayama Naomi 2018 A separated vortex ring underlies the flight of the dandelion PDF Nature 562 7727 414 418 Bibcode 2018Natur 562 414C doi 10 1038 s41586 018 0604 2 ISSN 0028 0836 PMID 30333579 S2CID 52988814 Ledda P G Siconolfi L Viola F Camarri S Gallaire F 2019 07 02 Flow dynamics of a dandelion pappus A linear stability approach Physical Review Fluids 4 7 071901 Bibcode 2019PhRvF 4g1901L doi 10 1103 physrevfluids 4 071901 hdl 11568 998044 ISSN 2469 990X S2CID 198429309 Greene David F 2005 The Role of Abscission in Long Distance Seed Dispersal by the Wind Ecology 86 11 3105 3110 doi 10 1890 04 1430 ISSN 0012 9658 Seale Madeleine Zhdanov Oleksandr Cummins Cathal Kroll Erika Blatt Michael R Zare Behtash Hossein Busse Angela Mastropaolo Enrico Viola Ignazio Maria 2019 02 07 Moisture dependent morphing tunes the dispersal of dandelion diaspores doi 10 1101 542696 hdl 10044 1 102018 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Meng Qingan Wang Qianbin Liu Huan Jiang Lei 2014 A bio inspired flexible fiber array with an open radial geometry for highly efficient liquid transfer NPG Asia Materials 6 9 e125 doi 10 1038 am 2014 70 ISSN 1884 4049 Bruecker Christoph H Mikulich Vladimir 2017 06 28 Sensing of minute airflow motions near walls using pappus type nature inspired sensors PLOS ONE 12 6 e0179253 Bibcode 2017PLoSO 1279253B doi 10 1371 journal pone 0179253 ISSN 1932 6203 PMC 5489159 PMID 28658272 External links editAsteraceae morphology Composite flowers Biomimetics Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Pappus botany amp oldid 1193887676, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
