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Culebra, Puerto Rico

January 07, 2023

"Culebra Island" redirects here. For the island in the Falkland archipelago, see Sedge Island.

Isla Culebra (Spanish pronunciation: [kuˈleβɾa], Snake Island) is an island, town and municipality of Puerto Rico and geographically part of the Spanish Virgin Islands. It is located approximately 17 miles (27 km) east of the Puerto Rican mainland, 12 miles (19 km) west of St. Thomas and 9 miles (14 km) north of Vieques. Culebra is spread over 5 barrios and Culebra Pueblo (Dewey), the main town and the administrative center of the island. Residents of the island are known as culebrenses. With a population of 1,792 as of the 2020 Census, it is Puerto Rico's least populous municipality.[3]

Culebra
Municipio de Culebra
Isla de Culebra
Island-Municipality
Entrance to Culebra's Ensenada
Flag
Coat of arms
Nicknames: 
"La Isla Chiquita" (The Little Island), "Última Virgen" (Last Virgin), "Cuna del Sol Borincano" (Cradle of the Puerto Rican Sun)
Anthem: "Culebra Isla preciosa"
Map of Puerto Rico highlighting Culebra Municipality
Coordinates: 18°19′01″N 65°17′24″W / 18.31694°N 65.29000°W / 18.31694; -65.29000Coordinates: 18°19′01″N 65°17′24″W / 18.31694°N 65.29000°W / 18.31694; -65.29000
Commonwealth Puerto Rico
FoundedOctober 27, 1880
Barrios
6 barrios
Government
 • MayorEdilberto (Junito) Romero Llovet (PNP)
 • Senatorial dist.8 - Carolina
 • Representative dist.36
Area
 • Total30.1 km2 (11.6 sq mi)
 • Land28 km2 (11 sq mi)
Population
 (2020)[1]
 • Total1,792
 • Rank78th in Puerto Rico
 • Density60/km2 (150/sq mi)
 • Racial groups
(2000 Census)[2]
60.6% White
20.9% Black
1.0% American Indian/AN
1.1% Asian
0.1% Native Hawaiian/Pi
13.0% Some other race
3.4% Two or more races
Time zoneUTC−4 (AST)
ZIP Code
00775
Area code787/939
Major routes

Originally called Isla del Pasaje and Isla de San Ildefonso, Culebra is also known as Isla Chiquita ("Little Island"), Cuna del Sol Borincano ("Cradle of the Puerto Rican Sun") and Última Virgen ("Last Virgin", due to its position at the end of the Virgin Islands archipelago).

History

Some sources claim that Christopher Columbus was the first European to arrive at the island during his second voyage on November 19, 1493.[4][5][6] It is believed that the island was populated by Carib Indians during the colonization. After Agüeybaná and Agüeybaná II led the Taíno rebellion of 1511, Taíno Indians from the main island sought refuge on Culebra and allied with Caribs to launch random attacks at the island estates.[7]

After that, the island was left abandoned for centuries. During the era of Spanish commerce through the Americas, it was used as a refuge for pirates, as well as local fishermen and sailors.[7] Some sources mention a black overseer from British-ruled Tortola named John Stevens, who was put in charge of Culebra in the 1850s by the Governor of Vieques under the Spanish crown to protect the island from foreigners who, without proper permissions or payments of fees for despoiling Culebra, took fish, cut trees for lumber and prepared drift wood as charcoal for future sale elsewhere.[8] Appropriating the unearned title of "Captain", he began a decades-long isolated sojourn on Culebra as enforcer of Spanish interests. In October 1871, however, Stevens was found dead outside his hut, his body viciously hacked apart. His heart and entrails had been placed in clay pots, in an apparent religious ritual to curse his soul. Spanish police from Vieques tracked down Tortolan foragers on Culebra who were suspected of the vicious murder. Eventually 21 of them were sentenced to forced labor on sugar plantations in Vieques as punishment. The affair caused an international incident, and, to satisfy demands from the British ambassador in Madrid, the Tortolans were finally freed by the Spanish Governor of Puerto Rico in July 1874.[9] These events caused the government of Switzerland in June 1876 to recall an expedition destined for Culebra to establish a warm-weather sanatorium there. Fearing further foreign encroachments, the Spanish government decided to populate Culebra with its own subjects.[10]

Culebra was then settled by Cayetano Escudero Sanz on October 27, 1880, when he completed his survey of the island that included subdivisions into usable lots. The Spanish government offered these parcels of land to anyone who would move to the island. The first settlers depended on rain for drinking water, as the island has no natural streams. Subsistence farming and cattle raising were established and a cistern was built for common use at one end of a natural harbor or Ensanada Honda in Spanish.

This first settlement was called San Ildefonso, to honor the Bishop of Toledo, officially San Ildefonso de la Culebra. Two years later, on September 25, 1882, construction of the Culebrita lighthouse began. It was completed on February 25, 1886 which made it the oldest operating lighthouse in the Caribbean until 1975, when the U.S. Navy and Coast Guard finally closed the facility.[11]

Puerto Rico was ceded by Spain in the aftermath of the Spanish–American War under the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1898 and became a territory of the United States.In 1899, the United States Department of War conducted a census of Puerto Rico finding that the population of Culebra was 704.[12]

In 1902, Culebra was integrated as a part of Vieques. One year later, on June 26, President Theodore Roosevelt established the Culebra Naval Reservation. A bird refuge was established on February 27, 1909.[6][7]

The United States Navy cited the 1900 Foraker Act to expropriate the land surrounding the natural harbor and in 1902 ordered the removal of all settlers so that a base for the South Atlantic fleet could be erected. Antonio Lugo Suarez, a Puerto Rican who had made his fortune in St. Thomas then part of the Danish West Indies and Pedro Márquez Morales, a Spaniard who had married a Puerto Rican woman from Vieques, were successful ranchers on Culebra. Each offered an alternate site to the displaced Culebrenses, so as to prevent the total abandonment of the island. The location identified by Márquez on Playa Sardinas became the town of Dewey.[13][14]

A new church was built with materials taken from San Ildefonso and a customs office was constructed.[15] Pedro Márquez (1850–1920) was appointed the first mayor under U.S. rule in 1905, replacing Leopoldo Padrón, the Special Delegate appointed for the transition from Spanish rule. Pedro Márquez was succeeded as mayor in 1912 by his son, Alejandro Márquez Laureano (1912–1914) who erected the first docks for the new town and installed electric lighting on the town's streets. He was succeeded as mayor in 1914 by Claro C. Feliciano, the first mayor who had been born in Culebra.[16]

With the agreement reached with a new Cuban government to lease Guantanamo Bay as a naval base, in 1911 the U.S. reduced the size of its forces on Culebra and turned the installation to training purposes.[17] In 1924, the U.S. Navy began annual maneuvers on Culebra taking advantage of its deep-sea waters to practice coordinating amphibious landings on its beaches.

In 1939, the U.S. Navy began to use the Culebra Archipelago as a gunnery and bombing practice site. This was done in preparation for the United States' involvement in World War II. In 1971 the people of Culebra began protests, known as the Navy-Culebra protests, for the removal of the U.S. Navy from Culebra. Four years later, in 1975, the use of Culebra as a gunnery range ceased and all operations were moved to Vieques.[18]

Culebra was declared an independent island municipality in 1917. The first democratically elected government was put into place in 1960. Prior to this, the government of Puerto Rico appointed delegates to administer the island.

On September 20, 2017 Hurricane Maria struck the island of Puerto Rico. In Culebra, where Hurricane Irma had caused major damages a week prior, Hurricane Maria caused more destruction.[19]

Geography

 
Culebra nautical chart

Culebra is an archipelago consisting of the main island and twenty-three smaller islands that lie off its coast. The largest of these keys are: Culebrita to the east, Cayo Norte to the northeast, and Cayo Luis Peña and Cayo Lobo to the west. The smaller islands include Cayo Ballena, Cayos Geniqui, Arrecife Culebrita, Las Hermanas, El Mono, Cayo Lobito, Cayo Botijuela, Alcarraza, Los Gemelos, and Piedra Steven. Islands in the archipelago are arid, meaning they have no rivers or streams. All of the fresh water is brought from Puerto Rico via Vieques by undersea pipeline.[20]

Culebra is characterized by an irregular topography resulting in a long intricate shoreline. The island is approximately 7 by 5 miles (11 by 8 km). The coast is marked by cliffs, sandy coral beaches and mangrove forests. Inland, the tallest point on the island is Mount Resaca, with an elevation of 636 feet (193.9 meters),[21] followed by Balcón Hill, with an elevation of 545 feet (166.1 meters).[22]

Ensenada Honda is the largest inlet on the island and is considered to be the most hurricane secure harbor in the Caribbean.[23] There are also several lagoons on the island, like Corcho, Flamenco, and Zoní. Culebrita Island also has a lagoon called Molino.

Almost 80% of the island's area is volcanic rock from the Cretaceous period. It is mostly used for livestock pasture, as well as some minor agriculture.[24]

Average sea temperature

Climate data for Average sea temperature
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Daily mean °F (°C) 79.2
(26.2) 		78.3
(25.7) 		78.4
(25.8) 		80.1
(26.7) 		81.1
(27.3) 		82.6
(28.1) 		83.1
(28.4) 		84.2
(29.0) 		84.7
(29.3) 		84.2
(29.0) 		83.1
(28.4) 		81.3
(27.4) 		81.7
(27.6)
Source: SeaTemperatures.org [25]

Federal nature reserves

 
Map of the Culebra National Wildlife Refuge

These small islands are all classified as nature reserves and several nature reserves also exist on the main island. One of the oldest bird sanctuaries in United States territory was established in Culebra on February 27, 1909, by President Teddy Roosevelt.[26] The Culebra Island giant anole (Anolis roosevelti, Xiphosurus roosevelti (according to ITIS) is an extremely rare or possibly extinct anole lizard. It is native to Culebra Island and was named in honor of Theodore Roosevelt Jr., who was the governor of Puerto Rico at that time. There are bird sanctuaries on many of the islands as well as turtle nesting sites on Culebra. Leatherback, green sea and hawksbill sea turtles use the beaches for nesting. The archipelagos bird sanctuaries are home to brown boobies, laughing gulls, sooty terns, bridled terns and noddy terns. An estimated 50,000 seabirds find their way back to the sanctuaries every year. These nature reserves comprise 1,568 acres (635 ha) of the archipelago's 7,000 acres (2,800 ha). These nature reserves are protected by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service.

Culebra has no natural large mammals. However, a population of white-tailed deer introduced in July 1966 (one male and three females) can be found on the eastern region of the island.[26]

National protected area

 
Culebra with barrios

Important Bird Area

Culebra, along with its adjacent islets and cays, has been recognised as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because they support seabird breeding colonies of brown boobies, brown noddies, and both sooty and royal terns.[27]

Barrios

Like all municipalities of Puerto Rico, Culebra is subdivided into barrios.[28][29][30][31]

Barrio Area
m2[32]		 Population
(census
2000)		 Population density Islands in barrio
Culebra barrio-pueblo 408,969 652 1,594.3 -
Flamenco 12,602,398 885 70.2 Cayo Pirata, Cayo Verde, Cayo Matojo, El Ancon, Piedra Stevens, Los Gemelos, Alcarraza, Roca Lavador (awash), Cayo Botijuela, Cayo de Luis Peña, Las Hermanas (Cayo del Agua, Cayo Ratón, Cayo Yerba), El Mono, Cayo Lobo, Roca Culumna (Part of Cayo Lobito), Cayo Lobito, Cayo Tuna
Fraile 8,211,978 51 6.2 Culebrita, Cayo Botella, Pelá, Pelaita
Playa Sardinas I 410,235 136 331.5 –
Playa Sardinas II 2,600,088 122 46.9 –
San Isidro 5,857,771 22 3.8 Roca Speck, Cayo Norte, Cayo Sombrerito, Cayos Geniquí, Cayo Tiburón, Cayo Ballena
Total 30,091,439 1.868 62,1 23 islands, cays and rocks

Sectors

Further information: List of barrios and sectors of Culebra, Puerto Rico

Barrios (which are roughly comparable to minor civil divisions)[33] in turn are further subdivided into smaller local populated place areas/units called sectores (sectors in English). The types of sectores may vary, from normally sector to urbanización to reparto to barriada to residencial, among others.[34][35][36]

Tourism

Culebra is a popular weekend tourist destination for mainland Puerto Ricans, Americans and residents of Vieques. Culebra has many beautiful beaches including Flamenco Beach (Playa Flamenco), rated third best beach in the world for 2014 by TripAdvisor. In November 2017 Forbes rated it #19 of the top 50 beaches around the world.[37] It can be reached by shuttle buses from the ferry. The beach extends for a mile of white coral sand and is framed beautifully by arid tree-covered hills. The beach is also protected by the Department of Natural and Environmental Resources as a marine wildlife reserve.

The area west of Flamenco Beach and the adjacent Flamenco Point were used for joint-United States Navy/Marine Corps military exercises until 1975. Two old M4 Sherman tanks, which were used for target practice, can be found at the beach. Culebra and Vieques offered the U.S. military training areas for the Fleet Marine Force in amphibious exercises for beach landings and naval gunfire support testing. Culebra and Vieques were the two components of the Atlantic Fleet Weapons Range Inner Range. In recent years, only the shortened term "Inner Range" was used.

 
Coral reef on Culebra

Other beaches are only accessible by private car or boats. Of the smaller islands, only Culebrita and Luis Peña permit visitors and can be accessible via water taxis from Culebra. Hiking and nature photography are encouraged on the small islands. However, activities which would disturb the nature reserves are prohibited, e.g. camping, littering and the use of motor vehicles. Camping, however, is allowed on Flamenco Beach throughout the year. Reservations are recommended.[38] Culebra is also a popular destination for scuba divers because of the many reefs throughout the archipelago and the crystal clear waters. Because of the "arid" nature of the island there is no run-off from rivers or streams, resulting in very clear waters around the archipelago.

Landmarks and places of interest

 
U. S. Navy ammunitions warehouse built in 1905. It is now Culebra's Historical Museum.

Culebra has 10 beaches.[39]

  • Flamenco Beach (Ranked #2 in the top 10 most exotic beaches in the world)[40][41]
  • Brava Beach
  • Las Vacas Beach
  • Larga Beach
  • Pueblo Español
  • Punta Soldado Beach[42]
  • Resaca Beach
  • Tamarindo Beach
  • Tortuga Beach
  • Zoni Beach

Culture

Festivals and events

Culebra celebrates its patron saint festival in July. The Fiestas Patronales de Nuestra Señora del Carmen is a religious and cultural celebration in honor of Mary, the mother of Jesus and generally features parades, games, artisans, amusement rides, regional food, and live entertainment.[20]

Other festivals and events include:

  • Windsurfing competition – February
  • Fishing tournament – March
  • Craft festivities – November

In 2020, the descendants of Pedro Márquez erected a plaque commemorating the centennial of his death at the original site of his butcher shop, built on the main street that bears his name.

Economy

 
Culebra on the horizon as seen from Vieques

In past centuries, agriculture was the main source of economy in Culebra. At some point, the following products were produced and exported from the island: wood, turtle oil, shells, fish, tobacco, livestock, pigs, goats, cheese, plantains, pumpkins, beans, yams, garlic, maize, tomatoes, oranges, coconut, cotton, melons, mangrove bark, coal, and turkey.[43]

Nowadays, Culebra's main source of revenue comes from construction and tourism.[44]

Demographics

Historical population
Census Pop. %±
1900704—
19101,31586.8%
1920839−36.2%
19308471.0%
19408601.5%
19508873.1%
1960573−35.4%
197073227.7%
19801,26572.8%
19901,54221.9%
20001,86821.1%
20101,818−2.7%
20201,792−1.4%
U.S. Decennial Census[45]
1899 (shown as 1900)[46] 1910-1930[47]
1930-1950[48] 1960-2000[49] 2010[30] 2020[50]

The 2020 census demonstrates the town remains the least populated with a population of 1,792.[52]

In 1894, written reports indicated that there were 519 residents living in five communities: San Ildefonso, Flamenco, San Isidero, Playa Sardinas I y II, and Frayle. There were 84 houses built, 24 of them in the San Ildefonso community.[43]

Notable people

  • Pedro Morales, (1942–2019) was a Puerto Rican professional wrestler. The first Latino to hold a world heavyweight championship when he became the WWWF WWE World Heavyweight Champion in 1971.

Government

 
Culebra's city hall.
Main article: Mayoralty in Puerto Rico

Like all of Puerto Rico's municipalities, the island of Culebra is administered by a mayor, elected every four years in general elections. Initially, administrators were selected by the Spanish crown or by the United States government during the 19th and early 20th century.

In 2004, Abraham Peña Nieves was elected mayor of Culebra with 50.1% of the votes.[53] He was reelected in 2008.[54]

In November 2011, Peña died of prostate cancer.[55] The next day, it was announced that his daughter, Lizaida Peña, might replace him until the 2012 general elections.[56] However, in 2011, Ricardo López Cepero was elected by delegates to succeed Peña. López Cepero was defeated by Iván Solís in the 2012 general election.

The city belongs to the Puerto Rico Senatorial district VIII, which is represented by two senators. In 2012, Pedro A. Rodríguez and Luis Daniel Rivera were elected as district senators.[57]

Government services

The United States Postal Service operates the Culebra Post Office.[58]

Symbols

The municipio has an official flag and coat of arms.[59]

Flag

The Culebra flag consists of five vertical stripes, three alternate yellow and two green ones. The yellow central stripe has the map of Culebra in green.[60]

Coat of arms

The field is tierced in three, in the Spanish manner, vert, argent, or. The cross and the episcopal crozier symbolize Bishop San Ildefonso, because originally the island was called San Ildefonso de la Culebra. The crowned serpent (culebra means serpent) ondoyant in pale is the emblem of its name. The mailed arm refers to the coat of the Escudero family, first settlers of the island. The laurel cross refers to the civic triumph reached when Culebra obtained the evacuation of the United States Navy. The crest is a coronet bearing two masts, their sails filled by the wind.[60]

Education

Due to its size and small population, there are only three schools on Culebra, one for each level. They are the San Ildefonso Elementary School, the Antonio R. Barceló High School, and the Luis Muñoz Rivera school. Education is administered by the Puerto Rico Department of Education.

Health care

There is a small hospital in the island called Hospital de Culebra. It also offers pharmacy services to residents and visitors. For emergencies, patients are transported by plane to Fajardo on the main island.[61]

On September 20, 2020, Puerto Rico's Health Department reported that in the six months of pandemic, Culebra had reported only 6 cases of infection and no deaths. This was the lowest rate of infection in any municipality of Puerto Rico during the COVID-19 infections.[62]

Transportation

The island of Culebra can be reached by private boat, the Culebra Ferry, or airplane. Ferry service is available from Ceiba. Ferries make several trips a day to the main island for an approximate fare of $4.50 (round trip).[63][64]

Culebra also has a small airport, Benjamín Rivera Noriega Airport, with domestic service to the mainland and Vieques. The airport is served by small airlines:

There is public transportation available in the island, through public cars and taxis.

There is 1 bridge in Culebra.[65]

Navy Culebra protests

Main article: Navy–Culebra protests

The Navy–Culebra protests is the name given by American media to a series of protests starting in 1971 on the island of Culebra, Puerto Rico against the United States Navy use of the island.[66] The protests led to the U.S. Navy abandoning of its facilities on Culebra.

The historical backdrop was that in 1902, three years after the U.S. invasion of Puerto Rico, Culebra was integrated as a part of Vieques. But on June 26, 1903, U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt established the Culebra Naval Reservation in Culebra. The suitability of Culebra and its topography for the technical requirements of naval gunfire and aircraft weapons exercises was recognized in 1936, and the Government of the United States declared Culebra and its adjacent waters as the Culebra Naval Defensive Sea Area in 1941. This military defense area included all coastal waters from high-tide elevation to three miles off shore. The naval gunnery and aircraft weapons ranges at Culebra played a considerable role, along with other gunnery facilities near Guantanamo Bay in Cuba, in the combat readiness of Allied Naval Forces during the Second World War. These Caribbean ranges again served as primary weapons training grounds for both Naval Gunfire Support Exercises and aircraft weapons systems proficiency during the critical period of the Korean War starting in the summer of 1950. The United States Naval exercises reached a peak in 1969, as many ships and air units were attached to the Atlantic Fleet for gunnery and aerial ordnance proficiency prior to their ultimate assignments to naval task forces stationed in Southeast Asia.

In 1971 the people of Culebra began the protests for the removal of the U.S. Navy from Culebra. The protests were led by Ruben Berrios, President of the Puerto Rican Independence Party (PIP), a well-regarded attorney in international rights, President-Honorary of the Socialist International, and Law professor at the University of Puerto Rico. An ecumenical chapel was built on Flamenco Beach, in an action led by Catholic Bishop Antulio Parilla Bonilla, Baptist minister, Luis Rivera Pagán, and George Lakey of the Quaker Action Committee.[67] Berrios and other protesters squatted in Culebra for a few days. Some of them, including Berrios, were arrested and imprisoned for civil disobedience. The official charge was trespassing on U.S. military territory. The protests led to the U.S. Navy discontinuing the use of Culebra as a gunnery range in 1975 and all of its operations were moved to Vieques. The case against the Navy was led by Washington lawyer Richard Copaken as retained pro-bono by the people of Culebra island.

The cleaning process of the island has been slow. At the end of 2016, the United States Army Corps of Engineers sent letters to the residents of Culebra citing active removal of undetonated explosive material still present on the island.[68]

In popular culture

Gallery

  •  

    Flamenco Beach

  •  

    Flamenco Beach

  •  

    An old tank at Flamenco Beach

  •  

    Church at the town plaza

  •  

    Flamenco Beach

  •  

    Northwestern Flamenco Bay

  •  

    Culebra's corals

  •  

    Ensenada Honda

  •  

    M4A3 Sherman tank at Flamenco Beach.

  •  

    Centennial Plaque for Pedro Marquez

See also

References

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  16. ^ Feliciano, 180–196.
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  22. ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Cerro Balcón
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  41. ^ "What Are These Eerie Abandoned Tanks Doing in Puerto Rico?" – via www.smithsonianchannel.com.
  42. ^ United States Coast Pilot: West Indies, Porto Rico and Virgin Islands 1949 "Point Soldado, the southern point of Culebra Island, is wooded and terminates in a rocky bluff about 35 feet high. It is prominent when seen from the eastward or westward, from which directions it appears as a ridge."
  43. ^ a b Historia - Culebra 2011-12-23 at the Wayback Machine on IslaCulebra
  44. ^ Culebra, Puerto Rico - Gobierno/Economía 2011-10-30 at the Wayback Machine on IslaCulebra
  45. ^ "U.S. Decennial Census". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved September 21, 2017.
  46. ^ "Report of the Census of Porto Rico 1899". War Department Office Director Census of Porto Rico. from the original on July 16, 2017. Retrieved September 21, 2017.
  47. ^ "Table 3-Population of Municipalities: 1930 1920 and 1910" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. (PDF) from the original on August 17, 2017. Retrieved September 21, 2017.
  48. ^ "Table 4-Area and Population of Municipalities Urban and Rural: 1930 to 1950" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. (PDF) from the original on August 30, 2015. Retrieved September 21, 2014.
  49. ^ "Table 2 Population and Housing Units: 1960 to 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. (PDF) from the original on July 24, 2017. Retrieved September 21, 2017.
  50. ^ Bureau, US Census. "PUERTO RICO: 2020 Census". The United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 25, 2021.
  51. ^ "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 21, 2017.
  52. ^ "Census of Population and Housing, 2000 [United States]: Summary File 4, Puerto Rico". ICPSR Data Holdings. April 28, 2004. doi:10.3886/icpsr13563.v1. Retrieved August 26, 2021.
  53. ^ Culebra 2011-11-19 at the Wayback Machine on SalonHogar.com
  54. ^ Comisión Estatal de Elecciones de Puerto Rico: Escrutinio General de 2008 November 20, 2011, at the Wayback Machine on CEEPUR.org
  55. ^ Muere el alcalde de Culebra 2011-11-21 at the Wayback Machine on El Nuevo Día (November 17, 2011)
  56. ^ Hija del alcalde de Culebra esta dispuesta a sustituirlo 2011-11-20 at the Wayback Machine on El Nuevo Día; Caquías, Sandra (November 18, 2011)
  57. ^ Elecciones Generales 2012: Escrutinio General February 2, 2013, at the Wayback Machine on CEEPUR
  58. ^ "Post Office Location - CULEBRA" 2010-06-28 at the Wayback Machine. United States Postal Service. Retrieved on May 18, 2010.
  59. ^ "Ley Núm. 70 de 2006 -Ley para disponer la oficialidad de la bandera y el escudo de los setenta y ocho (78) municipios". LexJuris de Puerto Rico (in Spanish). Retrieved June 15, 2021.
  60. ^ a b "CULEBRA". LexJuris (Leyes y Jurisprudencia) de Puerto Rico (in Spanish). February 19, 2020. from the original on February 19, 2020. Retrieved September 16, 2020.
  61. ^ Culebra Overview 2012-06-18 at the Wayback Machine on Let's Go
  62. ^ Departmento de Salud, Informe de Casos de Covid-19, 20 de septiembre de 2020. [1] For an opinion of how this came about, see, Lizmara Garcia Rivera, "Covid-19: cómo Culebra logró llegar al cero," El Nuevo Día 18 septiembre 2020. [2]
  63. ^ Culebra Ferry Schedule 2011-11-21 at the Wayback Machine on IslaCulebra
  64. ^ Culebra Ferry Schedule 2012-03-16 at the Wayback Machine on Culebra-Island.com
  65. ^ "Culebra Bridges". National Bridge Inventory Data. U.S. Dept. of Transportation. from the original on February 20, 2019. Retrieved February 19, 2019.
  66. ^ "Puerto Ricans expel United States Navy from Culebra Island, 1970-1974". Swarthmore College. from the original on July 19, 2013. Retrieved February 9, 2013.
  67. ^ Comité Clérigos pro-rescate de Culebra, Culebra: Confrontación al coloniaje, (PRISA: Río Piedras), 1971, p. 24.
  68. ^ http://www.primerahora.com/noticias/puerto-rico/nota/limpianaculebrademuniciones-1207918/ 2017-03-04 at the Wayback Machine (Spanish)

Further reading

  • Mapa de municipios y barrios - Culebra - Memoria Núm. 75 (PDF). University of Puerto Rico: Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico, Oficina del Gobernador, Junta de Planificacion, Santurce, Puerto Rico. 1955.

External links

  • Puerto Rico Government Directory – Culebra

January 07, 2023
culebra, puerto, rico, culebra, island, redirects, here, island, falkland, archipelago, sedge, island, isla, culebra, spanish, pronunciation, kuˈleβɾa, snake, island, island, town, municipality, puerto, rico, geographically, part, spanish, virgin, islands, loc. Culebra Island redirects here For the island in the Falkland archipelago see Sedge Island Isla Culebra Spanish pronunciation kuˈlebɾa Snake Island is an island town and municipality of Puerto Rico and geographically part of the Spanish Virgin Islands It is located approximately 17 miles 27 km east of the Puerto Rican mainland 12 miles 19 km west of St Thomas and 9 miles 14 km north of Vieques Culebra is spread over 5 barrios and Culebra Pueblo Dewey the main town and the administrative center of the island Residents of the island are known as culebrenses With a population of 1 792 as of the 2020 Census it is Puerto Rico s least populous municipality 3 Culebra Municipio de CulebraIsla de CulebraIsland MunicipalityEntrance to Culebra s EnsenadaFlagCoat of armsNicknames La Isla Chiquita The Little Island Ultima Virgen Last Virgin Cuna del Sol Borincano Cradle of the Puerto Rican Sun Anthem Culebra Isla preciosa Map of Puerto Rico highlighting Culebra MunicipalityCoordinates 18 19 01 N 65 17 24 W 18 31694 N 65 29000 W 18 31694 65 29000 Coordinates 18 19 01 N 65 17 24 W 18 31694 N 65 29000 W 18 31694 65 29000Commonwealth Puerto RicoFoundedOctober 27 1880Barrios6 barrios Culebra barrio puebloFlamencoFrailePlaya Sardinas IPlaya Sardinas IISan IsidroGovernment MayorEdilberto Junito Romero Llovet PNP Senatorial dist 8 Carolina Representative dist 36Area Total30 1 km2 11 6 sq mi Land28 km2 11 sq mi Population 2020 1 Total1 792 Rank78th in Puerto Rico Density60 km2 150 sq mi Racial groups 2000 Census 2 60 6 White20 9 Black1 0 American Indian AN1 1 Asian0 1 Native Hawaiian Pi13 0 Some other race3 4 Two or more racesTime zoneUTC 4 AST ZIP Code00775Area code787 939Major routesOriginally called Isla del Pasaje and Isla de San Ildefonso Culebra is also known as Isla Chiquita Little Island Cuna del Sol Borincano Cradle of the Puerto Rican Sun and Ultima Virgen Last Virgin due to its position at the end of the Virgin Islands archipelago Contents 1 History 2 Geography 2 1 Average sea temperature 2 2 Federal nature reserves 2 3 National protected area 2 4 Important Bird Area 2 5 Barrios 2 6 Sectors 3 Tourism 3 1 Landmarks and places of interest 4 Culture 4 1 Festivals and events 5 Economy 6 Demographics 7 Notable people 8 Government 8 1 Government services 9 Symbols 9 1 Flag 9 2 Coat of arms 10 Education 11 Health care 12 Transportation 13 Navy Culebra protests 14 In popular culture 15 Gallery 16 See also 17 References 18 Further reading 18 1 External linksHistory EditSome sources claim that Christopher Columbus was the first European to arrive at the island during his second voyage on November 19 1493 4 5 6 It is believed that the island was populated by Carib Indians during the colonization After Agueybana and Agueybana II led the Taino rebellion of 1511 Taino Indians from the main island sought refuge on Culebra and allied with Caribs to launch random attacks at the island estates 7 After that the island was left abandoned for centuries During the era of Spanish commerce through the Americas it was used as a refuge for pirates as well as local fishermen and sailors 7 Some sources mention a black overseer from British ruled Tortola named John Stevens who was put in charge of Culebra in the 1850s by the Governor of Vieques under the Spanish crown to protect the island from foreigners who without proper permissions or payments of fees for despoiling Culebra took fish cut trees for lumber and prepared drift wood as charcoal for future sale elsewhere 8 Appropriating the unearned title of Captain he began a decades long isolated sojourn on Culebra as enforcer of Spanish interests In October 1871 however Stevens was found dead outside his hut his body viciously hacked apart His heart and entrails had been placed in clay pots in an apparent religious ritual to curse his soul Spanish police from Vieques tracked down Tortolan foragers on Culebra who were suspected of the vicious murder Eventually 21 of them were sentenced to forced labor on sugar plantations in Vieques as punishment The affair caused an international incident and to satisfy demands from the British ambassador in Madrid the Tortolans were finally freed by the Spanish Governor of Puerto Rico in July 1874 9 These events caused the government of Switzerland in June 1876 to recall an expedition destined for Culebra to establish a warm weather sanatorium there Fearing further foreign encroachments the Spanish government decided to populate Culebra with its own subjects 10 Culebra was then settled by Cayetano Escudero Sanz on October 27 1880 when he completed his survey of the island that included subdivisions into usable lots The Spanish government offered these parcels of land to anyone who would move to the island The first settlers depended on rain for drinking water as the island has no natural streams Subsistence farming and cattle raising were established and a cistern was built for common use at one end of a natural harbor or Ensanada Honda in Spanish This first settlement was called San Ildefonso to honor the Bishop of Toledo officially San Ildefonso de la Culebra Two years later on September 25 1882 construction of the Culebrita lighthouse began It was completed on February 25 1886 which made it the oldest operating lighthouse in the Caribbean until 1975 when the U S Navy and Coast Guard finally closed the facility 11 Puerto Rico was ceded by Spain in the aftermath of the Spanish American War under the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1898 and became a territory of the United States In 1899 the United States Department of War conducted a census of Puerto Rico finding that the population of Culebra was 704 12 In 1902 Culebra was integrated as a part of Vieques One year later on June 26 President Theodore Roosevelt established the Culebra Naval Reservation A bird refuge was established on February 27 1909 6 7 The United States Navy cited the 1900 Foraker Act to expropriate the land surrounding the natural harbor and in 1902 ordered the removal of all settlers so that a base for the South Atlantic fleet could be erected Antonio Lugo Suarez a Puerto Rican who had made his fortune in St Thomas then part of the Danish West Indies and Pedro Marquez Morales a Spaniard who had married a Puerto Rican woman from Vieques were successful ranchers on Culebra Each offered an alternate site to the displaced Culebrenses so as to prevent the total abandonment of the island The location identified by Marquez on Playa Sardinas became the town of Dewey 13 14 A new church was built with materials taken from San Ildefonso and a customs office was constructed 15 Pedro Marquez 1850 1920 was appointed the first mayor under U S rule in 1905 replacing Leopoldo Padron the Special Delegate appointed for the transition from Spanish rule Pedro Marquez was succeeded as mayor in 1912 by his son Alejandro Marquez Laureano 1912 1914 who erected the first docks for the new town and installed electric lighting on the town s streets He was succeeded as mayor in 1914 by Claro C Feliciano the first mayor who had been born in Culebra 16 With the agreement reached with a new Cuban government to lease Guantanamo Bay as a naval base in 1911 the U S reduced the size of its forces on Culebra and turned the installation to training purposes 17 In 1924 the U S Navy began annual maneuvers on Culebra taking advantage of its deep sea waters to practice coordinating amphibious landings on its beaches In 1939 the U S Navy began to use the Culebra Archipelago as a gunnery and bombing practice site This was done in preparation for the United States involvement in World War II In 1971 the people of Culebra began protests known as the Navy Culebra protests for the removal of the U S Navy from Culebra Four years later in 1975 the use of Culebra as a gunnery range ceased and all operations were moved to Vieques 18 Culebra was declared an independent island municipality in 1917 The first democratically elected government was put into place in 1960 Prior to this the government of Puerto Rico appointed delegates to administer the island On September 20 2017 Hurricane Maria struck the island of Puerto Rico In Culebra where Hurricane Irma had caused major damages a week prior Hurricane Maria caused more destruction 19 Geography Edit Culebra nautical chart Culebra is an archipelago consisting of the main island and twenty three smaller islands that lie off its coast The largest of these keys are Culebrita to the east Cayo Norte to the northeast and Cayo Luis Pena and Cayo Lobo to the west The smaller islands include Cayo Ballena Cayos Geniqui Arrecife Culebrita Las Hermanas El Mono Cayo Lobito Cayo Botijuela Alcarraza Los Gemelos and Piedra Steven Islands in the archipelago are arid meaning they have no rivers or streams All of the fresh water is brought from Puerto Rico via Vieques by undersea pipeline 20 Culebra is characterized by an irregular topography resulting in a long intricate shoreline The island is approximately 7 by 5 miles 11 by 8 km The coast is marked by cliffs sandy coral beaches and mangrove forests Inland the tallest point on the island is Mount Resaca with an elevation of 636 feet 193 9 meters 21 followed by Balcon Hill with an elevation of 545 feet 166 1 meters 22 Ensenada Honda is the largest inlet on the island and is considered to be the most hurricane secure harbor in the Caribbean 23 There are also several lagoons on the island like Corcho Flamenco and Zoni Culebrita Island also has a lagoon called Molino Almost 80 of the island s area is volcanic rock from the Cretaceous period It is mostly used for livestock pasture as well as some minor agriculture 24 Average sea temperature Edit Climate data for Average sea temperatureMonth Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearDaily mean F C 79 2 26 2 78 3 25 7 78 4 25 8 80 1 26 7 81 1 27 3 82 6 28 1 83 1 28 4 84 2 29 0 84 7 29 3 84 2 29 0 83 1 28 4 81 3 27 4 81 7 27 6 Source SeaTemperatures org 25 Federal nature reserves Edit Map of the Culebra National Wildlife Refuge These small islands are all classified as nature reserves and several nature reserves also exist on the main island One of the oldest bird sanctuaries in United States territory was established in Culebra on February 27 1909 by President Teddy Roosevelt 26 The Culebra Island giant anole Anolis roosevelti Xiphosurus roosevelti according to ITIS is an extremely rare or possibly extinct anole lizard It is native to Culebra Island and was named in honor of Theodore Roosevelt Jr who was the governor of Puerto Rico at that time There are bird sanctuaries on many of the islands as well as turtle nesting sites on Culebra Leatherback green sea and hawksbill sea turtles use the beaches for nesting The archipelagos bird sanctuaries are home to brown boobies laughing gulls sooty terns bridled terns and noddy terns An estimated 50 000 seabirds find their way back to the sanctuaries every year These nature reserves comprise 1 568 acres 635 ha of the archipelago s 7 000 acres 2 800 ha These nature reserves are protected by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service Culebra has no natural large mammals However a population of white tailed deer introduced in July 1966 one male and three females can be found on the eastern region of the island 26 National protected area Edit Culebra National Wildlife Refuge Culebra with barrios Important Bird Area Edit Culebra along with its adjacent islets and cays has been recognised as an Important Bird Area IBA by BirdLife International because they support seabird breeding colonies of brown boobies brown noddies and both sooty and royal terns 27 Barrios Edit Like all municipalities of Puerto Rico Culebra is subdivided into barrios 28 29 30 31 Barrio Aream2 32 Population census2000 Population density Islands in barrioCulebra barrio pueblo 408 969 652 1 594 3 Flamenco 12 602 398 885 70 2 Cayo Pirata Cayo Verde Cayo Matojo El Ancon Piedra Stevens Los Gemelos Alcarraza Roca Lavador awash Cayo Botijuela Cayo de Luis Pena Las Hermanas Cayo del Agua Cayo Raton Cayo Yerba El Mono Cayo Lobo Roca Culumna Part of Cayo Lobito Cayo Lobito Cayo TunaFraile 8 211 978 51 6 2 Culebrita Cayo Botella Pela PelaitaPlaya Sardinas I 410 235 136 331 5 Playa Sardinas II 2 600 088 122 46 9 San Isidro 5 857 771 22 3 8 Roca Speck Cayo Norte Cayo Sombrerito Cayos Geniqui Cayo Tiburon Cayo BallenaTotal 30 091 439 1 868 62 1 23 islands cays and rocksSectors Edit Further information List of barrios and sectors of Culebra Puerto Rico Barrios which are roughly comparable to minor civil divisions 33 in turn are further subdivided into smaller local populated place areas units called sectores sectors in English The types of sectores may vary from normally sector to urbanizacion to reparto to barriada to residencial among others 34 35 36 Tourism EditCulebra is a popular weekend tourist destination for mainland Puerto Ricans Americans and residents of Vieques Culebra has many beautiful beaches including Flamenco Beach Playa Flamenco rated third best beach in the world for 2014 by TripAdvisor In November 2017 Forbes rated it 19 of the top 50 beaches around the world 37 It can be reached by shuttle buses from the ferry The beach extends for a mile of white coral sand and is framed beautifully by arid tree covered hills The beach is also protected by the Department of Natural and Environmental Resources as a marine wildlife reserve The area west of Flamenco Beach and the adjacent Flamenco Point were used for joint United States Navy Marine Corps military exercises until 1975 Two old M4 Sherman tanks which were used for target practice can be found at the beach Culebra and Vieques offered the U S military training areas for the Fleet Marine Force in amphibious exercises for beach landings and naval gunfire support testing Culebra and Vieques were the two components of the Atlantic Fleet Weapons Range Inner Range In recent years only the shortened term Inner Range was used Coral reef on Culebra Other beaches are only accessible by private car or boats Of the smaller islands only Culebrita and Luis Pena permit visitors and can be accessible via water taxis from Culebra Hiking and nature photography are encouraged on the small islands However activities which would disturb the nature reserves are prohibited e g camping littering and the use of motor vehicles Camping however is allowed on Flamenco Beach throughout the year Reservations are recommended 38 Culebra is also a popular destination for scuba divers because of the many reefs throughout the archipelago and the crystal clear waters Because of the arid nature of the island there is no run off from rivers or streams resulting in very clear waters around the archipelago Landmarks and places of interest Edit U S Navy ammunitions warehouse built in 1905 It is now Culebra s Historical Museum Culebra has 10 beaches 39 Flamenco Beach Ranked 2 in the top 10 most exotic beaches in the world 40 41 Brava Beach Las Vacas Beach Larga Beach Pueblo Espanol Punta Soldado Beach 42 Resaca Beach Tamarindo Beach Tortuga Beach Zoni BeachCulture EditFestivals and events Edit Culebra celebrates its patron saint festival in July The Fiestas Patronales de Nuestra Senora del Carmen is a religious and cultural celebration in honor of Mary the mother of Jesus and generally features parades games artisans amusement rides regional food and live entertainment 20 Other festivals and events include Windsurfing competition February Fishing tournament March Craft festivities NovemberIn 2020 the descendants of Pedro Marquez erected a plaque commemorating the centennial of his death at the original site of his butcher shop built on the main street that bears his name Economy Edit Culebra on the horizon as seen from Vieques In past centuries agriculture was the main source of economy in Culebra At some point the following products were produced and exported from the island wood turtle oil shells fish tobacco livestock pigs goats cheese plantains pumpkins beans yams garlic maize tomatoes oranges coconut cotton melons mangrove bark coal and turkey 43 Nowadays Culebra s main source of revenue comes from construction and tourism 44 Demographics EditHistorical populationCensus Pop 1900704 19101 31586 8 1920839 36 2 19308471 0 19408601 5 19508873 1 1960573 35 4 197073227 7 19801 26572 8 19901 54221 9 20001 86821 1 20101 818 2 7 20201 792 1 4 U S Decennial Census 45 1899 shown as 1900 46 1910 1930 47 1930 1950 48 1960 2000 49 2010 30 2020 50 The 2020 census demonstrates the town remains the least populated with a population of 1 792 52 In 1894 written reports indicated that there were 519 residents living in five communities San Ildefonso Flamenco San Isidero Playa Sardinas I y II and Frayle There were 84 houses built 24 of them in the San Ildefonso community 43 Notable people EditPedro Morales 1942 2019 was a Puerto Rican professional wrestler The first Latino to hold a world heavyweight championship when he became the WWWF WWE World Heavyweight Champion in 1971 Government Edit Culebra s city hall Main article Mayoralty in Puerto Rico Like all of Puerto Rico s municipalities the island of Culebra is administered by a mayor elected every four years in general elections Initially administrators were selected by the Spanish crown or by the United States government during the 19th and early 20th century In 2004 Abraham Pena Nieves was elected mayor of Culebra with 50 1 of the votes 53 He was reelected in 2008 54 In November 2011 Pena died of prostate cancer 55 The next day it was announced that his daughter Lizaida Pena might replace him until the 2012 general elections 56 However in 2011 Ricardo Lopez Cepero was elected by delegates to succeed Pena Lopez Cepero was defeated by Ivan Solis in the 2012 general election The city belongs to the Puerto Rico Senatorial district VIII which is represented by two senators In 2012 Pedro A Rodriguez and Luis Daniel Rivera were elected as district senators 57 Government services Edit The United States Postal Service operates the Culebra Post Office 58 Symbols EditThe municipio has an official flag and coat of arms 59 Flag Edit The Culebra flag consists of five vertical stripes three alternate yellow and two green ones The yellow central stripe has the map of Culebra in green 60 Coat of arms Edit The field is tierced in three in the Spanish manner vert argent or The cross and the episcopal crozier symbolize Bishop San Ildefonso because originally the island was called San Ildefonso de la Culebra The crowned serpent culebra means serpent ondoyant in pale is the emblem of its name The mailed arm refers to the coat of the Escudero family first settlers of the island The laurel cross refers to the civic triumph reached when Culebra obtained the evacuation of the United States Navy The crest is a coronet bearing two masts their sails filled by the wind 60 Education EditDue to its size and small population there are only three schools on Culebra one for each level They are the San Ildefonso Elementary School the Antonio R Barcelo High School and the Luis Munoz Rivera school Education is administered by the Puerto Rico Department of Education Health care EditThere is a small hospital in the island called Hospital de Culebra It also offers pharmacy services to residents and visitors For emergencies patients are transported by plane to Fajardo on the main island 61 On September 20 2020 Puerto Rico s Health Department reported that in the six months of pandemic Culebra had reported only 6 cases of infection and no deaths This was the lowest rate of infection in any municipality of Puerto Rico during the COVID 19 infections 62 Transportation EditThe island of Culebra can be reached by private boat the Culebra Ferry or airplane Ferry service is available from Ceiba Ferries make several trips a day to the main island for an approximate fare of 4 50 round trip 63 64 Culebra also has a small airport Benjamin Rivera Noriega Airport with domestic service to the mainland and Vieques The airport is served by small airlines Air Flamenco provides service from Fernando Luis Ribas Dominicci Airport in Isla Grande Luis Munoz Marin International Airport in San Juan and Jose Aponte de la Torre Airport in Ceiba Vieques Air Link provides service to Culebra from San Juan Vieques Ceiba and formerly Fajardo There is public transportation available in the island through public cars and taxis There is 1 bridge in Culebra 65 Navy Culebra protests EditMain article Navy Culebra protests The Navy Culebra protests is the name given by American media to a series of protests starting in 1971 on the island of Culebra Puerto Rico against the United States Navy use of the island 66 The protests led to the U S Navy abandoning of its facilities on Culebra The historical backdrop was that in 1902 three years after the U S invasion of Puerto Rico Culebra was integrated as a part of Vieques But on June 26 1903 U S President Theodore Roosevelt established the Culebra Naval Reservation in Culebra The suitability of Culebra and its topography for the technical requirements of naval gunfire and aircraft weapons exercises was recognized in 1936 and the Government of the United States declared Culebra and its adjacent waters as the Culebra Naval Defensive Sea Area in 1941 This military defense area included all coastal waters from high tide elevation to three miles off shore The naval gunnery and aircraft weapons ranges at Culebra played a considerable role along with other gunnery facilities near Guantanamo Bay in Cuba in the combat readiness of Allied Naval Forces during the Second World War These Caribbean ranges again served as primary weapons training grounds for both Naval Gunfire Support Exercises and aircraft weapons systems proficiency during the critical period of the Korean War starting in the summer of 1950 The United States Naval exercises reached a peak in 1969 as many ships and air units were attached to the Atlantic Fleet for gunnery and aerial ordnance proficiency prior to their ultimate assignments to naval task forces stationed in Southeast Asia In 1971 the people of Culebra began the protests for the removal of the U S Navy from Culebra The protests were led by Ruben Berrios President of the Puerto Rican Independence Party PIP a well regarded attorney in international rights President Honorary of the Socialist International and Law professor at the University of Puerto Rico An ecumenical chapel was built on Flamenco Beach in an action led by Catholic Bishop Antulio Parilla Bonilla Baptist minister Luis Rivera Pagan and George Lakey of the Quaker Action Committee 67 Berrios and other protesters squatted in Culebra for a few days Some of them including Berrios were arrested and imprisoned for civil disobedience The official charge was trespassing on U S military territory The protests led to the U S Navy discontinuing the use of Culebra as a gunnery range in 1975 and all of its operations were moved to Vieques The case against the Navy was led by Washington lawyer Richard Copaken as retained pro bono by the people of Culebra island The cleaning process of the island has been slow At the end of 2016 the United States Army Corps of Engineers sent letters to the residents of Culebra citing active removal of undetonated explosive material still present on the island 68 In popular culture EditTwo British sailing ships the brig HMS Triton and the merchantman Topaz are wrecked by a hurricane and come to rest with their crews on Isla Culebra in the novel Governor Ramage R N by Dudley Pope As the site of an alleged buried treasure Culebra is featured in the 2018 Netflix docudrama The Legend of Cocaine Island Gallery Edit Flamenco Beach Flamenco Beach An old tank at Flamenco Beach Church at the town plaza Flamenco Beach Northwestern Flamenco Bay Culebra s corals Ensenada Honda M4A3 Sherman tank at Flamenco Beach Centennial Plaque for Pedro MarquezSee also Edit Puerto Rico portal Geography portalList of Puerto Ricans History of Puerto Rico Did you know Puerto Rico Spanish Virgin Islands Vieques Puerto RicoReferences Edit Bureau US Census PUERTO RICO 2020 Census The United States Census Bureau Retrieved August 25 2021 Demographics Ethnic U S 2000 census PDF topuertorico org Archived PDF from the original on February 16 2008 Retrieved March 21 2018 Census of Population and Housing 2000 United States Summary File 4 Puerto Rico ICPSR Data Holdings April 28 2004 doi 10 3886 icpsr13563 v1 Retrieved August 26 2021 Culebra Puerto Rico Archived 2012 06 03 at the Wayback Machine on AreciboWeb Costa Bonita Villas Historia Archived 2012 04 25 at the Wayback Machine on CostaBonitaPR com a b Isla de Culebra Archived 2011 11 28 at the Wayback Machine on PRFrogui a b c Historia de Culebra Archived 2012 04 25 at the Wayback Machine on PorMiPueblo Historia Culebra Archived 2011 12 23 at the Wayback Machine on IslaCulebra com Bonnet Benitez Dr Juan Amede Vieques in la Historia de Puerto Rico F Ortiz Nieves San Juan 1976 82 87 Vazquez Alayon Manuel La Isla Culebra Puerto Rico Apuntes sobre su colonizacion Puerto Rico Acosta 1891 11 15 Culebra Isla Chiquita Archived 2011 11 19 at the Wayback Machine on SalonHogar net Joseph Prentiss Sanger Henry Gannett Walter Francis Willcox 1900 Informe sobre el censo de Puerto Rico 1899 United States War Dept Porto Rico Census Office in Spanish Imprenta del gobierno p 164 Culebra a Quiet Corner of the Caribbean The New York Times November 6 2014 Retrieved September 9 2020 U S Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System Dewey City Hall Claro C Feliciano Apuntes y Comentarios de la Colonizacion y Liberacion de la Isla de Culebra n p 1981 137 149 Feliciano 180 196 Feliciano 191 194 Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine Memorias de Culebra YouTube Maria un nombre que no vamos a olvidar Golpe doble a Culebra primero Irma y luego Maria Maria a name we will never forget Double blow to Culebra first Irma and then Maria El Nuevo Dia in Spanish June 13 2019 Retrieved September 11 2022 a b Culebra Municipality enciclopediapr org Fundacion Puertorriquena de las Humanidades FPH Archived from the original on September 8 2018 Retrieved March 20 2019 U S Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System Monte Resaca U S Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System Cerro Balcon Comprehensive Conservation Plan Culebra National Wildlife Refuge Culebra Puerto Rico PDF Proposal U S Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service September 2012 Archived PDF from the original on February 15 2016 Retrieved February 9 2016 Isla de Culebra Archived November 28 2011 at the Wayback Machine on PRFrogui com Culebra Sea Temperature January Average Puerto Rico World Sea Temperatures January 22 2022 Retrieved January 22 2022 a b Flora and Fauna of Culebra Puerto Rico www islaculebra com Archived from the original on April 8 2018 Retrieved March 21 2018 Culebra BirdLife Data Zone BirdLife International 2021 Retrieved February 22 2021 Pico Rafael Buitrago de Santiago Zayda Berrios Hector H 1969 Nueva geografia de Puerto Rico fisica economica y social San Juan Editorial Universitaria Universidad de Puerto Rico 1969 Archived from the original on December 26 2018 Retrieved January 4 2019 Gwillim Law May 20 2015 Administrative Subdivisions of Countries A Comprehensive World Reference 1900 through 1998 McFarland p 300 ISBN 978 1 4766 0447 3 Retrieved December 25 2018 a b Puerto Rico 2010 population and housing unit counts pdf PDF U S Dept of Commerce Economics and Statistics Administration U S Census Bureau 2010 Archived PDF from the original on February 20 2017 Retrieved January 4 2019 Map of Culebra at the Wayback Machine PDF Archived from the original PDF on March 24 2018 Retrieved December 29 2018 U S Census website United States Census Bureau Retrieved June 10 2010 U S Census Barrio Pueblo definition factfinder com U S Census Archived from the original on May 13 2017 Retrieved January 5 2019 Agencia Oficina del Coordinador General para el Financiamiento Socioeconomico y la Autogestion Proposed 2016 Budget Puerto Rico Budgets in Spanish Retrieved June 28 2019 Rivera Quintero Marcia 2014 El vuelo de la esperanza Proyecto de las Comunidades Especiales Puerto Rico 1997 2004 first ed San Juan Puerto Rico Fundacion Sila M Calderon ISBN 978 0 9820806 1 0 Leyes del 2001 Lex Juris Puerto Rico in Spanish Retrieved June 24 2020 Bloom Laura Begley November 27 2017 The World s 50 Best Beaches Ranked Plus 6 Getaways Millennials Will Love Forbes Archived from the original on January 14 2019 Retrieved January 13 2019 Coming Soon www campingculebra com Archived from the original on March 22 2018 Retrieved March 21 2018 Las 1 200 playas de Puerto Rico The 1200 beaches of Puerto Rico Primera Hora in Spanish April 14 2017 Archived from the original on December 12 2019 Retrieved December 12 2019 The Top Ten Most Exotic Beaches in the World Part 1 Most Exotic and Beautiful Beaches www beachbumparadise com Archived from the original on March 22 2018 Retrieved March 21 2018 What Are These Eerie Abandoned Tanks Doing in Puerto Rico via www smithsonianchannel com United States Coast Pilot West Indies Porto Rico and Virgin Islands 1949 Point Soldado the southern point of Culebra Island is wooded and terminates in a rocky bluff about 35 feet high It is prominent when seen from the eastward or westward from which directions it appears as a ridge a b Historia Culebra Archived 2011 12 23 at the Wayback Machine on IslaCulebra Culebra Puerto Rico Gobierno Economia Archived 2011 10 30 at the Wayback Machine on IslaCulebra U S Decennial Census United States Census Bureau Archived from the original on February 13 2020 Retrieved September 21 2017 Report of the Census of Porto Rico 1899 War Department Office Director Census of Porto Rico Archived from the original on July 16 2017 Retrieved September 21 2017 Table 3 Population of Municipalities 1930 1920 and 1910 PDF United States Census Bureau Archived PDF from the original on August 17 2017 Retrieved September 21 2017 Table 4 Area and Population of Municipalities Urban and Rural 1930 to 1950 PDF United States Census Bureau Archived PDF from the original on August 30 2015 Retrieved September 21 2014 Table 2 Population and Housing Units 1960 to 2000 PDF United States Census Bureau Archived PDF from the original on July 24 2017 Retrieved September 21 2017 Bureau US Census PUERTO RICO 2020 Census The United States Census Bureau Retrieved August 25 2021 Population and Housing Unit Estimates United States Census Bureau Retrieved September 21 2017 Census of Population and Housing 2000 United States Summary File 4 Puerto Rico ICPSR Data Holdings April 28 2004 doi 10 3886 icpsr13563 v1 Retrieved August 26 2021 Culebra Archived 2011 11 19 at the Wayback Machine on SalonHogar com Comision Estatal de Elecciones de Puerto Rico Escrutinio General de 2008 Archived November 20 2011 at the Wayback Machine on CEEPUR org Muere el alcalde de Culebra Archived 2011 11 21 at the Wayback Machine on El Nuevo Dia November 17 2011 Hija del alcalde de Culebra esta dispuesta a sustituirlo Archived 2011 11 20 at the Wayback Machine on El Nuevo Dia Caquias Sandra November 18 2011 Elecciones Generales 2012 Escrutinio General Archived February 2 2013 at the Wayback Machine on CEEPUR Post Office Location CULEBRA Archived 2010 06 28 at the Wayback Machine United States Postal Service Retrieved on May 18 2010 Ley Num 70 de 2006 Ley para disponer la oficialidad de la bandera y el escudo de los setenta y ocho 78 municipios LexJuris de Puerto Rico in Spanish Retrieved June 15 2021 a b CULEBRA LexJuris Leyes y Jurisprudencia de Puerto Rico in Spanish February 19 2020 Archived from the original on February 19 2020 Retrieved September 16 2020 Culebra Overview Archived 2012 06 18 at the Wayback Machine on Let s Go Departmento de Salud Informe de Casos de Covid 19 20 de septiembre de 2020 1 For an opinion of how this came about see Lizmara Garcia Rivera Covid 19 como Culebra logro llegar al cero El Nuevo Dia 18 septiembre 2020 2 Culebra Ferry Schedule Archived 2011 11 21 at the Wayback Machine on IslaCulebra Culebra Ferry Schedule Archived 2012 03 16 at the Wayback Machine on Culebra Island com Culebra Bridges National Bridge Inventory Data U S Dept of Transportation Archived from the original on February 20 2019 Retrieved February 19 2019 Puerto Ricans expel United States Navy from Culebra Island 1970 1974 Swarthmore College Archived from the original on July 19 2013 Retrieved February 9 2013 Comite Clerigos pro rescate de Culebra Culebra Confrontacion al coloniaje PRISA Rio Piedras 1971 p 24 http www primerahora com noticias puerto rico nota limpianaculebrademuniciones 1207918 Archived 2017 03 04 at the Wayback Machine Spanish Further reading EditMapa de municipios y barrios Culebra Memoria Num 75 PDF University of Puerto Rico Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico Oficina del Gobernador Junta de Planificacion Santurce Puerto Rico 1955 External links Edit Culebra Island Newspaper Puerto Rico Government Directory Culebra Culebra Puerto Rico at Wikipedia s sister projects Media from Commons Texts from Wikisource Travel guides from Wikivoyage Data from Wikidata Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Culebra Puerto Rico amp oldid 1130890238, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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