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Brown booby

January 25, 2023

The brown booby (Sula leucogaster) is a large seabird of the booby family Sulidae, of which it is perhaps the most common and widespread species.[3] It has a pantropical range, which overlaps with that of other booby species. The gregarious brown booby commutes and forages at low height over inshore waters. Flocks plunge-dive to take small fish, especially when these are driven near the surface by their predators. They only nest on the ground, and roost on solid objects rather than the water surface.[3]

Brown booby
Temporal range: Middle Quaternary to recent [1]
Adult male (nom.) with blue orbital ring, and an adult male (S. l. plotus) in flight
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Suliformes
Family: Sulidae
Genus: Sula
Species:
S. leucogaster
Binomial name
Sula leucogaster
(Boddaert, 1783)
World range,[3] with subspecies:
  S. l. brewsteri
  S. l. etesiaca
  nominate
  S. l. plotus

Taxonomy

The brown booby was described by the French polymath Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon in his Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux in 1781.[4] The bird was also illustrated in a hand-coloured plate engraved by François-Nicolas Martinet in the Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle which was produced under the supervision of Edme-Louis Daubenton to accompany Buffon's text.[5] Buffon did not include a scientific name with his description but in 1783 the Dutch naturalist Pieter Boddaert coined the binomial name Pelecanus leucogaster in his catalogue of the Planches Enluminées.[6] The type locality is Cayenne in French Guiana.[7] The current genus Sula was introduced by the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson in 1760.[8] The word Sula is Norwegian for a gannet; the specific leucogaster is from Ancient Greek leuko for "white" and gastēr for "belly".[9]

There are four recognised subspecies:[10]

  • S. l. leucogaster (Boddaert, 1783) – Caribbean and Atlantic Islands
  • S. l. brewsteri Nathaniel Stickney Goss, 1888 – Pacific coasts of USA and Mexico
  • S. l. etesiaca Thayer & Bangs, 1905 – Pacific coasts of Central America and Colombia
  • S. l. plotus (Forster, JR, 1844) – Red Sea through the Indian Ocean to the west and central Pacific[11]

Description

The booby's head and upper body (back) is covered in dark brown to black plumage, with the remainder (belly) being a contrasting white. The bare part colours vary geographically, but not seasonally.[3] The species also displays sexual dimorphism of the bare part colours, the males having a blue orbital ring, as opposed to the yellow orbital ring of the female. In addition the male of subspecies S. l. brewsteri is distinctly plumaged in having the forehead, forecrown and chin white, merging to a greyish brown neck and breast.[3]

The female booby reaches about 80 centimetres (31 in) in length, her wingspan measures up to 150 cm (4.9 ft), and she can weigh up to 1,300 g (2.9 lb). The male booby reaches about 75 centimetres (30 in) in length, his wingspan measures up to 140 cm (4.6 ft), and he can weigh up to 1,000 g (2.2 lb).[12]

Unlike other species of sulid the juvenile plumage already resembles that of the adult.[3] They are gray-brown with darkening on the head, upper surfaces of the wings and tail, while the lower breast and underpart plumages are heavily flecked brown on white. Juveniles of subspecies S. l. brewsteri are once again distinct in having the underpart plumage more evenly mouse brown.[3]

Their beaks are quite sharp and contain many jagged edges. They have fairly short wings resulting in a fast flap rate, but long, tapered tails. While these birds are typically silent, bird watchers have reported occasional sounds similar to grunting or quacking.

Ecology

 
Male with chick in São Pedro and São Paulo Archipelago, Pernambuco, Brazil

This species breeds on islands and coasts in the pantropical areas of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. They frequent the breeding grounds of the islands in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea. With the rise in pollution in the world, brown boobies have been using marine debris to make their nests. 90.1 percent of these nest were consisted of plastic, while nests near shipwreck have a high percentage of the wreckage debris.[13] This bird nests in large colonies, laying two chalky blue eggs on the ground in a mound of broken shells and vegetation, but usually raises just one chick, the second one to hatch being unable to compete for food with its older sibling, or even ejected from the nest by it.[14] It winters at sea over a wider area.

Brown booby pairs may remain together over several seasons. They perform elaborate greeting rituals, and are also spectacular divers, plunging into the ocean at high speed. They mainly eat small fish (such as flying fish, mullet, halfbeaks, anchovies,[15] goatfish, crowned squirrelfish and Indian mackerel [16]), squid (including the family Ommastrephidae)[16] or shrimp[15] which gather in groups near the surface and may catch leaping fish while skimming the surface. Along with plunge-diving, some fledglings and some adults practice kleptoparasitism, where they steal prey from other seabirds. For example, brown boobies have been observed stealing prey from great frigatebirds as they transfer food to their young.[16] Although they are powerful and agile fliers, they are particularly clumsy in takeoffs and landings; they use strong winds and high perches to assist their takeoffs.

Gallery

References

  1. ^ "Sula leucogaster Boddaert 1783 (brown booby)". PBDB.
  2. ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Sula leucogaster". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22696698A132590197. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22696698A132590197.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Harrison, Peter (1985). Seabirds: An Identification Guide (revised ed.). Houghton Mifflin. p. 292. ISBN 978-0-395-60291-1.
  4. ^ Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de (1781). "Le Petit Fou". Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux (in French). Vol. 16. Paris: De L'Imprimerie Royale. p. 142.
  5. ^ Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de; Martinet, François-Nicolas; Daubenton, Edme-Louis; Daubenton, Louis-Jean-Marie (1765–1783). "Fou de Cayenne". Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle. Vol. 10. Paris: De L'Imprimerie Royale. Plate 973.
  6. ^ Boddaert, Pieter (1783). Table des planches enluminéez d'histoire naturelle de M. D'Aubenton : avec les denominations de M.M. de Buffon, Brisson, Edwards, Linnaeus et Latham, precedé d'une notice des principaux ouvrages zoologiques enluminés (in French). Utrecht. p. 57, Number 973.
  7. ^ Mayr, Ernst; Cottrell, G. William, eds. (1979). Check-list of Birds of the World. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 186.
  8. ^ Brisson, Mathurin Jacques (1760). Ornithologie, ou, Méthode contenant la division des oiseaux en ordres, sections, genres, especes & leurs variétés (in French and Latin). Paris: Jean-Baptiste Bauche. Vol. 1, p. 60,Vol. 6 p. 494.
  9. ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 223, 373. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  10. ^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2017). "Hamerkop, Shoebill, pelicans, boobies & cormorants". World Bird List Version 7.3. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 2017-11-05.
  11. ^ Redman, Nigel; Stevenson, Terry; Fanshawe, John (2016). Birds of the Horn of Africa: Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti, Somalia, and Socotra – Revised and Expanded Edition. Princeton Field Guides. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-691-17289-7. OCLC 944380248. Retrieved 2018-12-13.
  12. ^ Ospina-Alvarez, A. (2008). "Coloniality of brown booby (Sula leucogaster) in Gorgona National Natural Park, Eastern Tropical Pacific" (PDF). Onitología Neotropical. 19: 517–529.
  13. ^ Grant, L.M.; Lavers, J.L.; Stuckenbrock, S.; Sharp, B.P.; Bond, A.L. (2018). "The use of anthropogenic marine debris as a nesting material by brown boobies (Sula leucogaster)". Marine Pollution Bulletin. 137: 96–103. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.10.016. hdl:10141/622420. PMID 30503494. S2CID 54507773.
  14. ^ Dorward, D.F. (1962). "Comparative biology of the white booby and the brown booby Sula spp. at Ascension". Ibis. 103B (2): 174–220. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1962.tb07244.x.
  15. ^ a b https://sta.uwi.edu/fst/lifesciences/sites/default/files/lifesciences/documents/ogatt/Sula_leucogaster%20-%20Brown%20Booby.pdf[bare URL PDF]
  16. ^ a b c "Sula leucogaster (Brown booby)".
  • Harrison, Peter (1996). Seabirds of the World. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-01551-1.
  • Bull, John; Farrand, John, Jr (1984). The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Birds, Eastern Region. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-394-41405-5.

Further reading

  • O'Brien, Rory M. (1990). "Sula leucogaster Brown Booby" (PDF). In Marchant, S.; Higgins, P.G. (eds.). Handbook of Australian, New Zealand & Antarctic Birds. Volume 1: Ratites to ducks; Part B, Australian pelican to ducks. Melbourne, Victoria: Oxford University Press. pp. 781–790. ISBN 978-0-19-553068-1.

External links

  •   Media related to Sula leucogaster at Wikimedia Commons
  •   Data related to Sula leucogaster at Wikispecies
  • Brown booby videos, photos & sounds on the Internet Bird Collection

January 25, 2023
brown, booby, brown, booby, sula, leucogaster, large, seabird, booby, family, sulidae, which, perhaps, most, common, widespread, species, pantropical, range, which, overlaps, with, that, other, booby, species, gregarious, brown, booby, commutes, forages, heigh. The brown booby Sula leucogaster is a large seabird of the booby family Sulidae of which it is perhaps the most common and widespread species 3 It has a pantropical range which overlaps with that of other booby species The gregarious brown booby commutes and forages at low height over inshore waters Flocks plunge dive to take small fish especially when these are driven near the surface by their predators They only nest on the ground and roost on solid objects rather than the water surface 3 Brown boobyTemporal range Middle Quaternary to recent 1 Adult male nom with blue orbital ring and an adult male S l plotus in flightConservation statusLeast Concern IUCN 3 1 2 Scientific classificationKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass AvesOrder SuliformesFamily SulidaeGenus SulaSpecies S leucogasterBinomial nameSula leucogaster Boddaert 1783 World range 3 with subspecies S l brewsteri S l etesiaca nominate S l plotus Contents 1 Taxonomy 2 Description 3 Ecology 4 Gallery 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksTaxonomy EditThe brown booby was described by the French polymath Georges Louis Leclerc Comte de Buffon in his Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux in 1781 4 The bird was also illustrated in a hand coloured plate engraved by Francois Nicolas Martinet in the Planches Enluminees D Histoire Naturelle which was produced under the supervision of Edme Louis Daubenton to accompany Buffon s text 5 Buffon did not include a scientific name with his description but in 1783 the Dutch naturalist Pieter Boddaert coined the binomial name Pelecanus leucogaster in his catalogue of the Planches Enluminees 6 The type locality is Cayenne in French Guiana 7 The current genus Sula was introduced by the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson in 1760 8 The word Sula is Norwegian for a gannet the specific leucogaster is from Ancient Greek leuko for white and gaster for belly 9 There are four recognised subspecies 10 S l leucogaster Boddaert 1783 Caribbean and Atlantic Islands S l brewsteri Nathaniel Stickney Goss 1888 Pacific coasts of USA and Mexico S l etesiaca Thayer amp Bangs 1905 Pacific coasts of Central America and Colombia S l plotus Forster JR 1844 Red Sea through the Indian Ocean to the west and central Pacific 11 Description EditThe booby s head and upper body back is covered in dark brown to black plumage with the remainder belly being a contrasting white The bare part colours vary geographically but not seasonally 3 The species also displays sexual dimorphism of the bare part colours the males having a blue orbital ring as opposed to the yellow orbital ring of the female In addition the male of subspecies S l brewsteri is distinctly plumaged in having the forehead forecrown and chin white merging to a greyish brown neck and breast 3 The female booby reaches about 80 centimetres 31 in in length her wingspan measures up to 150 cm 4 9 ft and she can weigh up to 1 300 g 2 9 lb The male booby reaches about 75 centimetres 30 in in length his wingspan measures up to 140 cm 4 6 ft and he can weigh up to 1 000 g 2 2 lb 12 Unlike other species of sulid the juvenile plumage already resembles that of the adult 3 They are gray brown with darkening on the head upper surfaces of the wings and tail while the lower breast and underpart plumages are heavily flecked brown on white Juveniles of subspecies S l brewsteri are once again distinct in having the underpart plumage more evenly mouse brown 3 Their beaks are quite sharp and contain many jagged edges They have fairly short wings resulting in a fast flap rate but long tapered tails While these birds are typically silent bird watchers have reported occasional sounds similar to grunting or quacking Ecology Edit Male with chick in Sao Pedro and Sao Paulo Archipelago Pernambuco Brazil This species breeds on islands and coasts in the pantropical areas of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans They frequent the breeding grounds of the islands in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea With the rise in pollution in the world brown boobies have been using marine debris to make their nests 90 1 percent of these nest were consisted of plastic while nests near shipwreck have a high percentage of the wreckage debris 13 This bird nests in large colonies laying two chalky blue eggs on the ground in a mound of broken shells and vegetation but usually raises just one chick the second one to hatch being unable to compete for food with its older sibling or even ejected from the nest by it 14 It winters at sea over a wider area Brown booby pairs may remain together over several seasons They perform elaborate greeting rituals and are also spectacular divers plunging into the ocean at high speed They mainly eat small fish such as flying fish mullet halfbeaks anchovies 15 goatfish crowned squirrelfish and Indian mackerel 16 squid including the family Ommastrephidae 16 or shrimp 15 which gather in groups near the surface and may catch leaping fish while skimming the surface Along with plunge diving some fledglings and some adults practice kleptoparasitism where they steal prey from other seabirds For example brown boobies have been observed stealing prey from great frigatebirds as they transfer food to their young 16 Although they are powerful and agile fliers they are particularly clumsy in takeoffs and landings they use strong winds and high perches to assist their takeoffs Gallery Edit Juvenile Sao Tome and Principe Female at Green Island Queensland Male at French Frigate Shoals Hawaii Female and male at their stick nest on a beach Australia S l brewsteri pair Islas Marietas N P Mexico Juvenile Pacific coast of Costa Rica Juvenile in flight Gulfo Dulce Costa Rica Older juvenile Sao Tome and Principe Sula leucogaster MHNTReferences Edit Sula leucogaster Boddaert 1783 brown booby PBDB BirdLife International 2018 Sula leucogaster IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018 e T22696698A132590197 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2018 2 RLTS T22696698A132590197 en Retrieved 11 November 2021 a b c d e f g Harrison Peter 1985 Seabirds An Identification Guide revised ed Houghton Mifflin p 292 ISBN 978 0 395 60291 1 Buffon Georges Louis Leclerc de 1781 Le Petit Fou Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux in French Vol 16 Paris De L Imprimerie Royale p 142 Buffon Georges Louis Leclerc de Martinet Francois Nicolas Daubenton Edme Louis Daubenton Louis Jean Marie 1765 1783 Fou de Cayenne Planches Enluminees D Histoire Naturelle Vol 10 Paris De L Imprimerie Royale Plate 973 Boddaert Pieter 1783 Table des planches enlumineez d histoire naturelle de M D Aubenton avec les denominations de M M de Buffon Brisson Edwards Linnaeus et Latham precede d une notice des principaux ouvrages zoologiques enlumines in French Utrecht p 57 Number 973 Mayr Ernst Cottrell G William eds 1979 Check list of Birds of the World Vol 1 2nd ed Cambridge Massachusetts Museum of Comparative Zoology p 186 Brisson Mathurin Jacques 1760 Ornithologie ou Methode contenant la division des oiseaux en ordres sections genres especes amp leurs varietes in French and Latin Paris Jean Baptiste Bauche Vol 1 p 60 Vol 6 p 494 Jobling James A 2010 The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names London Christopher Helm pp 223 373 ISBN 978 1 4081 2501 4 Gill Frank Donsker David eds 2017 Hamerkop Shoebill pelicans boobies amp cormorants World Bird List Version 7 3 International Ornithologists Union Retrieved 2017 11 05 Redman Nigel Stevenson Terry Fanshawe John 2016 Birds of the Horn of Africa Ethiopia Eritrea Djibouti Somalia and Socotra Revised and Expanded Edition Princeton Field Guides Princeton New Jersey Princeton University Press p 44 ISBN 978 0 691 17289 7 OCLC 944380248 Retrieved 2018 12 13 Ospina Alvarez A 2008 Coloniality of brown booby Sula leucogaster in Gorgona National Natural Park Eastern Tropical Pacific PDF Onitologia Neotropical 19 517 529 Grant L M Lavers J L Stuckenbrock S Sharp B P Bond A L 2018 The use of anthropogenic marine debris as a nesting material by brown boobies Sula leucogaster Marine Pollution Bulletin 137 96 103 doi 10 1016 j marpolbul 2018 10 016 hdl 10141 622420 PMID 30503494 S2CID 54507773 Dorward D F 1962 Comparative biology of the white booby and the brown booby Sula spp at Ascension Ibis 103B 2 174 220 doi 10 1111 j 1474 919X 1962 tb07244 x a b https sta uwi edu fst lifesciences sites default files lifesciences documents ogatt Sula leucogaster 20 20Brown 20Booby pdf bare URL PDF a b c Sula leucogaster Brown booby Harrison Peter 1996 Seabirds of the World Princeton Princeton University Press ISBN 0 691 01551 1 Bull John Farrand John Jr 1984 The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Birds Eastern Region New York Alfred A Knopf ISBN 0 394 41405 5 Further reading EditO Brien Rory M 1990 Sula leucogaster Brown Booby PDF In Marchant S Higgins P G eds Handbook of Australian New Zealand amp Antarctic Birds Volume 1 Ratites to ducks Part B Australian pelican to ducks Melbourne Victoria Oxford University Press pp 781 790 ISBN 978 0 19 553068 1 External links Edit Media related to Sula leucogaster at Wikimedia Commons Data related to Sula leucogaster at Wikispecies Brown booby videos photos amp sounds on the Internet Bird Collection Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Brown booby amp oldid 1131555617, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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