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Wikipedia

John Wayne

January 13, 2023

For other uses, see John Wayne (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with John Wain.

Marion Robert Morrison[1][a] (May 26, 1907 – June 11, 1979), known professionally as John Wayne and nicknamed The Duke or Duke Wayne, was an American actor who became a popular icon through his starring roles in films made during Hollywood's Golden Age, especially in Western and war movies. His career flourished from the silent era of the 1920s through the American New Wave, as he appeared in a total of 179 film and television productions. He was among the top box-office draws for three decades,[3][4] and he appeared with many other important Hollywood stars of his era. In 1999, the American Film Institute selected Wayne as one of the greatest male stars of classic American cinema.[5]

John Wayne
Wayne, c. 1965
Born
Marion Robert Morrison

(1907-05-26)May 26, 1907
Winterset, Iowa, U.S.
DiedJune 11, 1979(1979-06-11) (aged 72)
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Resting placePacific View Memorial Park, Newport Beach, California
33°36′34″N 117°51′12″W / 33.60953°N 117.85336°W / 33.60953; -117.85336
Other names
  • Marion Michael Morrison
  • 'Duke' Wayne
Alma materUniversity of Southern California
Occupations
  • Actor
  • producer
Years active1926–1976
Political partyRepublican
Spouse(s)
Josephine Saenz
​
​
(m. 1933; div. 1945)​

​
​
(m. 1946; div. 1954)​

​
(m. 1954)​
Children7, including Michael, Patrick, and Ethan
WebsiteOfficial website
Signature

Wayne was born in Winterset, Iowa, but grew up in Southern California. After losing his football scholarship to the University of Southern California from a bodysurfing accident,[6] he began working for the Fox Film Corporation. He appeared mostly in small parts, but his first leading role came in Raoul Walsh's Western The Big Trail (1930), an early widescreen film epic that was a box-office failure. He played leading roles in numerous B movies during the 1930s, most of them also Westerns, without becoming a major name. John Ford's Stagecoach (1939) made Wayne a mainstream star, and he starred in 142 motion pictures altogether. According to one biographer, "John Wayne personified for millions the nation's frontier heritage."[7]

Wayne's other roles in Westerns include a cattleman driving his herd on the Chisholm Trail in Red River (1948), a Civil War veteran whose niece is abducted by a tribe of Comanches in The Searchers (1956), a troubled rancher competing with a lawyer (James Stewart) for a woman's hand in The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance (1962), and a cantankerous one-eyed marshal in True Grit (1969), for which he received the Academy Award for Best Actor. He is also remembered for his roles in The Quiet Man (1952) with Maureen O'Hara, Rio Bravo (1959) with Dean Martin, and The Longest Day (1962). In his final screen performance, he starred as an aging gunfighter battling cancer in The Shootist (1976). He made his last public appearance at the Academy Awards ceremony on April 9, 1979,[8][9] and died of stomach cancer two months later.[10] He was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian honor of the United States.[11][12]

Early life

 
The house in Winterset, Iowa, where Wayne was born in 1907

Wayne was born Marion Robert Morrison on May 26, 1907, at 224 South Second Street in Winterset, Iowa.[13] The local paper, Winterset Madisonian, reported on page 4 of the edition of May 30, 1907, that Wayne weighed 13 lb (around 6 kg) at birth. Wayne claimed his middle name was soon changed from Robert to Michael when his parents decided to name their next son Robert, but extensive research has found no such legal change although it might have been changed informally or the documention may have been lost. Wayne's legal name apparently remained Marion Robert Morrison his entire life[14][15] although to this day his original name is almost always referred to as Marion Michael Morrison.

Wayne's father, Clyde Leonard Morrison (1884–1937), was the son of American Civil War veteran Marion Mitchell Morrison (1845–1915). Wayne's mother, the former Mary "Molly" Alberta Brown (1885–1970), was from Lancaster County, Nebraska. Wayne had Scottish, Scotch-Irish, English, and Irish ancestry.[16] His great-great-grandfather Robert Morrison (b. 1782) left County Antrim, Ireland, with his mother, arriving in New York in 1799 and eventually settling in Adams County, Ohio. The Morrisons were originally from the Isle of Lewis in the Outer Hebrides, Scotland.[17] He was raised Presbyterian.[18]

Wayne's family moved to Palmdale, California, and then in 1916 to Glendale at 404 Isabel Street, where his father worked as a pharmacist. He attended Glendale Union High School, where he performed well in both sports and academics. Wayne was part of his high school's football team and its debating team. He was also the president of the Latin Society and contributed to the school's newspaper sports column.[19]

A local fireman at the station on his route to school in Glendale started calling him "Little Duke" because he never went anywhere without his huge Airedale Terrier, Duke.[20][21] He preferred "Duke" to "Marion", and the nickname stuck. Wayne attended Wilson Middle School in Glendale. As a teen, he worked in an ice-cream shop for a man who shod horses for Hollywood studios. He was also active as a member of the Order of DeMolay. He played football for the 1924 league champion Glendale High School team.[22]

Wayne applied to the U.S. Naval Academy, but was not accepted due to poor grades. Instead, he attended the University of Southern California (USC), majoring in pre-law. He was a member of the Trojan Knights and Sigma Chi fraternities.[23]: 30  Wayne, who stood 6 feet 4+1⁄2 inches (1.94 metres) tall, also played on the USC football team under coach Howard Jones. A broken collarbone injury curtailed his athletic career; Wayne later noted that he was too terrified of Jones' reaction to reveal the actual cause of his injury, a bodysurfing accident.[24] He lost his athletic scholarship, and without funds, had to leave the university.[25][26]

Career

Early works and first lead role

As a favor to coach Jones, who had given silent Western film star Tom Mix tickets to USC games, director John Ford and Mix hired Wayne as a prop boy and extra.[27][28] Wayne later credited his walk, talk, and persona to his acquaintance with Wyatt Earp, who was good friends with Tom Mix.[27] Wayne soon moved to bit parts, establishing a longtime friendship with the director who provided most of those roles, John Ford. Early in this period, he had a minor, uncredited role as a guard in the 1926 film Bardelys the Magnificent. Wayne also appeared with his USC teammates playing football in Brown of Harvard (1926), The Dropkick (1927), and Salute (1929) and Columbia's Maker of Men (filmed in 1930, released in 1931).[29]

 
With Marguerite Churchill in the widescreen The Big Trail (1930); John Wayne's first role as a leading man

While working for Fox Film Corporation in bit roles, Wayne was given on-screen credit as "Duke Morrison" only once, in Words and Music (1929). Director Raoul Walsh saw him moving studio furniture while working as a prop boy and cast him in his first starring role in The Big Trail (1930). For his screen name, Walsh suggested "Anthony Wayne", after Revolutionary War General "Mad" Anthony Wayne. Fox Studios chief Winfield Sheehan rejected it as sounding "too Italian". Walsh then suggested "John Wayne". Sheehan agreed, and the name was set. Wayne was not even present for the discussion.[30] His pay was raised to $105 a week.[31]

The Big Trail was to be the first big-budget outdoor spectacle of the sound era, made at a then-staggering cost over $2 million (over $32.8 million equivalent in 2021),[32] using hundreds of extras and wide vistas of the American Southwest, still largely unpopulated at the time. To take advantage of the breathtaking scenery, it was filmed in two versions, a standard 35 mm version and another in the new 70 mm Grandeur film process, using an innovative camera and lenses. Many in the audience who saw it in Grandeur stood and cheered, but only a handful of theaters were equipped to show the film in its widescreen process, and the effort was largely wasted at the time. The film was considered a huge box-office flop at the time, but came to be highly regarded by modern critics.[33]

Subsequent films, breakthrough, and war years

 
The Big Trail (1930) lobby card
 
Lobby card for Girls Demand Excitement (1931)
 
Wayne as "Singin' Sandy" Saunders in Riders of Destiny (1933)
 
The Star Packer (1934)
 
With Jean Rogers and Ward Bond in Conflict (1936)
 
With Marsha Hunt in Born to the West (1937)
 
With Joan Blondell in Lady for a Night (1942)

After the commercial failure of The Big Trail, Wayne was relegated to small roles in A pictures, including Columbia's The Deceiver (1931), in which he played a corpse. He appeared in the serial The Three Musketeers (1933), an updated version of the Alexandre Dumas novel in which the protagonists were soldiers in the French Foreign Legion in then-contemporary North Africa. He played the lead, with his name over the title, in many low-budget Poverty Row Westerns, mostly at Monogram Pictures and serials for Mascot Pictures Corporation. By Wayne's own estimation, he appeared in about 80 of these horse operas from 1930 to 1939.[34] In Riders of Destiny (1933), he became one of the first singing cowboys of film, albeit via dubbing.[35] Wayne also appeared in some of the Three Mesquiteers Westerns, whose title was a play on the Dumas classic. He was mentored by stuntmen in riding and other Western skills.[29] Stuntman Yakima Canutt and Wayne developed and perfected stunts and onscreen fisticuffs techniques that are still in use.[36] One of the main innovations with which Wayne is credited in these early Poverty Row Westerns is allowing the good guys to fight as convincingly as the bad guys, by not always making them fight clean. Wayne claimed, "Before I came along, it was standard practice that the hero must always fight clean. The heavy was allowed to hit the hero in the head with a chair or throw a kerosene lamp at him or kick him in the stomach, but the hero could only knock the villain down politely and then wait until he rose. I changed all that. I threw chairs and lamps. I fought hard and I fought dirty. I fought to win."[37]

Wayne's second breakthrough role came with John Ford's Stagecoach (1939). Because of Wayne's B-movie status and track record in low-budget Westerns throughout the 1930s, Ford had difficulty getting financing for what was to be an A-budget film. After rejection by all the major studios, Ford struck a deal with independent producer Walter Wanger in which Claire Trevor—a much bigger star at the time—received top billing. Stagecoach was a huge critical and financial success, and Wayne became a mainstream star. Cast member Louise Platt credited Ford as saying at the time that Wayne would become the biggest star ever because of his appeal as the archetypal "everyman".[38]

America's entry into World War II resulted in a deluge of support for the war effort from all sectors of society, and Hollywood was no exception. Wayne was exempted from service due to his age (34 at the time of Pearl Harbor) and family status (classified as 3-A – family deferment). Wayne repeatedly wrote to John Ford saying he wanted to enlist, on one occasion inquiring whether he could get into Ford's military unit.[39] Wayne did not attempt to prevent his reclassification as 1-A (draft eligible), but Republic Studios was emphatically resistant to losing him, since he was their only A-list actor under contract. Herbert J. Yates, president of Republic, threatened Wayne with a lawsuit if he walked away from his contract,[40] and Republic Pictures intervened in the Selective Service process, requesting Wayne's further deferment.[41]

U.S. National Archives records indicate that Wayne, in fact, did make an application[42] to serve in the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), precursor to the modern CIA, and had been accepted within the U.S. Army's allotted billet to the OSS. William J. Donovan, OSS commander, wrote Wayne a letter informing him of his acceptance into the Field Photographic Unit as a special forces commando, but the letter went to his estranged wife Josephine's home. She never told him about it. Wayne toured U.S. bases and hospitals in the South Pacific for three months in 1943 and 1944,[43] with the USO.[44][45][46] During this trip, he carried out a request from Donovan to assess whether General Douglas MacArthur, commander of the South West Pacific Area, or his staff were hindering the work of the OSS.[21]: 88  Donovan later issued Wayne an OSS Certificate of Service to memorialize Wayne's contribution to the OSS mission.[21]: 88 [47]

By many accounts, his failure to serve in the military later became the most painful part of his life.[39] His widow later suggested that his patriotism in later decades sprang from guilt, writing: "He would become a 'superpatriot' for the rest of his life trying to atone for staying home."[48]

Wayne's first color film was Shepherd of the Hills (1941), in which he co-starred with his longtime friend Harry Carey. The following year, he appeared in his only film directed by Cecil B. DeMille, the Technicolor epic Reap the Wild Wind (1942), in which he co-starred with Ray Milland and Paulette Goddard; it was one of the rare times he played a character with questionable values.

Like most Hollywood stars of his era, Wayne appeared as a guest on radio programs, such as: The Hedda Hopper Show and The Louella Parsons Show. He made a number of appearances in dramatic roles, mainly recreations for radio of his own film roles, on such programs as Screen Directors Playhouse and Lux Radio Theatre. For six months in 1942, Wayne starred in his own radio adventure series, Three Sheets to the Wind, produced by film director Tay Garnett. In the series, an international spy/detective show, Wayne played Dan O'Brien, a detective who used alcoholism as a mask for his investigatory endeavors. The show was intended by Garnett to be a pilot of sorts for a film version, though the motion picture never came to fruition. No episodes of the series featuring Wayne seem to have survived, though a demonstration episode with Brian Donlevy in the leading role does exist. Wayne, not Donlevy, played the role throughout the series' run on NBC.[49]

Wayne (right) acting in a short clip from Angel and the Badman (1947) (click to play)

Director Robert Rossen offered the starring role in All the King's Men (1949) to Wayne, but he refused, believing the script to be un-American in many ways.[50] Broderick Crawford, who was eventually cast in the role, won the 1949 Oscar for best male actor, ironically beating out Wayne, who had been nominated for Sands of Iwo Jima (1949).

1950s

He lost the leading role of Jimmy Ringo in The Gunfighter (1950) to Gregory Peck due to his refusal to work for Columbia Pictures because its chief, Harry Cohn, had mistreated him years before when he was a young contract player. Cohn had bought the project for Wayne, but Wayne's grudge was too deep, and Cohn sold the script to Twentieth Century Fox, which cast Peck in the role Wayne badly wanted, but for which he refused to bend.[50][51]

Batjac, the production company co-founded by Wayne in 1952, was named after the fictional shipping company Batjak in Wake of the Red Witch (1948), a film based on the novel by Garland Roark. (A spelling error by Wayne's secretary was allowed to stand, accounting for the variation.)[50] Batjac (and its predecessor, Wayne-Fellows Productions) was the arm through which Wayne produced many films for himself and other stars. Its best-known non-Wayne productions were Seven Men From Now (1956), which started the classic collaboration between director Budd Boetticher and star Randolph Scott, and Gun the Man Down (1956) with contract player James Arness as an outlaw.

One of Wayne's most popular roles was in The High and the Mighty (1954), directed by William Wellman, and based on a novel by Ernest K. Gann. His portrayal of a heroic copilot won widespread acclaim. Wayne also portrayed aviators in Flying Tigers (1942), Flying Leathernecks (1951), Island in the Sky (1953), The Wings of Eagles (1957), and Jet Pilot (1957).

He appeared in nearly two dozen of John Ford's films over 20 years, including She Wore a Yellow Ribbon (1949), The Quiet Man (1952), The Wings of Eagles (1957), etc. The first movie in which he called someone "Pilgrim", Ford's The Searchers (1956), is often considered to contain Wayne's finest and most complex performance.[52]

On May 14, 1958, Hal Kanter's I Married a Woman starring George Gobel and Diana Dors had its Los Angeles opening. In it, Wayne had a cameo as himself.[53] On October 2, John Huston's The Barbarian and the Geisha, in which Wayne played the lead and clashed with his director all the way, had its New York opening.[54]

Howard Hawks's Rio Bravo premiered on March 18, 1959. In it, Wayne plays the lead with a supporting cast including Dean Martin, Ricky Nelson, Angie Dickinson, Walter Brennan and Ward Bond.[55] John Ford's The Horse Soldiers had its world premiere in Shreveport, Louisiana on June 18. Set during the Civil War, Wayne shares the lead with William Holden.[56]

Wayne notoriously portrayed Genghis Khan in The Conqueror (1956), which was panned by critics.

1960s

 
Wayne and James Stewart in The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance (1962)

In 1960, Wayne directed and produced The Alamo portraying Davy Crockett, with Richard Widmark as Jim Bowie. Wayne was nominated for an Oscar as the producer in the Best Picture category.[57] That year Wayne also played the lead in Henry Hathaway's North to Alaska also starring Stewart Granger and Ernie Kovacs.[58] In 1961, Wayne shared the lead with Stuart Whitman in Michael Curtiz's The Comancheros.[59]

On May 23, 1962, Wayne starred in John Ford's The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance with James Stewart.[60] May 29 marked the premiere of Howard Hawks's Hatari!, shot on location in Africa with Wayne playing the lead capturing wild animals from the beds of trucks; all the scenes with animals in the film are real.[61] On October 4, The Longest Day started its theatrical run, with Wayne memorably acting with an ensemble cast.[62] Although the other top-level actors in the film accepted a token payment of only $10,000 each to play their roles, making the all-star cast feasible for the budget, Wayne was paid a quarter of a million dollars due to an earlier dispute with producer Darryl F. Zanuck.

On February 20, 1963, Wayne acted in a segment of How the West Was Won[63] directed by John Ford. On June 12, Wayne played the lead in his final John Ford film, Donovan's Reef, co-starring Lee Marvin.[64] On November 13, another film starring Wayne premiered, Andrew V. McLaglen's McLintock!, once again opposite Maureen O'Hara.[65]

In 1964, Wayne played the leading role in Henry Hathaway's Circus World with Claudia Cardinale and Rita Hayworth.[66]

On February 15, 1965, Wayne played the brief cameo role of a centurion in George Stevens's The Greatest Story Ever Told.[67] On April 6, he shared the screen with Kirk Douglas and Patricia Neal in Otto Preminger's In Harm's Way.[68] On June 13, he acted in Henry Hathaway's The Sons of Katie Elder with Dean Martin.[69]

In 1966, Wayne appeared in a cameo role for Melville Shavelson's Cast a Giant Shadow starring Kirk Douglas.[70]

On May 24, 1967, Wayne played the lead in Burt Kennedy's The War Wagon with Kirk Douglas as the second lead.[71] His second movie that year, Howard Hawks's El Dorado, a highly successful partial remake of Rio Bravo with Robert Mitchum playing Dean Martin's original role, premiered on June 7.[72]

In 1968, Wayne co-directed with Ray Kellogg The Green Berets.[73] the only major film made during the Vietnam War in support of the war.[25] Wayne wanted to make this movie because at that time Hollywood had little interest in making movies about the Vietnam War.[74] During the filming of The Green Berets, the Degar or Montagnard people of Vietnam's Central Highlands, fierce fighters against communism, bestowed on Wayne a brass bracelet that he wore in the film and all subsequent films.[50] Also that year, Wayne played the lead in Andrew V. McLaglen's Hellfighters, a film about the crews who put out oil rig fires.[75] Katharine Ross played a supporting role.

On June 13, 1969, Henry Hathaway's True Grit premiered. For his role as Rooster Cogburn, Wayne won the Best Actor Oscar at the Academy Awards.[76] In November of that year another film starring Wayne was released, Andrew V. McLaglen's The Undefeated with Rock Hudson.[77]

1970s: later career

 
Wayne and Richard Boone at Big Jake screening, 1971

On June 24, 1970, Andrew V. McLaglen's Chisum started to play in cinemas. Wayne took the role of the owner of a cattle ranch, who finds out that a businessman is trying to own neighboring land illegally.[78] On September 16, Howard Hawks' Rio Lobo premiered. Wayne played Col. Cord McNally, who confronts Confederate soldiers who stole a shipment of gold at the end of the Civil War.[79] This was another remake of Rio Bravo albeit without a second lead the box office calibre of Dean Martin or Robert Mitchum.

In June 1971, George Sherman's Big Jake made its debut. Wayne played the role of an estranged father who must track down a gang who kidnapped his grandson.[80] The film was a critically acclaimed hit.

In 1972, Wayne starred in Mark Rydell's The Cowboys. Vincent Canby of The New York Times, who did not particularly care for the film, wrote: "Wayne is, of course, marvelously indestructible, and he has become an almost perfect father figure".[81] The same year, he was selected in the last round of the NFL Draft by the Atlanta Falcons for his past football experience, though the pick was disallowed by league officials as he was 64 years old at the time.[82]

On February 7, 1973, Burt Kennedy's The Train Robbers opened; Wayne appeared alongside Ann-Margret, Rod Taylor and Ben Johnson.[83] On June 27, Andrew V. McLaglen's Cahill U.S. Marshal premiered, with Wayne, George Kennedy and Gary Grimes, a box office failure.[84]

In 1974, Wayne took on the role of the eponymous detective in John Sturges's crime drama McQ.[85]

On March 25, 1975, Douglas Hickox's Brannigan premiered. In it, Wayne played a Chicago police lieutenant named Jim Brannigan on the hunt for an organized-crime leader.[86] On October 17, Rooster Cogburn started its theatrical run; Wayne reprised his role as U.S. Marshal Reuben J. "Rooster" Cogburn[87] with strong elements of the plot of The African Queen along with Katharine Hepburn as his leading lady.

In 1976, Wayne starred in Don Siegel's The Shootist, also starring Lauren Bacall, Ron Howard and James Stewart. It was Wayne's final cinematic role, whose main character, J. B. Books, was dying of cancer, to which Wayne himself succumbed three years later. It contains numerous plot similarities to The Gunfighter of nearly 30 years before, a role which Wayne had wanted, but turned down.[50] Upon its theatrical release, it grossed $13,406,138 domestically. About $6 million were earned as US theatrical rentals.[88] The film received positive reviews.[89] It was named one of the Ten Best Films of 1976 by the National Board of Review. Film critic Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times ranked The Shootist number 10 on his list of the 10 best films of 1976.[90] The film was nominated for an Oscar, a Golden Globe, a BAFTA film award, and a Writers Guild of America award.

Death

Although he enrolled in a cancer vaccine study in an attempt to ward off the disease,[91] Wayne died of stomach cancer on June 11, 1979, at the UCLA Medical Center.[92] He was buried in the Pacific View Memorial Park Cemetery in Corona del Mar, Newport Beach. According to his son Patrick and his grandson Matthew Muñoz, who was a priest in the California Diocese of Orange, Wayne converted to Roman Catholicism shortly before his death.[93][94][95] He requested that his tombstone read "Feo, Fuerte y Formal", a Spanish epitaph Wayne described as meaning "ugly, strong, and dignified".[96] His grave, which was unmarked for 20 years, has been marked since 1999 with the quotation:

Tomorrow is the most important thing in life. Comes into us at midnight very clean. It's perfect when it arrives and it puts itself in our hands. It hopes we've learned something from yesterday.[97][98]

Political views

 
Wayne in The Challenge of Ideas (1961)
 
Wayne meets with President Richard Nixon and Henry Kissinger in San Clemente, California, July 1972
 
Wayne addressed the Republican Convention in Miami, 1968.

Throughout most of his life, Wayne was a vocally prominent conservative Republican in Hollywood, supporting anti-communist positions.[99] However, he voted for Democratic President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1936 presidential election and expressed admiration for Roosevelt's successor, fellow Democratic President Harry S. Truman, despite having supported Republican candidate Thomas E. Dewey in 1948.[100][101] He took part in creating the conservative Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals in February 1944 before being elected its president in 1949. An ardent anti-communist and vocal supporter of the House Un-American Activities Committee, he made Big Jim McLain (1952) with himself as a HUAC investigator to demonstrate his support for the cause of anti-communism. His personal views found expression as a proactive inside enforcer of the "Black List", denying employment and undermining careers of many actors and writers who had expressed their personal political beliefs earlier in life. Soviet leader Joseph Stalin is alleged to have said that Wayne should be assassinated for his frequently espoused anti-communist politics, despite being a fan of his movies.[102][103] Wayne was a supporter of Senator Joseph McCarthy.[104]

Wayne supported Vice President Richard Nixon in the presidential election of 1960, but expressed his vision of patriotism when John F. Kennedy won the election: "I didn't vote for him, but he's my president, and I hope he does a good job."[105] He used his star power to support conservative causes, including rallying support for the Vietnam War by producing, co-directing, and starring in the financially successful film The Green Berets (1968).[106] In 1960, he joined the anti-communist John Birch Society, but quit after the organization denounced fluoridation of water supplies as a communist plot.[107] In 1964, Wayne was a staunch supporter of Barry Goldwater, and actively campaigned for him.[108]

Due to his status as the highest-profile Republican star in Hollywood, wealthy Texas Republican Party backers asked Wayne to run for national office in 1968, like his friend and fellow actor Senator George Murphy. He declined, joking that he did not believe the public would seriously consider an actor in the White House. Instead, he supported his friend Ronald Reagan's campaigns for Governor of California in 1966 and 1970. He was asked to be the running mate for Democratic Alabama Governor George Wallace, who had been nominated for president by the American Independent Party, in his 1968 campaign, but he immediately rejected the offer[99] and actively campaigned for Richard Nixon;[109] Wayne addressed the 1968 Republican National Convention on its opening day.[107]

Wayne openly differed with many conservatives over the issue of returning the Panama Canal, as he supported the Panama Canal Treaty in the mid-1970s;[110] while Republican leaders such as Reagan, Jesse Helms, and Strom Thurmond had wanted the U.S. to retain full control of the canal, Wayne and fellow conservative William F. Buckley believed that the Panamanians had the right to the canal and sided with President Jimmy Carter. Wayne was a close friend of Panamanian leader Omar Torrijos Herrera, and Wayne's first wife Josephine was a native of Panama. His support of the treaty brought him hate mail for the first time in his life.[111][112]

In 1973 actor Marlon Brando refused an Oscar he had won, due to "the treatment of American Indians today by the film industry"; Brando did not attend the award ceremony but asked Native American civil rights activist Sacheen Littlefeather to attend and deliver a refusal speech in the event that he won. Wayne, who has been described as "serial slaughterer of Native Americans on-screen and self-professed white supremacist off it", was in the wings, and was so angry about her presence there that Littlefeather said "he was coming towards me to forcibly take me off the stage, and he had to be restrained by six security men to prevent him from doing so."[113] However, an investigation in 2022 found that this is unlikely to have happened, and Littlefeather had no way of witnessing this take place.[114]

Left-wing activist Abbie Hoffman paid tribute to Wayne's singularity, saying, "I like Wayne's wholeness, his style. As for his politics, well—I suppose even cavemen felt a little admiration for the dinosaurs that were trying to gobble them up."[115]

1971 Playboy interview

 
John Wayne signs the helmet of Pfc. Fonzell Wofford during a visit at Chu Lai, South Vietnam in June 1966

In May 1971, Playboy magazine published an interview with Wayne, in which he expressed his support for the Vietnam War,[116] and made headlines for his opinions about social issues and race relations in the United States:[117]

With a lot of blacks, there's quite a bit of resentment along with their dissent, and possibly rightfully so. But we can't all of a sudden get down on our knees and turn everything over to the leadership of the blacks. I believe in white supremacy until the blacks are educated to a point of responsibility. ... I don't feel we did wrong in taking this great country away from the Indians. Our so-called stealing of this country from them was just a matter of survival. There were great numbers of people who needed new land, and the Indians were selfishly trying to keep it for themselves.[23]: 289 [118][119]

In the same Playboy interview, Wayne calls the two lead characters in Midnight Cowboy "fags" for the alleged "love of those two men".[120] He also responded to questions about whether social programs were good for the country:

I know all about that. In the late '20s, when I was a sophomore at USC, I was a socialist myself—but not when I left. The average college kid idealistically wishes everybody could have ice cream and cake for every meal, but as he gets older and gives more thought to his and his fellow man's responsibilities, he finds that it can't work out that way—that some people just won't carry their load ... I believe in welfare—a welfare work program. I don't think a fella should be able to sit on his backside and receive welfare. I'd like to know why well-educated idiots keep apologizing for lazy and complaining people who think the world owes them a living. I'd like to know why they make excuses for cowards who spit in the faces of the police and then run behind the judicial sob sisters. I can't understand these people who carry placards to save the life of some criminal, yet have no thought for the innocent victim.[116]

In February 2019, the Playboy interview resurfaced,[121] which resulted in calls for John Wayne Airport to be renamed.[122] John Wayne's son, Ethan, defended him, stating, "It would be an injustice to judge someone based on an interview that's being used out of context."[123] The calls for changing the airport's name back to Orange County Airport were renewed during the George Floyd protests in June 2020.[124]

In October 2019, USC student activists called for removing an exhibit dedicated to Wayne, citing the interview.[125] In July 2020, it was announced that the exhibit would be removed.[126]

Personal life

Wayne was married three times and divorced twice. His three wives included one of Spanish American descent, Josephine Alicia Saenz, and two from Latin America, Esperanza Baur and Pilar Pallete. He had four children with Josephine: Michael Wayne (November 23, 1934 – April 2, 2003), Mary Antonia "Toni" Wayne LaCava (February 25, 1936 – December 6, 2000), Patrick Wayne (born July 15, 1939), and Melinda Wayne Munoz December 3, 1940 – April 13, 2022). He had three more children with Pilar: Aissa Wayne (born March 31, 1956), John Ethan Wayne (born February 22, 1962), and Marisa Wayne (born February 22, 1966).

 
John and Ethan Wayne with Walter Knott in 1969

Several of Wayne's children entered the film and television industry. Son Ethan was billed as John Ethan Wayne in a few films, and played one of the leads in the 1990s update of the Adam-12 television series.[127] Ethan has also appeared on the History Channel show Pawn Stars to help authenticate merchandise supposedly related to his father's career. Granddaughter Jennifer Wayne, daughter of Aissa, is a member of the country music group Runaway June.[128]

 
Wayne with third wife Pilar Pallete at Knott's Berry Farm in 1971

In 1973, Wayne was encouraged by Pilar, an avid tennis player, to build the John Wayne Tennis Club in Newport Beach, California. In 1995, the club was sold to Ken Stuart, former general manager, and became the Palisades Tennis Club. In The Quiet Man (1952), Wayne tells Michaeleen "Óge" Flynn (portrayed by Barry Fitzgerald) that he is six feet "four and a half" (194 cm), an assertion corroborated by Pilar's book John Wayne: My Life With the Duke.[129]

His divorce from Esperanza Baur, a Mexican former actress, was stormy. She believed that Wayne and co-star Gail Russell were having an affair, a claim that both Wayne and Russell denied. The night the film Angel and the Badman (1947) wrapped, the usual party was held for cast and crew, and Wayne came home very late. Esperanza was in a drunken rage by the time he arrived, and she attempted to shoot him as he walked through the front door.[50]

Wayne had several high-profile affairs, including one with Merle Oberon that lasted from 1938 to 1947.[130] After his separation from Pilar, in 1973, Wayne became romantically involved and lived with his former secretary Pat Stacy (1941–1995) until his death in 1979.[25] Stacy published a book about her life with him in 1983, titled Duke: A Love Story.[131]

Wayne's hair began to thin in the 1940s, and he had begun to wear a hairpiece by the end of the decade.[132] He was occasionally seen in public without the hairpiece (such as, according to Life, at Gary Cooper's funeral). During an appearance at Harvard University, Wayne was asked by a student, "Is it true that your toupée is real hair?" He responded: "Well sir, that's real hair. Not mine, but real hair."[133]

A close friend, California Congressman Alphonzo E. Bell Jr., wrote of Wayne: "Duke's personality and sense of humor were very close to what the general public saw on the big screen. It is perhaps best shown in these words he had engraved on a plaque: 'Each of us is a mixture of some good and some not so good qualities. In considering one's fellow man, it's important to remember the good things. ... We should refrain from making judgments just because a fella happens to be a dirty, rotten S.O.B.'"[134]

Wayne was fond of literature, his favorite authors being Charles Dickens, Arthur Conan Doyle, and Agatha Christie. His favorite books were David Copperfield, and Conan Doyle's historical novels The White Company and Sir Nigel.

He used the same 1873 Colt Single Action Army revolver in many of the Westerns in which he appeared.[135][136]

Wayne biographer Michael Munn chronicled Wayne's drinking habits.[21] According to Sam O'Steen's memoir, Cut to the Chase, studio directors knew to shoot Wayne's scenes before noon, because by afternoon, he "was a mean drunk".[137] He had been a chain smoker of cigarettes since young adulthood and was diagnosed with lung cancer in 1964. He underwent successful surgery to remove his entire left lung[91] and two ribs. Despite efforts by his business associates to prevent him from going public with his illness for fear that it would cost him work, Wayne announced he had cancer and called on the public to get preventive examinations. Five years later, Wayne was declared cancer-free. Wayne has been credited with coining the term "the Big C" as a euphemism for cancer.[138]

He was a Freemason, a Master Mason in Marion McDaniel Lodge No. 56 F&AM, in Tucson, Arizona.[139][140][141] He became a 32nd Degree Scottish Rite Mason and later joined the Al Malaikah Shrine Temple in Los Angeles. He became a member of the York Rite.[142][143] During the early 1960s, Wayne traveled often to Panama, and he purchased the island of Taborcillo off that nation's Pacific coast. It was sold by his estate at his death.

Wayne's yacht, the Wild Goose, was one of his favorite possessions. He kept it docked in Newport Beach Harbor, and it was listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 2011.[144]

Acting style

 
Lobby card for The Big Trail (1930) with Tully Marshall and Wayne
 
Lobby card for Sagebrush Trail (1933) with Wayne and Yakima Canutt
 
Wayne in The Comancheros (1961)

In 1974, film critic Charles Champlin wrote of Wayne: "Wayne is a motion picture actor, first, last and always, who defined as powerfully as anyone else what that means. From the lean and intense early days, in those low-cost dusters which still play on morning television, Wayne has had a presence which got through the lenses and shutters and onto the film undiminished."[145] John Ford said of him: "He's not something out of a book, governed by acting rules. He portrays John Wayne, a rugged American guy. He's not one of those method actors, like they send out here from drama schools in New York. He's real, perfectly natural." Lee Strasberg observed that Wayne was similar to fellow actors Spencer Tracy and Gary Cooper, who "try not to act but be themselves".

Wayne thought of himself as a reactor rather than an actor, and felt that the difference between good and bad acting was in acting and reacting. He explained this difference: "In a bad picture, you see them acting all over the place. In a good picture, they react in a logical way to a situation they're in, so the audience can identify with the actors." When asked about his approach to acting, Wayne commented: "I read dramatic lines undramatically and react to situations normally. This is not as simple as it sounds. I've spent a major portion of my life trying to do it well and I am not past learning it yet." Much like many actors of his generation, Wayne disliked method acting, and once said of them: "Let those actors who picked their noses get all the dialogue, just give me the close-up of reaction."[146]

Howard Hawks, who directed him in five films, felt that after losing one of his lungs, Wayne became a much better actor. Hawks explained: "Because of the lung Wayne lost, he reads his lines differently. He pauses in the strangest places simply because he hasn't got the breath he used to have. This device is terribly effective, because you keep your eyes on him and wait for him to finish, because you don't know what's coming next." Raoul Walsh noted: "Wayne underacts, and it's mighty effective, not because he tries to underact–it's a hard thing to do if you try–but because he can't overact."[147]

Despite his popularity at the box office, Wayne was often criticized for playing the same type of character during most of his career. In a 1969 interview with Roger Ebert, Wayne remarked: "Of course, they give me that John Wayne stuff so much, claim I always play the same role. Seems like nobody remembers how different the fellows were in The Quiet Man or Iwo Jima, or Yellow Ribbon, where I was 35 playing a man of 65. To stay a star, you have to bring along some of your own personality. Thousands of good actors can carry a scene, but a star has to carry the scene and still, without intruding, allow some of his character into it."[148]

Legacy

Awards, celebrations, and landmarks

Wayne's enduring status as an iconic American was formally recognized by the U.S. government in the form of the two highest civilian decorations. On his 72nd birthday on May 26, 1979, Wayne was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal. Hollywood figures and American leaders from across the political spectrum, including Maureen O'Hara, Elizabeth Taylor, Frank Sinatra, Mike Frankovich, Katharine Hepburn, General and Mrs. Omar Bradley, Gregory Peck, Robert Stack, James Arness, and Kirk Douglas, testified to Congress in support of the award. Robert Aldrich, president of the Directors Guild of America, made a particularly notable statement:

It is important for you to know that I am a registered Democrat, and to my knowledge, share none of the political views espoused by Duke. However, whether he is ill disposed or healthy, John Wayne is far beyond the normal political sharpshooting in this community. Because of his courage, his dignity, his integrity, and because of his talents as an actor, his strength as a leader, his warmth as a human being throughout his illustrious career, he is entitled to a unique spot in our hearts and minds. In this industry, we often judge people, sometimes unfairly, by asking whether they have paid their dues. John Wayne has paid his dues over and over, and I'm proud to consider him a friend and am very much in favor of my government recognizing in some important fashion the contribution that Mr. Wayne has made.[149]

Wayne was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom on June 9, 1980, by President Jimmy Carter. He had attended Carter's inaugural ball in 1977 "as a member of the loyal opposition", as he described it. In 1998, he was awarded the Naval Heritage Award by the US Navy Memorial Foundation for his support of the Navy and military during his film career. In 1999, the American Film Institute named Wayne 13th among the Greatest Male Screen Legends of classic Hollywood cinema.

Wayne's most enduring image is that of the displaced loner uncomfortable with the very civilization he is helping to establish and preserve...At his first appearance, we usually sense a very private person with some wound, loss or grievance from the past. At his very best he is much closer to a tragic vision of life...projecting the kind of mystery associated with great acting.

– Film historian Andrew Sarris (1979)[150]

Various public locations are named in honor of Wayne, including the John Wayne Airport in Orange County, California, where a 9-foot (2.7 m) bronze equestrian statue of him stands at the entrance;[117] the John Wayne Marina[151] for which Wayne bequeathed the land, near Sequim, Washington; John Wayne Elementary School (P.S. 380) in Brooklyn, New York, which boasts a 38-foot (12 m) mosaic mural commission by New York artist Knox Martin[152] entitled "John Wayne and the American Frontier";[153] and over a 100 miles (160 km) named the "John Wayne Pioneer Trail" in Washington's Iron Horse State Park. A larger-than-life-sized bronze statue of Wayne atop a horse was erected at the corner of La Cienega Boulevard and Wilshire Boulevard in Beverly Hills, California, at the former offices of the Great Western Savings and Loan Corporation, for which Wayne had made a number of commercials. In the city of Maricopa, Arizona, part of Arizona State Route 347 is named John Wayne Parkway, which runs through the center of town.

In 2006, friends of Wayne and his former Arizona business partner, Louis Johnson, inaugurated the "Louie and the Duke Classics" events benefiting the John Wayne Cancer Foundation[154] and the American Cancer Society.[155][156] The weekend-long event each fall in Casa Grande, Arizona, includes a golf tournament, an auction of John Wayne memorabilia, and a team roping competition.[155]

Several celebrations took place on May 26, 2007, the centennial of Wayne's birth. A celebration at the John Wayne birthplace in Winterset, Iowa, included chuck-wagon suppers, concerts by Michael Martin Murphey and Riders in the Sky, a Wild West Revue in the style of Buffalo Bill's Wild West show, and a Cowboy Symposium with Wayne's costars, producers, and costumers. Wayne's films ran repetitively at the local theater. Ground was broken for the new John Wayne Birthplace Museum and Learning Center at a ceremony consisting of over 30 of Wayne's family members, including Melinda Wayne Muñoz, Aissa, Ethan, and Marisa Wayne. Later that year, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and First Lady Maria Shriver inducted Wayne into the California Hall of Fame, located at the California Museum in Sacramento.[157]

In 2016, Republican assemblyman Matthew Harper proposed marking May 26 as "John Wayne Day" in California.[158] This resolution was struck down by a vote of 35 to 20, due to Wayne's views on race and his support of controversial organizations such as the John Birch Society and the House Un-American Activities Committee.[158][159]

American icon

 
With Lucille Ball in I Love Lucy, 1955

Wayne rose beyond the typical recognition for a famous actor to that of an enduring icon who symbolized and communicated American values and ideals.[160] Using the power of communication through silent films and radio, Wayne was instrumental in creating a national culture from disparate areas of the US, and made the creation of a national hero possible.[161] By the middle of his career, Wayne had developed a larger-than-life image, and as his career progressed, he selected roles that would not compromise his off-screen image.[162] Wayne embodied the icon of strong American masculinity and rugged individualism in both his films and his life.[163] At a party in 1957, Wayne confronted actor Kirk Douglas about the latter's decision to play the role of Vincent van Gogh in the film Lust for Life, saying: "Christ, Kirk, how can you play a part like that? There's so goddamn few of us left. We got to play strong, tough characters. Not these weak queers."[164] However, actor Marlon Brando was notably critical of Wayne's public persona and of the cultural insensitivity of Wayne's characters, arguing on The Dick Cavett Show that, "We [Americans] like to see ourselves as perhaps John Wayne sees us. That we are a country that stands for freedom, for rightness, for justice," before adding that "it just simply doesn't apply."[165][166]

Wayne's rise to being the quintessential movie war hero began to take shape four years after World War II, when Sands of Iwo Jima (1949) was released. His footprints at Grauman's Chinese theater in Hollywood were laid in concrete that contained sand from Iwo Jima.[167] His status grew so large and legendary that when Japanese Emperor Hirohito visited the United States in 1975, he asked to meet John Wayne, the symbolic representation of his country's former enemy.[168] Likewise when Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev visited the United States in 1959, he made two requests: to visit Disneyland and meet Wayne.[169]

 
Wayne in The Big Trail (1930)

In the Motion Picture Herald Top Ten Money-Making Western Stars poll, Wayne was listed in 1936 and 1939.[170] He appeared in the similar Box Office poll in 1939 and 1940.[171] While these two polls are really an indication only of the popularity of series stars, Wayne also appeared in the Top Ten Money Makers Poll of all films from 1949 to 1957 and 1958 to 1974, taking first place in 1950, 1951, 1954, and 1971. With a total of 25 years on the list, Wayne has more appearances than any other star, surpassing Clint Eastwood (21) who is in second place.[172]

Wayne is the only actor to appear in every edition of the annual Harris Poll of Most Popular Film Actors, and the only actor to appear on the list after his death. Wayne was in the top 10 in this poll for 19 consecutive years, starting in 1994, 15 years after his death.[173]

Mylène Demongeot declared in a 2015 filmed interview: "Gary Cooper was sublime, there I have to say, now he, was part of the stars, Gary Cooper, Cary Grant, John Wayne, those great Americans who I've met really were unbelievable guys, there aren't any like them anymore."[174]

John Wayne Cancer Foundation

The John Wayne Cancer Foundation was founded in 1985 in honor of John Wayne, after his family granted the use of his name (and limited funding) for the continued fight against cancer.[175] The foundation's mission is to "bring courage, strength, and grit to the fight against cancer".[175] The foundation provides funds for innovative programs that improve cancer patient care, including research, education, awareness, and support.[175]

Dispute with Duke University

Newport Beach, California-based John Wayne Enterprises, a business operated by Wayne's heirs, sells products, including Kentucky straight Bourbon, bearing the "Duke" brand and using Wayne's picture. When the company tried to trademark the image appearing on one of the bottles, Duke University in Durham, North Carolina, filed a notice of opposition. According to court documents, Duke has tried three times since 2005 to stop the company from trademarking the name. The company sought a declaration permitting registration of their trademark. The company's complaint filed in federal court said the university did "not own the word 'Duke' in all contexts for all purposes." The university's official position was not to object provided Wayne's image appeared with the name.[176] On September 30, 2014, Orange County, California federal judge David Carter dismissed the company's suit, deciding the plaintiffs had chosen the wrong jurisdiction.[177]

Filmography

Main article: John Wayne filmography
 
Wayne portrait from 1952
 
Screenshot from Rio Bravo (1959)
 
Wayne portraying Lt. Colonel Benjamin H. Vandervoort in The Longest Day (1962)

Between 1926 and 1977, Wayne appeared in over 170 films. According to Quigley Polling, which has taken place every year since 1932 to find the top box-office stars, John Wayne was named the top money maker (as of 2005).[178]

Missed roles

  • Wayne turned down the lead role in the 1952 film High Noon because he felt the film's story was an allegory against blacklisting, which he actively supported. In a 1971 interview, Wayne said he considered High Noon "the most un-American thing I've ever seen in my whole life", and that he would "never regret having helped run screenwriter Carl Foreman [who was later blacklisted] out of the country".[23]: 142 
  • An urban legend has it that in 1955, Wayne turned down the role of Matt Dillon in the long-running television series Gunsmoke and recommended James Arness, instead. While he did suggest Arness for the part and introduced him in a prologue to the first episode, no film star of Wayne's stature would have considered a television role at the time.[179]
  • Terry Southern's biographer Lee Hill wrote that the role of Major T. J. "King" Kong in Dr. Strangelove (1964) was originally written with Wayne in mind, and that Stanley Kubrick offered him the part after Peter Sellers injured his ankle during filming; he immediately turned it down.[180] While Sellers went on to play three other roles in the film, Slim Pickens played Kong.
  • In 1966, Wayne accepted the role of Major Reisman in The Dirty Dozen (1967), and asked Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer for some script changes, but eventually withdrew from the project to make The Green Berets. He was replaced by Lee Marvin.[181]
  • Though Wayne actively campaigned for the title role in Dirty Harry (1971), Warner Bros. decided that at 63 he was too old, and cast the 41-year-old Clint Eastwood.[182]
  • Director Peter Bogdanovich and screenwriter Larry McMurtry pitched a film in 1971 called Streets of Laredo that would co-star Wayne along with James Stewart and Henry Fonda. They conceived it as a Western that would bring the final curtain down on Hollywood Westerns. Stewart and Fonda both agreed to appear in it, but after long consideration, Wayne turned it down, citing his feeling that his character was more underdeveloped and uninteresting than those of his co-stars, which was largely based on John Ford's recommendation after perusing the script. The project was shelved for some 20 years, until McMurtry rewrote and expanded the original screenplay co-written with Bogdanovich to make the novel and subsequent TV miniseries Lonesome Dove, with Tommy Lee Jones in Wayne's role and Robert Duvall playing the part originally written for Stewart in the extremely popular miniseries.
  • Mel Brooks offered Wayne the role of the Waco Kid (eventually played by Gene Wilder) in Blazing Saddles (1974). After reading the script, Wayne declined, fearing the dialogue was "too dirty" for his family-friendly image, but told Brooks that he would be "first in line" to see the movie.[183][184]
  • Steven Spielberg offered both Wayne and Charlton Heston the role of Major General Joseph Stilwell in the film 1941 with Wayne also considered for a cameo in it. After reading the script, Wayne decided not to participate due to ill health, but also urged Spielberg not to pursue the project. Both Wayne and Heston felt the film was unpatriotic. Spielberg recalled, "[Wayne] was really curious and so I sent him the script. He called me the next day and said he felt it was a very un-American movie, and I shouldn't waste my time making it. He said, 'You know, that was an important war, and you're making fun of a war that cost thousands of lives at Pearl Harbor. Don't joke about World War II'."[185]

Awards and nominations

Academy Awards

Year Work

Category

Result
1949 Sands of Iwo Jima Best Actor Nominated
1960 The Alamo Best Picture Nominated
1969 True Grit Best Actor Won

Golden Globe Awards

Year Work

Category

Result
1953 — Henrietta Award (World Film Favorite – Male) Won
1966 — Cecil B. DeMille Award Honored[186]
1970 True Grit Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama Won

Grammy Awards

Year Work

Category

Result
1972 America, Why I Love Her Best Spoken Word Album Nominated[187]

Brass Balls Award

In 1973, The Harvard Lampoon, a satirical paper run by Harvard University students, invited Wayne to receive The Brass Balls Award, created in his "honor", after calling him "the biggest fraud in history". Wayne accepted the invitation as a chance to promote the recently released film McQ, and a Fort Devens Army convoy offered to drive him into Harvard Square on an armored personnel carrier.[188][189] The ceremony was held on January 15, 1974, at the Harvard Square Theater and the award was officially presented in honor of Wayne's "outstanding machismo and penchant for punching people".[190] Although the convoy was met with protests by members of the American Indian Movement and others, some of whom threw snowballs, Wayne received a standing ovation from the audience when he walked onto the stage.[188] An internal investigation was launched into the Army's involvement in the day.[189]

Additional awards and honors

  • 1970, Received the DeMolay Legion of Honor
  • 1970, Received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement[191][192]
  • 1973, Awarded the Gold Medal from the National Football Foundation
  • 1974, Inducted into the Hall of Great Western Performers in the National Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum
  • 1979, Received the Congressional Gold Medal
  • 1980, Awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation's highest civilian honor, by President Jimmy Carter
  • 1986, Inducted into the DeMolay Hall of Fame

See also

References

Footnotes

  1. ^ After Wayne gained fame under his stage name, studio publicists erroneously referred to his birth name as Marion Michael Morrison; Wayne went along with this himself, because he "really liked the name Michael".[2] The error infected virtually every biography of Wayne, until Roberts and Olson uncovered the facts in their 1995 biography John Wayne: American, drawing on the draft of Wayne's unfinished autobiography, among other sources.

Citations

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  7. ^ Davis, Ronald L. (2012). Duke: The Life and Image of John Wayne. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 6. ISBN 9780806186467. from the original on November 28, 2015. Retrieved June 27, 2015.
  8. ^ Duke, We're Glad We Knew You: John Wayne's Friends and Colleagues Remember His Remarkable life   by Herb Fagen August 26, 2016, at the Wayback Machine page 230;  Retrieved February 13, 2016
  9. ^ Easy Riders Raging Bulls: How the Sex-Drugs-And Rock 'N Roll Generation Saved Hollywood    by Peter Biskind page 372;  Retrieved February 13, 2016
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Sources

  • Roberts, Randy; Olson, James S. (1995). John Wayne: American. New York: Free Press. ISBN 978-0-02-923837-0.

Further reading

  • Baur, Andreas; Bitterli, Konrad (2007). "Brave Lonesome Cowboy. Der Mythos des Westerns in der Gegenwartskunst oder: John Wayne zum 100". Verlag für moderne Kunst Nürnberg. Geburstag, Nuremberg. ISBN 978-3-939738-15-2.
  • Beaver, Jim (May 5, 1977). "John Wayne". Films in Review. 28.
  • Calder, Jenni (1979), John Wayne - Man and Myth of the West, in Bold, Christine (ed.), Cencrastus No. 1, Autumn 1979, pp. 13 – 16 ISSN 0264-0856
  • Campbell, James T. (September 2000). "Print the Legend: John Wayne and Postwar American Culture". Reviews in American History. 28 (3): 465–477. doi:10.1353/rah.2000.0047. S2CID 143182615.
  • Carey, Harry Jr. (1994). A Company of Heroes: My Life as an Actor in the John Ford Stock Company. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-2865-0.
  • Clark, Donald; Anderson, Christopher (1995). John Wayne's The Alamo: The Making of the Epic Film. New York: Carol Publishing Group. ISBN 0-8065-1625-9.
  • Davis, Ronald L. (2001). Duke: The Life and Times of John Wayne. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-3329-5.
  • Eyman, Scott (1999). Print the Legend: The Life and Times of John Ford. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-81161-8.
  • Eyman, Scott (2014). John Wayne: The Life and Legend. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1439199589. from the original on March 16, 2021. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
  • Jensen, Richard (2012). When the Legend Became Fact – The True Life of John Wayne. Nashville: Raymond Street Publishers, 2012.
  • Landesman, Fred (2004). The John Wayne Filmography. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. ISBN 978-0786432523.
  • McCarthy, Todd (1997). Howard Hawks: The Grey Fox of Hollywood. New York: Grove Press. ISBN 0-8021-1598-5.
  • McGhee, Richard D. (1999). John Wayne: Actor, Artist, Hero. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. ISBN 0786407522. from the original on March 16, 2021. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
  • McGivern, Carolyn (2000). John Wayne: A Giant Shadow. Bracknell, England: Sammon. ISBN 0-9540031-0-1.
  • Munn, Michael (2004). John Wayne: The Man Behind the Myth. Robson. ISBN 978-1-86105-722-8.
  • Raab, Markus (2007). "Beautiful Hearts, Laughers at the World, Bowlers. Worldviews of the Late Western". Baur/Bitterli: Brave Lonesome Cowboy. Der Mythos des Westerns in der Gegenwartskunst Oder: John Wayne zum 100. Geburtstag. Nuremberg. ISBN 978-3-939738-15-2.
  • Shepherd, Donald; Slatzer, Robert; Grayson, Dave (1985). Duke: The Life and Times of John Wayne. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-17893-X.
  • Wayne, Aissa; Delsohn, Steve (April 1998). John Wayne: My Father. Taylor Trade Publications. ISBN 978-0-87833-959-4.
  • Wills, Garry (1997). John Wayne's America: The Politics of Celebrity. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-80823-4.
  • Maurice Zolotow (1974). Shooting Star: A Biography of John Wayne. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-82969-6.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to John Wayne.
 
Wikiquote has quotations related to John Wayne.
  • Official website  
  • John Wayne Cancer Foundation
  • John Wayne Cancer Institute
  • FBI file on John Wayne
  • Birthplace of John Wayne official website
  • John Wayne at IMDb  
  • John Wayne at the TCM Movie Database  
  • John Wayne at AllMovie  
  • : Behind-the-scenes footage from the production of the film, from the Texas Archive of the Moving Image
  • The short film STAFF FILM REPORT 66-28A (1966) is available for free download at the Internet Archive.
  • John Wayne at Find a Grave  

January 13, 2023
john, wayne, other, uses, disambiguation, confused, with, john, wain, marion, robert, morrison, 1907, june, 1979, known, professionally, nicknamed, duke, duke, wayne, american, actor, became, popular, icon, through, starring, roles, films, made, during, hollyw. For other uses see John Wayne disambiguation Not to be confused with John Wain Marion Robert Morrison 1 a May 26 1907 June 11 1979 known professionally as John Wayne and nicknamed The Duke or Duke Wayne was an American actor who became a popular icon through his starring roles in films made during Hollywood s Golden Age especially in Western and war movies His career flourished from the silent era of the 1920s through the American New Wave as he appeared in a total of 179 film and television productions He was among the top box office draws for three decades 3 4 and he appeared with many other important Hollywood stars of his era In 1999 the American Film Institute selected Wayne as one of the greatest male stars of classic American cinema 5 John WayneWayne c 1965BornMarion Robert Morrison 1907 05 26 May 26 1907Winterset Iowa U S DiedJune 11 1979 1979 06 11 aged 72 Los Angeles California U S Resting placePacific View Memorial Park Newport Beach California33 36 34 N 117 51 12 W 33 60953 N 117 85336 W 33 60953 117 85336Other namesMarion Michael Morrison Duke WayneAlma materUniversity of Southern CaliforniaOccupationsActorproducerYears active1926 1976Political partyRepublicanSpouse s Josephine Saenz m 1933 div 1945 wbr Esperanza Baur m 1946 div 1954 wbr Pilar Pallete m 1954 wbr Children7 including Michael Patrick and EthanWebsiteOfficial websiteSignatureWayne was born in Winterset Iowa but grew up in Southern California After losing his football scholarship to the University of Southern California from a bodysurfing accident 6 he began working for the Fox Film Corporation He appeared mostly in small parts but his first leading role came in Raoul Walsh s Western The Big Trail 1930 an early widescreen film epic that was a box office failure He played leading roles in numerous B movies during the 1930s most of them also Westerns without becoming a major name John Ford s Stagecoach 1939 made Wayne a mainstream star and he starred in 142 motion pictures altogether According to one biographer John Wayne personified for millions the nation s frontier heritage 7 Wayne s other roles in Westerns include a cattleman driving his herd on the Chisholm Trail in Red River 1948 a Civil War veteran whose niece is abducted by a tribe of Comanches in The Searchers 1956 a troubled rancher competing with a lawyer James Stewart for a woman s hand in The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance 1962 and a cantankerous one eyed marshal in True Grit 1969 for which he received the Academy Award for Best Actor He is also remembered for his roles in The Quiet Man 1952 with Maureen O Hara Rio Bravo 1959 with Dean Martin and The Longest Day 1962 In his final screen performance he starred as an aging gunfighter battling cancer in The Shootist 1976 He made his last public appearance at the Academy Awards ceremony on April 9 1979 8 9 and died of stomach cancer two months later 10 He was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom the highest civilian honor of the United States 11 12 Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 2 1 Early works and first lead role 2 2 Subsequent films breakthrough and war years 2 3 1950s 2 4 1960s 2 5 1970s later career 3 Death 4 Political views 4 1 1971 Playboy interview 5 Personal life 6 Acting style 7 Legacy 7 1 Awards celebrations and landmarks 7 2 American icon 7 3 John Wayne Cancer Foundation 7 4 Dispute with Duke University 8 Filmography 9 Missed roles 10 Awards and nominations 10 1 Academy Awards 10 2 Golden Globe Awards 10 3 Grammy Awards 10 4 Brass Balls Award 10 5 Additional awards and honors 11 See also 12 References 12 1 Sources 13 Further reading 14 External linksEarly life Edit The house in Winterset Iowa where Wayne was born in 1907 Wayne was born Marion Robert Morrison on May 26 1907 at 224 South Second Street in Winterset Iowa 13 The local paper Winterset Madisonian reported on page 4 of the edition of May 30 1907 that Wayne weighed 13 lb around 6 kg at birth Wayne claimed his middle name was soon changed from Robert to Michael when his parents decided to name their next son Robert but extensive research has found no such legal change although it might have been changed informally or the documention may have been lost Wayne s legal name apparently remained Marion Robert Morrison his entire life 14 15 although to this day his original name is almost always referred to as Marion Michael Morrison Wayne s father Clyde Leonard Morrison 1884 1937 was the son of American Civil War veteran Marion Mitchell Morrison 1845 1915 Wayne s mother the former Mary Molly Alberta Brown 1885 1970 was from Lancaster County Nebraska Wayne had Scottish Scotch Irish English and Irish ancestry 16 His great great grandfather Robert Morrison b 1782 left County Antrim Ireland with his mother arriving in New York in 1799 and eventually settling in Adams County Ohio The Morrisons were originally from the Isle of Lewis in the Outer Hebrides Scotland 17 He was raised Presbyterian 18 Wayne s family moved to Palmdale California and then in 1916 to Glendale at 404 Isabel Street where his father worked as a pharmacist He attended Glendale Union High School where he performed well in both sports and academics Wayne was part of his high school s football team and its debating team He was also the president of the Latin Society and contributed to the school s newspaper sports column 19 A local fireman at the station on his route to school in Glendale started calling him Little Duke because he never went anywhere without his huge Airedale Terrier Duke 20 21 He preferred Duke to Marion and the nickname stuck Wayne attended Wilson Middle School in Glendale As a teen he worked in an ice cream shop for a man who shod horses for Hollywood studios He was also active as a member of the Order of DeMolay He played football for the 1924 league champion Glendale High School team 22 Wayne applied to the U S Naval Academy but was not accepted due to poor grades Instead he attended the University of Southern California USC majoring in pre law He was a member of the Trojan Knights and Sigma Chi fraternities 23 30 Wayne who stood 6 feet 4 1 2 inches 1 94 metres tall also played on the USC football team under coach Howard Jones A broken collarbone injury curtailed his athletic career Wayne later noted that he was too terrified of Jones reaction to reveal the actual cause of his injury a bodysurfing accident 24 He lost his athletic scholarship and without funds had to leave the university 25 26 Career EditEarly works and first lead role EditAs a favor to coach Jones who had given silent Western film star Tom Mix tickets to USC games director John Ford and Mix hired Wayne as a prop boy and extra 27 28 Wayne later credited his walk talk and persona to his acquaintance with Wyatt Earp who was good friends with Tom Mix 27 Wayne soon moved to bit parts establishing a longtime friendship with the director who provided most of those roles John Ford Early in this period he had a minor uncredited role as a guard in the 1926 film Bardelys the Magnificent Wayne also appeared with his USC teammates playing football in Brown of Harvard 1926 The Dropkick 1927 and Salute 1929 and Columbia s Maker of Men filmed in 1930 released in 1931 29 With Marguerite Churchill in the widescreen The Big Trail 1930 John Wayne s first role as a leading manWhile working for Fox Film Corporation in bit roles Wayne was given on screen credit as Duke Morrison only once in Words and Music 1929 Director Raoul Walsh saw him moving studio furniture while working as a prop boy and cast him in his first starring role in The Big Trail 1930 For his screen name Walsh suggested Anthony Wayne after Revolutionary War General Mad Anthony Wayne Fox Studios chief Winfield Sheehan rejected it as sounding too Italian Walsh then suggested John Wayne Sheehan agreed and the name was set Wayne was not even present for the discussion 30 His pay was raised to 105 a week 31 The Big Trail was to be the first big budget outdoor spectacle of the sound era made at a then staggering cost over 2 million over 32 8 million equivalent in 2021 32 using hundreds of extras and wide vistas of the American Southwest still largely unpopulated at the time To take advantage of the breathtaking scenery it was filmed in two versions a standard 35 mm version and another in the new 70 mm Grandeur film process using an innovative camera and lenses Many in the audience who saw it in Grandeur stood and cheered but only a handful of theaters were equipped to show the film in its widescreen process and the effort was largely wasted at the time The film was considered a huge box office flop at the time but came to be highly regarded by modern critics 33 Subsequent films breakthrough and war years Edit The Big Trail 1930 lobby card Lobby card for Girls Demand Excitement 1931 With Evalyn Knapp and Natalie Kingston in His Private Secretary 1933 Wayne as Singin Sandy Saunders in Riders of Destiny 1933 The Star Packer 1934 With Jean Rogers and Ward Bond in Conflict 1936 With Marsha Hunt in Born to the West 1937 With Joan Blondell in Lady for a Night 1942 After the commercial failure of The Big Trail Wayne was relegated to small roles in A pictures including Columbia s The Deceiver 1931 in which he played a corpse He appeared in the serial The Three Musketeers 1933 an updated version of the Alexandre Dumas novel in which the protagonists were soldiers in the French Foreign Legion in then contemporary North Africa He played the lead with his name over the title in many low budget Poverty Row Westerns mostly at Monogram Pictures and serials for Mascot Pictures Corporation By Wayne s own estimation he appeared in about 80 of these horse operas from 1930 to 1939 34 In Riders of Destiny 1933 he became one of the first singing cowboys of film albeit via dubbing 35 Wayne also appeared in some of the Three Mesquiteers Westerns whose title was a play on the Dumas classic He was mentored by stuntmen in riding and other Western skills 29 Stuntman Yakima Canutt and Wayne developed and perfected stunts and onscreen fisticuffs techniques that are still in use 36 One of the main innovations with which Wayne is credited in these early Poverty Row Westerns is allowing the good guys to fight as convincingly as the bad guys by not always making them fight clean Wayne claimed Before I came along it was standard practice that the hero must always fight clean The heavy was allowed to hit the hero in the head with a chair or throw a kerosene lamp at him or kick him in the stomach but the hero could only knock the villain down politely and then wait until he rose I changed all that I threw chairs and lamps I fought hard and I fought dirty I fought to win 37 Wayne s second breakthrough role came with John Ford s Stagecoach 1939 Because of Wayne s B movie status and track record in low budget Westerns throughout the 1930s Ford had difficulty getting financing for what was to be an A budget film After rejection by all the major studios Ford struck a deal with independent producer Walter Wanger in which Claire Trevor a much bigger star at the time received top billing Stagecoach was a huge critical and financial success and Wayne became a mainstream star Cast member Louise Platt credited Ford as saying at the time that Wayne would become the biggest star ever because of his appeal as the archetypal everyman 38 America s entry into World War II resulted in a deluge of support for the war effort from all sectors of society and Hollywood was no exception Wayne was exempted from service due to his age 34 at the time of Pearl Harbor and family status classified as 3 A family deferment Wayne repeatedly wrote to John Ford saying he wanted to enlist on one occasion inquiring whether he could get into Ford s military unit 39 Wayne did not attempt to prevent his reclassification as 1 A draft eligible but Republic Studios was emphatically resistant to losing him since he was their only A list actor under contract Herbert J Yates president of Republic threatened Wayne with a lawsuit if he walked away from his contract 40 and Republic Pictures intervened in the Selective Service process requesting Wayne s further deferment 41 U S National Archives records indicate that Wayne in fact did make an application 42 to serve in the Office of Strategic Services OSS precursor to the modern CIA and had been accepted within the U S Army s allotted billet to the OSS William J Donovan OSS commander wrote Wayne a letter informing him of his acceptance into the Field Photographic Unit as a special forces commando but the letter went to his estranged wife Josephine s home She never told him about it Wayne toured U S bases and hospitals in the South Pacific for three months in 1943 and 1944 43 with the USO 44 45 46 During this trip he carried out a request from Donovan to assess whether General Douglas MacArthur commander of the South West Pacific Area or his staff were hindering the work of the OSS 21 88 Donovan later issued Wayne an OSS Certificate of Service to memorialize Wayne s contribution to the OSS mission 21 88 47 By many accounts his failure to serve in the military later became the most painful part of his life 39 His widow later suggested that his patriotism in later decades sprang from guilt writing He would become a superpatriot for the rest of his life trying to atone for staying home 48 Wayne s first color film was Shepherd of the Hills 1941 in which he co starred with his longtime friend Harry Carey The following year he appeared in his only film directed by Cecil B DeMille the Technicolor epic Reap the Wild Wind 1942 in which he co starred with Ray Milland and Paulette Goddard it was one of the rare times he played a character with questionable values Like most Hollywood stars of his era Wayne appeared as a guest on radio programs such as The Hedda Hopper Show and The Louella Parsons Show He made a number of appearances in dramatic roles mainly recreations for radio of his own film roles on such programs as Screen Directors Playhouse and Lux Radio Theatre For six months in 1942 Wayne starred in his own radio adventure series Three Sheets to the Wind produced by film director Tay Garnett In the series an international spy detective show Wayne played Dan O Brien a detective who used alcoholism as a mask for his investigatory endeavors The show was intended by Garnett to be a pilot of sorts for a film version though the motion picture never came to fruition No episodes of the series featuring Wayne seem to have survived though a demonstration episode with Brian Donlevy in the leading role does exist Wayne not Donlevy played the role throughout the series run on NBC 49 source source source source source source source source source source source source Wayne right acting in a short clip from Angel and the Badman 1947 click to play Director Robert Rossen offered the starring role in All the King s Men 1949 to Wayne but he refused believing the script to be un American in many ways 50 Broderick Crawford who was eventually cast in the role won the 1949 Oscar for best male actor ironically beating out Wayne who had been nominated for Sands of Iwo Jima 1949 1950s Edit He lost the leading role of Jimmy Ringo in The Gunfighter 1950 to Gregory Peck due to his refusal to work for Columbia Pictures because its chief Harry Cohn had mistreated him years before when he was a young contract player Cohn had bought the project for Wayne but Wayne s grudge was too deep and Cohn sold the script to Twentieth Century Fox which cast Peck in the role Wayne badly wanted but for which he refused to bend 50 51 Batjac the production company co founded by Wayne in 1952 was named after the fictional shipping company Batjak in Wake of the Red Witch 1948 a film based on the novel by Garland Roark A spelling error by Wayne s secretary was allowed to stand accounting for the variation 50 Batjac and its predecessor Wayne Fellows Productions was the arm through which Wayne produced many films for himself and other stars Its best known non Wayne productions were Seven Men From Now 1956 which started the classic collaboration between director Budd Boetticher and star Randolph Scott and Gun the Man Down 1956 with contract player James Arness as an outlaw One of Wayne s most popular roles was in The High and the Mighty 1954 directed by William Wellman and based on a novel by Ernest K Gann His portrayal of a heroic copilot won widespread acclaim Wayne also portrayed aviators in Flying Tigers 1942 Flying Leathernecks 1951 Island in the Sky 1953 The Wings of Eagles 1957 and Jet Pilot 1957 He appeared in nearly two dozen of John Ford s films over 20 years including She Wore a Yellow Ribbon 1949 The Quiet Man 1952 The Wings of Eagles 1957 etc The first movie in which he called someone Pilgrim Ford s The Searchers 1956 is often considered to contain Wayne s finest and most complex performance 52 On May 14 1958 Hal Kanter s I Married a Woman starring George Gobel and Diana Dors had its Los Angeles opening In it Wayne had a cameo as himself 53 On October 2 John Huston s The Barbarian and the Geisha in which Wayne played the lead and clashed with his director all the way had its New York opening 54 Howard Hawks s Rio Bravo premiered on March 18 1959 In it Wayne plays the lead with a supporting cast including Dean Martin Ricky Nelson Angie Dickinson Walter Brennan and Ward Bond 55 John Ford s The Horse Soldiers had its world premiere in Shreveport Louisiana on June 18 Set during the Civil War Wayne shares the lead with William Holden 56 Wayne notoriously portrayed Genghis Khan in The Conqueror 1956 which was panned by critics 1960s Edit Wayne and James Stewart in The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance 1962 In 1960 Wayne directed and produced The Alamo portraying Davy Crockett with Richard Widmark as Jim Bowie Wayne was nominated for an Oscar as the producer in the Best Picture category 57 That year Wayne also played the lead in Henry Hathaway s North to Alaska also starring Stewart Granger and Ernie Kovacs 58 In 1961 Wayne shared the lead with Stuart Whitman in Michael Curtiz s The Comancheros 59 On May 23 1962 Wayne starred in John Ford s The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance with James Stewart 60 May 29 marked the premiere of Howard Hawks s Hatari shot on location in Africa with Wayne playing the lead capturing wild animals from the beds of trucks all the scenes with animals in the film are real 61 On October 4 The Longest Day started its theatrical run with Wayne memorably acting with an ensemble cast 62 Although the other top level actors in the film accepted a token payment of only 10 000 each to play their roles making the all star cast feasible for the budget Wayne was paid a quarter of a million dollars due to an earlier dispute with producer Darryl F Zanuck On February 20 1963 Wayne acted in a segment of How the West Was Won 63 directed by John Ford On June 12 Wayne played the lead in his final John Ford film Donovan s Reef co starring Lee Marvin 64 On November 13 another film starring Wayne premiered Andrew V McLaglen s McLintock once again opposite Maureen O Hara 65 In 1964 Wayne played the leading role in Henry Hathaway s Circus World with Claudia Cardinale and Rita Hayworth 66 On February 15 1965 Wayne played the brief cameo role of a centurion in George Stevens s The Greatest Story Ever Told 67 On April 6 he shared the screen with Kirk Douglas and Patricia Neal in Otto Preminger s In Harm s Way 68 On June 13 he acted in Henry Hathaway s The Sons of Katie Elder with Dean Martin 69 In 1966 Wayne appeared in a cameo role for Melville Shavelson s Cast a Giant Shadow starring Kirk Douglas 70 On May 24 1967 Wayne played the lead in Burt Kennedy s The War Wagon with Kirk Douglas as the second lead 71 His second movie that year Howard Hawks s El Dorado a highly successful partial remake of Rio Bravo with Robert Mitchum playing Dean Martin s original role premiered on June 7 72 In 1968 Wayne co directed with Ray Kellogg The Green Berets 73 the only major film made during the Vietnam War in support of the war 25 Wayne wanted to make this movie because at that time Hollywood had little interest in making movies about the Vietnam War 74 During the filming of The Green Berets the Degar or Montagnard people of Vietnam s Central Highlands fierce fighters against communism bestowed on Wayne a brass bracelet that he wore in the film and all subsequent films 50 Also that year Wayne played the lead in Andrew V McLaglen s Hellfighters a film about the crews who put out oil rig fires 75 Katharine Ross played a supporting role On June 13 1969 Henry Hathaway s True Grit premiered For his role as Rooster Cogburn Wayne won the Best Actor Oscar at the Academy Awards 76 In November of that year another film starring Wayne was released Andrew V McLaglen s The Undefeated with Rock Hudson 77 1970s later career Edit Wayne and Richard Boone at Big Jake screening 1971 On June 24 1970 Andrew V McLaglen s Chisum started to play in cinemas Wayne took the role of the owner of a cattle ranch who finds out that a businessman is trying to own neighboring land illegally 78 On September 16 Howard Hawks Rio Lobo premiered Wayne played Col Cord McNally who confronts Confederate soldiers who stole a shipment of gold at the end of the Civil War 79 This was another remake of Rio Bravo albeit without a second lead the box office calibre of Dean Martin or Robert Mitchum In June 1971 George Sherman s Big Jake made its debut Wayne played the role of an estranged father who must track down a gang who kidnapped his grandson 80 The film was a critically acclaimed hit In 1972 Wayne starred in Mark Rydell s The Cowboys Vincent Canby of The New York Times who did not particularly care for the film wrote Wayne is of course marvelously indestructible and he has become an almost perfect father figure 81 The same year he was selected in the last round of the NFL Draft by the Atlanta Falcons for his past football experience though the pick was disallowed by league officials as he was 64 years old at the time 82 On February 7 1973 Burt Kennedy s The Train Robbers opened Wayne appeared alongside Ann Margret Rod Taylor and Ben Johnson 83 On June 27 Andrew V McLaglen s Cahill U S Marshal premiered with Wayne George Kennedy and Gary Grimes a box office failure 84 In 1974 Wayne took on the role of the eponymous detective in John Sturges s crime drama McQ 85 On March 25 1975 Douglas Hickox s Brannigan premiered In it Wayne played a Chicago police lieutenant named Jim Brannigan on the hunt for an organized crime leader 86 On October 17 Rooster Cogburn started its theatrical run Wayne reprised his role as U S Marshal Reuben J Rooster Cogburn 87 with strong elements of the plot of The African Queen along with Katharine Hepburn as his leading lady In 1976 Wayne starred in Don Siegel s The Shootist also starring Lauren Bacall Ron Howard and James Stewart It was Wayne s final cinematic role whose main character J B Books was dying of cancer to which Wayne himself succumbed three years later It contains numerous plot similarities to The Gunfighter of nearly 30 years before a role which Wayne had wanted but turned down 50 Upon its theatrical release it grossed 13 406 138 domestically About 6 million were earned as US theatrical rentals 88 The film received positive reviews 89 It was named one of the Ten Best Films of 1976 by the National Board of Review Film critic Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun Times ranked The Shootist number 10 on his list of the 10 best films of 1976 90 The film was nominated for an Oscar a Golden Globe a BAFTA film award and a Writers Guild of America award Death EditAlthough he enrolled in a cancer vaccine study in an attempt to ward off the disease 91 Wayne died of stomach cancer on June 11 1979 at the UCLA Medical Center 92 He was buried in the Pacific View Memorial Park Cemetery in Corona del Mar Newport Beach According to his son Patrick and his grandson Matthew Munoz who was a priest in the California Diocese of Orange Wayne converted to Roman Catholicism shortly before his death 93 94 95 He requested that his tombstone read Feo Fuerte y Formal a Spanish epitaph Wayne described as meaning ugly strong and dignified 96 His grave which was unmarked for 20 years has been marked since 1999 with the quotation Tomorrow is the most important thing in life Comes into us at midnight very clean It s perfect when it arrives and it puts itself in our hands It hopes we ve learned something from yesterday 97 98 Political views Edit Wayne in The Challenge of Ideas 1961 Wayne meets with President Richard Nixon and Henry Kissinger in San Clemente California July 1972 Wayne addressed the Republican Convention in Miami 1968 Throughout most of his life Wayne was a vocally prominent conservative Republican in Hollywood supporting anti communist positions 99 However he voted for Democratic President Franklin D Roosevelt in the 1936 presidential election and expressed admiration for Roosevelt s successor fellow Democratic President Harry S Truman despite having supported Republican candidate Thomas E Dewey in 1948 100 101 He took part in creating the conservative Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals in February 1944 before being elected its president in 1949 An ardent anti communist and vocal supporter of the House Un American Activities Committee he made Big Jim McLain 1952 with himself as a HUAC investigator to demonstrate his support for the cause of anti communism His personal views found expression as a proactive inside enforcer of the Black List denying employment and undermining careers of many actors and writers who had expressed their personal political beliefs earlier in life Soviet leader Joseph Stalin is alleged to have said that Wayne should be assassinated for his frequently espoused anti communist politics despite being a fan of his movies 102 103 Wayne was a supporter of Senator Joseph McCarthy 104 Wayne supported Vice President Richard Nixon in the presidential election of 1960 but expressed his vision of patriotism when John F Kennedy won the election I didn t vote for him but he s my president and I hope he does a good job 105 He used his star power to support conservative causes including rallying support for the Vietnam War by producing co directing and starring in the financially successful film The Green Berets 1968 106 In 1960 he joined the anti communist John Birch Society but quit after the organization denounced fluoridation of water supplies as a communist plot 107 In 1964 Wayne was a staunch supporter of Barry Goldwater and actively campaigned for him 108 Due to his status as the highest profile Republican star in Hollywood wealthy Texas Republican Party backers asked Wayne to run for national office in 1968 like his friend and fellow actor Senator George Murphy He declined joking that he did not believe the public would seriously consider an actor in the White House Instead he supported his friend Ronald Reagan s campaigns for Governor of California in 1966 and 1970 He was asked to be the running mate for Democratic Alabama Governor George Wallace who had been nominated for president by the American Independent Party in his 1968 campaign but he immediately rejected the offer 99 and actively campaigned for Richard Nixon 109 Wayne addressed the 1968 Republican National Convention on its opening day 107 Wayne openly differed with many conservatives over the issue of returning the Panama Canal as he supported the Panama Canal Treaty in the mid 1970s 110 while Republican leaders such as Reagan Jesse Helms and Strom Thurmond had wanted the U S to retain full control of the canal Wayne and fellow conservative William F Buckley believed that the Panamanians had the right to the canal and sided with President Jimmy Carter Wayne was a close friend of Panamanian leader Omar Torrijos Herrera and Wayne s first wife Josephine was a native of Panama His support of the treaty brought him hate mail for the first time in his life 111 112 In 1973 actor Marlon Brando refused an Oscar he had won due to the treatment of American Indians today by the film industry Brando did not attend the award ceremony but asked Native American civil rights activist Sacheen Littlefeather to attend and deliver a refusal speech in the event that he won Wayne who has been described as serial slaughterer of Native Americans on screen and self professed white supremacist off it was in the wings and was so angry about her presence there that Littlefeather said he was coming towards me to forcibly take me off the stage and he had to be restrained by six security men to prevent him from doing so 113 However an investigation in 2022 found that this is unlikely to have happened and Littlefeather had no way of witnessing this take place 114 Left wing activist Abbie Hoffman paid tribute to Wayne s singularity saying I like Wayne s wholeness his style As for his politics well I suppose even cavemen felt a little admiration for the dinosaurs that were trying to gobble them up 115 1971 Playboy interview Edit John Wayne signs the helmet of Pfc Fonzell Wofford during a visit at Chu Lai South Vietnam in June 1966 In May 1971 Playboy magazine published an interview with Wayne in which he expressed his support for the Vietnam War 116 and made headlines for his opinions about social issues and race relations in the United States 117 With a lot of blacks there s quite a bit of resentment along with their dissent and possibly rightfully so But we can t all of a sudden get down on our knees and turn everything over to the leadership of the blacks I believe in white supremacy until the blacks are educated to a point of responsibility I don t feel we did wrong in taking this great country away from the Indians Our so called stealing of this country from them was just a matter of survival There were great numbers of people who needed new land and the Indians were selfishly trying to keep it for themselves 23 289 118 119 In the same Playboy interview Wayne calls the two lead characters in Midnight Cowboy fags for the alleged love of those two men 120 He also responded to questions about whether social programs were good for the country I know all about that In the late 20s when I was a sophomore at USC I was a socialist myself but not when I left The average college kid idealistically wishes everybody could have ice cream and cake for every meal but as he gets older and gives more thought to his and his fellow man s responsibilities he finds that it can t work out that way that some people just won t carry their load I believe in welfare a welfare work program I don t think a fella should be able to sit on his backside and receive welfare I d like to know why well educated idiots keep apologizing for lazy and complaining people who think the world owes them a living I d like to know why they make excuses for cowards who spit in the faces of the police and then run behind the judicial sob sisters I can t understand these people who carry placards to save the life of some criminal yet have no thought for the innocent victim 116 In February 2019 the Playboy interview resurfaced 121 which resulted in calls for John Wayne Airport to be renamed 122 John Wayne s son Ethan defended him stating It would be an injustice to judge someone based on an interview that s being used out of context 123 The calls for changing the airport s name back to Orange County Airport were renewed during the George Floyd protests in June 2020 124 In October 2019 USC student activists called for removing an exhibit dedicated to Wayne citing the interview 125 In July 2020 it was announced that the exhibit would be removed 126 Personal life EditWayne was married three times and divorced twice His three wives included one of Spanish American descent Josephine Alicia Saenz and two from Latin America Esperanza Baur and Pilar Pallete He had four children with Josephine Michael Wayne November 23 1934 April 2 2003 Mary Antonia Toni Wayne LaCava February 25 1936 December 6 2000 Patrick Wayne born July 15 1939 and Melinda Wayne Munoz December 3 1940 April 13 2022 He had three more children with Pilar Aissa Wayne born March 31 1956 John Ethan Wayne born February 22 1962 and Marisa Wayne born February 22 1966 John and Ethan Wayne with Walter Knott in 1969Several of Wayne s children entered the film and television industry Son Ethan was billed as John Ethan Wayne in a few films and played one of the leads in the 1990s update of the Adam 12 television series 127 Ethan has also appeared on the History Channel show Pawn Stars to help authenticate merchandise supposedly related to his father s career Granddaughter Jennifer Wayne daughter of Aissa is a member of the country music group Runaway June 128 Wayne with third wife Pilar Pallete at Knott s Berry Farm in 1971In 1973 Wayne was encouraged by Pilar an avid tennis player to build the John Wayne Tennis Club in Newport Beach California In 1995 the club was sold to Ken Stuart former general manager and became the Palisades Tennis Club In The Quiet Man 1952 Wayne tells Michaeleen oge Flynn portrayed by Barry Fitzgerald that he is six feet four and a half 194 cm an assertion corroborated by Pilar s book John Wayne My Life With the Duke 129 His divorce from Esperanza Baur a Mexican former actress was stormy She believed that Wayne and co star Gail Russell were having an affair a claim that both Wayne and Russell denied The night the film Angel and the Badman 1947 wrapped the usual party was held for cast and crew and Wayne came home very late Esperanza was in a drunken rage by the time he arrived and she attempted to shoot him as he walked through the front door 50 Wayne had several high profile affairs including one with Merle Oberon that lasted from 1938 to 1947 130 After his separation from Pilar in 1973 Wayne became romantically involved and lived with his former secretary Pat Stacy 1941 1995 until his death in 1979 25 Stacy published a book about her life with him in 1983 titled Duke A Love Story 131 Wayne s hair began to thin in the 1940s and he had begun to wear a hairpiece by the end of the decade 132 He was occasionally seen in public without the hairpiece such as according to Life at Gary Cooper s funeral During an appearance at Harvard University Wayne was asked by a student Is it true that your toupee is real hair He responded Well sir that s real hair Not mine but real hair 133 A close friend California Congressman Alphonzo E Bell Jr wrote of Wayne Duke s personality and sense of humor were very close to what the general public saw on the big screen It is perhaps best shown in these words he had engraved on a plaque Each of us is a mixture of some good and some not so good qualities In considering one s fellow man it s important to remember the good things We should refrain from making judgments just because a fella happens to be a dirty rotten S O B 134 Wayne was fond of literature his favorite authors being Charles Dickens Arthur Conan Doyle and Agatha Christie His favorite books were David Copperfield and Conan Doyle s historical novels The White Company and Sir Nigel He used the same 1873 Colt Single Action Army revolver in many of the Westerns in which he appeared 135 136 Wayne biographer Michael Munn chronicled Wayne s drinking habits 21 According to Sam O Steen s memoir Cut to the Chase studio directors knew to shoot Wayne s scenes before noon because by afternoon he was a mean drunk 137 He had been a chain smoker of cigarettes since young adulthood and was diagnosed with lung cancer in 1964 He underwent successful surgery to remove his entire left lung 91 and two ribs Despite efforts by his business associates to prevent him from going public with his illness for fear that it would cost him work Wayne announced he had cancer and called on the public to get preventive examinations Five years later Wayne was declared cancer free Wayne has been credited with coining the term the Big C as a euphemism for cancer 138 He was a Freemason a Master Mason in Marion McDaniel Lodge No 56 F amp AM in Tucson Arizona 139 140 141 He became a 32nd Degree Scottish Rite Mason and later joined the Al Malaikah Shrine Temple in Los Angeles He became a member of the York Rite 142 143 During the early 1960s Wayne traveled often to Panama and he purchased the island of Taborcillo off that nation s Pacific coast It was sold by his estate at his death Wayne s yacht the Wild Goose was one of his favorite possessions He kept it docked in Newport Beach Harbor and it was listed on the U S National Register of Historic Places in 2011 144 Acting style Edit Lobby card for The Big Trail 1930 with Tully Marshall and Wayne Lobby card for Sagebrush Trail 1933 with Wayne and Yakima Canutt Wayne in The Comancheros 1961 In 1974 film critic Charles Champlin wrote of Wayne Wayne is a motion picture actor first last and always who defined as powerfully as anyone else what that means From the lean and intense early days in those low cost dusters which still play on morning television Wayne has had a presence which got through the lenses and shutters and onto the film undiminished 145 John Ford said of him He s not something out of a book governed by acting rules He portrays John Wayne a rugged American guy He s not one of those method actors like they send out here from drama schools in New York He s real perfectly natural Lee Strasberg observed that Wayne was similar to fellow actors Spencer Tracy and Gary Cooper who try not to act but be themselves Wayne thought of himself as a reactor rather than an actor and felt that the difference between good and bad acting was in acting and reacting He explained this difference In a bad picture you see them acting all over the place In a good picture they react in a logical way to a situation they re in so the audience can identify with the actors When asked about his approach to acting Wayne commented I read dramatic lines undramatically and react to situations normally This is not as simple as it sounds I ve spent a major portion of my life trying to do it well and I am not past learning it yet Much like many actors of his generation Wayne disliked method acting and once said of them Let those actors who picked their noses get all the dialogue just give me the close up of reaction 146 Howard Hawks who directed him in five films felt that after losing one of his lungs Wayne became a much better actor Hawks explained Because of the lung Wayne lost he reads his lines differently He pauses in the strangest places simply because he hasn t got the breath he used to have This device is terribly effective because you keep your eyes on him and wait for him to finish because you don t know what s coming next Raoul Walsh noted Wayne underacts and it s mighty effective not because he tries to underact it s a hard thing to do if you try but because he can t overact 147 Despite his popularity at the box office Wayne was often criticized for playing the same type of character during most of his career In a 1969 interview with Roger Ebert Wayne remarked Of course they give me that John Wayne stuff so much claim I always play the same role Seems like nobody remembers how different the fellows were in The Quiet Man or Iwo Jima or Yellow Ribbon where I was 35 playing a man of 65 To stay a star you have to bring along some of your own personality Thousands of good actors can carry a scene but a star has to carry the scene and still without intruding allow some of his character into it 148 Legacy EditAwards celebrations and landmarks Edit Irene Dunne Wayne Rosalind Russell and James Stewart at How the West Was Won premiere 1962 Wayne s enduring status as an iconic American was formally recognized by the U S government in the form of the two highest civilian decorations On his 72nd birthday on May 26 1979 Wayne was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal Hollywood figures and American leaders from across the political spectrum including Maureen O Hara Elizabeth Taylor Frank Sinatra Mike Frankovich Katharine Hepburn General and Mrs Omar Bradley Gregory Peck Robert Stack James Arness and Kirk Douglas testified to Congress in support of the award Robert Aldrich president of the Directors Guild of America made a particularly notable statement It is important for you to know that I am a registered Democrat and to my knowledge share none of the political views espoused by Duke However whether he is ill disposed or healthy John Wayne is far beyond the normal political sharpshooting in this community Because of his courage his dignity his integrity and because of his talents as an actor his strength as a leader his warmth as a human being throughout his illustrious career he is entitled to a unique spot in our hearts and minds In this industry we often judge people sometimes unfairly by asking whether they have paid their dues John Wayne has paid his dues over and over and I m proud to consider him a friend and am very much in favor of my government recognizing in some important fashion the contribution that Mr Wayne has made 149 Wayne was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom on June 9 1980 by President Jimmy Carter He had attended Carter s inaugural ball in 1977 as a member of the loyal opposition as he described it In 1998 he was awarded the Naval Heritage Award by the US Navy Memorial Foundation for his support of the Navy and military during his film career In 1999 the American Film Institute named Wayne 13th among the Greatest Male Screen Legends of classic Hollywood cinema Wayne s most enduring image is that of the displaced loner uncomfortable with the very civilization he is helping to establish and preserve At his first appearance we usually sense a very private person with some wound loss or grievance from the past At his very best he is much closer to a tragic vision of life projecting the kind of mystery associated with great acting Film historian Andrew Sarris 1979 150 Various public locations are named in honor of Wayne including the John Wayne Airport in Orange County California where a 9 foot 2 7 m bronze equestrian statue of him stands at the entrance 117 the John Wayne Marina 151 for which Wayne bequeathed the land near Sequim Washington John Wayne Elementary School P S 380 in Brooklyn New York which boasts a 38 foot 12 m mosaic mural commission by New York artist Knox Martin 152 entitled John Wayne and the American Frontier 153 and over a 100 miles 160 km named the John Wayne Pioneer Trail in Washington s Iron Horse State Park A larger than life sized bronze statue of Wayne atop a horse was erected at the corner of La Cienega Boulevard and Wilshire Boulevard in Beverly Hills California at the former offices of the Great Western Savings and Loan Corporation for which Wayne had made a number of commercials In the city of Maricopa Arizona part of Arizona State Route 347 is named John Wayne Parkway which runs through the center of town In 2006 friends of Wayne and his former Arizona business partner Louis Johnson inaugurated the Louie and the Duke Classics events benefiting the John Wayne Cancer Foundation 154 and the American Cancer Society 155 156 The weekend long event each fall in Casa Grande Arizona includes a golf tournament an auction of John Wayne memorabilia and a team roping competition 155 Several celebrations took place on May 26 2007 the centennial of Wayne s birth A celebration at the John Wayne birthplace in Winterset Iowa included chuck wagon suppers concerts by Michael Martin Murphey and Riders in the Sky a Wild West Revue in the style of Buffalo Bill s Wild West show and a Cowboy Symposium with Wayne s costars producers and costumers Wayne s films ran repetitively at the local theater Ground was broken for the new John Wayne Birthplace Museum and Learning Center at a ceremony consisting of over 30 of Wayne s family members including Melinda Wayne Munoz Aissa Ethan and Marisa Wayne Later that year California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and First Lady Maria Shriver inducted Wayne into the California Hall of Fame located at the California Museum in Sacramento 157 In 2016 Republican assemblyman Matthew Harper proposed marking May 26 as John Wayne Day in California 158 This resolution was struck down by a vote of 35 to 20 due to Wayne s views on race and his support of controversial organizations such as the John Birch Society and the House Un American Activities Committee 158 159 American icon Edit With Lucille Ball in I Love Lucy 1955 Wayne rose beyond the typical recognition for a famous actor to that of an enduring icon who symbolized and communicated American values and ideals 160 Using the power of communication through silent films and radio Wayne was instrumental in creating a national culture from disparate areas of the US and made the creation of a national hero possible 161 By the middle of his career Wayne had developed a larger than life image and as his career progressed he selected roles that would not compromise his off screen image 162 Wayne embodied the icon of strong American masculinity and rugged individualism in both his films and his life 163 At a party in 1957 Wayne confronted actor Kirk Douglas about the latter s decision to play the role of Vincent van Gogh in the film Lust for Life saying Christ Kirk how can you play a part like that There s so goddamn few of us left We got to play strong tough characters Not these weak queers 164 However actor Marlon Brando was notably critical of Wayne s public persona and of the cultural insensitivity of Wayne s characters arguing on The Dick Cavett Show that We Americans like to see ourselves as perhaps John Wayne sees us That we are a country that stands for freedom for rightness for justice before adding that it just simply doesn t apply 165 166 Wayne s rise to being the quintessential movie war hero began to take shape four years after World War II when Sands of Iwo Jima 1949 was released His footprints at Grauman s Chinese theater in Hollywood were laid in concrete that contained sand from Iwo Jima 167 His status grew so large and legendary that when Japanese Emperor Hirohito visited the United States in 1975 he asked to meet John Wayne the symbolic representation of his country s former enemy 168 Likewise when Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev visited the United States in 1959 he made two requests to visit Disneyland and meet Wayne 169 Wayne in The Big Trail 1930 In the Motion Picture Herald Top Ten Money Making Western Stars poll Wayne was listed in 1936 and 1939 170 He appeared in the similar Box Office poll in 1939 and 1940 171 While these two polls are really an indication only of the popularity of series stars Wayne also appeared in the Top Ten Money Makers Poll of all films from 1949 to 1957 and 1958 to 1974 taking first place in 1950 1951 1954 and 1971 With a total of 25 years on the list Wayne has more appearances than any other star surpassing Clint Eastwood 21 who is in second place 172 Wayne is the only actor to appear in every edition of the annual Harris Poll of Most Popular Film Actors and the only actor to appear on the list after his death Wayne was in the top 10 in this poll for 19 consecutive years starting in 1994 15 years after his death 173 Mylene Demongeot declared in a 2015 filmed interview Gary Cooper was sublime there I have to say now he was part of the stars Gary Cooper Cary Grant John Wayne those great Americans who I ve met really were unbelievable guys there aren t any like them anymore 174 John Wayne Cancer Foundation Edit The John Wayne Cancer Foundation was founded in 1985 in honor of John Wayne after his family granted the use of his name and limited funding for the continued fight against cancer 175 The foundation s mission is to bring courage strength and grit to the fight against cancer 175 The foundation provides funds for innovative programs that improve cancer patient care including research education awareness and support 175 Dispute with Duke University Edit Newport Beach California based John Wayne Enterprises a business operated by Wayne s heirs sells products including Kentucky straight Bourbon bearing the Duke brand and using Wayne s picture When the company tried to trademark the image appearing on one of the bottles Duke University in Durham North Carolina filed a notice of opposition According to court documents Duke has tried three times since 2005 to stop the company from trademarking the name The company sought a declaration permitting registration of their trademark The company s complaint filed in federal court said the university did not own the word Duke in all contexts for all purposes The university s official position was not to object provided Wayne s image appeared with the name 176 On September 30 2014 Orange County California federal judge David Carter dismissed the company s suit deciding the plaintiffs had chosen the wrong jurisdiction 177 Filmography EditMain article John Wayne filmography Wayne portrait from 1952 Screenshot from Rio Bravo 1959 Wayne portraying Lt Colonel Benjamin H Vandervoort in The Longest Day 1962 Between 1926 and 1977 Wayne appeared in over 170 films According to Quigley Polling which has taken place every year since 1932 to find the top box office stars John Wayne was named the top money maker as of 2005 178 Missed roles EditWayne turned down the lead role in the 1952 film High Noon because he felt the film s story was an allegory against blacklisting which he actively supported In a 1971 interview Wayne said he considered High Noon the most un American thing I ve ever seen in my whole life and that he would never regret having helped run screenwriter Carl Foreman who was later blacklisted out of the country 23 142 An urban legend has it that in 1955 Wayne turned down the role of Matt Dillon in the long running television series Gunsmoke and recommended James Arness instead While he did suggest Arness for the part and introduced him in a prologue to the first episode no film star of Wayne s stature would have considered a television role at the time 179 Terry Southern s biographer Lee Hill wrote that the role of Major T J King Kong in Dr Strangelove 1964 was originally written with Wayne in mind and that Stanley Kubrick offered him the part after Peter Sellers injured his ankle during filming he immediately turned it down 180 While Sellers went on to play three other roles in the film Slim Pickens played Kong In 1966 Wayne accepted the role of Major Reisman in The Dirty Dozen 1967 and asked Metro Goldwyn Mayer for some script changes but eventually withdrew from the project to make The Green Berets He was replaced by Lee Marvin 181 Though Wayne actively campaigned for the title role in Dirty Harry 1971 Warner Bros decided that at 63 he was too old and cast the 41 year old Clint Eastwood 182 Director Peter Bogdanovich and screenwriter Larry McMurtry pitched a film in 1971 called Streets of Laredo that would co star Wayne along with James Stewart and Henry Fonda They conceived it as a Western that would bring the final curtain down on Hollywood Westerns Stewart and Fonda both agreed to appear in it but after long consideration Wayne turned it down citing his feeling that his character was more underdeveloped and uninteresting than those of his co stars which was largely based on John Ford s recommendation after perusing the script The project was shelved for some 20 years until McMurtry rewrote and expanded the original screenplay co written with Bogdanovich to make the novel and subsequent TV miniseries Lonesome Dove with Tommy Lee Jones in Wayne s role and Robert Duvall playing the part originally written for Stewart in the extremely popular miniseries Mel Brooks offered Wayne the role of the Waco Kid eventually played by Gene Wilder in Blazing Saddles 1974 After reading the script Wayne declined fearing the dialogue was too dirty for his family friendly image but told Brooks that he would be first in line to see the movie 183 184 Steven Spielberg offered both Wayne and Charlton Heston the role of Major General Joseph Stilwell in the film 1941 with Wayne also considered for a cameo in it After reading the script Wayne decided not to participate due to ill health but also urged Spielberg not to pursue the project Both Wayne and Heston felt the film was unpatriotic Spielberg recalled Wayne was really curious and so I sent him the script He called me the next day and said he felt it was a very un American movie and I shouldn t waste my time making it He said You know that was an important war and you re making fun of a war that cost thousands of lives at Pearl Harbor Don t joke about World War II 185 Awards and nominations EditAcademy Awards Edit Year Work Category Result1949 Sands of Iwo Jima Best Actor Nominated1960 The Alamo Best Picture Nominated1969 True Grit Best Actor WonGolden Globe Awards Edit Year Work Category Result1953 Henrietta Award World Film Favorite Male Won1966 Cecil B DeMille Award Honored 186 1970 True Grit Best Actor Motion Picture Drama WonGrammy Awards Edit Year Work Category Result1972 America Why I Love Her Best Spoken Word Album Nominated 187 Brass Balls Award Edit In 1973 The Harvard Lampoon a satirical paper run by Harvard University students invited Wayne to receive The Brass Balls Award created in his honor after calling him the biggest fraud in history Wayne accepted the invitation as a chance to promote the recently released film McQ and a Fort Devens Army convoy offered to drive him into Harvard Square on an armored personnel carrier 188 189 The ceremony was held on January 15 1974 at the Harvard Square Theater and the award was officially presented in honor of Wayne s outstanding machismo and penchant for punching people 190 Although the convoy was met with protests by members of the American Indian Movement and others some of whom threw snowballs Wayne received a standing ovation from the audience when he walked onto the stage 188 An internal investigation was launched into the Army s involvement in the day 189 Additional awards and honors Edit 1970 Received the DeMolay Legion of Honor 1970 Received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement 191 192 1973 Awarded the Gold Medal from the National Football Foundation 1974 Inducted into the Hall of Great Western Performers in the National Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum 1979 Received the Congressional Gold Medal 1980 Awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom the nation s highest civilian honor by President Jimmy Carter 1986 Inducted into the DeMolay Hall of FameSee also Edit Biography portalHall of Great Western Performers List of film director and actor collaborations List of famous amateur chess players List of Freemasons National Cowboy amp Western Heritage Museum Red ScareReferences EditFootnotes After Wayne gained fame under his stage name studio publicists erroneously referred to his birth name as Marion Michael Morrison Wayne went along with this himself because he really liked the name Michael 2 The error infected virtually every biography of Wayne until Roberts and Olson uncovered the facts in their 1995 biography John Wayne American drawing on the draft of Wayne s unfinished autobiography among other sources Citations Daniel Diane February 27 2015 In Iowa a New John Wayne Museum The New York Times Archived from the original on August 2 2018 Retrieved January 6 2019 Roberts amp Olson 1995 p 647 John Wayne The Numbers Archived from the original on September 23 2012 Retrieved March 29 2012 Quigley s Annual List of Box Office Champions 1932 1970 Reel Classics Archived from the original on April 28 2016 Retrieved March 25 2012 American Film Institute October 10 2018 Archived from the original on October 10 2018 Retrieved June 1 2021 Roberts amp Olson 1995 pp 63 64 Davis Ronald L 2012 Duke The Life and Image of John Wayne University of Oklahoma Press p 6 ISBN 9780806186467 Archived from the original on November 28 2015 Retrieved June 27 2015 Duke We re Glad We Knew You John Wayne s Friends and Colleagues Remember His Remarkable life by Herb Fagen Archived August 26 2016 at the Wayback Machine page 230 Retrieved February 13 2016 Easy Riders Raging Bulls How the Sex Drugs And Rock N Roll Generation Saved Hollywood by Peter Biskind page 372 Retrieved February 13 2016 Los Angeles Times Archived July 13 2017 at the Wayback Machine June 12 1979 Retrieved February 13 2016 Kehr Dave John Wayne News The New York Times Archived from the original on June 16 2013 Retrieved July 30 2011 Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States Jimmy Carter 1980 1981 Book 2 May 24 to September 26 1980 Government Printing Office p 1061 Archived from the original on August 4 2020 Retrieved March 3 2019 Madison County Iowa birth certificate Roberts amp Olson 1995 pp 8 9 Wayne John My Kingdom unfinished draft autobiography University of Texas Library Goldstein Norm 1979 John Wayne a tribute Holt Rinehart and Winston p 12 ISBN 9780030530210 Archived from the original on August 4 2020 Retrieved June 29 2020 Roberts Randy 1997 John Wayne American ISBN 0803289707 Archived from the original on March 16 2021 Retrieved June 29 2020 John Wayne American WashingtonPost com May 13 1997 Archived from the original on March 31 2019 Retrieved July 30 2011 Chilton Martin April 25 2016 John Wayne 10 surprising facts The Telegraph ISSN 0307 1235 Archived from the original on April 4 2019 Retrieved October 27 2017 Roberts amp Olson 1995 p 37 a b c d Munn Michael 2003 John Wayne The Man Behind the Myth London Robson Books p 7 ISBN 0 451 21244 4 A Pictorial History of Glendale High School Glendale High School Archived from the original on May 1 2012 Retrieved May 21 2012 a b c Ronald L Davis May 1 2001 Duke The Life and Image of John Wayne University of Oklahoma Press ISBN 978 0 8061 3329 4 Archived from the original on November 8 2015 Retrieved June 27 2015 Travers Steven 2010 USC Trojans College Football s All Time Greatest Dynasty Lanham MD Taylor Trade Publishing p 29 ISBN 978 1589795686 Archived from the original on November 26 2015 Retrieved June 27 2015 a b c Shephard Richard Biography Archived November 8 2017 at the Wayback Machine JWayne com Retrieved March 11 2010 Jewell Rick August 1 2008 John Wayne an American Icon Trojan Family Magazine University of Southern California Archived from the original on February 10 2012 Retrieved February 1 2012 a b Hughes Johnny 2012 Famous gamblers poker history and texas stories Iuniverse ISBN 978 1475942156 Eyman Scott John Wayne The Life and Legend 2014 pp 33 34 a b Biography of John Wayne Think Quest Library Archived from the original on October 13 2007 Roberts amp Olson 1995 p 84 JOHN WAYNE The Duke Vallarta Tribune Vallarta Tribune May 19 2016 Archived from the original on December 13 2019 Retrieved October 27 2017 Inflation Calculator usinflationcalculator com Retrieved January 3 2022 Clooney Nick November 2002 The Movies That Changed Us Reflections on the Screen New York Atria Books a trademark of Simon amp Schuster p 195 ISBN 0 7434 1043 2 Clooney p 196 Peterson Richard A 1997 Creating Country Music Fabricating Authenticity University of Chicago Press pp 84 86 ISBN 0 226 66284 5 Archived from the original on March 16 2021 Retrieved October 18 2020 Canutt Yakima with Oliver Drake Stuntman University of Oklahoma Press 1997 ISBN 0 8061 2927 1 On John Wayne Cancel Culture and the Art of Problematic Artists Literary Hub June 21 2019 Archived from the original on December 23 2020 Retrieved April 17 2021 Letter Louise Platt to Ned Scott Archive July 7 2002 Archived January 16 2013 at the Wayback Machine pp 40 a b Roberts amp Olson 1995 p 212 Roberts amp Olson 1995 p 220 Roberts amp Olson 1995 p 213 Press Kits American Originals Traveling Exhibit archives gov October 25 2010 Archived from the original on April 24 2019 Retrieved November 23 2014 Roberts amp Olson 1995 p 253 John Wayne in Australia during WWII ozatwar com Archived from the original on November 29 2014 Retrieved November 23 2014 John Wayne spends Christmas in Brisbane John Oxley Library slq qld gov au Archived from the original on February 8 2014 Retrieved November 23 2014 John Wayne World War II and the Draft jwayne com Archived from the original on December 15 2014 Retrieved November 23 2014 Photo Gallery Category Military Life sunsetters38bg com Archived from the original on September 7 2018 Retrieved November 23 2014 Wayne Pilar John Wayne pp 43 47 Frontier The New December 9 2011 The New Frontier John Wayne s Forgotten Radio Show Archived from the original on December 1 2017 Retrieved May 27 2017 a b c d e f Roberts amp Olson 1995 Hyams J The Life and Times of the Western Movie Gallery Books 1984 pp 109 12 ISBN 0831755458 Farkis John March 25 2015 Not Thinkin Just Rememberin The Making of John Wayne s The Alamo BearManor Media Archived from the original on March 16 2021 Retrieved October 18 2020 AFI Catalog catalog afi com Retrieved June 12 2021 AFI Catalog catalog afi com Retrieved June 12 2021 AFI Catalog catalog afi com Retrieved June 12 2021 AFI Catalog catalog afi com Retrieved June 12 2021 AFI Catalog catalog afi com Retrieved June 4 2021 AFI Catalog catalog afi com Retrieved June 4 2021 AFI Catalog catalog afi com Retrieved June 4 2021 AFI Catalog catalog afi com Retrieved June 4 2021 AFI Catalog catalog afi com Retrieved June 4 2021 AFI Catalog catalog afi com Retrieved June 4 2021 AFI Catalog catalog afi com Retrieved June 4 2021 AFI Catalog catalog afi com Retrieved June 4 2021 AFI Catalog catalog afi com Retrieved June 4 2021 AFI Catalog catalog afi com Retrieved June 4 2021 AFI Catalog catalog afi com Retrieved June 4 2021 AFI Catalog catalog afi com Retrieved June 4 2021 AFI Catalog catalog afi com Retrieved June 4 2021 AFI Catalog catalog afi com Retrieved June 4 2021 AFI Catalog catalog afi com Retrieved June 4 2021 AFI Catalog catalog afi com Retrieved June 4 2021 AFI Catalog catalog afi com Retrieved June 4 2021 Inventing Vietnam The War in Film and Television Temple University Press 1991 ISBN 978 0 87722 861 5 JSTOR j ctt14btcb5 AFI Catalog catalog afi com Retrieved June 4 2021 AFI Catalog catalog afi com Retrieved June 4 2021 AFI Catalog catalog afi com Retrieved June 4 2021 AFI Catalog catalog afi com Retrieved June 3 2021 AFI Catalog catalog afi com Retrieved June 3 2021 AFI Catalog catalog afi com Retrieved June 3 2021 Canby Vincent January 14 1972 The Cowboys Wayne Stars in Rydell Work at Music Hall The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved June 3 2021 Shepard Will April 20 2021 John Wayne of Fort Apache State Was Selected in the Final Round of 1972 NFL Draft at 64 Years Old Outsider Retrieved February 18 2022 AFI Catalog catalog afi com Retrieved June 3 2021 AFI Catalog catalog afi com Retrieved June 3 2021 AFI Catalog catalog afi com Retrieved June 3 2021 AFI Catalog catalog afi com Retrieved June 3 2021 AFI Catalog catalog afi com Retrieved June 3 2021 Box Office Information for The Shootist Archived May 25 2014 at the Wayback Machine The Numbers Retrieved September 18 2013 Movie Reviews for The Shootist Archived May 19 2008 at the Wayback Machine Rotten Tomatoes Retrieved September 18 2013 Roger Ebert s 10 Best Lists 1967 to present Archived January 13 2014 at the Wayback Machine Roger Ebert s Journal Retrieved September 18 2013 a b Rochman Sue Fall 2008 The Duke s Final Showdown CR American Association for Cancer Research Archived from the original on January 17 2012 Retrieved July 30 2011 John Wayne Dead of Cancer on Coast at 72 www nytimes com Archived from the original on September 8 2017 Retrieved October 27 2017 The religion of John Wayne actor Adherents com Archived from the original on October 23 2006 Retrieved October 20 2008 Kerr David October 4 2011 My granddaddy John Wayne California Catholic Daily Archived from the original on October 6 2011 Retrieved October 4 2011 Company Our Sunday Visitor Catholic Publishing Everyone called him Duke John Wayne s conversion to Catholicism Our Sunday Visitor Catholic Publishing Company Archived from the original on June 12 2018 Retrieved June 10 2018 Candelaria Nash John Wayne Person and Personal The love affairs of an American legend in Hopscotch A Cultural Review Volume 2 Number 4 2001 pp 2 13 Duke University Press Gary Wayne Pacific View cemetery Stars Graves Seeing stars com Archived from the original on May 5 2012 Retrieved March 25 2012 Actor John Wayne Apex net au Archived from the original on April 3 2012 Retrieved March 25 2012 a b Jim Beaver John Wayne Films in Review Volume 28 Number 5 May 1977 pp 265 284 Thomas Bob October 24 1948 Hollywood Is Pitching Into Political Race Sarasota Herald Tribune Retrieved August 27 2015 Interview John Wayne Playboy Archived from the original on July 18 2010 Retrieved April 2 2014 Montefiore Simon Sebag 2003 Stalin The Court of the Red Tsar London George Weidenfeld amp Nicolson ISBN 1 84212 726 8 Why Stalin loved Tarzan and wanted John Wayne shot Archived June 2 2008 at the Wayback Machine The Daily Telegraph April 6 2004 John Wayne s racist comments lack of World War II service resurface in heated Twitter debate The Mercury News February 19 2019 Archived from the original on July 2 2020 Retrieved July 12 2020 McCarthy Todd Howard Hawks The Grey Fox of Hollywood p 583 John Wayne Biography A amp E Television Networks September 11 2019 Originally published April 2 2014 Archived from the original on November 28 2016 a b Dowell Pat September 25 1995 John Wayne Man and Myth The Washington Post Archived from the original on November 13 2012 Retrieved July 30 2011 When Hollywood was Right How Movie Stars Studio Moguls and Big Business Remade American Politics Donald T Critchlow 2013 Judis John Kevin Phillips Ex Populist Elite Model Archived April 11 2007 at the Wayback Machine The New Republic c o Carnegie Endowment for International Peace May 22 2006 Warner Edwin That Troublesome Panama Canal Treaty Archived February 6 2008 at the Wayback Machine Time October 31 1977 Reagan Angered John Wayne New York Times The New York Times March 16 1987 Archived from the original on April 21 2012 Retrieved July 30 2011 Glad Betty 2009 An Outsider in the White House Cornell University Press Rose Steve June 3 2021 I promised Brando I would not touch his Oscar the secret life of Sacheen Littlefeather The Guardian Column Did John Wayne try to assault Sacheen Littlefeather at the 1973 Oscars Debunking a Hollywood myth Los Angeles Times August 23 2022 Time magazine August 8 1969 a b Roberts amp Olson 1995 p 580 a b Hiltzik Michael February 21 2019 It s time to take John Wayne s name off the Orange County airport Los Angeles Times Archived from the original on February 23 2019 Retrieved February 23 2019 Anatol Lieven September 27 2012 America Right Or Wrong An Anatomy of American Nationalism NEW EDITION Oxford University Press p 187 ISBN 978 0 19 966025 4 Archived from the original on November 12 2015 Retrieved June 27 2015 I believe in white supremacy John Wayne s notorious 1971 Playboy interview goes viral on Twitter The Washington Post ISSN 0190 8286 Retrieved July 28 2022 Nelson Rett March 2 2019 Critics call for John Wayne Airport to be renamed after interview resurfaces East Idaho News Archived from the original on March 2 2019 Retrieved March 2 2019 On John Wayne Cancel Culture and the Art of Problematic Artists Literary Hub June 21 2019 Archived from the original on December 23 2020 Retrieved March 27 2021 Colgrass Neal March 2 2019 John Wayne s Son Defends Dad Over Shocking Interview Newser Archived from the original on March 3 2019 Retrieved March 2 2019 Vogt Adrienne March 2 2019 John Wayne s son defends his father over remarks in 1970s interview CNN Archived from the original on March 3 2019 Retrieved March 2 2019 Choe Brandon June 27 2020 John Wayne Airport Name Change Again Demanded By Orange County Democrats Deadline Archived from the original on June 27 2020 Retrieved June 27 2020 Haring Bruce October 10 2019 USC Students Want John Wayne Exhibit Removed Cite His Enduring Legacy Of White Supremacy Deadline Archived from the original on October 10 2019 Retrieved November 2 2019 Andone Dakin July 12 2020 USC will remove a John Wayne exhibit after actor s racist comments resurfaced CNN Archived from the original on July 12 2020 Retrieved July 13 2020 TV com New Adam 12 TV com Archived from the original on February 17 2020 Retrieved February 1 2020 Konicki Lisa June 6 2016 Who s New Runaway June Nash Country Daily Archived from the original on September 11 2016 Retrieved January 23 2019 Wayne Pilar Thorleifson Alex 1989 John Wayne my life with the Duke Internet Archive Bath Chivers ISBN 978 0 7451 7157 9 Roberts amp Olson 1995 pp 195 197 Duke a love story an intimate memoir of John Wayne s last years WorldCat OCLC 9082896 Famous Actors Who ve Worn a Hair Piece Click4hair Informational Blog Archived from the original on December 20 2014 Retrieved November 23 2014 Transcribed from CBS video of the event posted on YouTube at John Wayne visits the Harvard Lampoon YouTube Archived from the original on May 18 2016 Retrieved July 12 2016 Alphonzo Bell with Marc L Weber The Bel Air Kid An Autobiography Trafford Publishing 2002 ISBN 978 1 55369 378 9 Reader s Digest magazine Guns John Wayne Used in Movies May 8 2019 Archived from the original on November 15 2020 Retrieved February 19 2021 Cut to the Chase by Sam O Steen Los Angeles Michael Wiese Productions February 2002 ISBN 0 941188 37 X p 11 Graystone Andrew November 19 2013 Viewpoint Did Richard Nixon change the way people describe cancer BBC News Archived from the original on February 17 2014 Retrieved February 12 2014 List of notable freemasons freemasonry bcy ca Archived from the original on October 4 2001 Retrieved October 4 2018 List of famous freemasons Lodge No 11 F A A M Washington D C Archived from the original on November 16 2015 33 Deg Marion McDaniel Lodge No 56 Tucson AZ Came through the system from DeMolay Mason in the history MASTERmason com Archived from the original on January 4 2016 Retrieved October 4 2018 John Wayne Freemasonry bcy ca Archived from the original on October 18 2015 Retrieved August 29 2010 When Toto had the apron in Italian April 5 1999 Archived from the original on September 27 2013 John Wayne the horseman of Hollywood the hero of Stagecoach symbol of the Yankee soldier took up the degree of Master John Wayne s beloved yacht gets historical protection The Los Angeles Times August 11 2011 Archived from the original on July 23 2012 Retrieved December 13 2011 John Wayne Dies at 72 of Cancer Los Angeles Times June 12 1979 John Wayne Prophet of the American Way of Life Emmanuel Levy Jay Levy 1988 John Wayne The Life and the Legend Scott Eyman 2015 Interview with John Wayne Roger Ebert June 29 1969 Whitehead John W June 6 2011 John Wayne Was True Grit The Rutherford Institute Archived from the original on April 7 2014 Retrieved May 29 2013 Sarris Andrew 1979 in The New Republic August 4 amp 11 1979 Reprinted in American Movie Critics An Anthology From the Silents Until Now 2006 Ed Phillip Lopate The Library of America p 312 ISBN 1 931082 92 8 John Wayne Marina Portofpa com Archived from the original on July 24 2011 Retrieved July 30 2011 www esensedesigns com September 21 2008 Exhibitions Knoxmartin com Archived from the original on July 23 2011 Retrieved July 30 2011 John Wayne Knox Martin Public Art for Public Schools Schools nyc gov May 21 2009 Archived from the original on June 4 2012 Retrieved July 30 2011 John Wayne Cancer Foundation Jwcf org Archived from the original on October 21 2010 Retrieved July 30 2011 a b Olson Jim Louie and the Duke Classics 2006 Archived November 28 2007 at the Wayback Machine Grande Living October 2006 Adobe Acrobat PDF document News and Events 2006 Archive Jwcf org Archived from the original on November 8 2010 Retrieved July 30 2011 Wayne inducted into California Hall of Fame Archived January 10 2008 at the Wayback Machine California Museum Retrieved March 11 2010 a b Mettler Katie John Wayne Day in Calif rejected because of actor s statements about minority groups Washington Post Archived from the original on June 2 2016 Retrieved April 29 2016 California lawmakers reject John Wayne Day over racist statements The Guardian April 29 2016 Archived from the original on May 2 2016 Retrieved May 3 2016 Richard McGhee John Wayne Actor Artist Hero 1999 p 135 Candelaria Nash 2001 John Wayne Person and Persona The love affairs of an American legend Hopscotch A Cultural Review 2 4 2 13 Levy Emanuel John Wayne Choosing Roles emanuellevy com Archived from the original on October 29 2015 Retrieved August 30 2015 Countryman Edward 2019 Griffin Sean ed What Dreams Were Made Of Movie Stars of the 1940s Rutgers University Press pp 217 234 doi 10 36019 9780813550848 012 ISBN 978 0 8135 5084 8 S2CID 241867122 Scott Eyman John Wayne The Life and Legend 2014 p 293 Molloy Tim June 20 2019 When Sacheen Littlefeather and Marlon Brando Fought John Wayne for the Soul of the Oscars TheWrap Archived from the original on June 15 2020 Retrieved July 10 2020 Listen to Me Marlon Scripts com STANDS4 LLC p 27 Archived from the original on October 22 2020 Retrieved July 10 2020 Endres Stacey and Robert Cushman Hollywood at Your Feet Beverly Hills Pomegranate Press 1993 ISBN 0 938817 08 6 The Nation Hirohito Winds Up His Grand U S Tour Time com October 20 1975 Archived from the original on November 14 2011 Retrieved July 30 2011 Rasmussen Cecilia January 24 1999 Soviet Leader Met Duke but Not Mickey Archived from the original on January 8 2017 Retrieved February 18 2020 via LA Times Phil Hardy The Encyclopedia of Western Movies London Octopus 1985 ISBN 0 7064 2555 3 Chuck Anderson Motion Picture Herald and Boxoffice Polls B westerns com Archived from the original on November 11 2018 Retrieved August 29 2010 Top Ten Money Making Stars Poll Results quigleypublishing com Archived from the original on December 21 2014 Retrieved November 23 2014 Denzel Washington Flies to Number One and is America s Favorite Movie Star Harris Interactive January 23 2013 Archived from the original on October 4 2013 Retrieved October 2 2013 Rencontre avec mylene demongeot Mac Mahon Filmed Conferences Paris July 5 2015 Archived from the original on December 11 2021 Retrieved October 24 2021 a b c John Wayne Cancer Foundation Mission John Wayne Archived from the original on May 8 2014 Retrieved May 7 2014 Nicks Denver July 8 2014 John the Duke Wayne s Heirs Sue Duke U Over Booze Label Time Archived from the original on August 18 2020 Retrieved March 23 2020 John Wayne s heirs lose Duke legal brawl News and Observer Associated Press October 1 2014 Archived from the original on October 15 2014 Retrieved October 15 2014 John Wayne All Time Top Money Making Star PR Newswire 24 Feb 2005 Gale In Context Biography link gale com apps doc A129166834 BIC u uiuc uc amp sid bookmark BIC amp xid 0c91356d Accessed 14 Dec 2021 Barabas S Gunsmoke A Complete History McFarland 1990 pp 63 4 ISBN 0899504183 Lee Hill A Grand Guy The Life and Art of Terry Southern Bloomsbury 2001 pp 118 119 Eyman S John Wayne The Life and Legend Simon amp Schuster 2014 p 78 ISBN 1439199582 Eyman 2014 p 143 Interview Mel Brooks Blazing Saddles DVD Burbank California Warner Brothers Pictures Warner Home Video 2004 ISBN 0 7907 5735 4 Amorosi A D May 20 2016 Mel Brooks on John Wayne Improv and the Presidential Race Metro Philadelphia Archived from the original on May 23 2016 Retrieved January 3 2022 John Wayne John Wayne Urged Steven Spielberg Not To Make War Comedy contactmusic com December 2 2011 Archived from the original on September 14 2014 Retrieved December 2 2011 The Cecil B DeMille Award Hollywood Foreign Press Association Archived from the original on October 6 2012 Retrieved October 26 2012 Grammy Awards 1974 Awards amp Shows Archived from the original on December 7 2016 Retrieved December 14 2020 a b Reed Phillip Jr January 16 1974 John Wayne handles Harvard challenge well The Bryan Times Archived from the original on February 25 2021 Retrieved June 24 2013 a b Lotman Mo 2009 Harvard Square An Illustrated History Since 1950 New York Stewart Tabori amp Chang p 95 ISBN 978 1 58479 747 0 Zegarac Nick John Wayne American The Hollywood Art Archived from the original on April 8 2014 Retrieved June 24 2013 Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement www achievement org American Academy of Achievement Archived from the original on December 15 2016 Retrieved September 18 2020 John Wayne Honored PDF The Dallas Morning News Sources Edit Roberts Randy Olson James S 1995 John Wayne American New York Free Press ISBN 978 0 02 923837 0 Further reading EditBaur Andreas Bitterli Konrad 2007 Brave Lonesome Cowboy Der Mythos des Westerns in der Gegenwartskunst oder John Wayne zum 100 Verlag fur moderne Kunst Nurnberg Geburstag Nuremberg ISBN 978 3 939738 15 2 Beaver Jim May 5 1977 John Wayne Films in Review 28 Calder Jenni 1979 John Wayne Man and Myth of the West in Bold Christine ed Cencrastus No 1 Autumn 1979 pp 13 16 ISSN 0264 0856 Campbell James T September 2000 Print the Legend John Wayne and Postwar American Culture Reviews in American History 28 3 465 477 doi 10 1353 rah 2000 0047 S2CID 143182615 Carey Harry Jr 1994 A Company of Heroes My Life as an Actor in the John Ford Stock Company Lanham Maryland Scarecrow Press ISBN 0 8108 2865 0 Clark Donald Anderson Christopher 1995 John Wayne s The Alamo The Making of the Epic Film New York Carol Publishing Group ISBN 0 8065 1625 9 Davis Ronald L 2001 Duke The Life and Times of John Wayne University of Oklahoma Press ISBN 0 8061 3329 5 Eyman Scott 1999 Print the Legend The Life and Times of John Ford New York Simon amp Schuster ISBN 0 684 81161 8 Eyman Scott 2014 John Wayne The Life and Legend New York Simon amp Schuster ISBN 978 1439199589 Archived from the original on March 16 2021 Retrieved August 30 2015 Jensen Richard 2012 When the Legend Became Fact The True Life of John Wayne Nashville Raymond Street Publishers 2012 Landesman Fred 2004 The John Wayne Filmography Jefferson NC McFarland ISBN 978 0786432523 McCarthy Todd 1997 Howard Hawks The Grey Fox of Hollywood New York Grove Press ISBN 0 8021 1598 5 McGhee Richard D 1999 John Wayne Actor Artist Hero Jefferson NC McFarland ISBN 0786407522 Archived from the original on March 16 2021 Retrieved August 30 2015 McGivern Carolyn 2000 John Wayne A Giant Shadow Bracknell England Sammon ISBN 0 9540031 0 1 Munn Michael 2004 John Wayne The Man Behind the Myth Robson ISBN 978 1 86105 722 8 Raab Markus 2007 Beautiful Hearts Laughers at the World Bowlers Worldviews of the Late Western Baur Bitterli Brave Lonesome Cowboy Der Mythos des Westerns in der Gegenwartskunst Oder John Wayne zum 100 Geburtstag Nuremberg ISBN 978 3 939738 15 2 Shepherd Donald Slatzer Robert Grayson Dave 1985 Duke The Life and Times of John Wayne New York Doubleday ISBN 0 385 17893 X Wayne Aissa Delsohn Steve April 1998 John Wayne My Father Taylor Trade Publications ISBN 978 0 87833 959 4 Wills Garry 1997 John Wayne s America The Politics of Celebrity New York Simon amp Schuster ISBN 0 684 80823 4 Maurice Zolotow 1974 Shooting Star A Biography of John Wayne New York Simon amp Schuster ISBN 0 671 82969 6 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to John Wayne Wikiquote has quotations related to John Wayne Official website John Wayne Cancer Foundation John Wayne Cancer Institute FBI file on John Wayne Birthplace of John Wayne official website John Wayne at IMDb John Wayne at the TCM Movie Database John Wayne at AllMovie On the Set of The Alamo Behind the scenes footage from the production of the film from the Texas Archive of the Moving Image The short film STAFF FILM REPORT 66 28A 1966 is available for free download at the Internet Archive John Wayne at Find a Grave Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title John Wayne amp oldid 1132400733, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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