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Solanum lycocarpum

January 01, 1970

Not to be confused with Solanum lycopersicum, wolfberry, or Wolf River (apple).

Solanum lycocarpum, or wolf apple, is common in the Brazilian savanna, the Cerrado ecoregion. The plant is called lobeira ("wolf's plant") or fruta-do-lobo ("wolf's fruit") in Portuguese.[1]

Solanum lycocarpum
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Solanales
Family: Solanaceae
Genus: Solanum
Species:
S. lycocarpum
Binomial name
Solanum lycocarpum

The name "wolf apple" comes from the fact that they account for more than 50% of the maned wolf's diet.[1] Likewise, the scientific name "lycocarpum" is formed from Latinized Greek elements "lyco-", meaning "wolf", and "carpum" meaning "fruit".[2]

Range edit

The native range of the wolf apple tree is the Brazilian savannah, but it grows also on pastures and disturbed land, such as highway margins, in various parts of Brazil.[3] It prefers moist, clay soil, full sun, and mild temperatures.[4][5]

Description edit

 
Flower
 
Fruit

The wolf apple plant is a flowering shrub or small tree with round open crown, ranging in height from 1.2 to 5 m (4 to 16 ft). The large leaves are 16 to 28 cm (6 to 11 in) long, simple but deeply lobed, tough, and covered in a soft grey-white fuzz, in alternate disposition.

Plants flower through the year, but more intensely during the dry season, from late fall to early spring. The flowers are similar to those of the bitter nightshade: star-shaped, with five sepals, five blue or purple petals fused at the base, and five large yellow anthers that release pollen through an opening at the tip. The flowers are arranged in helical monochasal cyme, opening from the base up. Flowers lack nectar, and are either male or hermaphroditic. The latter produce fruit after cross-pollination by several species of pollen-collecting bees, including Xylocopa virescens, X. frontalis, Oxaea flavescens, Centris scopipes, C. fuscata, Bombus morio, Exomalopsis sp., Pseudaugochloropsis graminea, Apis mellifera, and Megachile benigna.[4][5]

Fruit production occurs mostly between December and January. The fruits are large, up to 20 cm (8 in) in diameter and weighing 900 g (2 lb) or more, and contain up to 500 dark brown comma-shaped seeds, about 7 mm × 5 mm × 2 mm (1⁄4 in × 3⁄16 in × 1⁄16 in).[6] The rind is thin and lustrous, and remains green even after ripening.[6] The pulp is yellowish, soft, sweetish and extremely aromatic.[3] They resemble the tomato in external shape and internal morphology,[5] but also the eggplant for the texture and color of the flesh. The maned wolf is an important seed-spreading agent.[7]

Uses edit

Culinary Use edit

The ripe fruits are edible to humans, and are consumed by local populations in jams and preserves, but the unripe fruits are quite rich in tannin.[5] The fruits are used as a fallback source of food for cattle in the dry season.

At the onset of maturation, the whole fruit contains 85% moisture (by weight), 5% starch, and 10% other residue.[3] The dry pulp, without peel and seeds, yields over 50% starch, more than cassava.[8] The starch is locally separated by blending the fruit with water and straining.[3]

The pulp of the ripe fruit contains about 75% moisture, 11% carbohydrate, 1% fat, 1% protein, 1% ash, 2.5% soluble fiber, and 2% insoluble fiber. The main volatiles in the ripe fruit are hexanal (which has the scent of grass) and ethyl butanoate (scent of apple), although dozens of other compounds contribute to the fruit's aroma.[9]

All other parts of the plant are poisonous to humans. However, the leaves are eaten by cattle, and are also an important food source for the bat Platyrrhinus lineatus.[10]

Medicine edit

Currently, there are no proven medicinal uses for the wolf apple, but the plant is used in the local folk medicine for obesity, cholesterol reduction, and as a treatment for diabetes.[5] About 30% of the starch extracted from almost-ripe fruits, which commercialized as capsules, is digestion-resistant,[3] which seems to be the rationale for these popular uses.[11] High-fiber Solanum lycocarpum flour was found to reduce diabetes symptoms in diabetic rats;[12] however, the starch did not show such effect.[13]

The fruit contains about 1.5% of glycoalkaloids in its dried fruits, chiefly solamargine and solasonine,[14] mostly in the peel and seeds.[3] Extracts have been shown to kill in vitro the human parasites Schistosoma mansoni[15] and Giardia lamblia,[16] Leishmania amazonensis,[17] and Leishmania infantum.[18] The main phenolic compounds in ethanol extracts of the ripe fruits are caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid.[19]

It is believed that the fruits protect the maned wolf from infection of the giant kidney worm, which is usually fatal for the animal.[5]

Solanum lycocarpum fruit extracts have also been shown to kill larvae of the Culex mosquito.[20]

Pests edit

The wolf apple tree is the natural host of the larva of the butterfly Leucanella memusae. Contact with the urticating bristles of this caterpillar may result in severe dermatitis and hemorrhage.[21]

The weevil Collabismus clitellae lays eggs into stems of the plant, causing the formation of galls, with measurable harmful effect on the plant's growth and fruit production.[22]

References edit

  1. ^ a b J. C. Motta-Junior, S. A.Talamoni, J. A. Lombardi, and K. Simokomaki (1996): "Diet of the maned wolf, Chrysocyon brachyurus, in central Brazil". Journal of Zoology, volume 240, issue 2, pp. 277–84. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1996.tb05284.x
  2. ^ Edmund C. Jaeger (1944): A Source-Book Of Biological Names And Terms. pp. 41, 153. Published by Charles C. Thomas, Illinois.
  3. ^ a b c d e f M. T. P. S. Clerici, C. Kallmann, F. O. G. Gaspi, M. A. Morgano, F. Martinez-Bustos, and Y. K. Chang (2011): "Physical, chemical and technological characteristics of Solanum lycocarpum A. St. HILL (Solanaceae) fruit flour and starch". Food Research International, volume 44, issue 7, pp. 2143–50. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2011.01.060
  4. ^ a b A.T. Oliveira-Filho and L. C. A. Oliveira (1988): "Biologia floral de uma população de Solanum lycocarpum St. Hil. (Solanaceae) em Lavras". Revista Brasileira de Botânica, volume 11, pp. 23–32. Abstract accessed on 2020-06-30
  5. ^ a b c d e f Fernando Tatagiba (2006): "Lobeira, fruta-de-lobo". Online article on the Biólogo website, published 2006-10-06. Accessed on 2020-06-30.
  6. ^ a b Lilian V. A. Pinto, Edvaldo A. A. Da Silva, Antonio C. Davide, Valquíria A. Mendes De Jesus, Peter E. Toorop, Henk W. M. Hilhorst (2007): "Mechanism and control of Solanum lycocarpum seed germination". Annals of Botany, volume 100, issue 6, pp. 1175–1187. doi:10.1093/aob/mcm211
  7. ^ J. A. Lombardi and J. C. Motta Jr. (1993): "Seed dispersal of Solanum lycocarpum St. Hil. (Solanaceae) by the maned wolf, Chrysocyon brachyurus Illiger (Mammalia, Canidae)." Ciência e Cultura, volume 45, pp. 126–27.
  8. ^ Aline M. Pascoal, Maria C. B. Di-Medeiros, Karla A. Batista, Maria I. G. Leles, Luciano Moraes Lião, and Kátia F. Fernandes (2013): "Extraction and chemical characterization of starch from S. lycocarpum fruits". Carbohydrate Polymers, volume 98, issue 2, pp. 1304–10. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.08.009
  9. ^ Ana P. A. Pereira, Célio F. F. Angolini, Bruno N. Paulino, Leonardo B. C. Lauretti, Eduardo A. Orlando, Joyce G. S. Silva, Iramaia A. Neri-Numa, Jane D. R. P. Souza, Juliana A. L. Pallone, Marcos N. Eberlin, and Glaucia M. Pastore (2019): "A comprehensive characterization of Solanum lycocarpum St. Hill and Solanum oocarpum Sendtn: Chemical composition and antioxidant properties". Food Research International, volume 124, pp. 61–69. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2018.09.054
  10. ^ Ludmilla M. de S. Aguiar (2005): "First record on the use of leaves of Solanum lycocarpum (Solanaceae) and fruits of Emmotum nitens (Icacinacea) by Platyrrhinus lineatus (E. Geoffroy) (Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae) in the Brazilian Cerrado". Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, volume 22, issue 2, pp. 509–10. doi:10.1590/S0101-81752005000200030
  11. ^ Rodrigo Dall’Agnol and Gilsane L. von Poser (2000): "The use of complex polysaccharides in the management of metabolic diseases: the case of Solanum lycocarpum fruits". Journal of Ethnopharmacology, volume 71, issues 1–2, pp. 337–41. doi:10.1016/S0378-8741(00)00165-3
  12. ^ Fabiane Farina (2010): "Glycemic and urinary volume responses in diabetic mellitus rats treated with Solanum Lycocarpum." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, volume 35, issue 1, pp. 40–44. doi:10.1139/H09-131
  13. ^ A. C. P. Oliveira, D. C. Endringer, R. J. P. Araújo, M. G. L. Brandão, and M. M. Coelho (2003): "The starch from Solanum lycocarpum St. Hill. fruit is not a hypoglycemic agent". Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, volume 36, issue 4, pp. 525–30. doi:10.1590/S0100-879X2003000400017
  14. ^ M. Motidome, M. E. Leekning, and O. R. Gottlieb (1970): "A química de Solanáceas brasileiras. 1 - A presenca de solamargina e de solasonina no juá e na lobeira." Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, volume 42, supplement, pp. 375–76
  15. ^ Mariza A. Miranda, Lizandra G. Magalhaes, Renata F. J. Tiossi, Christian C. Kuehn, Luiz G. R. Oliveira, Vanderlei Rodrigues, James D. McChesney and Jairo K. Bastos (2012): "Evaluation of the schistosomicidal activity of the steroidal alkaloids from Solanum Lycocarpum fruits". Parasitology Research, volume 111, pp. 257–62. doi:10.1007/s00436-012-2827-8
  16. ^ Gilmarcio Z. Martins, Raquel R. D. Moreira, Cleopatra S. Planeta, Adélia E. Almeida, Jairo K. Bastos, Lígia Salgueiro, Carlos Cavaleiro, and Maria do Céu Sousa (2015): "Effects of the extract and glycoalkaloids of Solanum lycocarpum St. Hill on Giardia lamblia trophozoites" Pharmacognosy Magazine, volume 11, suplement 1, pp. S161–65. doi:10.4103/0973-1296.157721 PMID 26109762
  17. ^ Mariza A. Miranda, Renata F. J. Tiossi, Mariana R. da Silva, Kelly C. Rodrigues, Christian C. Kuehn, Luiz G. R. Oliveira, Sérgio Albuquerque, James D. McChesney, Claudio M. Lezama‐Davila, Angelica P. Isaac‐Marquez, and Jairo K. Bastos (2013): "In vitro Leishmanicidal and cytotoxic activities of the glycoalkaloids from Solanum lycocarpum (Solanaceae) fruits". Chemistry & Biodiversity, volume 10, issue 4, pp. 642–48.doi:10.1002/cbdv.201200063
  18. ^ L. C. Clementino, A. M. A. Velásquez, T. G. Passalacqua, L. Almeida, M. A. S. Graminha, G. Z. Martins, L. Salgueiro, C. Cavaleiro, M. C. Sousa, R. R. D. Moreira (2018): "In vitro activities of glycoalkaloids from the Solanum lycocarpum against Leishmania infantum". Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, volume 28, issue 6, pp. 673–77. doi:10.1016/j.bjp.2018.07.008
  19. ^ Melissa G. Morais, Guilherme A. F. da Costa, Álan A. Aleixo, Graziela T. de Oliveira, Lucas F. Alves, and Joaquim M. Duarte-Almeida (2015): "Antioxidant, antibacterial and cytotoxic potential of the ripe fruits of Solanum lycocarpum A. St. Hil. (Solanaceae)". Journal of Natural Product Research, volume 29, issue 5, pp. 480–83 doi:10.1080/14786419.2014.951930
  20. ^ Bicalho Silva and Viviane de Cassia (2015): "Larvicidal activity of oils, fatty acids, and methyl esters from ripe and unripe fruit of Solanum lycocarpum (Solanaceae) against the vector Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae)". Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop. 48(5): 610-613 doi:10.1590/0037-8682-0049-2015  PMID 26516974
  21. ^ M. A. Soares, L. P. Sánchez, J. B. Isaac Júnior, E. S. Pereira, E. M.s Pires, G. L. D. Leite, and J. C. Zanuncio (2019): "Solanum lycocarpum Saint Hilaire (Solanaceae) is host plant of Leucanella memusae (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae: Hemileucinae) in Brazilian mountain grasslands". Florida Entomologist, volume 102, issue 3, pp. 624–26. doi:10.1653/024.102.0341
  22. ^ A. L. T. De Souza, G. W. Fernandes, J. E. C. Figueira, and M. O. Tanaka (1998): "Natural history of a gall-inducing weevil Collabismus clitellae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and some effects on its host plant Solanum lycocarpum (Solanaceae) in Southeastern Brazil". Annals of the Entomological Society of America, volume 91, issue 4, pp. 404–09. doi:10.1093/aesa/91.4.404
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Solanum lycocarpum.

January 01, 1970
solanum, lycocarpum, confused, with, solanum, lycopersicum, wolfberry, wolf, river, apple, wolf, apple, common, brazilian, savanna, cerrado, ecoregion, plant, called, lobeira, wolf, plant, fruta, lobo, wolf, fruit, portuguese, scientific, classification, kingd. Not to be confused with Solanum lycopersicum wolfberry or Wolf River apple Solanum lycocarpum or wolf apple is common in the Brazilian savanna the Cerrado ecoregion The plant is called lobeira wolf s plant or fruta do lobo wolf s fruit in Portuguese 1 Solanum lycocarpum Scientific classification Kingdom Plantae Clade Tracheophytes Clade Angiosperms Clade Eudicots Clade Asterids Order Solanales Family Solanaceae Genus Solanum Species S lycocarpum Binomial name Solanum lycocarpumA St Hil The name wolf apple comes from the fact that they account for more than 50 of the maned wolf s diet 1 Likewise the scientific name lycocarpum is formed from Latinized Greek elements lyco meaning wolf and carpum meaning fruit 2 Contents 1 Range 2 Description 3 Uses 3 1 Culinary Use 3 2 Medicine 4 Pests 5 ReferencesRange editThe native range of the wolf apple tree is the Brazilian savannah but it grows also on pastures and disturbed land such as highway margins in various parts of Brazil 3 It prefers moist clay soil full sun and mild temperatures 4 5 Description edit nbsp Flower nbsp Fruit The wolf apple plant is a flowering shrub or small tree with round open crown ranging in height from 1 2 to 5 m 4 to 16 ft The large leaves are 16 to 28 cm 6 to 11 in long simple but deeply lobed tough and covered in a soft grey white fuzz in alternate disposition Plants flower through the year but more intensely during the dry season from late fall to early spring The flowers are similar to those of the bitter nightshade star shaped with five sepals five blue or purple petals fused at the base and five large yellow anthers that release pollen through an opening at the tip The flowers are arranged in helical monochasal cyme opening from the base up Flowers lack nectar and are either male or hermaphroditic The latter produce fruit after cross pollination by several species of pollen collecting bees including Xylocopa virescens X frontalis Oxaea flavescens Centris scopipes C fuscata Bombus morio Exomalopsis sp Pseudaugochloropsis graminea Apis mellifera and Megachile benigna 4 5 Fruit production occurs mostly between December and January The fruits are large up to 20 cm 8 in in diameter and weighing 900 g 2 lb or more and contain up to 500 dark brown comma shaped seeds about 7 mm 5 mm 2 mm 1 4 in 3 16 in 1 16 in 6 The rind is thin and lustrous and remains green even after ripening 6 The pulp is yellowish soft sweetish and extremely aromatic 3 They resemble the tomato in external shape and internal morphology 5 but also the eggplant for the texture and color of the flesh The maned wolf is an important seed spreading agent 7 Uses editCulinary Use edit The ripe fruits are edible to humans and are consumed by local populations in jams and preserves but the unripe fruits are quite rich in tannin 5 The fruits are used as a fallback source of food for cattle in the dry season At the onset of maturation the whole fruit contains 85 moisture by weight 5 starch and 10 other residue 3 The dry pulp without peel and seeds yields over 50 starch more than cassava 8 The starch is locally separated by blending the fruit with water and straining 3 The pulp of the ripe fruit contains about 75 moisture 11 carbohydrate 1 fat 1 protein 1 ash 2 5 soluble fiber and 2 insoluble fiber The main volatiles in the ripe fruit are hexanal which has the scent of grass and ethyl butanoate scent of apple although dozens of other compounds contribute to the fruit s aroma 9 All other parts of the plant are poisonous to humans However the leaves are eaten by cattle and are also an important food source for the bat Platyrrhinus lineatus 10 Medicine edit Currently there are no proven medicinal uses for the wolf apple but the plant is used in the local folk medicine for obesity cholesterol reduction and as a treatment for diabetes 5 About 30 of the starch extracted from almost ripe fruits which commercialized as capsules is digestion resistant 3 which seems to be the rationale for these popular uses 11 High fiber Solanum lycocarpum flour was found to reduce diabetes symptoms in diabetic rats 12 however the starch did not show such effect 13 The fruit contains about 1 5 of glycoalkaloids in its dried fruits chiefly solamargine and solasonine 14 mostly in the peel and seeds 3 Extracts have been shown to kill in vitro the human parasites Schistosoma mansoni 15 and Giardia lamblia 16 Leishmania amazonensis 17 and Leishmania infantum 18 The main phenolic compounds in ethanol extracts of the ripe fruits are caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid 19 It is believed that the fruits protect the maned wolf from infection of the giant kidney worm which is usually fatal for the animal 5 Solanum lycocarpum fruit extracts have also been shown to kill larvae of the Culex mosquito 20 Pests editThe wolf apple tree is the natural host of the larva of the butterfly Leucanella memusae Contact with the urticating bristles of this caterpillar may result in severe dermatitis and hemorrhage 21 The weevil Collabismus clitellae lays eggs into stems of the plant causing the formation of galls with measurable harmful effect on the plant s growth and fruit production 22 References edit a b J C Motta Junior S A Talamoni J A Lombardi and K Simokomaki 1996 Diet of the maned wolf Chrysocyon brachyurus in central Brazil Journal of Zoology volume 240 issue 2 pp 277 84 doi 10 1111 j 1469 7998 1996 tb05284 x Edmund C Jaeger 1944 A Source Book Of Biological Names And Terms pp 41 153 Published by Charles C Thomas Illinois a b c d e f M T P S Clerici C Kallmann F O G Gaspi M A Morgano F Martinez Bustos and Y K Chang 2011 Physical chemical and technological characteristics of Solanum lycocarpum A St HILL Solanaceae fruit flour and starch Food Research International volume 44 issue 7 pp 2143 50 doi 10 1016 j foodres 2011 01 060 a b A T Oliveira Filho and L C A Oliveira 1988 Biologia floral de uma populacao de Solanum lycocarpum St Hil Solanaceae em Lavras Revista Brasileira de Botanica volume 11 pp 23 32 Abstract accessed on 2020 06 30 a b c d e f Fernando Tatagiba 2006 Lobeira fruta de lobo Online article on the Biologo website published 2006 10 06 Accessed on 2020 06 30 a b Lilian V A Pinto Edvaldo A A Da Silva Antonio C Davide Valquiria A Mendes De Jesus Peter E Toorop Henk W M Hilhorst 2007 Mechanism and control of Solanum lycocarpum seed germination Annals of Botany volume 100 issue 6 pp 1175 1187 doi 10 1093 aob mcm211 J A Lombardi and J C Motta Jr 1993 Seed dispersal of Solanum lycocarpum St Hil Solanaceae by the maned wolf Chrysocyon brachyurus Illiger Mammalia Canidae Ciencia e Cultura volume 45 pp 126 27 Aline M Pascoal Maria C B Di Medeiros Karla A Batista Maria I G Leles Luciano Moraes Liao and Katia F Fernandes 2013 Extraction and chemical characterization of starch from S lycocarpum fruits Carbohydrate Polymers volume 98 issue 2 pp 1304 10 doi 10 1016 j carbpol 2013 08 009 Ana P A Pereira Celio F F Angolini Bruno N Paulino Leonardo B C Lauretti Eduardo A Orlando Joyce G S Silva Iramaia A Neri Numa Jane D R P Souza Juliana A L Pallone Marcos N Eberlin and Glaucia M Pastore 2019 A comprehensive characterization of Solanum lycocarpum St Hill and Solanum oocarpum Sendtn Chemical composition and antioxidant properties Food Research International volume 124 pp 61 69 doi 10 1016 j foodres 2018 09 054 Ludmilla M de S Aguiar 2005 First record on the use of leaves of Solanum lycocarpum Solanaceae and fruits of Emmotum nitens Icacinacea by Platyrrhinus lineatus E Geoffroy Chiroptera Phyllostomidae in the Brazilian Cerrado Revista Brasileira de Zoologia volume 22 issue 2 pp 509 10 doi 10 1590 S0101 81752005000200030 Rodrigo Dall Agnol and Gilsane L von Poser 2000 The use of complex polysaccharides in the management of metabolic diseases the case of Solanum lycocarpum fruits Journal of Ethnopharmacology volume 71 issues 1 2 pp 337 41 doi 10 1016 S0378 8741 00 00165 3 Fabiane Farina 2010 Glycemic and urinary volume responses in diabetic mellitus rats treated with Solanum Lycocarpum Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism volume 35 issue 1 pp 40 44 doi 10 1139 H09 131 A C P Oliveira D C Endringer R J P Araujo M G L Brandao and M M Coelho 2003 The starch from Solanum lycocarpum St Hill fruit is not a hypoglycemic agent Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research volume 36 issue 4 pp 525 30 doi 10 1590 S0100 879X2003000400017 M Motidome M E Leekning and O R Gottlieb 1970 A quimica de Solanaceas brasileiras 1 A presenca de solamargina e de solasonina no jua e na lobeira Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias volume 42 supplement pp 375 76 Mariza A Miranda Lizandra G Magalhaes Renata F J Tiossi Christian C Kuehn Luiz G R Oliveira Vanderlei Rodrigues James D McChesney and Jairo K Bastos 2012 Evaluation of the schistosomicidal activity of the steroidal alkaloids from Solanum Lycocarpum fruits Parasitology Research volume 111 pp 257 62 doi 10 1007 s00436 012 2827 8 Gilmarcio Z Martins Raquel R D Moreira Cleopatra S Planeta Adelia E Almeida Jairo K Bastos Ligia Salgueiro Carlos Cavaleiro and Maria do Ceu Sousa 2015 Effects of the extract and glycoalkaloids of Solanum lycocarpum St Hill on Giardia lamblia trophozoites Pharmacognosy Magazine volume 11 suplement 1 pp S161 65 doi 10 4103 0973 1296 157721 PMID 26109762 Mariza A Miranda Renata F J Tiossi Mariana R da Silva Kelly C Rodrigues Christian C Kuehn Luiz G R Oliveira Sergio Albuquerque James D McChesney Claudio M Lezama Davila Angelica P Isaac Marquez and Jairo K Bastos 2013 In vitro Leishmanicidal and cytotoxic activities of the glycoalkaloids from Solanum lycocarpum Solanaceae fruits Chemistry amp Biodiversity volume 10 issue 4 pp 642 48 doi 10 1002 cbdv 201200063 L C Clementino A M A Velasquez T G Passalacqua L Almeida M A S Graminha G Z Martins L Salgueiro C Cavaleiro M C Sousa R R D Moreira 2018 In vitro activities of glycoalkaloids from the Solanum lycocarpum against Leishmania infantum Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia volume 28 issue 6 pp 673 77 doi 10 1016 j bjp 2018 07 008 Melissa G Morais Guilherme A F da Costa Alan A Aleixo Graziela T de Oliveira Lucas F Alves and Joaquim M Duarte Almeida 2015 Antioxidant antibacterial and cytotoxic potential of the ripe fruits of Solanum lycocarpum A St Hil Solanaceae Journal of Natural Product Research volume 29 issue 5 pp 480 83 doi 10 1080 14786419 2014 951930 Bicalho Silva and Viviane de Cassia 2015 Larvicidal activity of oils fatty acids and methyl esters from ripe and unripe fruit of Solanum lycocarpum Solanaceae against the vector Culex quinquefasciatus Diptera Culicidae Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 48 5 610 613 doi 10 1590 0037 8682 0049 2015 nbsp PMID 26516974 M A Soares L P Sanchez J B Isaac Junior E S Pereira E M s Pires G L D Leite and J C Zanuncio 2019 Solanum lycocarpum Saint Hilaire Solanaceae is host plant of Leucanella memusae Walker Lepidoptera Saturniidae Hemileucinae in Brazilian mountain grasslands Florida Entomologist volume 102 issue 3 pp 624 26 doi 10 1653 024 102 0341 A L T De Souza G W Fernandes J E C Figueira and M O Tanaka 1998 Natural history of a gall inducing weevil Collabismus clitellae Coleoptera Curculionidae and some effects on its host plant Solanum lycocarpum Solanaceae in Southeastern Brazil Annals of the Entomological Society of America volume 91 issue 4 pp 404 09 doi 10 1093 aesa 91 4 404 nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Solanum lycocarpum Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Solanum lycocarpum amp oldid 1214156216, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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