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Voiceless labial–velar fricative

January 01, 1970

The voiceless labial–velar fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨xʷ⟩ or occasionally ⟨ʍ⟩. The letter ⟨ʍ⟩ was defined as a voiceless [w̥] until 1979, when it was defined as a fricative with the place of articulation of [k͡p] the same way that [w] is an approximant with the place of articulation of [ɡ͡b]. However, the IPA Handbook treats it as both a "fricative" (IPA 1999: ix) and as an "approximate" (IPA 1999: 136).

Voiceless labial–velar fricative
xʷ
ʍ
IPA Number169
Encoding
Entity (decimal)ʍ
Unicode (hex)U+028D
X-SAMPAW
Braille
Voiceless labial–velar approximant
w̥
ʍ
IPA Number170+402A
Audio sample
source · help
Encoding
X-SAMPAw_0

Some linguists posit voiceless approximants distinct from voiceless fricatives. To them, English /ʍ/ is an approximant [w̥],[1] a labialized glottal fricative [hʷ], or an [hw] sequence, not a velar fricative.[2] Scots /ʍ/ has been described as a velar fricative,[3] especially in older Scots, where it was [xw].[4] Other linguists believe that a "voiceless approximant" is a contradiction in terms, and so [w̥] must be the same as [xʷ]. Ladefoged and Maddieson were unable to confirm that any language has fricatives produced at two places of articulation, like labial and velar.[5] They conclude that "if it is a fricative, it is better described as a voiceless labialized velar fricative".[6]

Features edit

Features of the voiceless labial–velar fricative:

Occurrence edit

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Aleut[7] Atkan hwax̂ [ʍaχ] 'smoke'
Bering ʼЎaӽ
Cornish SWF hwi [ʍi] 'you all'
English Conservative Received Pronunciation[8] whine [ʍaɪ̯n] 'whine' English /ʍ/ is generally a labio-velar fricative or approximant.[2] It is usually represented phonemically as /hw/, but phonetically there is not a sequence of [h] plus [w] (see English phonology). In General American[9] and New Zealand English[10] only some speakers maintain a distinction with /w/; in Europe, mostly heard in Irish and Scottish accents.[8] See English phonology and phonological history of wh.
Cultivated South African[11]
Conservative General American[9]
Irish[11][12] [ʍʌɪ̯n]
Scottish[11][13][14]
Southern American[15] [ʍäːn]
New Zealand[10][13][16] [ʍɑe̯n]
Hupa[17] xwe꞉y [xʷeːj] 'his property' A voiceless labialized velar fricative.
Kham Gamale Kham ह्वा [ʍɐ] 'tooth' Described as an approximant.[18]
Slovene[19][20] vse [ˈʍsɛ] 'everything' Allophone of /ʋ/ in the syllable onset before voiceless consonants, in free variation with a vowel [u]. Voiced [w] before voiced consonants.[19][20] See Slovene phonology.
Washo Wáʔi [ˈxʷaʔi] or [ˈw̥aʔi] 'he's the one who's doing it' Variously described as a labialized velar fricative or a voiceless approximant.

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ For instance, Lyle Campbell (2020) Historical Linguistics, 4th edition, page xxii.
  2. ^ a b Ladefoged (2006), p. 68.
  3. ^ International Phonetic Association (1999), p. 22.
  4. ^ Johnston (1997), pp. 499, 510.
  5. ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), pp. 330–2.
  6. ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 326.
  7. ^ Головко, Е. В. (1994). Словарь алеутско-русский и русско-алеутский (беринговский диалект) [Aleut-Russian and Russian-Aleut Dictionary (Bering dialect)]. Отд-ние изд-ва "Просвещение". p. 14. ISBN 978-5-09-002312-2.
  8. ^ a b "Received Pronunciation Phonology".
  9. ^ a b Rogers (2000), p. 120.
  10. ^ a b Rogers (2000), p. 117.
  11. ^ a b c Lass (2002), p. 121.
  12. ^ Wells (1982), p. 432.
  13. ^ a b McMahon (2002), p. 31.
  14. ^ Wells (1982), p. 408.
  15. ^ Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006).
  16. ^ Wells (1982), p. 610.
  17. ^ Golla, Victor (1996). "Hupa Language Dictionary Second Edition". Retrieved Oct 31, 2021.
  18. ^ Wilde (2016).
  19. ^ a b Šuštaršič, Komar & Petek (1999), p. 136.
  20. ^ a b Greenberg (2006), p. 18.

References edit

  • Greenberg, Mark L. (2006), , Kansas: University of Kansas, archived from the original on 2007-01-29
  • International Phonetic Association (1999), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
  • Johnston, Paul (1997), "Regional Variation", in Jones, Charles (ed.), The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, pp. 433–513, ISBN 978-0-7486-0754-9, JSTOR 10.3366/j.ctvxcrwhq.15
  • Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (2006), The Atlas of North American English, Berlin: Mouton-de Gruyter, ISBN 3-11-016746-8
  • Ladefoged, Peter (2006), A Course in Phonetics (5th ed.), Fort Worth: Harcourt College Publishers
  • Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996), The Sounds of the World's Languages, Oxford: Blackwell, ISBN 0-631-19815-6
  • Lass, Roger (2002), "South African English", in Mesthrie, Rajend (ed.), Language in South Africa, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521791052
  • McMahon, April (2002), An Introduction to English Phonology, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press Ltd, ISBN 0-7486-1252-1
  • Rogers, Henry (2000), The Sounds of Language: An Introduction to Phonetics, Essex: Pearson Education Limited, ISBN 978-0-582-38182-7
  • Šuštaršič, Rastislav; Komar, Smiljana; Petek, Bojan (1999), "Slovene", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 135–139, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874, ISBN 0-521-65236-7, S2CID 249404451
  • Wells, John C. (1982). Accents of English. Vol. 1: An Introduction (pp. i–xx, 1–278), Vol. 3: Beyond the British Isles (pp. i–xx, 467–674). Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511611766. ISBN 0-52129719-2 , 0-52128541-0 .
  • Wilde, Christopher P. (2016), "Gamale Kham phonology revisited, with Devanagari-based orthography and lexicon", Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society (9): 130–199, hdl:1885/109195

External links edit

  • List of languages with [ʍ] on PHOIBLE
  • List of languages with [w̥] on PHOIBLE

January 01, 1970
voiceless, labial, velar, fricative, voiceless, labial, velar, fricative, type, consonantal, sound, used, spoken, languages, symbol, international, phonetic, alphabet, that, represents, this, sound, occasionally, letter, defined, voiceless, until, 1979, when, . The voiceless labial velar fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in spoken languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is xʷ or occasionally ʍ The letter ʍ was defined as a voiceless w until 1979 when it was defined as a fricative with the place of articulation of k p the same way that w is an approximant with the place of articulation of ɡ b However the IPA Handbook treats it as both a fricative IPA 1999 ix and as an approximate IPA 1999 136 Voiceless labial velar fricativexʷʍIPA Number169EncodingEntity decimal amp 653 Unicode hex U 028DX SAMPAWBrailleImage Voiceless labial velar approximantw ʍIPA Number170 402AAudio sample source source source helpEncodingX SAMPAw 0 Some linguists posit voiceless approximants distinct from voiceless fricatives To them English ʍ is an approximant w 1 a labialized glottal fricative hʷ or an hw sequence not a velar fricative 2 Scots ʍ has been described as a velar fricative 3 especially in older Scots where it was xw 4 Other linguists believe that a voiceless approximant is a contradiction in terms and so w must be the same as xʷ Ladefoged and Maddieson were unable to confirm that any language has fricatives produced at two places of articulation like labial and velar 5 They conclude that if it is a fricative it is better described as a voiceless labialized velar fricative 6 Contents 1 Features 2 Occurrence 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External linksFeatures editFeatures of the voiceless labial velar fricative Its manner of articulation is fricative which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation causing turbulence Its place of articulation is labialized velar which means it is articulated with the back part of the tongue raised toward the soft palate the velum while rounding the lips Its phonation is voiceless which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords It is an oral consonant which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only It is a central consonant which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue rather than to the sides The airstream mechanism is pulmonic which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles as in most sounds Occurrence editLanguage Word IPA Meaning Notes Aleut 7 Atkan hwax ʍax smoke Bering ʼЎaӽ Cornish SWF hwi ʍi you all English Conservative Received Pronunciation 8 whine ʍaɪ n whine English ʍ is generally a labio velar fricative or approximant 2 It is usually represented phonemically as hw but phonetically there is not a sequence of h plus w see English phonology In General American 9 and New Zealand English 10 only some speakers maintain a distinction with w in Europe mostly heard in Irish and Scottish accents 8 See English phonology and phonological history of wh Cultivated South African 11 Conservative General American 9 Irish 11 12 ʍʌɪ n Scottish 11 13 14 Southern American 15 ʍaːn New Zealand 10 13 16 ʍɑe n Hupa 17 xwe y xʷeːj his property A voiceless labialized velar fricative Kham Gamale Kham ह व ʍɐ tooth Described as an approximant 18 Slovene 19 20 vse ˈʍsɛ everything Allophone of ʋ in the syllable onset before voiceless consonants in free variation with a vowel u Voiced w before voiced consonants 19 20 See Slovene phonology Washo Waʔi ˈxʷaʔi or ˈw aʔi he s the one who s doing it Variously described as a labialized velar fricative or a voiceless approximant See also editIndex of phonetics articles hwair Wh digraph Wine whine mergerNotes edit For instance Lyle Campbell 2020 Historical Linguistics 4th edition page xxii a b Ladefoged 2006 p 68 International Phonetic Association 1999 p 22 Johnston 1997 pp 499 510 Ladefoged amp Maddieson 1996 pp 330 2 Ladefoged amp Maddieson 1996 p 326 Golovko E V 1994 Slovar aleutsko russkij i russko aleutskij beringovskij dialekt Aleut Russian and Russian Aleut Dictionary Bering dialect Otd nie izd va Prosveshenie p 14 ISBN 978 5 09 002312 2 a b Received Pronunciation Phonology a b Rogers 2000 p 120 a b Rogers 2000 p 117 a b c Lass 2002 p 121 Wells 1982 p 432 a b McMahon 2002 p 31 Wells 1982 p 408 Labov Ash amp Boberg 2006 Wells 1982 p 610 Golla Victor 1996 Hupa Language Dictionary Second Edition Retrieved Oct 31 2021 Wilde 2016 a b Sustarsic Komar amp Petek 1999 p 136 a b Greenberg 2006 p 18 References editGreenberg Mark L 2006 A Short Reference Grammar of Standard Slovene Kansas University of Kansas archived from the original on 2007 01 29 International Phonetic Association 1999 Handbook of the International Phonetic Association A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 65236 7 Johnston Paul 1997 Regional Variation in Jones Charles ed The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language Edinburgh Edinburgh University Press pp 433 513 ISBN 978 0 7486 0754 9 JSTOR 10 3366 j ctvxcrwhq 15 Labov William Ash Sharon Boberg Charles 2006 The Atlas of North American English Berlin Mouton de Gruyter ISBN 3 11 016746 8 Ladefoged Peter 2006 A Course in Phonetics 5th ed Fort Worth Harcourt College Publishers Ladefoged Peter Maddieson Ian 1996 The Sounds of the World s Languages Oxford Blackwell ISBN 0 631 19815 6 Lass Roger 2002 South African English in Mesthrie Rajend ed Language in South Africa Cambridge University Press ISBN 9780521791052 McMahon April 2002 An Introduction to English Phonology Edinburgh Edinburgh University Press Ltd ISBN 0 7486 1252 1 Rogers Henry 2000 The Sounds of Language An Introduction to Phonetics Essex Pearson Education Limited ISBN 978 0 582 38182 7 Sustarsic Rastislav Komar Smiljana Petek Bojan 1999 Slovene Handbook of the International Phonetic Association A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp 135 139 doi 10 1017 S0025100300004874 ISBN 0 521 65236 7 S2CID 249404451 Wells John C 1982 Accents of English Vol 1 An Introduction pp i xx 1 278 Vol 3 Beyond the British Isles pp i xx 467 674 Cambridge University Press doi 10 1017 CBO9780511611766 ISBN 0 52129719 2 0 52128541 0 Wilde Christopher P 2016 Gamale Kham phonology revisited with Devanagari based orthography and lexicon Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society 9 130 199 hdl 1885 109195External links editList of languages with ʍ on PHOIBLE List of languages with w on PHOIBLE Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Voiceless labial velar fricative amp oldid 1216256733, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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