You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in German. (June 2015) Click [show] for important translation instructions.
View a machine-translated version of the German article.
Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.
Consider adding a topic to this template: there are already 9,118 articles in the main category, and specifying|topic= will aid in categorization.
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at [[:de:Umlaut]]; see its history for attribution.
You may also add the template {{Translated|de|Umlaut}} to the talk page.
The term umlaut was originally coined in connection with the study of Germanic languages, as umlaut had occurred prominently in many of their linguistic histories (see Germanic umlaut).[2] While the common English plural is umlauts, the German plural is Umlaute.
Umlaut is a form of assimilation, the process of one speech sound becoming more similar to a nearby sound. Umlaut occurred in order to make words easier to pronounce.[3] If a word has two vowels, one back in the mouth and the other forward, it takes more effort to pronounce than if those vowels were closer together. Thus, one way languages may change is that these two vowels get drawn closer together. The phenomenon is also known as vowel harmony, the complete or partial identity of vowels within a domain, typically a word.
For example, in Old High German, the word gast 'guest' had the plural form gesti 'guests': the plural ending -i caused the vowel in the stem to be a front vowel e. This vowel alternation remained in the language, so that present-day Standard German displays the forms Gast [gast] – Gäste [gɛstə], although the final front vowel has been reduced to the central schwa vowel.[4]
The most commonly seen types of umlaut are the following:
Vowel raising, triggered by a following high vowel (often specifically a high front vowel such as /i/).
Vowel fronting, triggered by a following front vowel (often specifically a high front vowel such as /i/).
Vowel lowering, triggered by a following non-high vowel (often specifically a low vowel such as /a/).
Vowel rounding, triggered by a following rounded vowel (often specifically a high rounded vowel such as /u/).
All of these processes occurred in the history of the Germanic languages; see Germanic umlaut for more details. I-mutation is the most prominent of the processes, to the extent that it is often referred to simply as "umlaut".[5]
Similar processes also occurred in the history of the Celtic languages, especially Old Irish.[3] In this context, these processes are often referred to as affection.[6]
Vowel-raising umlaut occurred in the history of many of the Romance languages, in which it is normally termed metaphony.[7]
^Hennings, Thordis (2012). Einführung in das Mittelhochdeutsche [Introduction to Middle High German] (in German) (3rd ed.). Berlin: De Gruyter. p. 56. ISBN978-3-11-025958-2.
^Cercignani, Fausto (1980). "Early "Umlaut" Phenomena in the Germanic Languages". Language. 56 (1): 126–136. doi:10.2307/412645. JSTOR 412645.
^ abHock, Hans Henrich (2021). Principles of historical linguistics (3rd revised and updated ed.). Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 75–77. ISBN978-3-11-074632-7.
^Wiese, Richard (1996). "Phonological vs. morphological rules: on German umlaut and ablaut". Journal of Linguistics. 32 (1): 113–135. doi:10.1017/S0022226700000785. S2CID 145351768.
^Pompino-Marschall, Bernd (2016). "Umlaut". In Glück, Helmut; Rödel, Michael (eds.). Metzler Lexikon Sprache (in German) (5th ed.). Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler Verlag. p. 733. ISBN978-3-476-02641-5.
^Russell, Paul (15 July 2014). An Introduction to the Celtic Languages. London/New York: Routledge. p. 34. ISBN978-1-317-89456-8.
^Klausenburger, Jurgen (1987). "Review of Umlaut in Romance. An Essay in Linguistic Archeology. Giessener Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft, 12, CLIFFORD S. LEONARD JR". Romance Philology. 40 (3): 366–369. ISSN 0035-8002. JSTOR 44943385.
This article about Germanic languages is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
umlaut, linguistics, this, article, about, sound, alternation, diacritic, symbol, umlaut, diacritic, other, uses, umlaut, this, article, multiple, issues, please, help, improve, discuss, these, issues, talk, page, learn, when, remove, these, template, messages. This article is about the sound alternation For the diacritic symbol see Umlaut diacritic For other uses see Umlaut This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This article may be too technical for most readers to understand Please help improve it to make it understandable to non experts without removing the technical details July 2015 Learn how and when to remove this message This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Umlaut linguistics news newspapers books scholar JSTOR December 2022 Learn how and when to remove this message You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in German June 2015 Click show for important translation instructions View a machine translated version of the German article Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Consider adding a topic to this template there are already 9 118 articles in the main category and specifying topic will aid in categorization Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at de Umlaut see its history for attribution You may also add the template Translated de Umlaut to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation Learn how and when to remove this message In linguistics umlaut from German sound alternation is a sound change in which a vowel is pronounced more like a following vowel or semivowel 1 The term umlaut was originally coined in connection with the study of Germanic languages as umlaut had occurred prominently in many of their linguistic histories see Germanic umlaut 2 While the common English plural is umlauts the German plural is Umlaute Umlaut is a form of assimilation the process of one speech sound becoming more similar to a nearby sound Umlaut occurred in order to make words easier to pronounce 3 If a word has two vowels one back in the mouth and the other forward it takes more effort to pronounce than if those vowels were closer together Thus one way languages may change is that these two vowels get drawn closer together The phenomenon is also known as vowel harmony the complete or partial identity of vowels within a domain typically a word For example in Old High German the word gast guest had the plural form gesti guests the plural ending i caused the vowel in the stem to be a front vowel e This vowel alternation remained in the language so that present day Standard German displays the forms Gast gast Gaste gɛste although the final front vowel has been reduced to the central schwa vowel 4 The most commonly seen types of umlaut are the following Vowel raising triggered by a following high vowel often specifically a high front vowel such as i Vowel fronting triggered by a following front vowel often specifically a high front vowel such as i Vowel lowering triggered by a following non high vowel often specifically a low vowel such as a Vowel rounding triggered by a following rounded vowel often specifically a high rounded vowel such as u All of these processes occurred in the history of the Germanic languages see Germanic umlaut for more details I mutation is the most prominent of the processes to the extent that it is often referred to simply as umlaut 5 Similar processes also occurred in the history of the Celtic languages especially Old Irish 3 In this context these processes are often referred to as affection 6 Vowel raising umlaut occurred in the history of many of the Romance languages in which it is normally termed metaphony 7 See also edit nbsp Languages portal Umlaut diacritic Diaeresis diacritic Vowel harmony Metaphony Germanic umlaut I mutation Two dots disambiguation References edit Hennings Thordis 2012 Einfuhrung in das Mittelhochdeutsche Introduction to Middle High German in German 3rd ed Berlin De Gruyter p 56 ISBN 978 3 11 025958 2 Cercignani Fausto 1980 Early Umlaut Phenomena in the Germanic Languages Language 56 1 126 136 doi 10 2307 412645 JSTOR 412645 a b Hock Hans Henrich 2021 Principles of historical linguistics 3rd revised and updated ed Berlin De Gruyter Mouton pp 75 77 ISBN 978 3 11 074632 7 Wiese Richard 1996 Phonological vs morphological rules on German umlaut and ablaut Journal of Linguistics 32 1 113 135 doi 10 1017 S0022226700000785 S2CID 145351768 Pompino Marschall Bernd 2016 Umlaut In Gluck Helmut Rodel Michael eds Metzler Lexikon Sprache in German 5th ed Stuttgart J B Metzler Verlag p 733 ISBN 978 3 476 02641 5 Russell Paul 15 July 2014 An Introduction to the Celtic Languages London New York Routledge p 34 ISBN 978 1 317 89456 8 Klausenburger Jurgen 1987 Review of Umlaut in Romance An Essay in Linguistic Archeology Giessener Beitrage zur Sprachwissenschaft 12 CLIFFORD S LEONARD JR Romance Philology 40 3 366 369 ISSN 0035 8002 JSTOR 44943385 nbsp This article about Germanic languages is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte nbsp This phonology article is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Umlaut linguistics amp oldid 1181635067, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
