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Stepan Bandera monument in Lviv

October 20, 2023

The Stepan Bandera monument in Lviv, wich stands in front of the Stele of Ukraine Monument, is a statue dedicated to Stepan Bandera, a controversial twentieth century Ukrainian symbol of Nationalism,[1] in the city of Lviv, one of the main cities of Western Ukraine.

Stepan Bandera monument
Пам'ятник Степанові Бандері
Stepan Bandera monument
49°50′9.5″N 24°0′20.5″E / 49.835972°N 24.005694°E / 49.835972; 24.005694
LocationKropyvnytskyi square, Lviv, Lviv Oblast, Ukraine
BuilderUkrainian Government
MaterialGranite
Beginning date2003
Completion date13 October 2007

The figure stands in front of the Stele of Ukrainian Statehood. The monument was unveiled in 2007.[2][3][4] for the eve of the holiday of the Intercession of the Theotokos. The full monunment was finished in 2011.[5]

Background Edit

Main articles: Commemoration of Stepan Bandera and History of Lviv

The Statue in Lviv was part of increased Ukrainian Nationalism in Western Ukraine that led to recognition of Stepan Bandera as a National hero.[6]

Bandera was a Ukrainian nationalist leader born in 1909, imprisoned in Poland in his twenties for terrorism, freed by the Nazis in 1939 following the invasion of Poland, and arrested again by the Gestapo in 1941, spending most of the rest of the war in a concentration camp. After the war, he settled in exile in West Germany, where he was assassinated in 1959 by KGB agents.

Stepan Bandera has also been cast as a Nazi collaborator.[7][8][9][10] However, many Ukrainians hail him as a national hero[7][11] or as a martyred liberation fighter.[12]

The history of Stepan Bandera is hard to separate from fact or fiction.[13] It was illegal to discuss or research Bandera and the OUN-B in the Russia, Poland, and Ukraine until the fall of Soviet Union.[14] A constant tension defining Bandera as a hero and villain has existed since 1944[15] but has increased with lead up to war in Ukraine.[16]

The monument Edit

The monument is a larger than life statue of Stepan Bandera standing 7 meters tall. Behind it is the Stele of Ukrainian Statehood - a 30 meter tall triumphal arch with 4 columns, each column symbolizing a different period of the Ukrainian statehood. The first one - Kievan Rus', the second - the Cossack Hetmanate, the third - the Ukrainian People's Republic, and the fourth - the modern, independent Ukraine.[2]

External image
  The monument in 2010

Planning for the project began in 1993.[17] Funding of the statue was provided by Lviv Oblast[18] and veterans of the UPA.[19] Due to a shortage of funds only the statue was revealed for the 65th Anniversary.[20]

A design competition was held in 2002 and sculptor Mykola Posikira and architect Mykhailo Fedyk won from a total of seven entries.[21] Construction began in 2003.[22]

Controversy Edit

Stepan Bandera is seen as a hero to some and a Nazi collaborator to others.[23][24][25][26] Much of this controversy emerged after the fall of the Soviet Union and increased Ukrainian Nationalism as part of Independence and growing tension before the Russia's invasion of Ukraine.[27] Stepan Bandera as National symbol became prominent in Western Ukraine[28] while Russian media drew connections to historical ties the UPA and OUN-B had with Nazi Germany.[29] as part of disinformation campaigns.[13]

Critics of Bandera as a national symbol point to the role of the UPA in the massacre of 100,000 Polish people Volhynia and Eastern Galicia during World War Two.[30] Stepan Bandera the faction of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN-B).[24][25] On 30 June 1941, shortly after Lviv came under the control of Nazi Germany in the early stages of the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union, the OUN-B declared an independent Ukrainian state in the city.[31] OUN members subsequently took part in the Lviv pogroms.[32] Russian media uses this historical connection to Ukrainian-led genocide to cast Ukrainians as nazis. The need for denazification is given as a Russian pretense for the Invasion of Ukraine in 2014.[33]

See also Edit

References Edit

  1. ^ "Hero or Villain? Historical Ukrainian Figure Symbolizes Today's Feud". NPR.org. from the original on 2022-06-04. Retrieved 2022-08-06.
  2. ^ a b . 2009-11-01. Archived from the original on 1 November 2009. Retrieved 2022-02-25.
  3. ^ "Тарик Сиріл Амар. ІНАКША, АЛЕ ПОДІБНА, ЧИ ПОДІБНА, АЛЕ ІНАКША? ПУБЛІЧНА ПАМ'ЯТЬ ПРО ДРУГУ СВІТОВУ ВІЙНУ У ПОСТРАДЯНСЬКОМУ ЛЬВОВІ". www.historians.in.ua. from the original on 2016-06-04. Retrieved 2022-02-25.
  4. ^ . 2007-10-14. Archived from the original on 2007-10-14. Retrieved 2022-02-25.
  5. ^ "17 Banderea Monuments Have Been Installed". Ukraine Weekly. July 21, 2011. from the original on 2023-08-03. Retrieved 2023-08-13.
  6. ^ Liebich, Andre; Myshlovska, Oksana (September 2014). "Bandera: memorialization and commemoration". Nationalities Papers. 42 (5): 750–770. doi:10.1080/00905992.2014.916666. ISSN 0090-5992. from the original on 2023-09-23. Retrieved 2023-08-13.
  7. ^ a b Goncharenko, Roman (22 May 2022). "Stepan Bandera: Ukrainian hero or Nazi collaborator?". Deutsche Welle. from the original on 15 June 2022. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
  8. ^ Henryk Komański and Szczepan Siekierka, Ludobójstwo dokonane przez nacjonalistów ukraińskich na Polakach w województwie tarnopolskim w latach 1939–1946 (2006), p. 203 (in Polish)
  9. ^ Rossolinski, Grzegorz (2014). The Life and Afterlife of a Ukrainian Nationalist : Fascism, Genocide, and Cult. Columbia University Press. ISBN 9783838206844. from the original on 2023-03-27. Retrieved 2023-03-22.
  10. ^ Arad, Yitzhak (2009). The Holocaust in the Soviet Union. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. p. 89. ISBN 9780803222700. OCLC 466441935.
  11. ^ "Russia uses Israeli tweet against neo-Nazi march". The Jerusalem Post. from the original on 2023-01-02. Retrieved 2023-01-02.
  12. ^ Goda, Norman J. W. (2010-01-22). "Who Was Stepan Bandera?". History News Network. from the original on 2022-09-22. Retrieved 2022-09-24.
  13. ^ a b Sauliuc, Adriana (March 2021). "Russia's Disinformation Campaign in the Time of COVID-19 Pandemic". Romanian Military Thinking. 2021 (1): 22–33. doi:10.55535/rmt.2021.1.02. ISSN 1841-4451. (PDF) from the original on 2023-09-23. Retrieved 2023-08-13.
  14. ^ Palko, Olena (January 2017). "The Gates of Europe: A History of Ukraine. By Serhii Plokhy. Basic Books. 2015. xxiv + 395pp. £25.00". History. 102 (349): 112–114. doi:10.1111/1468-229x.12367. ISSN 0018-2648. from the original on 2023-09-23. Retrieved 2023-08-13.
  15. ^ Romerstein, Herbert (2001-06-03). "Disinformation as a KGB Weapon in the Cold War". Journal of Intelligence History. 1 (1): 54–67. doi:10.1080/16161262.2001.10555046. ISSN 1616-1262. from the original on 2023-09-23. Retrieved 2023-08-13.
  16. ^ Lanoszka, Alexander (2016-01-09). "Russian hybrid warfare and extended deterrence in eastern Europe". International Affairs. 92 (1): 175–195. doi:10.1111/1468-2346.12509. ISSN 0020-5850. from the original on 2023-09-23. Retrieved 2023-08-13.
  17. ^ Marchuk, Larysa (2007-10-11). "Lviv unveils statue to Stepan Bandera" (PDF). Ukraine Weekly. p. 3. (PDF) from the original on 2023-09-06. Retrieved 2023-08-13.
  18. ^ Gessen, Keith (2010-02-21). "After the Orange Revolution, a Politics of Disenchantment". The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X. from the original on 2023-08-13. Retrieved 2023-08-13.
  19. ^ Marchuk, Larysa (2007-10-11). "Lviv unveils statue to Stepan Bandera" (PDF). Ukraine Weekly. p. 3. (PDF) from the original on 2023-09-06. Retrieved 2023-08-13.
  20. ^ Marchuk, Larysa (2007-10-11). "Lviv unveils statue to Stepan Bandera" (PDF). Ukraine Weekly. p. 3. (PDF) from the original on 2023-09-06. Retrieved 2023-08-13.
  21. ^ Marchuk, Larysa (2007-10-11). "Lviv unveils statue to Stepan Bandera" (PDF). Ukraine Weekly. p. 3. (PDF) from the original on 2023-09-06. Retrieved 2023-08-13.
  22. ^ Bechtel, D (2015). "8 Religion, State, Society, and Identity in Transition". ‘Ukrainian Identity in L’viv (Lemberg/Lwów/Lvov): From the Habsburg Myth to Banderstadt?’.
  23. ^ "Ukrainians march in honour of controversial nationalist hero Stepan Bandera". euronews. 2 January 2016. from the original on 15 March 2022. Retrieved 27 November 2018.
  24. ^ a b Filtenborg, Emil (2021-03-19). "In Ukraine, Stepan Bandera's legacy is a political football... again". Euronews. Archived from the original on 2022-03-03. Retrieved 2022-10-29. There are few figures in Ukrainian history as controversial as Stepan Bandera, and fewer still are able to influence so profoundly modern politics more than six decades after their death. Bandera, who died in 1959 after being poisoned by Soviet agents, is seen as a national hero who fought for Ukrainian independence during the 1930s and 1940s. To others, he is a war criminal whose nationalist forces carried out atrocities against Jews and Poles during WW2.
  25. ^ a b Winstone, Martin (2014-10-30). The Dark Heart of Hitler's Europe: Nazi Rule in Poland Under the General Government. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 104. ISBN 978-0-85772-519-6. from the original on 2023-03-13. Retrieved 2023-03-13. .. who followed the terrorist Stepan Bandera (page 104) .. These hopes were almost immediately dashed and many leaders (including Bandera in Krakow) were arrested by the Germans. Nonetheless, both wings of the OUN largely continued to work with the Nazis (page 104) .. Stepan Bandera, the leader and ideological mentor of the nationalist murderers of Poles and Jews (page 249)
  26. ^ Faiola, Anthony (March 25, 2014). "A ghost of World War II history haunts Ukraine's standoff with Russia". The Washington Post. from the original on 14 February 2016. Retrieved 9 October 2022.
  27. ^ Khaldarova, Irina (2019-05-29). "Brother or 'Other'? Transformation of strategic narratives in Russian television news during the Ukrainian crisis". Media, War & Conflict. 14 (1): 3–20. doi:10.1177/1750635219846016. ISSN 1750-6352. from the original on 2023-09-23. Retrieved 2023-08-13.
  28. ^ Marples, David R. (June 2006). "Stepan Bandera: The resurrection of a Ukrainian national hero". Europe-Asia Studies. 58 (4): 555–566. doi:10.1080/09668130600652118. ISSN 0966-8136. from the original on 2023-09-23. Retrieved 2023-08-13.
  29. ^ Khaldarova, Irina; Pantti, Mervi (2016-04-12). "Fake News". Journalism Practice. 10 (7): 891–901. doi:10.1080/17512786.2016.1163237. hdl:10138/233374. ISSN 1751-2786. from the original on 2023-09-23. Retrieved 2023-08-13.
  30. ^ Filtenborg, Emil (2021-04-08). "Controversy as Ukraine mulls giving hero status to alleged war criminals". Euro News. Archived from the original on 2022-04-12. Retrieved 2023-08-13.
  31. ^ Rudling, Per Anders (2013). "The Return of the Ukrainian Far Right: The Case of VO Svoboda" (PDF). In Wodak and Richardson (ed.). Analysing Fascist Discourse: European Fascism in Talk and Text. New York: Routledge. pp. 229–235. (PDF) from the original on 2023-01-27. Retrieved 2023-03-13.
  32. ^ . Archived from the original on 5 January 2017. Retrieved 19 December 2016.
  33. ^ Müür, Kristiina; Mölder, Holger; Sazonov, Vladimir; Pruulmann-Vengerfeldt, Pille (2016-06-01). "Russian Information Operations Against the Ukrainian State and Defence Forces: April-December 2014 in Online News". Journal on Baltic Security. 2 (1): 28–71. doi:10.1515/jobs-2016-0029. hdl:2043/28648. ISSN 2382-9230.

October 20, 2023
stepan, bandera, monument, lviv, wich, stands, front, stele, ukraine, monument, statue, dedicated, stepan, bandera, controversial, twentieth, century, ukrainian, symbol, nationalism, city, lviv, main, cities, western, ukraine, stepan, bandera, monumentПам, ятн. The Stepan Bandera monument in Lviv wich stands in front of the Stele of Ukraine Monument is a statue dedicated to Stepan Bandera a controversial twentieth century Ukrainian symbol of Nationalism 1 in the city of Lviv one of the main cities of Western Ukraine Stepan Bandera monumentPam yatnik Stepanovi BanderiStepan Bandera monument49 50 9 5 N 24 0 20 5 E 49 835972 N 24 005694 E 49 835972 24 005694LocationKropyvnytskyi square Lviv Lviv Oblast UkraineBuilderUkrainian GovernmentMaterialGraniteBeginning date2003Completion date13 October 2007The figure stands in front of the Stele of Ukrainian Statehood The monument was unveiled in 2007 2 3 4 for the eve of the holiday of the Intercession of the Theotokos The full monunment was finished in 2011 5 Contents 1 Background 2 The monument 3 Controversy 4 See also 5 ReferencesBackground EditMain articles Commemoration of Stepan Bandera and History of Lviv The Statue in Lviv was part of increased Ukrainian Nationalism in Western Ukraine that led to recognition of Stepan Bandera as a National hero 6 Bandera was a Ukrainian nationalist leader born in 1909 imprisoned in Poland in his twenties for terrorism freed by the Nazis in 1939 following the invasion of Poland and arrested again by the Gestapo in 1941 spending most of the rest of the war in a concentration camp After the war he settled in exile in West Germany where he was assassinated in 1959 by KGB agents Stepan Bandera has also been cast as a Nazi collaborator 7 8 9 10 However many Ukrainians hail him as a national hero 7 11 or as a martyred liberation fighter 12 The history of Stepan Bandera is hard to separate from fact or fiction 13 It was illegal to discuss or research Bandera and the OUN B in the Russia Poland and Ukraine until the fall of Soviet Union 14 A constant tension defining Bandera as a hero and villain has existed since 1944 15 but has increased with lead up to war in Ukraine 16 The monument EditThe monument is a larger than life statue of Stepan Bandera standing 7 meters tall Behind it is the Stele of Ukrainian Statehood a 30 meter tall triumphal arch with 4 columns each column symbolizing a different period of the Ukrainian statehood The first one Kievan Rus the second the Cossack Hetmanate the third the Ukrainian People s Republic and the fourth the modern independent Ukraine 2 External image nbsp The monument in 2010Planning for the project began in 1993 17 Funding of the statue was provided by Lviv Oblast 18 and veterans of the UPA 19 Due to a shortage of funds only the statue was revealed for the 65th Anniversary 20 A design competition was held in 2002 and sculptor Mykola Posikira and architect Mykhailo Fedyk won from a total of seven entries 21 Construction began in 2003 22 Controversy EditStepan Bandera is seen as a hero to some and a Nazi collaborator to others 23 24 25 26 Much of this controversy emerged after the fall of the Soviet Union and increased Ukrainian Nationalism as part of Independence and growing tension before the Russia s invasion of Ukraine 27 Stepan Bandera as National symbol became prominent in Western Ukraine 28 while Russian media drew connections to historical ties the UPA and OUN B had with Nazi Germany 29 as part of disinformation campaigns 13 Critics of Bandera as a national symbol point to the role of the UPA in the massacre of 100 000 Polish people Volhynia and Eastern Galicia during World War Two 30 Stepan Bandera the faction of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists OUN B 24 25 On 30 June 1941 shortly after Lviv came under the control of Nazi Germany in the early stages of the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union the OUN B declared an independent Ukrainian state in the city 31 OUN members subsequently took part in the Lviv pogroms 32 Russian media uses this historical connection to Ukrainian led genocide to cast Ukrainians as nazis The need for denazification is given as a Russian pretense for the Invasion of Ukraine in 2014 33 See also EditMonuments to Stepan Bandera Hero of Ukraine medalReferences Edit Hero or Villain Historical Ukrainian Figure Symbolizes Today s Feud NPR org Archived from the original on 2022 06 04 Retrieved 2022 08 06 a b Nacionalna bronza ZAXID NET 2009 11 01 Archived from the original on 1 November 2009 Retrieved 2022 02 25 Tarik Siril Amar INAKShA ALE PODIBNA ChI PODIBNA ALE INAKShA PUBLIChNA PAM YaT PRO DRUGU SVITOVU VIJNU U POSTRADYaNSKOMU LVOVI www historians in ua Archived from the original on 2016 06 04 Retrieved 2022 02 25 LVIVSKA GAZETA Monument legendi 2007 10 14 Archived from the original on 2007 10 14 Retrieved 2022 02 25 17 Banderea Monuments Have Been Installed Ukraine Weekly July 21 2011 Archived from the original on 2023 08 03 Retrieved 2023 08 13 Liebich Andre Myshlovska Oksana September 2014 Bandera memorialization and commemoration Nationalities Papers 42 5 750 770 doi 10 1080 00905992 2014 916666 ISSN 0090 5992 Archived from the original on 2023 09 23 Retrieved 2023 08 13 a b Goncharenko Roman 22 May 2022 Stepan Bandera Ukrainian hero or Nazi collaborator Deutsche Welle Archived from the original on 15 June 2022 Retrieved 11 October 2022 Henryk Komanski and Szczepan Siekierka Ludobojstwo dokonane przez nacjonalistow ukrainskich na Polakach w wojewodztwie tarnopolskim w latach 1939 1946 2006 p 203 in Polish Rossolinski Grzegorz 2014 The Life and Afterlife of a Ukrainian Nationalist Fascism Genocide and Cult Columbia University Press ISBN 9783838206844 Archived from the original on 2023 03 27 Retrieved 2023 03 22 Arad Yitzhak 2009 The Holocaust in the Soviet Union Lincoln Nebraska University of Nebraska Press p 89 ISBN 9780803222700 OCLC 466441935 Russia uses Israeli tweet against neo Nazi march The Jerusalem Post Archived from the original on 2023 01 02 Retrieved 2023 01 02 Goda Norman J W 2010 01 22 Who Was Stepan Bandera History News Network Archived from the original on 2022 09 22 Retrieved 2022 09 24 a b Sauliuc Adriana March 2021 Russia s Disinformation Campaign in the Time of COVID 19 Pandemic Romanian Military Thinking 2021 1 22 33 doi 10 55535 rmt 2021 1 02 ISSN 1841 4451 Archived PDF from the original on 2023 09 23 Retrieved 2023 08 13 Palko Olena January 2017 The Gates of Europe A History of Ukraine By Serhii Plokhy Basic Books 2015 xxiv 395pp 25 00 History 102 349 112 114 doi 10 1111 1468 229x 12367 ISSN 0018 2648 Archived from the original on 2023 09 23 Retrieved 2023 08 13 Romerstein Herbert 2001 06 03 Disinformation as a KGB Weapon in the Cold War Journal of Intelligence History 1 1 54 67 doi 10 1080 16161262 2001 10555046 ISSN 1616 1262 Archived from the original on 2023 09 23 Retrieved 2023 08 13 Lanoszka Alexander 2016 01 09 Russian hybrid warfare and extended deterrence in eastern Europe International Affairs 92 1 175 195 doi 10 1111 1468 2346 12509 ISSN 0020 5850 Archived from the original on 2023 09 23 Retrieved 2023 08 13 Marchuk Larysa 2007 10 11 Lviv unveils statue to Stepan Bandera PDF Ukraine Weekly p 3 Archived PDF from the original on 2023 09 06 Retrieved 2023 08 13 Gessen Keith 2010 02 21 After the Orange Revolution a Politics of Disenchantment The New Yorker ISSN 0028 792X Archived from the original on 2023 08 13 Retrieved 2023 08 13 Marchuk Larysa 2007 10 11 Lviv unveils statue to Stepan Bandera PDF Ukraine Weekly p 3 Archived PDF from the original on 2023 09 06 Retrieved 2023 08 13 Marchuk Larysa 2007 10 11 Lviv unveils statue to Stepan Bandera PDF Ukraine Weekly p 3 Archived PDF from the original on 2023 09 06 Retrieved 2023 08 13 Marchuk Larysa 2007 10 11 Lviv unveils statue to Stepan Bandera PDF Ukraine Weekly p 3 Archived PDF from the original on 2023 09 06 Retrieved 2023 08 13 Bechtel D 2015 8 Religion State Society and Identity in Transition Ukrainian Identity in L viv Lemberg Lwow Lvov From the Habsburg Myth to Banderstadt Ukrainians march in honour of controversial nationalist hero Stepan Bandera euronews 2 January 2016 Archived from the original on 15 March 2022 Retrieved 27 November 2018 a b Filtenborg Emil 2021 03 19 In Ukraine Stepan Bandera s legacy is a political football again Euronews Archived from the original on 2022 03 03 Retrieved 2022 10 29 There are few figures in Ukrainian history as controversial as Stepan Bandera and fewer still are able to influence so profoundly modern politics more than six decades after their death Bandera who died in 1959 after being poisoned by Soviet agents is seen as a national hero who fought for Ukrainian independence during the 1930s and 1940s To others he is a war criminal whose nationalist forces carried out atrocities against Jews and Poles during WW2 a b Winstone Martin 2014 10 30 The Dark Heart of Hitler s Europe Nazi Rule in Poland Under the General Government Bloomsbury Publishing p 104 ISBN 978 0 85772 519 6 Archived from the original on 2023 03 13 Retrieved 2023 03 13 who followed the terrorist Stepan Bandera page 104 These hopes were almost immediately dashed and many leaders including Bandera in Krakow were arrested by the Germans Nonetheless both wings of the OUN largely continued to work with the Nazis page 104 Stepan Bandera the leader and ideological mentor of the nationalist murderers of Poles and Jews page 249 Faiola Anthony March 25 2014 A ghost of World War II history haunts Ukraine s standoff with Russia The Washington Post Archived from the original on 14 February 2016 Retrieved 9 October 2022 Khaldarova Irina 2019 05 29 Brother or Other Transformation of strategic narratives in Russian television news during the Ukrainian crisis Media War amp Conflict 14 1 3 20 doi 10 1177 1750635219846016 ISSN 1750 6352 Archived from the original on 2023 09 23 Retrieved 2023 08 13 Marples David R June 2006 Stepan Bandera The resurrection of a Ukrainian national hero Europe Asia Studies 58 4 555 566 doi 10 1080 09668130600652118 ISSN 0966 8136 Archived from the original on 2023 09 23 Retrieved 2023 08 13 Khaldarova Irina Pantti Mervi 2016 04 12 Fake News Journalism Practice 10 7 891 901 doi 10 1080 17512786 2016 1163237 hdl 10138 233374 ISSN 1751 2786 Archived from the original on 2023 09 23 Retrieved 2023 08 13 Filtenborg Emil 2021 04 08 Controversy as Ukraine mulls giving hero status to alleged war criminals Euro News Archived from the original on 2022 04 12 Retrieved 2023 08 13 Rudling Per Anders 2013 The Return of the Ukrainian Far Right The Case of VO Svoboda PDF In Wodak and Richardson ed Analysing Fascist Discourse European Fascism in Talk and Text New York Routledge pp 229 235 Archived PDF from the original on 2023 01 27 Retrieved 2023 03 13 Derzhavnij arhiv Lvivskoyi oblasti Archived from the original on 5 January 2017 Retrieved 19 December 2016 Muur Kristiina Molder Holger Sazonov Vladimir Pruulmann Vengerfeldt Pille 2016 06 01 Russian Information Operations Against the Ukrainian State and Defence Forces April December 2014 in Online News Journal on Baltic Security 2 1 28 71 doi 10 1515 jobs 2016 0029 hdl 2043 28648 ISSN 2382 9230 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Stepan Bandera monument in Lviv amp oldid 1177586865, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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