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Wikipedia

The Graduate

The Graduate is a 1967 American independent[6] romantic comedy-drama film directed by Mike Nichols[7] and written by Buck Henry and Calder Willingham,[8] based on the 1963 novel of the same name by Charles Webb, who wrote it shortly after graduating from Williams College. The film tells the story of 21-year-old Benjamin Braddock, a recent college graduate with no well-defined aim in life who is seduced by an older married woman, Mrs. Robinson, but then falls for her daughter, Elaine.

The Graduate
Theatrical release poster
Directed byMike Nichols
Screenplay by
Based onThe Graduate
by Charles Webb
Produced byLawrence Turman
Starring
CinematographyRobert Surtees
Edited bySam O'Steen
Music by
Color processTechnicolor
Production
company
Lawrence Turman Productions
Distributed by
Release dates
  • December 20, 1967 (1967-12-20) (premiere)
  • December 21, 1967 (1967-12-21) (United States)[3]
Running time
106 minutes[1]
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$3 million
Box office
  • $104.9 million (North America)[4]
  • $85 million (worldwide rentals)[5]

The Graduate was released December 21, 1967, to critical and commercial success, grossing $104.9 million in the United States and Canada, making it the highest-grossing film of 1967. Adjusted for inflation (as of 2021), the film's gross is $857 million, making it the 22nd highest-grossing film in the United States and Canada, with inflation taken into account.[9]

It received seven nominations at the 40th Academy Awards, including for Best Picture and Best Director, the latter being the film's sole win.[10] In 1996, The Graduate was selected for preservation in the U.S. National Film Registry as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".[11][12] It is currently (as of the 2007 rankings) ranked by the American Film Institute as the 17th greatest American film of all time, having been originally ranked 7th in 1997.

Plot edit

After earning his bachelor's degree from an East Coast college, Benjamin Braddock returns to his parents' Pasadena, California, home. During his graduation party, he is urged to join a business dealing in plastics, the material of the future. Benjamin cringes as his parents praise him during the party, and he retreats to his bedroom, until Mrs. Robinson, the wife of his father's law partner, insists that he drive her home. Once there, she tries to seduce him. He initially resists her advances, but his failed attempts to connect with his parents make him feel isolated. Desperate for any kind of connection, he soon invites Mrs. Robinson to the Taft Hotel, where he registers under the pseudonym, "Mr. Gladstone".

Benjamin spends the summer floating in his parents' swimming pool by day and meeting Mrs. Robinson at the hotel by night. During one of their trysts, Mrs. Robinson reveals that her loveless marriage resulted when she accidentally became pregnant with her daughter, Elaine. When Benjamin jokingly suggests that he date Elaine, Mrs. Robinson angrily forbids it. However, Benjamin's parents and Mr. Robinson, unaware of the affair, are eager for Benjamin to date Elaine, and relentlessly pester him to ask her out. Benjamin gives in, and he reluctantly takes Elaine on a date.

When Benjamin sees how upset Mrs. Robinson is, he attempts to sabotage the date by ignoring Elaine, driving recklessly and taking her to a strip club. She flees the club in tears, but Benjamin, feeling remorseful, goes after her, apologizes, and kisses her. They eat at a drive-in restaurant, where they bond over their shared uncertainty about their future plans. After they visit the Taft Hotel for a late-night drink and the staff greet Benjamin as "Mr. Gladstone", Elaine deduces that Benjamin is having an affair with a married woman. Benjamin swears that the affair is over and makes plans for another date with Elaine for the following day.

To prevent Benjamin from dating Elaine, Mrs. Robinson threatens to tell Elaine about their affair. To thwart this, Benjamin reveals to Elaine that the married woman is her mother. Elaine is so upset that she throws Benjamin out of the house. Soon, she returns to school at Berkeley. Benjamin follows her to Berkeley, hoping to regain her affections. Elaine initially rejects him and briefly dates medical student Carl Smith, but then learns that her mother lied to her when she claimed Benjamin raped her, and the pair reconcile. Benjamin pushes for an early marriage, but Elaine is uncertain despite her feelings for him. Later, an angry Mr. Robinson arrives at Berkeley and confronts Benjamin in his boardinghouse room, where he informs him that he and his wife will be divorcing soon and threatens to have Benjamin locked up in prison if he continues to see Elaine. He then forces Elaine to leave college to marry Carl.

Benjamin drives back to Pasadena and breaks into the Robinson home, searching for Elaine. Instead, he finds Mrs. Robinson, who calls the police and claims her house is being burglarized. She tells Benjamin that he cannot prevent Elaine's marriage to Carl. Before the police arrive, Benjamin flees the Robinson home and drives back to Berkeley. There, he visits Carl's fraternity and is told that the wedding will take place in Santa Barbara that day. He speeds to Santa Barbara in the Alfa Romeo he received as a graduation present from his parents. The car runs out of gas a short distance from the church. Benjamin runs to the church, arriving just as the ceremony is ending. Benjamin's desperate appearance in the glass church gallery stirs Elaine into defying her mother and fleeing the sanctuary. Benjamin fights off Mr. Robinson and repels the wedding guests by swinging a large cross, which he uses to barricade the church doors, trapping everyone inside. Benjamin and Elaine (the latter still in her wedding gown) escape aboard a bus and sit among the startled and staring passengers. As the bus drives on, their ecstatic smiles slowly fade away as they begin to ponder their uncertain future.

Cast edit

Richard Dreyfuss makes a brief, uncredited appearance in his second film role as one of the tenants in Mr. McCleery's building. Ben Murphy also has an uncredited appearance, as the shaving fraternity brother who comes out with a double entendre. Mike Farrell was uncredited as a hotel bellhop.

Production edit

Getting the film made was difficult for Nichols, who, while noted for being a successful Broadway director, was still an unknown in Hollywood. Producer Lawrence Turman, who wanted only Nichols to direct it, was continually turned down for financing. Turman also said that every studio turned down the project, saying "they read the book and hated it, and no one thought it was funny".[13] He then contacted producer Joseph E. Levine, who said he would finance the film because he had associated with Nichols on the play The Knack,[14] and because he heard Elizabeth Taylor specifically wanted Nichols to direct her and Richard Burton in Virginia Woolf.[15]

With financing assured, Nichols suggested Buck Henry for screenwriter, although Henry's experience had also been mostly in improvised comedy, and he had no writing background. Nichols said to Henry, "I think you could do it; I think you should do it."[15] Nichols was paid $150,000, and was to receive one-sixth of the profits.[14]

Casting edit

Nichols' first choice for Mrs. Robinson was French actress Jeanne Moreau.[16] The motivation for this was the cliché that in French culture, "older" women tended to "train" the younger men in sexual matters. Numerous actors were considered for or sought roles in the film. Doris Day turned down an offer because the nudity required by the role offended her.[17][18][19] Shelley Winters, Ingrid Bergman, Eva Marie Saint, Ava Gardner, Patricia Neal, Susan Hayward, Deborah Kerr, Rita Hayworth, Lana Turner and Geraldine Page were also considered for the role of Mrs. Robinson.[20][15]

Dustin Hoffman was cast as Liebkind in the Mel Brooks film The Producers (1967), but before filming began Hoffman begged Brooks to let him go to audition for The Graduate.[21] When Dustin Hoffman auditioned for the role of Benjamin, he was just short of his 30th birthday at the time of filming. He was asked to perform a love scene with Ross, having previously never done one, and believed that, as he said later, "a girl like [Ross] would never go for a guy like me in a million years". Ross agreed, believing that Hoffman "looked about 3 feet tall ... so unkempt. This is going to be a disaster." Producer Joseph E. Levine later admitted that he at first believed Hoffman "was one of the messenger boys". Despite — or perhaps because of — Hoffman's awkwardness, Nichols chose him for the film.[22]

"As far as I'm concerned, Mike Nichols did a very courageous thing casting me in a part that I was not right for, meaning I was Jewish," said Hoffman. "In fact, many of the reviews were very negative. It was kind of veiled anti-Semitism.... I was called 'big-nosed' in the reviews; 'a nasal voice'."[23] Hoffman was paid $20,000 for his role in the film, but netted just $4,000 after taxes and living expenses. After spending that money, Hoffman filed for New York State unemployment benefits, receiving $55 per week while living in a two-room apartment in the West Village of Manhattan.[24]

Before Hoffman was cast, Robert Redford and Charles Grodin were among the top choices. Redford tested for the part of Benjamin (with Candice Bergen as Elaine), but Nichols thought Redford did not possess the underdog quality Benjamin needed.[15] Grodin turned down the part at first because of the low $500/week salary offered by producer Lawrence Turman. Grodin was offered more money, but declined again because he did not believe he could prepare for a screen test for the film overnight. "If they had given me three days to prepare, I think I would have gotten the role," he said.[20]

Harrison Ford also auditioned for the role of Benjamin Braddock but was turned down.[25]

Burt Ward was informally offered Hoffman's role, but was already committed to the role of Robin in the Batman television series.[26]

Jack Nicholson, Steve McQueen, Anthony Perkins, Warren Beatty, George Peppard, George Hamilton, Keir Dullea, Brandon deWilde and Michael Parks were also considered for the role of Benjamin Braddock.[20][15][27]

Ronald Reagan was considered for the part of Benjamin's father Mr. Braddock, which eventually went to William Daniels.[28] Nichols cast Gene Hackman as Mr. Robinson, but was later fired after a few days of rehearsals; he was replaced by Murray Hamilton.[29]

Despite playing mother and daughter, Anne Bancroft and Katharine Ross were only eight years apart in age. Bancroft and Hoffman differed less than six.

Filming edit

The quality of the cinematography was influenced by Nichols, who chose Oscar winner Robert Surtees to do the photography. Surtees, who had photographed major films since the 1920s, including Ben-Hur, said later, "It took everything I had learned over 30 years to be able to do the job. I knew that Mike Nichols was a young director who went in for a lot of camera. We did more things in this picture than I ever did in one film."[15]

Many of the exterior university campus shots of Berkeley were actually filmed on the brick campus of USC in Los Angeles.[30]

The church used for the wedding scene is actually the United Methodist Church in La Verne. In a commentary audio released with the 40th anniversary DVD, Hoffman revealed he was uneasy about the scene in which he pounds on the church window, as the minister of the church had been watching the filming disapprovingly. The wedding scene was highly influenced by the ending of the 1924 comedy film Girl Shy starring Harold Lloyd, who also served as an advisor for the scene in The Graduate.[31][32]

Music edit

The film boosted the profile of folk-rock duo Simon & Garfunkel. Originally, Nichols and O'Steen used their existing songs like "The Sound of Silence" merely as a pacing device for the editing, until Nichols decided that substituting original music would not be effective, and decided to include them on the soundtrack, an unusual move at that time.[33]

According to a Variety article by Peter Bart in the May 15, 2005, issue, Lawrence Turman, his producer, then made a deal for Simon to write three new songs for the movie. By the time they had nearly finished editing the film, Simon had written only one new song. Nichols begged him for more, but Simon, who was touring constantly, told him he did not have the time. He did play a few notes of a new song he had been working on: "It's not for the movie... It's a song about times past — about Mrs. Roosevelt and Joe DiMaggio and stuff." Nichols advised Simon, "It's now about Mrs. Robinson, not Mrs. Roosevelt."[34]

Release edit

The Graduate had a dual world premiere in New York City December 20, 1967, at the Coronet Theatre, and at the Lincoln Art Theatre on 57th Street.[3] It was released to the public December 21, 1967.[3]

Home media edit

The Graduate was released on Blu-ray by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment.[35] It was released on DVD by MGM Home Entertainment.[36] In 2016, the film was released by The Criterion Collection with a new 4K digital restoration.[37]

Reception and legacy edit

Critical response edit

The Graduate was met with generally positive reviews from critics upon its release. A.D. Murphy of Variety and Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times praised the film, with Murphy describing it as a "delightful satirical comedy drama",[38] and Ebert claiming it was the "funniest American comedy of the year".[39]

However, Life critic Richard Schickel felt the film "starts out to satirize the alienated spirit of modern youth, does so with uncommon brilliance for its first half, but ends up selling out to the very spirit its creators intended to make fun of... It's a shame – they were halfway to something wonderful when they skidded on a patch of greasy kid stuff."

Pauline Kael wondered, "How could you convince them [younger viewers] that a movie that sells innocence is a very commercial piece of work when they're so clearly in the market to buy innocence?"[40]

Critics continue to praise the film, if not always with the same ardor. For the film's thirtieth anniversary reissue, Ebert retracted some of his previous praise for it, noting that he felt its time had passed, and that he now had more sympathy for Mrs. Robinson than for Benjamin (who he considered "an insufferable creep"), viewing one's sympathy for Mrs. Robinson and disdainful attitude toward Ben as a function of aging and wisdom.[41]

He, along with Gene Siskel, gave the film a positive, if unenthusiastic review on the television program Siskel & Ebert.[42] Furthermore, the film's rating in the American Film Institute list of the greatest American films fell from seventh in 1997 to 17th in the 2007 update. Lang Thompson, however, argued that "it really hasn't dated much".[43]

Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 86% based on 87 reviews, with an average rating of 8.90/10. The site's consensus reads: "The music, the performances, the precision in capturing the post-college malaise — The Graduate's coming-of-age story is indeed one for the ages."[44] On the similar website,Metacritic, the film holds a score of 83 out of 100, based on 19 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[45]

In popular culture edit

In The Player, Robert Altman's satire of Hollywood, Buck Henry pitches a sequel to The Graduate to producer Griffin Mill (played by Tim Robbins) during the film's opening sequence. A parody of Hollywood high concept films, Henry describes the plot as Ben and Elaine living in a haunted house in Northern California, with an invalid Mrs. Robinson living in the attic.

The climactic sequence of The Graduate in which Benjamin crashes the wedding and leaves with Elaine is frequently parodied and referenced, including in:

Hoffman later recreated a wedding scene at a church for an Audi commercial, in which he stops his daughter (played by Lake Bell) from getting married, and tells her "you're just like your mother" as they drive off, implying he is an older Benjamin who has a daughter with Elaine.

(500) Days of Summer features a scene in which the protagonist, Tom, watches The Graduate with his then girlfriend Summer. He is said to misinterpret the ending, a fact that serves to characterise his naivety concerning relationships. This moment can be considered a turning point in the film, as it reveals to her the issues with their relationship.

A sixth-season episode of the television series Roseanne includes a fantasy scene in which Jackie assumes the Bancroft role and attempts to seduce David, with the famous shot of Benjamin seen under the leg of Mrs. Robinson replicated. This scene is also parodied in The Simpsons episode, "Lisa's Substitute", when Mrs. Krabappel tries to seduce Mr. Bergstrom, who was voiced by Hoffman.

The film Kingpin parodied The Graduate, showing Woody Harrelson framed by his repulsive landlady's leg, and features an excerpt of "The Sound of Silence" after Harrelson's character has sex with his landlady to make up for back rent, and is so sickened by the act that he repeatedly vomits afterwards.

The car Benjamin drives in the movie is an Alfa Romeo Spider. Based on its iconic role, Alfa Romeo sold a version of the Spider in the United States from 1985 to 1990 under the name "Spider Graduate".[47]

The 1992 song, "Too Funky," by George Michael, features a clip of the Anne Bancroft lines, "I am not trying to seduce you... Would you like me to seduce you? Is that what you're trying to tell me?", as an intro of the song, and is repeated during the final crescendo.

The plot of the 2005 romantic comedy film Rumor Has It, directed by Rob Reiner and starring Jennifer Aniston, Kevin Costner, Shirley MacLaine and Mark Ruffalo, revolves around a story in which a woman learns that her mother and grandmother may be the inspiration for The Graduate, and the 1963 novel of the same name it was based on.

Accolades edit

Award Category Nominee(s) Result Ref.
Academy Awards Best Picture Lawrence Turman Nominated [48]
Best Director Mike Nichols Won
Best Actor Dustin Hoffman Nominated
Best Actress Anne Bancroft Nominated
Best Supporting Actress Katharine Ross Nominated
Best Screenplay – Based on Material from Another Medium Buck Henry and Calder Willingham Nominated
Best Cinematography Robert L. Surtees Nominated
British Academy Film Awards Best Film Mike Nichols Won [49]
Best Direction Won
Best Actress in a Leading Role Anne Bancroft Nominated
Best Screenplay Buck Henry and Calder Willingham Won
Best Editing Sam O'Steen Won
Most Promising Newcomer to Leading Film Roles Dustin Hoffman Won
Katharine Ross Nominated
Directors Guild of America Awards Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures Mike Nichols Won [50]
Golden Globe Awards Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy Won [51]
Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy Dustin Hoffman Nominated
Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy Anne Bancroft Won
Best Director – Motion Picture Mike Nichols Won
Best Screenplay – Motion Picture Buck Henry and Calder Willingham Nominated
Most Promising Newcomer – Male Dustin Hoffman Won
Most Promising Newcomer – Female Katharine Ross Won
Grammy Awards Best Original Score Written for a Motion Picture or a Television Special Dave Grusin and Paul Simon Won [52]
Laurel Awards Top Comedy Nominated
Top Male Comedy Performance Dustin Hoffman Nominated
Top Female Dramatic Performance Anne Bancroft Nominated
Top Female Supporting Performance Katharine Ross Won
National Board of Review Awards Top Ten Films 8th Place [53]
National Film Preservation Board National Film Registry Inducted
New York Film Critics Circle Awards Best Film Nominated [54]
Best Director Mike Nichols Won
Best Screenplay Buck Henry and Calder Willingham Nominated
Online Film & Television Association Awards Hall of Fame – Motion Picture Honored [55]
Producers Guild of America Awards PGA Hall of Fame – Motion Pictures Lawrence Turman – The Graduate Won [56]
Satellite Awards Best Classic DVD The Graduate: 40th Anniversary Edition Won [57]
Best DVD Extras Nominated
Writers Guild of America Awards Best Written American Comedy Buck Henry and Calder Willingham Won [58]

In 1996, The Graduate was selected for preservation in the U.S. National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant", and placed #22 on the list of highest-grossing films in the United States and Canada, adjusted for inflation.[9][12]

Years later in interviews,[who?] Bancroft stated that Mrs. Robinson was the role with which she was most identified, and added, "Men still come up to me and tell me, 'You were my first sexual fantasy.'"[citation needed]

The film is listed in 1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die.[59]

The film appears on the following American Film Institute lists:

Stage adaptation edit

Terry Johnson's adaptation of the original novel and the film ran on both London's West End and Broadway, and has toured the United States. There is a Brazilian version adapted by Miguel Falabella. Several actresses have starred as Mrs. Robinson, including Kathleen Turner, Lorraine Bracco, Jerry Hall, Amanda Donohoe, Morgan Fairchild, Anne Archer, Vera Fischer, Patricia Richardson and Linda Gray.

The stage production adds several scenes not in the novel nor the film, as well as using material from both film and novel.[66]

The soundtrack uses songs by Simon & Garfunkel also not used in the film, such as "Bridge Over Troubled Water", as well as music from other popular musicians from the era, such as The Byrds and The Beach Boys.[67] The West End production opened at the Gielgud Theatre on April 5, 2000, after previews from March 24, with Kathleen Turner starring as Mrs. Robinson.[68][69] Jerry Hall replaced Turner from July 31, 2000, followed by Amanda Donohoe from February 2001, Anne Archer from June 2001, and Linda Gray from October 2001.[70][71] The production closed in January 2002. The 2003 U.K. touring production starred Glynis Barber as Mrs. Robinson.[72]

The Broadway production opened at the Plymouth Theatre April 4, 2002, and closed March 2, 2003, after 380 performances. Directed by Terry Johnson, the play featured the cast of Jason Biggs as Benjamin Braddock, Alicia Silverstone as Elaine Robinson, and Kathleen Turner as Mrs. Robinson. The play received no award nominations.[73] Linda Gray briefly filled in for Turner in September 2002. Lorraine Bracco replaced Turner from November 19, 2002.[74]

The Graduate ran at the Cape Playhouse (Dennis, Massachusetts) in July 2011, and starred Patricia Richardson.[75]

Possible sequel edit

Charles Webb wrote a sequel to his original novel, titled Home School, but initially refused to publish it in its entirety because of a contract he signed in the 1960s. When he sold the film rights to The Graduate, he surrendered the rights to any sequels. If he were to publish Home School, the French media company that owns the rights to The Graduate, Canal+, would be able to adapt it for the screen without his permission.[76] Extracts of Home School were printed in The Times on May 2, 2006.[77] Webb told the newspaper there was a possibility he would find a publisher for the full text, provided he could retrieve the film rights using French copyright law.[78] On May 30, 2006, The Times reported Webb had signed a publishing deal for Home School with Random House, which he hoped would enable him to instruct French lawyers to attempt to retrieve his rights. The novel was published in Britain in 2007.[79]

See also edit

References edit

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  5. ^ Denisoff, R. Serge; Romanowski, William D. (1991). Risky Business: Rock in Film. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 9780887388439.
    • The Graduate: p. 167 June 5, 2019, at the Wayback Machine. "World net rental was estimated at more than $85 million by January 1971."
  6. ^ The 20 Most Timeless Indie Movies - MovieWeb
  7. ^ Kaplan (December 20, 1967). Variety's Film Reviews. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-8240-5210-2.
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  67. ^ Siegel, Barbara; Siegel, Scott (April 5, 2002). "The Graduate". TheaterMania. from the original on December 13, 2018. Retrieved September 15, 2019.
  68. ^ Shenton, Mark (December 20, 1999). "Kathleen Turner to Graduate to West End as Mrs. Robinson". Playbill. from the original on December 13, 2018. Retrieved September 14, 2019.
  69. ^ Wolf, Matt (April 10, 2000). "The Graduate – Turner's Mrs. Robinson Turns Heads in London's West End". Variety. from the original on December 13, 2018. Retrieved September 14, 2019.
  70. ^ " The Graduate's London term ends" April 2, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, bbc.co.uk, 18 January 2002
  71. ^ Davies, Hugh. "Curtain rises on the new Mrs Robinson" December 13, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, telegraph.co.uk, 12 Jun 2001.
  72. ^ "Glynis keeps her kit on and pulls it off". the Telegraph. September 5, 2003. from the original on December 13, 2018. Retrieved May 18, 2016.
  73. ^ " The Graduate on Broadway" May 18, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, ibdb.com, accessed May 12, 2015
  74. ^ Gans, Andrew; Simonson, Robert (December 15, 2002). "Lorraine Bracco Officially Opens in Broadway Graduate Dec. 15". Playbill. from the original on December 13, 2018. Retrieved September 14, 2019.
  75. ^ Hetrick, Adam (June 3, 2011). "Cape Playhouse Casts Patricia Richardson, Joel Higgins, Dee Hoty, Josh Grisetti and Bradley Dean for Summer". Playbill. from the original on December 13, 2018. Retrieved September 14, 2019.
  76. ^ Smith, David (March 25, 2005). "What happened next? (the author will let you know after he dies)". The Guardian. from the original on December 13, 2018. Retrieved October 12, 2007.
  77. ^ Webb, Charles (May 2, 2006). "Mrs Robinson Returns". The Times. from the original on March 11, 2007. Retrieved November 15, 2021.
  78. ^ Malvern, Jack (April 18, 2006). "The Graduate's not-so-happy sequel". The Times. from the original on December 20, 2014. Retrieved March 3, 2014.
  79. ^ Malvern, Jack (May 30, 2006). "At last, Mrs Robinson is getting her groove back". The Times. from the original on March 11, 2007. Retrieved November 15, 2021.

Bibliography edit

  • Kashner, Sam (February 25, 2008). "Here's to You, Mr. Nichols: The Making of The Graduate". Vanity Fair.
  • Whitehead, J. W. (2011). Appraising The Graduate: The Mike Nichols Classic and Its Impact in Hollywood. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-6306-0.

Further reading edit

  • Gray, Beverly (2017). Seduced by Mrs. Robinson: How The Graduate Became the Touchstone of a Generation. Chapel Hill, N.C.: Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill. ISBN 9781616207663. OCLC 990141379.

External links edit

graduate, other, uses, disambiguation, 1967, american, independent, romantic, comedy, drama, film, directed, mike, nichols, written, buck, henry, calder, willingham, based, 1963, novel, same, name, charles, webb, wrote, shortly, after, graduating, from, willia. For other uses see The Graduate disambiguation The Graduate is a 1967 American independent 6 romantic comedy drama film directed by Mike Nichols 7 and written by Buck Henry and Calder Willingham 8 based on the 1963 novel of the same name by Charles Webb who wrote it shortly after graduating from Williams College The film tells the story of 21 year old Benjamin Braddock a recent college graduate with no well defined aim in life who is seduced by an older married woman Mrs Robinson but then falls for her daughter Elaine The GraduateTheatrical release posterDirected byMike NicholsScreenplay byCalder Willingham Buck HenryBased onThe Graduateby Charles WebbProduced byLawrence TurmanStarringAnne Bancroft Dustin Hoffman Katharine RossCinematographyRobert SurteesEdited bySam O SteenMusic byPaul Simon songs Dave Grusin score Color processTechnicolorProductioncompanyLawrence Turman ProductionsDistributed byEmbassy Pictures United States United Artists International 1 2 Release datesDecember 20 1967 1967 12 20 premiere December 21 1967 1967 12 21 United States 3 Running time106 minutes 1 CountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget 3 millionBox office 104 9 million North America 4 85 million worldwide rentals 5 The Graduate was released December 21 1967 to critical and commercial success grossing 104 9 million in the United States and Canada making it the highest grossing film of 1967 Adjusted for inflation as of 2021 the film s gross is 857 million making it the 22nd highest grossing film in the United States and Canada with inflation taken into account 9 It received seven nominations at the 40th Academy Awards including for Best Picture and Best Director the latter being the film s sole win 10 In 1996 The Graduate was selected for preservation in the U S National Film Registry as being culturally historically or aesthetically significant 11 12 It is currently as of the 2007 rankings ranked by the American Film Institute as the 17th greatest American film of all time having been originally ranked 7th in 1997 Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3 1 Casting 3 2 Filming 3 3 Music 4 Release 4 1 Home media 5 Reception and legacy 5 1 Critical response 5 2 In popular culture 5 3 Accolades 6 Stage adaptation 7 Possible sequel 8 See also 9 References 9 1 Bibliography 10 Further reading 11 External linksPlot editAfter earning his bachelor s degree from an East Coast college Benjamin Braddock returns to his parents Pasadena California home During his graduation party he is urged to join a business dealing in plastics the material of the future Benjamin cringes as his parents praise him during the party and he retreats to his bedroom until Mrs Robinson the wife of his father s law partner insists that he drive her home Once there she tries to seduce him He initially resists her advances but his failed attempts to connect with his parents make him feel isolated Desperate for any kind of connection he soon invites Mrs Robinson to the Taft Hotel where he registers under the pseudonym Mr Gladstone Benjamin spends the summer floating in his parents swimming pool by day and meeting Mrs Robinson at the hotel by night During one of their trysts Mrs Robinson reveals that her loveless marriage resulted when she accidentally became pregnant with her daughter Elaine When Benjamin jokingly suggests that he date Elaine Mrs Robinson angrily forbids it However Benjamin s parents and Mr Robinson unaware of the affair are eager for Benjamin to date Elaine and relentlessly pester him to ask her out Benjamin gives in and he reluctantly takes Elaine on a date When Benjamin sees how upset Mrs Robinson is he attempts to sabotage the date by ignoring Elaine driving recklessly and taking her to a strip club She flees the club in tears but Benjamin feeling remorseful goes after her apologizes and kisses her They eat at a drive in restaurant where they bond over their shared uncertainty about their future plans After they visit the Taft Hotel for a late night drink and the staff greet Benjamin as Mr Gladstone Elaine deduces that Benjamin is having an affair with a married woman Benjamin swears that the affair is over and makes plans for another date with Elaine for the following day To prevent Benjamin from dating Elaine Mrs Robinson threatens to tell Elaine about their affair To thwart this Benjamin reveals to Elaine that the married woman is her mother Elaine is so upset that she throws Benjamin out of the house Soon she returns to school at Berkeley Benjamin follows her to Berkeley hoping to regain her affections Elaine initially rejects him and briefly dates medical student Carl Smith but then learns that her mother lied to her when she claimed Benjamin raped her and the pair reconcile Benjamin pushes for an early marriage but Elaine is uncertain despite her feelings for him Later an angry Mr Robinson arrives at Berkeley and confronts Benjamin in his boardinghouse room where he informs him that he and his wife will be divorcing soon and threatens to have Benjamin locked up in prison if he continues to see Elaine He then forces Elaine to leave college to marry Carl Benjamin drives back to Pasadena and breaks into the Robinson home searching for Elaine Instead he finds Mrs Robinson who calls the police and claims her house is being burglarized She tells Benjamin that he cannot prevent Elaine s marriage to Carl Before the police arrive Benjamin flees the Robinson home and drives back to Berkeley There he visits Carl s fraternity and is told that the wedding will take place in Santa Barbara that day He speeds to Santa Barbara in the Alfa Romeo he received as a graduation present from his parents The car runs out of gas a short distance from the church Benjamin runs to the church arriving just as the ceremony is ending Benjamin s desperate appearance in the glass church gallery stirs Elaine into defying her mother and fleeing the sanctuary Benjamin fights off Mr Robinson and repels the wedding guests by swinging a large cross which he uses to barricade the church doors trapping everyone inside Benjamin and Elaine the latter still in her wedding gown escape aboard a bus and sit among the startled and staring passengers As the bus drives on their ecstatic smiles slowly fade away as they begin to ponder their uncertain future Cast editDustin Hoffman as Benjamin Braddock Anne Bancroft as Mrs Robinson Katharine Ross as Elaine Robinson William Daniels as Mr Braddock Murray Hamilton as Mr Robinson Elizabeth Wilson as Mrs Braddock Buck Henry as Room Clerk Brian Avery as Carl Smith Walter Brooke as Mr McGuire Norman Fell as Mr McCleery Alice Ghostley as Mrs Singleman Marion Lorne as Miss DeWitte Richard Dreyfuss makes a brief uncredited appearance in his second film role as one of the tenants in Mr McCleery s building Ben Murphy also has an uncredited appearance as the shaving fraternity brother who comes out with a double entendre Mike Farrell was uncredited as a hotel bellhop Production editGetting the film made was difficult for Nichols who while noted for being a successful Broadway director was still an unknown in Hollywood Producer Lawrence Turman who wanted only Nichols to direct it was continually turned down for financing Turman also said that every studio turned down the project saying they read the book and hated it and no one thought it was funny 13 He then contacted producer Joseph E Levine who said he would finance the film because he had associated with Nichols on the play The Knack 14 and because he heard Elizabeth Taylor specifically wanted Nichols to direct her and Richard Burton in Virginia Woolf 15 With financing assured Nichols suggested Buck Henry for screenwriter although Henry s experience had also been mostly in improvised comedy and he had no writing background Nichols said to Henry I think you could do it I think you should do it 15 Nichols was paid 150 000 and was to receive one sixth of the profits 14 Casting edit Nichols first choice for Mrs Robinson was French actress Jeanne Moreau 16 The motivation for this was the cliche that in French culture older women tended to train the younger men in sexual matters Numerous actors were considered for or sought roles in the film Doris Day turned down an offer because the nudity required by the role offended her 17 18 19 Shelley Winters Ingrid Bergman Eva Marie Saint Ava Gardner Patricia Neal Susan Hayward Deborah Kerr Rita Hayworth Lana Turner and Geraldine Page were also considered for the role of Mrs Robinson 20 15 Dustin Hoffman was cast as Liebkind in the Mel Brooks film The Producers 1967 but before filming began Hoffman begged Brooks to let him go to audition for The Graduate 21 When Dustin Hoffman auditioned for the role of Benjamin he was just short of his 30th birthday at the time of filming He was asked to perform a love scene with Ross having previously never done one and believed that as he said later a girl like Ross would never go for a guy like me in a million years Ross agreed believing that Hoffman looked about 3 feet tall so unkempt This is going to be a disaster Producer Joseph E Levine later admitted that he at first believed Hoffman was one of the messenger boys Despite or perhaps because of Hoffman s awkwardness Nichols chose him for the film 22 As far as I m concerned Mike Nichols did a very courageous thing casting me in a part that I was not right for meaning I was Jewish said Hoffman In fact many of the reviews were very negative It was kind of veiled anti Semitism I was called big nosed in the reviews a nasal voice 23 Hoffman was paid 20 000 for his role in the film but netted just 4 000 after taxes and living expenses After spending that money Hoffman filed for New York State unemployment benefits receiving 55 per week while living in a two room apartment in the West Village of Manhattan 24 Before Hoffman was cast Robert Redford and Charles Grodin were among the top choices Redford tested for the part of Benjamin with Candice Bergen as Elaine but Nichols thought Redford did not possess the underdog quality Benjamin needed 15 Grodin turned down the part at first because of the low 500 week salary offered by producer Lawrence Turman Grodin was offered more money but declined again because he did not believe he could prepare for a screen test for the film overnight If they had given me three days to prepare I think I would have gotten the role he said 20 Harrison Ford also auditioned for the role of Benjamin Braddock but was turned down 25 Burt Ward was informally offered Hoffman s role but was already committed to the role of Robin in the Batman television series 26 Jack Nicholson Steve McQueen Anthony Perkins Warren Beatty George Peppard George Hamilton Keir Dullea Brandon deWilde and Michael Parks were also considered for the role of Benjamin Braddock 20 15 27 Ronald Reagan was considered for the part of Benjamin s father Mr Braddock which eventually went to William Daniels 28 Nichols cast Gene Hackman as Mr Robinson but was later fired after a few days of rehearsals he was replaced by Murray Hamilton 29 Despite playing mother and daughter Anne Bancroft and Katharine Ross were only eight years apart in age Bancroft and Hoffman differed less than six Filming edit The quality of the cinematography was influenced by Nichols who chose Oscar winner Robert Surtees to do the photography Surtees who had photographed major films since the 1920s including Ben Hur said later It took everything I had learned over 30 years to be able to do the job I knew that Mike Nichols was a young director who went in for a lot of camera We did more things in this picture than I ever did in one film 15 Many of the exterior university campus shots of Berkeley were actually filmed on the brick campus of USC in Los Angeles 30 The church used for the wedding scene is actually the United Methodist Church in La Verne In a commentary audio released with the 40th anniversary DVD Hoffman revealed he was uneasy about the scene in which he pounds on the church window as the minister of the church had been watching the filming disapprovingly The wedding scene was highly influenced by the ending of the 1924 comedy film Girl Shy starring Harold Lloyd who also served as an advisor for the scene in The Graduate 31 32 Music edit See also The Graduate soundtrack The film boosted the profile of folk rock duo Simon amp Garfunkel Originally Nichols and O Steen used their existing songs like The Sound of Silence merely as a pacing device for the editing until Nichols decided that substituting original music would not be effective and decided to include them on the soundtrack an unusual move at that time 33 According to a Variety article by Peter Bart in the May 15 2005 issue Lawrence Turman his producer then made a deal for Simon to write three new songs for the movie By the time they had nearly finished editing the film Simon had written only one new song Nichols begged him for more but Simon who was touring constantly told him he did not have the time He did play a few notes of a new song he had been working on It s not for the movie It s a song about times past about Mrs Roosevelt and Joe DiMaggio and stuff Nichols advised Simon It s now about Mrs Robinson not Mrs Roosevelt 34 Release editThe Graduate had a dual world premiere in New York City December 20 1967 at the Coronet Theatre and at the Lincoln Art Theatre on 57th Street 3 It was released to the public December 21 1967 3 Home media edit The Graduate was released on Blu ray by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment 35 It was released on DVD by MGM Home Entertainment 36 In 2016 the film was released by The Criterion Collection with a new 4K digital restoration 37 Reception and legacy editCritical response edit The Graduate was met with generally positive reviews from critics upon its release A D Murphy of Variety and Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun Times praised the film with Murphy describing it as a delightful satirical comedy drama 38 and Ebert claiming it was the funniest American comedy of the year 39 However Life critic Richard Schickel felt the film starts out to satirize the alienated spirit of modern youth does so with uncommon brilliance for its first half but ends up selling out to the very spirit its creators intended to make fun of It s a shame they were halfway to something wonderful when they skidded on a patch of greasy kid stuff Pauline Kael wondered How could you convince them younger viewers that a movie that sells innocence is a very commercial piece of work when they re so clearly in the market to buy innocence 40 Critics continue to praise the film if not always with the same ardor For the film s thirtieth anniversary reissue Ebert retracted some of his previous praise for it noting that he felt its time had passed and that he now had more sympathy for Mrs Robinson than for Benjamin who he considered an insufferable creep viewing one s sympathy for Mrs Robinson and disdainful attitude toward Ben as a function of aging and wisdom 41 He along with Gene Siskel gave the film a positive if unenthusiastic review on the television program Siskel amp Ebert 42 Furthermore the film s rating in the American Film Institute list of the greatest American films fell from seventh in 1997 to 17th in the 2007 update Lang Thompson however argued that it really hasn t dated much 43 Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 86 based on 87 reviews with an average rating of 8 90 10 The site s consensus reads The music the performances the precision in capturing the post college malaise The Graduate s coming of age story is indeed one for the ages 44 On the similar website Metacritic the film holds a score of 83 out of 100 based on 19 critics indicating universal acclaim 45 In popular culture edit In The Player Robert Altman s satire of Hollywood Buck Henry pitches a sequel to The Graduate to producer Griffin Mill played by Tim Robbins during the film s opening sequence A parody of Hollywood high concept films Henry describes the plot as Ben and Elaine living in a haunted house in Northern California with an invalid Mrs Robinson living in the attic The climactic sequence of The Graduate in which Benjamin crashes the wedding and leaves with Elaine is frequently parodied and referenced including in The film Wayne s World 2 The film The Other Sister The Family Guy episode When You Wish Upon a Weinstein The Simpsons episode Lady Bouvier s Lover The Archer episode Skin Game The music video for If You Go by Jon Secada The song Crashed the Wedding by Busted The 1998 finale of the Papa and Nicole advertising campaign in the United Kingdom for the MK1 Renault Clio featuring Reeves and Mortimer and tying in with the release of the MK2 Renault Clio 46 Hoffman later recreated a wedding scene at a church for an Audi commercial in which he stops his daughter played by Lake Bell from getting married and tells her you re just like your mother as they drive off implying he is an older Benjamin who has a daughter with Elaine 500 Days of Summer features a scene in which the protagonist Tom watches The Graduate with his then girlfriend Summer He is said to misinterpret the ending a fact that serves to characterise his naivety concerning relationships This moment can be considered a turning point in the film as it reveals to her the issues with their relationship A sixth season episode of the television series Roseanne includes a fantasy scene in which Jackie assumes the Bancroft role and attempts to seduce David with the famous shot of Benjamin seen under the leg of Mrs Robinson replicated This scene is also parodied in The Simpsons episode Lisa s Substitute when Mrs Krabappel tries to seduce Mr Bergstrom who was voiced by Hoffman The film Kingpin parodied The Graduate showing Woody Harrelson framed by his repulsive landlady s leg and features an excerpt of The Sound of Silence after Harrelson s character has sex with his landlady to make up for back rent and is so sickened by the act that he repeatedly vomits afterwards The car Benjamin drives in the movie is an Alfa Romeo Spider Based on its iconic role Alfa Romeo sold a version of the Spider in the United States from 1985 to 1990 under the name Spider Graduate 47 The 1992 song Too Funky by George Michael features a clip of the Anne Bancroft lines I am not trying to seduce you Would you like me to seduce you Is that what you re trying to tell me as an intro of the song and is repeated during the final crescendo The plot of the 2005 romantic comedy film Rumor Has It directed by Rob Reiner and starring Jennifer Aniston Kevin Costner Shirley MacLaine and Mark Ruffalo revolves around a story in which a woman learns that her mother and grandmother may be the inspiration for The Graduate and the 1963 novel of the same name it was based on Accolades edit Award Category Nominee s Result Ref Academy Awards Best Picture Lawrence Turman Nominated 48 Best Director Mike Nichols WonBest Actor Dustin Hoffman NominatedBest Actress Anne Bancroft NominatedBest Supporting Actress Katharine Ross NominatedBest Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium Buck Henry and Calder Willingham NominatedBest Cinematography Robert L Surtees NominatedBritish Academy Film Awards Best Film Mike Nichols Won 49 Best Direction WonBest Actress in a Leading Role Anne Bancroft NominatedBest Screenplay Buck Henry and Calder Willingham WonBest Editing Sam O Steen WonMost Promising Newcomer to Leading Film Roles Dustin Hoffman WonKatharine Ross NominatedDirectors Guild of America Awards Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures Mike Nichols Won 50 Golden Globe Awards Best Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Won 51 Best Actor in a Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Dustin Hoffman NominatedBest Actress in a Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Anne Bancroft WonBest Director Motion Picture Mike Nichols WonBest Screenplay Motion Picture Buck Henry and Calder Willingham NominatedMost Promising Newcomer Male Dustin Hoffman WonMost Promising Newcomer Female Katharine Ross WonGrammy Awards Best Original Score Written for a Motion Picture or a Television Special Dave Grusin and Paul Simon Won 52 Laurel Awards Top Comedy NominatedTop Male Comedy Performance Dustin Hoffman NominatedTop Female Dramatic Performance Anne Bancroft NominatedTop Female Supporting Performance Katharine Ross WonNational Board of Review Awards Top Ten Films 8th Place 53 National Film Preservation Board National Film Registry InductedNew York Film Critics Circle Awards Best Film Nominated 54 Best Director Mike Nichols WonBest Screenplay Buck Henry and Calder Willingham NominatedOnline Film amp Television Association Awards Hall of Fame Motion Picture Honored 55 Producers Guild of America Awards PGA Hall of Fame Motion Pictures Lawrence Turman The Graduate Won 56 Satellite Awards Best Classic DVD The Graduate 40th Anniversary Edition Won 57 Best DVD Extras NominatedWriters Guild of America Awards Best Written American Comedy Buck Henry and Calder Willingham Won 58 In 1996 The Graduate was selected for preservation in the U S National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being culturally historically or aesthetically significant and placed 22 on the list of highest grossing films in the United States and Canada adjusted for inflation 9 12 Years later in interviews who Bancroft stated that Mrs Robinson was the role with which she was most identified and added Men still come up to me and tell me You were my first sexual fantasy citation needed The film is listed in 1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die 59 The film appears on the following American Film Institute lists 1998 AFI s 100 Years 100 Movies 7 60 2000 AFI s 100 Years 100 Laughs 9 61 2002 AFI s 100 Years 100 Passions 52 62 2004 AFI s 100 Years 100 Songs Mrs Robinson 6 63 2005 AFI s 100 Years 100 Movie Quotes Mr McGuire Plastics 42 64 Benjamin Braddock Mrs Robinson you re trying to seduce me Aren t you 63 64 2007 AFI s 100 Years 100 Movies 10th Anniversary Edition 17 65 Stage adaptation editTerry Johnson s adaptation of the original novel and the film ran on both London s West End and Broadway and has toured the United States There is a Brazilian version adapted by Miguel Falabella Several actresses have starred as Mrs Robinson including Kathleen Turner Lorraine Bracco Jerry Hall Amanda Donohoe Morgan Fairchild Anne Archer Vera Fischer Patricia Richardson and Linda Gray The stage production adds several scenes not in the novel nor the film as well as using material from both film and novel 66 The soundtrack uses songs by Simon amp Garfunkel also not used in the film such as Bridge Over Troubled Water as well as music from other popular musicians from the era such as The Byrds and The Beach Boys 67 The West End production opened at the Gielgud Theatre on April 5 2000 after previews from March 24 with Kathleen Turner starring as Mrs Robinson 68 69 Jerry Hall replaced Turner from July 31 2000 followed by Amanda Donohoe from February 2001 Anne Archer from June 2001 and Linda Gray from October 2001 70 71 The production closed in January 2002 The 2003 U K touring production starred Glynis Barber as Mrs Robinson 72 The Broadway production opened at the Plymouth Theatre April 4 2002 and closed March 2 2003 after 380 performances Directed by Terry Johnson the play featured the cast of Jason Biggs as Benjamin Braddock Alicia Silverstone as Elaine Robinson and Kathleen Turner as Mrs Robinson The play received no award nominations 73 Linda Gray briefly filled in for Turner in September 2002 Lorraine Bracco replaced Turner from November 19 2002 74 The Graduate ran at the Cape Playhouse Dennis Massachusetts in July 2011 and starred Patricia Richardson 75 Possible sequel editCharles Webb wrote a sequel to his original novel titled Home School but initially refused to publish it in its entirety because of a contract he signed in the 1960s When he sold the film rights to The Graduate he surrendered the rights to any sequels If he were to publish Home School the French media company that owns the rights to The Graduate Canal would be able to adapt it for the screen without his permission 76 Extracts of Home School were printed in The Times on May 2 2006 77 Webb told the newspaper there was a possibility he would find a publisher for the full text provided he could retrieve the film rights using French copyright law 78 On May 30 2006 The Times reported Webb had signed a publishing deal for Home School with Random House which he hoped would enable him to instruct French lawyers to attempt to retrieve his rights The novel was published in Britain in 2007 79 See also edit1967 in film List of American films of 1967 New HollywoodReferences edit a b The Graduate United Artists British Board of Film Classification July 1 1970 Archived from the original on March 5 2016 Retrieved September 20 2013 The Graduate 16mm Australian Classification Board August 30 2019 Retrieved October 8 2021 a b c 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December 20 1999 Kathleen Turner to Graduate to West End as Mrs Robinson Playbill Archived from the original on December 13 2018 Retrieved September 14 2019 Wolf Matt April 10 2000 The Graduate Turner s Mrs Robinson Turns Heads in London s West End Variety Archived from the original on December 13 2018 Retrieved September 14 2019 The Graduate s London term ends Archived April 2 2015 at the Wayback Machine bbc co uk 18 January 2002 Davies Hugh Curtain rises on the new Mrs Robinson Archived December 13 2018 at the Wayback Machine telegraph co uk 12 Jun 2001 Glynis keeps her kit on and pulls it off the Telegraph September 5 2003 Archived from the original on December 13 2018 Retrieved May 18 2016 The Graduate on Broadway Archived May 18 2015 at the Wayback Machine ibdb com accessed May 12 2015 Gans Andrew Simonson Robert December 15 2002 Lorraine Bracco Officially Opens in Broadway Graduate Dec 15 Playbill Archived from the original on December 13 2018 Retrieved September 14 2019 Hetrick Adam June 3 2011 Cape Playhouse Casts Patricia Richardson Joel Higgins Dee Hoty Josh Grisetti and Bradley Dean for Summer Playbill Archived from the original on December 13 2018 Retrieved September 14 2019 Smith David March 25 2005 What happened next the author will let you know after he dies The Guardian Archived from the original on December 13 2018 Retrieved October 12 2007 Webb Charles May 2 2006 Mrs Robinson Returns The Times Archived from the original on March 11 2007 Retrieved November 15 2021 Malvern Jack April 18 2006 The Graduate s not so happy sequel The Times Archived from the original on December 20 2014 Retrieved March 3 2014 Malvern Jack May 30 2006 At last Mrs Robinson is getting her groove back The Times Archived from the original on March 11 2007 Retrieved November 15 2021 Bibliography edit Kashner Sam February 25 2008 Here s to You Mr Nichols The Making of The Graduate Vanity Fair Whitehead J W 2011 AppraisingThe Graduate The Mike Nichols Classic and Its Impact in Hollywood McFarland ISBN 978 0 7864 6306 0 Further reading editGray Beverly 2017 Seduced by Mrs Robinson HowThe GraduateBecame the Touchstone of a Generation Chapel Hill N C Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill ISBN 9781616207663 OCLC 990141379 External links edit nbsp Wikiquote has quotations related to The Graduate nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Graduate The Graduate essay by Jami Bernard on the National Film Registry website 1 The Graduate essay by Daniel Eagan in America s Film Legacy The Authoritative Guide to the Landmark Movies in the National Film Registry A amp C Black 2010 ISBN 0826429777 pages 631 632 2 The Graduate at the American Film Institute Catalog The Graduate at IMDb nbsp The Graduate at the TCM Movie Database The Graduate at AllMovie The Graduate at Rotten Tomatoes The Graduate at Box Office Mojo The Graduate Intimations of a Revolution an essay by Frank Rich at The Criterion Collection Portals nbsp Film nbsp United States nbsp Comedy nbsp 1960s Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title The Graduate amp oldid 1195889396, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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