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Telopea truncata

January 01, 1970

Telopea truncata, commonly known as the Tasmanian waratah, is a plant in the family Proteaceae. It is endemic to Tasmania where it is found on moist acidic soils at altitudes of 600 to 1200 m (2000–4000 ft). Telopea truncata is a component of alpine eucalypt forest, rainforest and scrub communities. It grows as a multistemmed shrub to a height of 3 metres (10 ft), or occasionally as a small tree to 10 m (35 ft) high, with red flower heads, known as inflorescences, appearing over the Tasmanian summer (November to February) and bearing 10 to 35 individual flowers. Yellow-flowered forms are occasionally seen, but do not form a population distinct from the rest of the species.

Telopea truncata
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Proteales
Family: Proteaceae
Genus: Telopea
Species:
T. truncata
Binomial name
Telopea truncata
Distribution of Tasmanian waratah
Synonyms[2]
  • Embothrium truncatum Labill.
  • Hylogyne australis Salisb. ex Knight nom. illeg.
  • Hylogyne truncata (Labill.) Kuntze
  • Telopea tasmaniana James Ross

Collected by French botanist Jacques Labillardière in 1792–93, Telopea truncata was first scientifically described in 1805. Genetic analysis revealed that the Tasmanian waratah is the most distinctive of the five waratah species. It can be cultivated in temperate climates, requiring soils with good drainage and ample moisture in part-shaded or sunny positions. Several commercially available cultivars that are hybrids of T. truncata with the New South Wales waratah (T. speciosissima) and Gippsland waratah (T. oreades) have been developed.

Description edit

 
Yellow-flowered form in cultivation, Hobart

The Tasmanian waratah is a large erect shrub up to 3 metres (10 ft) in height with several stems, although it sometimes grows as a single-stemmed tree to 10 m (35 ft) high. Unlike the New South Wales waratah (T. speciosissima), which has a few stems topped with flowers, the stems of the Tasmanian waratah branch freely, with numerous smaller branches topped with flower heads.[3] Younger branches and flower heads frequently have a coating of brownish hairs.[4] The narrow adult leaves are 3–14 cm (1+1⁄8–5+1⁄2 in) long and 0.5–2.2 cm (1⁄4–7⁄8 in) across and have a rough texture. Spathulate (spoon-shaped) to obovate in shape, they have smooth, slightly down-curved margins.[2] The undersurface of the leaves is hairy. Occasional lobed leaves are seen.[5]

Flowering occurs from October to January, and is related to altitude: plants at lower elevations flower earlier than ones higher up. The flower heads, known as inflorescences, are terminal—that is, they arise on the ends of small branches—and are surrounded by small inconspicuous hairy bracts. This sets T. truncata apart from all other waratah species, which have hairless bracts.[3] In the shape of a flattened raceme,[5] the flower heads are 3.5–6 cm (1+3⁄8–2+3⁄8 in) in diameter and composed of 10 to 35 individual flowers. They are most commonly bright red, though scattered yellow-flowered plants occur. These were described as forma lutea but are mere colour variations and not genetically distinct. Yellow-flowered plants have both red- and yellow-flowered progeny.[2] Anthesis is basipetal; that is, the flowers at the base (edges) of the flower head open first.[3] The flower is composed of a 2 cm-long perianth on a 1 cm-long stalk, with a pronounced kink in the style above the ovary;[5] all other waratah species have gently incurving styles.[3] Anatomically, the individual flower bears a sessile anther (that is, it lacks a filament), which lies next to the stigma at the end of the style. The ovary lies at the base of the style and atop a stalk known as the gynophore, and it is from here that the seed pod then develops. Meanwhile, a crescent-shaped nectary lies at the base of the gynophore.[6]

After flowering, the curved leathery to woody follicles develop. Hanging downwards on wooden stalks, these are roughly oblong in shape,[4] and measure around 5 cm (2 in) long.[5] They split longitudinally to release the winged seeds, which are ripe around March.[4] There are around 16 seeds,[5] which are arranged in two rows. Wooden structures known as lamellae separate the seeds from each other and the follicle walls.[4]

Taxonomy and evolution edit

 
Plant with developing buds and a previous year's old seed pod

While exploring Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania) in 1792–3, French botanist Jacques Labillardière collected specimens of what he later formally described as Embothrium truncatum in his 1805 work Novae Hollandiae Plantarum Specimen.[3][7] The specific epithet is the Latin adjective truncatus, meaning "truncated" or "ending abruptly", referring to the end of the seed wing.[5] This characteristic is not specific to the Tasmanian waratah; all members of the subtribe Embothriinae have truncate seed wings.[3] Embothrium was a wastebasket taxon at the time, and Robert Brown proposed placing the species in a new genus, Telopea, in a talk he gave in 1809, publishing the new name Telopea truncata in 1810.[1][8] Richard Salisbury had attended the talk and controversially published the species as Hylogyne australis, or southern hylogyne, in Joseph Knight's 1809 book On the cultivation of the plants belonging to the natural order of Proteeae,[9] thus claiming precedence over Brown's formal 1810 description.[5] Salisbury was involved in disputes with several prominent naturalists of the time, and his preemption of Brown was seen as unethical, so his names were largely ignored by his contemporaries in favor of Brown's.[10]

James Ross described a new species of waratah, Telopea tasmaniana, in his Hobart Town Almanack in 1835,[2] but it is now considered a synonym of T. truncata.[1] In 1891, German botanist Otto Kuntze published Revisio generum plantarum, his response to what he perceived as a lack of method in existing nomenclatural practice.[11] He revived the genus Hylogyne on the grounds of priority, and correctly made the new combination Hylogyne truncata for T. truncata.[12] However, Kuntze's revisionary program was not accepted by the majority of botanists.[11] Ultimately, the genus Telopea was nomenclaturally conserved over Hylogyne by the International Botanical Congress of 1905.[13]

Telopea truncata is one, and possibly the most distinctive, of five species from southeastern Australia which make up the genus Telopea.[2][3] It is the earliest offshoot of a lineage that gives rise to the Gippsland waratah (T. oreades) and Monga waratah (T. mongaensis) of southeastern mainland Australia.[14] The perianths of T. truncata are of a single shade of red, whereas those of its mainland relatives are coloured with two distinct shades of red—the surfaces facing the centre of the flower head are a much brighter red than those facing away.[15]

The genus is classified in the subtribe Embothriinae of the Proteaceae, along with the tree waratahs (Alloxylon) from eastern Australia and New Caledonia, and the South American genera Oreocallis and Embothrium.[16][17] Almost all of these species have red terminal flowers, and hence the subtribe's origin and floral appearance most likely pre-dated the splitting of Gondwana into Australia, Antarctica, and South America over 60 million years ago.[18] Propylipollis ambiguus (formerly Triporopollenites ambiguus)[19] is the oldest identifiable member of the Embothriinae.[20] It is known only from pollen deposits, and was originally described from Eocene deposits in Victoria. The fossil pollen closely resembles that of T. truncata,[21] Alloxylon pinnatum and Oreocallis grandiflora.[22] Fossil remains of Telopea truncata have been recovered from early to middle Pleistocene strata at Regatta Point in western Tasmania. The leaves are small, and these beds housed a subalpine plant community in what is now lowland terrain.[23] Leaves identical to (and classified as) Telopea truncata have been recovered from early Oligocene deposits around Lake Cethana near Sheffield.[24]

Distribution and habitat edit

The species is found in central, southern, and western Tasmania[25] and is absent from warmer, dryer areas.[26] It grows on moist acidic soils in wet sclerophyll forest or subalpine scrub at altitudes of 600 to 1200 m (2000–4000 ft).[25] It is an understory component of subalpine forest stands of alpine ash (Eucalyptus delegatensis) and alpine yellow gum (E. subcrenulata),[27] as well as Athrotaxis selaginoides–Nothofagus gunnii short rainforest, Athrotaxis selaginoides rainforest, Leptospermum-with-rainforest scrub, the tall Nothofagus–Atherosperma rainforest and Nothofagus–Phyllocladus short rainforest.[28] It is occasionally found in the Leptospermum scoparium–Acacia mucronata forest community of western Tasmania.[29]

Ecology edit

The prominent position and striking colour of the flowers of T. truncata and many of its relatives within the subtribe Embothriinae in both Australia and South America strongly suggest it is adapted to pollination by birds, and has been for over 60 million years.[18] The flower heads produce abundant nectar, which is fed upon by many bird species.[4] The Tasmanian waratah has a swollen woody base largely under the soil known as a lignotuber, which stores energy and nutrients as a resource for rapid growth after a bushfire.[30]

Like most Proteaceae, T. truncata has fine proteoid roots that arise from larger roots.[31] These are roots with dense clusters of short lateral rootlets that form a mat in the soil just below the leaf litter. They are particularly efficient at absorbing nutrients from nutrient-poor soils, including the phosphorus-deficient native soils of Australia.[32] Waratah seeds are often eaten—and destroyed—by animals and do not travel far (just several metres) from the parent plants.[33]

Cultivation edit

 
Two plants in cultivation in a Hobart car park

The flowers of the Tasmanian waratah provide ample nectar and hence are a food source for bird visitors to the garden.[34] The species can be propagated by seed, though seedlings may succumb to damping off.[25] Growing in a natural shady location delays flowering by two to four weeks, while growing in a cooler conditions (due either to latitude or altitude) can delay flowering by up to six weeks. Pruning flower heads can promote subsequent growth of leaves and branches.[35] It grows best in a cool climate with ample water and good drainage, and has done well in cultivation in England. The Royal Horticultural Society gave it an Award of Merit in 1934 and a First Class Certificate in 1938.[5] The relationship between light duration and intensity, temperature, vegetative growth and flower production is poorly known.[35] Yellow forms in cultivation were originally propagated from a plant found on Mount Wellington.[5]

Cultivars edit

  • Telopea 'Champagne' is a cultivar registered under plant breeders' rights (PBR) in 2006.[36] Its creamy-yellow flowerheads appear from October to December.[37] It is a three-way hybrid between T. speciosissima, T. oreades and the yellow-flowered form of T. truncata.
  • Telopea 'Golden Globe' is a cultivar registered under PBR in 2006.[38] Larger than 'Champagne', it is also a three-way hybrid between T. speciosissima, T. oreades and the yellow-flowered form of T. truncata. It has been propagated and sold as 'Shady Lady Yellow'. It was originally bred in the Dandenongs east of Melbourne.[37]

Uses edit

The flowers of T. truncata were once used extensively for decoration.[39] Geoffrey Smith observed in 1909 that the collection of the flowers for this purpose had caused the decline of some populations on Mount Wellington.[40] The timber of larger specimens has been used for inlays; it has an attractive grain and a pale red color.[39][41]

References edit

  1. ^ a b c "Telopea truncata". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI). Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. Retrieved 2023-04-03.
  2. ^ a b c d e Crisp, Michael D.; Weston, Peter H. (1995). "Telopea". In McCarthy, Patrick (ed.). Flora of Australia: Volume 16: Eleagnaceae, Proteaceae 1. Collingwood, Victoria: CSIRO Publishing / Australian Biological Resources Study. pp. 386–90. ISBN 0-643-05693-9.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Crisp, Michael D.; Weston, Peter H. (1987). "How Many Waratahs?". In Armstrong, J.A. (ed.). Waratahs, Their Biology, Cultivation and Conservation: Based on a Symposium Conducted by the Australian Flora Foundation and Held at the Australian Academy of Science Building, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, October, 1984. Australian Government Publishing Service. pp. 3–15 [7–11]. ISBN 978-0-644-06818-5.
  4. ^ a b c d e Natural Values Conservation Branch (2014). (PDF). Flora of Tasmania. Hobart, Tasmania: Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-11-22. Retrieved 2015-10-27.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i Wrigley, John; Fagg, Murray (1991). Banksias, Waratahs and Grevilleas. Sydney, New South Wales: Angus & Robertson. pp. 538–42. ISBN 0-207-17277-3.
  6. ^ Willis, James L. (1959). "The Genus Telopea". Australian Plants. 1 (1): 7–10.
  7. ^ Labillardière, Jacques Julien Houton de (1805). Novæ Hollandiæ plantarum specimen. Vol. 1. Paris, France: Dominæ Huzard. p. 32.
  8. ^ Brown, Robert (1810). "On the Proteaceae of Jussieu". Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. 10: 198. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1810.tb00013.x.
  9. ^ Knight, Joseph (1809). On the Cultivation of the Plants Belonging to the Natural Order of Proteeae. London, United Kingdom: W. Savage. p. 117.
  10. ^ Olde, Peter; Marriott, Neil (1995). The Grevillea Book. Vol. 1. Sydney, New South Wales: Kangaroo Press. pp. 22–23. ISBN 0-86417-326-1.
  11. ^ a b Erickson, Robert F. "Kuntze, Otto (1843–1907)". Botanicus.org. Retrieved 2015-11-28.
  12. ^ Kuntze, Otto (1891). . Leipzig, Germany: A. Felix. p. 578. Archived from the original on 2015-12-08. Retrieved 2015-11-27.
  13. ^ "Congrès international de Botanique de Vienne". Bulletin de la Société botanique de France. 52: LIV. 1905.
  14. ^ Weston, Peter H.; Crisp, Michael D. (1994). "Cladistic Biogeography of Waratahs (Proteaceae, Embothrieae) and their Allies across the Pacific". Australian Systematic Botany. 7 (3): 225–49. doi:10.1071/SB9940225.
  15. ^ Rossetto, Maurizio; Allen, Chris B.; Thurlby, Katie A.G.; Weston, Peter H.; Milner, Melita L. (2012). "Genetic Structure and Bio-climatic Modelling Support Allopatric over Parapatric Speciation along a Latitudinal Gradient". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 12: 149. Bibcode:2012BMCEE..12..149R. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-12-149. PMC 3495659. PMID 22906180.  
  16. ^ Johnson, L.A.S.; Briggs, Barbara G. (1975). "On the Proteaceae: the Evolution and Classification of a Southern Family". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 70 (2): 83–182. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1975.tb01644.x.
  17. ^ Weston, Peter H.; Barker, Nigel P. (2006). "A new Suprageneric Classification of the Proteaceae, with an Annotated Checklist of Genera". Telopea. 11 (3): 314–44. doi:10.7751/telopea20065733.
  18. ^ a b Nixon 1997, p. 19.
  19. ^ Dettmann, Mary E.; Jarzen, David M. (1996). "Pollen of proteaceous-type from latest Cretaceous sediments, southeastern Australia". Alcheringa. 20 (2): 103–160. Bibcode:1996Alch...20..103D. doi:10.1080/03115519608619193.
  20. ^ Barker, Nigel P.; Weston, Peter H.; Rutschmann, Frank; Sauquet, Hervé (2007). "Molecular dating of the 'Gondwanan' plant family Proteaceae is only partially congruent with the timing of the break-up of Gondwana". Journal of Biogeography. 34 (12): 2012–2027. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2007.01749.x. S2CID 86156197.
  21. ^ Dettmann, Mary E.; Jarzen, David M. (1991). "Pollen Evidence for Late Cretaceous Differentiation of Proteaceae in Southern Polar Forests". Canadian Journal of Botany. 69 (4): 901–06. doi:10.1139/b91-116.
  22. ^ Martin, A.R.H. (1995). "Palaeogene Proteaceous Pollen and Phylogeny". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 19 (1): 27–40. Bibcode:1995Alch...19...27M. doi:10.1080/03115519508619096.
  23. ^ Jordan, G.J.; MacPhail, M.K.; Barnes, R.; Hill, R.S. (1995). "An Early to Middle Pleistocene Flora of Subalpine Affinities in Lowland Western Tasmania". Australian Journal of Botany. 43 (2): 231–42. doi:10.1071/BT9950231.
  24. ^ Carpenter, Raymond J.; Jordan, Greg J. (1997). "Early Tertiary Macrofossils of Proteaceae from Tasmania". Australian Systematic Botany. 10 (4): 533–63. doi:10.1071/SB96016.
  25. ^ a b c "Telopea truncata". Australian Native Plants Society (Australia). Retrieved 2015-03-09.
  26. ^ Mackenzie, David H. (1987). "Where can Waratahs be Grown ... ?". In Armstrong, J.A. (ed.). Waratahs, Their Biology, Cultivation and Conservation: Based on a Symposium Conducted by the Australian Flora Foundation and Held at the Australian Academy of Science Building, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, October, 1984. Australian Government Publishing Service. pp. 51–70 [66]. ISBN 978-0-644-06818-5.
  27. ^ Natural Values Conservation Branch (2014). "Wet eucalypt forest and woodland" (PDF). Edition 2: From Forest to Fjaeldmark. Hobart, Tasmania: Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment. Retrieved 2015-10-27.
  28. ^ Natural Values Conservation Branch (2014). "Rainforest and related scrub" (PDF). Edition 2: From Forest to Fjaeldmark. Hobart, Tasmania: Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment. Retrieved 2015-10-27.
  29. ^ Natural Values Conservation Branch (2014). "Non-eucalypt forest and woodland" (PDF). Edition 2: From Forest to Fjaeldmark. Hobart, Tasmania: Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment. Retrieved 2015-10-27.
  30. ^ Nixon 1997, pp. 25–26.
  31. ^ Purnell, Helen M. (1960). "Studies of the family Proteaceae. I. Anatomy and morphology of the roots of some Victorian species". Australian Journal of Botany. 8 (1): 38–50. doi:10.1071/BT9600038.
  32. ^ Lamont, Byron B. (1993). "Why are hairy root clusters so abundant in the most nutrient-impoverished soils of Australia?". Plant and Soil. 156 (1): 269–72. Bibcode:1993PlSoi.155..269L. doi:10.1007/BF00025034. S2CID 32550881.
  33. ^ Denham, Andrew J.; Auld, Tony D. (2002). "Flowering, seed dispersal, seed predation and seedling recruitment in two pyrogenic flowering resprouters". Australian Journal of Botany. 50 (5): 545–57. doi:10.1071/BT02009.
  34. ^ Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment (1 September 2008). . Gardens for Wildlife. Hobart, Tasmania: Tasmanian Government. Archived from the original on 2008-07-20. Retrieved 2015-03-04.
  35. ^ a b Halevy, Abraham H. (1989). Handbook of Flowering. Vol. 6. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. p. 596. ISBN 978-0-8493-3916-5.
  36. ^ "Waratah (Telopea hybrid): Variety: 'Champagne'". IP Australia: Plant Breeders Rights website. IP Australia, Commonwealth of Australia. 2006. Retrieved 2011-12-18.
  37. ^ a b Elliot, Rodger W.; Jones, David L.; Blake, Trevor (2010). Encyclopaedia of Australian Plants Suitable for Cultivation: Volume 9 – Sp-Z. Port Melbourne, Victoria: Lothian Press. pp. 200–03. ISBN 978-0-7344-0974-4.
  38. ^ "Waratah (Telopea hybrid): Variety: 'Golden Globe'". IP Australia: Plant Breeders Rights website. IP Australia, Commonwealth of Australia. 2006. Retrieved 2011-12-18.
  39. ^ a b Penney, J. Compton (1905). Tasmanian Forestry. Hobart, Tasmania: John Vail. p. 14. OCLC 12562133.
  40. ^ Smith, Geoffrey (1909). A Naturalist in Tasmania. Oxford, United Kingdom: Clarendon Press. p. 54. OCLC 5875863.
  41. ^ Baker, R. T. (1913). Cabinet Timbers of Australia. Sydney, New South Wales: W. A. Gullick. p. 144. OCLC 4457411.

Cited texts edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Telopea truncata.
  • Nixon, Paul (1997) [1989]. The Waratah (2nd ed.). East Roseville, New South Wales: Kangaroo Press. ISBN 0-86417-878-6.

January 01, 1970
telopea, truncata, commonly, known, tasmanian, waratah, plant, family, proteaceae, endemic, tasmania, where, found, moist, acidic, soils, altitudes, 1200, 2000, 4000, component, alpine, eucalypt, forest, rainforest, scrub, communities, grows, multistemmed, shr. Telopea truncata commonly known as the Tasmanian waratah is a plant in the family Proteaceae It is endemic to Tasmania where it is found on moist acidic soils at altitudes of 600 to 1200 m 2000 4000 ft Telopea truncata is a component of alpine eucalypt forest rainforest and scrub communities It grows as a multistemmed shrub to a height of 3 metres 10 ft or occasionally as a small tree to 10 m 35 ft high with red flower heads known as inflorescences appearing over the Tasmanian summer November to February and bearing 10 to 35 individual flowers Yellow flowered forms are occasionally seen but do not form a population distinct from the rest of the species Telopea truncata Scientific classification Kingdom Plantae Clade Tracheophytes Clade Angiosperms Clade Eudicots Order Proteales Family Proteaceae Genus Telopea Species T truncata Binomial name Telopea truncata Labill R Br 1 Distribution of Tasmanian waratah Synonyms 2 Embothrium truncatum Labill Hylogyne australis Salisb ex Knight nom illeg Hylogyne truncata Labill Kuntze Telopea tasmaniana James Ross Collected by French botanist Jacques Labillardiere in 1792 93 Telopea truncata was first scientifically described in 1805 Genetic analysis revealed that the Tasmanian waratah is the most distinctive of the five waratah species It can be cultivated in temperate climates requiring soils with good drainage and ample moisture in part shaded or sunny positions Several commercially available cultivars that are hybrids of T truncata with the New South Wales waratah T speciosissima and Gippsland waratah T oreades have been developed Contents 1 Description 2 Taxonomy and evolution 3 Distribution and habitat 4 Ecology 5 Cultivation 5 1 Cultivars 6 Uses 7 References 7 1 Cited textsDescription edit nbsp Yellow flowered form in cultivation Hobart The Tasmanian waratah is a large erect shrub up to 3 metres 10 ft in height with several stems although it sometimes grows as a single stemmed tree to 10 m 35 ft high Unlike the New South Wales waratah T speciosissima which has a few stems topped with flowers the stems of the Tasmanian waratah branch freely with numerous smaller branches topped with flower heads 3 Younger branches and flower heads frequently have a coating of brownish hairs 4 The narrow adult leaves are 3 14 cm 1 1 8 5 1 2 in long and 0 5 2 2 cm 1 4 7 8 in across and have a rough texture Spathulate spoon shaped to obovate in shape they have smooth slightly down curved margins 2 The undersurface of the leaves is hairy Occasional lobed leaves are seen 5 Flowering occurs from October to January and is related to altitude plants at lower elevations flower earlier than ones higher up The flower heads known as inflorescences are terminal that is they arise on the ends of small branches and are surrounded by small inconspicuous hairy bracts This sets T truncata apart from all other waratah species which have hairless bracts 3 In the shape of a flattened raceme 5 the flower heads are 3 5 6 cm 1 3 8 2 3 8 in in diameter and composed of 10 to 35 individual flowers They are most commonly bright red though scattered yellow flowered plants occur These were described as forma lutea but are mere colour variations and not genetically distinct Yellow flowered plants have both red and yellow flowered progeny 2 Anthesis is basipetal that is the flowers at the base edges of the flower head open first 3 The flower is composed of a 2 cm long perianth on a 1 cm long stalk with a pronounced kink in the style above the ovary 5 all other waratah species have gently incurving styles 3 Anatomically the individual flower bears a sessile anther that is it lacks a filament which lies next to the stigma at the end of the style The ovary lies at the base of the style and atop a stalk known as the gynophore and it is from here that the seed pod then develops Meanwhile a crescent shaped nectary lies at the base of the gynophore 6 After flowering the curved leathery to woody follicles develop Hanging downwards on wooden stalks these are roughly oblong in shape 4 and measure around 5 cm 2 in long 5 They split longitudinally to release the winged seeds which are ripe around March 4 There are around 16 seeds 5 which are arranged in two rows Wooden structures known as lamellae separate the seeds from each other and the follicle walls 4 Taxonomy and evolution edit nbsp Plant with developing buds and a previous year s old seed pod While exploring Van Diemen s Land Tasmania in 1792 3 French botanist Jacques Labillardiere collected specimens of what he later formally described as Embothrium truncatum in his 1805 work Novae Hollandiae Plantarum Specimen 3 7 The specific epithet is the Latin adjective truncatus meaning truncated or ending abruptly referring to the end of the seed wing 5 This characteristic is not specific to the Tasmanian waratah all members of the subtribe Embothriinae have truncate seed wings 3 Embothrium was a wastebasket taxon at the time and Robert Brown proposed placing the species in a new genus Telopea in a talk he gave in 1809 publishing the new name Telopea truncata in 1810 1 8 Richard Salisbury had attended the talk and controversially published the species as Hylogyne australis or southern hylogyne in Joseph Knight s 1809 book On the cultivation of the plants belonging to the natural order of Proteeae 9 thus claiming precedence over Brown s formal 1810 description 5 Salisbury was involved in disputes with several prominent naturalists of the time and his preemption of Brown was seen as unethical so his names were largely ignored by his contemporaries in favor of Brown s 10 James Ross described a new species of waratah Telopea tasmaniana in his Hobart Town Almanack in 1835 2 but it is now considered a synonym of T truncata 1 In 1891 German botanist Otto Kuntze published Revisio generum plantarum his response to what he perceived as a lack of method in existing nomenclatural practice 11 He revived the genus Hylogyne on the grounds of priority and correctly made the new combination Hylogyne truncata for T truncata 12 However Kuntze s revisionary program was not accepted by the majority of botanists 11 Ultimately the genus Telopea was nomenclaturally conserved over Hylogyne by the International Botanical Congress of 1905 13 Telopea truncata is one and possibly the most distinctive of five species from southeastern Australia which make up the genus Telopea 2 3 It is the earliest offshoot of a lineage that gives rise to the Gippsland waratah T oreades and Monga waratah T mongaensis of southeastern mainland Australia 14 The perianths of T truncata are of a single shade of red whereas those of its mainland relatives are coloured with two distinct shades of red the surfaces facing the centre of the flower head are a much brighter red than those facing away 15 The genus is classified in the subtribe Embothriinae of the Proteaceae along with the tree waratahs Alloxylon from eastern Australia and New Caledonia and the South American genera Oreocallis and Embothrium 16 17 Almost all of these species have red terminal flowers and hence the subtribe s origin and floral appearance most likely pre dated the splitting of Gondwana into Australia Antarctica and South America over 60 million years ago 18 Propylipollis ambiguus formerly Triporopollenites ambiguus 19 is the oldest identifiable member of the Embothriinae 20 It is known only from pollen deposits and was originally described from Eocene deposits in Victoria The fossil pollen closely resembles that of T truncata 21 Alloxylon pinnatum and Oreocallis grandiflora 22 Fossil remains of Telopea truncata have been recovered from early to middle Pleistocene strata at Regatta Point in western Tasmania The leaves are small and these beds housed a subalpine plant community in what is now lowland terrain 23 Leaves identical to and classified as Telopea truncata have been recovered from early Oligocene deposits around Lake Cethana near Sheffield 24 Distribution and habitat editThe species is found in central southern and western Tasmania 25 and is absent from warmer dryer areas 26 It grows on moist acidic soils in wet sclerophyll forest or subalpine scrub at altitudes of 600 to 1200 m 2000 4000 ft 25 It is an understory component of subalpine forest stands of alpine ash Eucalyptus delegatensis and alpine yellow gum E subcrenulata 27 as well as Athrotaxis selaginoides Nothofagus gunnii short rainforest Athrotaxis selaginoides rainforest Leptospermum with rainforest scrub the tall Nothofagus Atherosperma rainforest and Nothofagus Phyllocladus short rainforest 28 It is occasionally found in the Leptospermum scoparium Acacia mucronata forest community of western Tasmania 29 Ecology editThe prominent position and striking colour of the flowers of T truncata and many of its relatives within the subtribe Embothriinae in both Australia and South America strongly suggest it is adapted to pollination by birds and has been for over 60 million years 18 The flower heads produce abundant nectar which is fed upon by many bird species 4 The Tasmanian waratah has a swollen woody base largely under the soil known as a lignotuber which stores energy and nutrients as a resource for rapid growth after a bushfire 30 Like most Proteaceae T truncata has fine proteoid roots that arise from larger roots 31 These are roots with dense clusters of short lateral rootlets that form a mat in the soil just below the leaf litter They are particularly efficient at absorbing nutrients from nutrient poor soils including the phosphorus deficient native soils of Australia 32 Waratah seeds are often eaten and destroyed by animals and do not travel far just several metres from the parent plants 33 Cultivation edit nbsp Two plants in cultivation in a Hobart car park The flowers of the Tasmanian waratah provide ample nectar and hence are a food source for bird visitors to the garden 34 The species can be propagated by seed though seedlings may succumb to damping off 25 Growing in a natural shady location delays flowering by two to four weeks while growing in a cooler conditions due either to latitude or altitude can delay flowering by up to six weeks Pruning flower heads can promote subsequent growth of leaves and branches 35 It grows best in a cool climate with ample water and good drainage and has done well in cultivation in England The Royal Horticultural Society gave it an Award of Merit in 1934 and a First Class Certificate in 1938 5 The relationship between light duration and intensity temperature vegetative growth and flower production is poorly known 35 Yellow forms in cultivation were originally propagated from a plant found on Mount Wellington 5 Cultivars edit Telopea Champagne is a cultivar registered under plant breeders rights PBR in 2006 36 Its creamy yellow flowerheads appear from October to December 37 It is a three way hybrid between T speciosissima T oreades and the yellow flowered form of T truncata Telopea Golden Globe is a cultivar registered under PBR in 2006 38 Larger than Champagne it is also a three way hybrid between T speciosissima T oreades and the yellow flowered form of T truncata It has been propagated and sold as Shady Lady Yellow It was originally bred in the Dandenongs east of Melbourne 37 Uses editThe flowers of T truncata were once used extensively for decoration 39 Geoffrey Smith observed in 1909 that the collection of the flowers for this purpose had caused the decline of some populations on Mount Wellington 40 The timber of larger specimens has been used for inlays it has an attractive grain and a pale red color 39 41 References edit a b c Telopea truncata Australian Plant Name Index APNI Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research Australian Government Retrieved 2023 04 03 a b c d e Crisp Michael D Weston Peter H 1995 Telopea In McCarthy Patrick ed Flora of Australia Volume 16 Eleagnaceae Proteaceae 1 Collingwood Victoria CSIRO Publishing Australian Biological Resources Study pp 386 90 ISBN 0 643 05693 9 a b c d e f g Crisp Michael D Weston Peter H 1987 How Many Waratahs In Armstrong J A ed Waratahs Their Biology Cultivation and Conservation Based on a Symposium Conducted by the Australian Flora Foundation and Held at the Australian Academy of Science Building Canberra Australian Capital Territory October 1984 Australian Government Publishing Service pp 3 15 7 11 ISBN 978 0 644 06818 5 a b c d e Natural Values Conservation Branch 2014 Telopea truncata PDF Flora of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania Department of Primary Industries Parks Water and Environment Archived from the original PDF on 2015 11 22 Retrieved 2015 10 27 a b c d e f g h i Wrigley John Fagg Murray 1991 Banksias Waratahs and Grevilleas Sydney New South Wales Angus amp Robertson pp 538 42 ISBN 0 207 17277 3 Willis James L 1959 The Genus Telopea Australian Plants 1 1 7 10 Labillardiere Jacques Julien Houton de 1805 Novae Hollandiae plantarum specimen Vol 1 Paris France Dominae Huzard p 32 Brown Robert 1810 On the Proteaceae of Jussieu Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 10 198 doi 10 1111 j 1096 3642 1810 tb00013 x Knight Joseph 1809 On the Cultivation of the Plants Belonging to the Natural Order of Proteeae London United Kingdom W Savage p 117 Olde Peter Marriott Neil 1995 The Grevillea Book Vol 1 Sydney New South Wales Kangaroo Press pp 22 23 ISBN 0 86417 326 1 a b Erickson Robert F Kuntze Otto 1843 1907 Botanicus org Retrieved 2015 11 28 Kuntze Otto 1891 Revisio generum plantarum vascularium omnium atque cellularium multarum secundum leges nomenclaturae internationales cum enumeratione plantarum exoticarum in itinere mundi collectarum Leipzig Germany A Felix p 578 Archived from the original on 2015 12 08 Retrieved 2015 11 27 Congres international de Botanique de Vienne Bulletin de la Societe botanique de France 52 LIV 1905 Weston Peter H Crisp Michael D 1994 Cladistic Biogeography of Waratahs Proteaceae Embothrieae and their Allies across the Pacific Australian Systematic Botany 7 3 225 49 doi 10 1071 SB9940225 Rossetto Maurizio Allen Chris B Thurlby Katie A G Weston Peter H Milner Melita L 2012 Genetic Structure and Bio climatic Modelling Support Allopatric over Parapatric Speciation along a Latitudinal Gradient BMC Evolutionary Biology 12 149 Bibcode 2012BMCEE 12 149R doi 10 1186 1471 2148 12 149 PMC 3495659 PMID 22906180 nbsp Johnson L A S Briggs Barbara G 1975 On the Proteaceae the Evolution and Classification of a Southern Family Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 70 2 83 182 doi 10 1111 j 1095 8339 1975 tb01644 x Weston Peter H Barker Nigel P 2006 A new Suprageneric Classification of the Proteaceae with an Annotated Checklist of Genera Telopea 11 3 314 44 doi 10 7751 telopea20065733 a b Nixon 1997 p 19 Dettmann Mary E Jarzen David M 1996 Pollen of proteaceous type from latest Cretaceous sediments southeastern Australia Alcheringa 20 2 103 160 Bibcode 1996Alch 20 103D doi 10 1080 03115519608619193 Barker Nigel P Weston Peter H Rutschmann Frank Sauquet Herve 2007 Molecular dating of the Gondwanan plant family Proteaceae is only partially congruent with the timing of the break up of Gondwana Journal of Biogeography 34 12 2012 2027 doi 10 1111 j 1365 2699 2007 01749 x S2CID 86156197 Dettmann Mary E Jarzen David M 1991 Pollen Evidence for Late Cretaceous Differentiation of Proteaceae in Southern Polar Forests Canadian Journal of Botany 69 4 901 06 doi 10 1139 b91 116 Martin A R H 1995 Palaeogene Proteaceous Pollen and Phylogeny Alcheringa An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology 19 1 27 40 Bibcode 1995Alch 19 27M doi 10 1080 03115519508619096 Jordan G J MacPhail M K Barnes R Hill R S 1995 An Early to Middle Pleistocene Flora of Subalpine Affinities in Lowland Western Tasmania Australian Journal of Botany 43 2 231 42 doi 10 1071 BT9950231 Carpenter Raymond J Jordan Greg J 1997 Early Tertiary Macrofossils of Proteaceae from Tasmania Australian Systematic Botany 10 4 533 63 doi 10 1071 SB96016 a b c Telopea truncata Australian Native Plants Society Australia Retrieved 2015 03 09 Mackenzie David H 1987 Where can Waratahs be Grown In Armstrong J A ed Waratahs Their Biology Cultivation and Conservation Based on a Symposium Conducted by the Australian Flora Foundation and Held at the Australian Academy of Science Building Canberra Australian Capital Territory October 1984 Australian Government Publishing Service pp 51 70 66 ISBN 978 0 644 06818 5 Natural Values Conservation Branch 2014 Wet eucalypt forest and woodland PDF Edition 2 From Forest to Fjaeldmark Hobart Tasmania Department of Primary Industries Parks Water and Environment Retrieved 2015 10 27 Natural Values Conservation Branch 2014 Rainforest and related scrub PDF Edition 2 From Forest to Fjaeldmark Hobart Tasmania Department of Primary Industries Parks Water and Environment Retrieved 2015 10 27 Natural Values Conservation Branch 2014 Non eucalypt forest and woodland PDF Edition 2 From Forest to Fjaeldmark Hobart Tasmania Department of Primary Industries Parks Water and Environment Retrieved 2015 10 27 Nixon 1997 pp 25 26 Purnell Helen M 1960 Studies of the family Proteaceae I Anatomy and morphology of the roots of some Victorian species Australian Journal of Botany 8 1 38 50 doi 10 1071 BT9600038 Lamont Byron B 1993 Why are hairy root clusters so abundant in the most nutrient impoverished soils of Australia Plant and Soil 156 1 269 72 Bibcode 1993PlSoi 155 269L doi 10 1007 BF00025034 S2CID 32550881 Denham Andrew J Auld Tony D 2002 Flowering seed dispersal seed predation and seedling recruitment in two pyrogenic flowering resprouters Australian Journal of Botany 50 5 545 57 doi 10 1071 BT02009 Department of Primary Industries Parks Water and Environment 1 September 2008 Creating Bird Habitat Gardens for Wildlife Hobart Tasmania Tasmanian Government Archived from the original on 2008 07 20 Retrieved 2015 03 04 a b Halevy Abraham H 1989 Handbook of Flowering Vol 6 Boca Raton Florida CRC Press p 596 ISBN 978 0 8493 3916 5 Waratah Telopea hybrid Variety Champagne IP Australia Plant Breeders Rights website IP Australia Commonwealth of Australia 2006 Retrieved 2011 12 18 a b Elliot Rodger W Jones David L Blake Trevor 2010 Encyclopaedia of Australian Plants Suitable for Cultivation Volume 9 Sp Z Port Melbourne Victoria Lothian Press pp 200 03 ISBN 978 0 7344 0974 4 Waratah Telopea hybrid Variety Golden Globe IP Australia Plant Breeders Rights website IP Australia Commonwealth of Australia 2006 Retrieved 2011 12 18 a b Penney J Compton 1905 Tasmanian Forestry Hobart Tasmania John Vail p 14 OCLC 12562133 Smith Geoffrey 1909 A Naturalist in Tasmania Oxford United Kingdom Clarendon Press p 54 OCLC 5875863 Baker R T 1913 Cabinet Timbers of Australia Sydney New South Wales W A Gullick p 144 OCLC 4457411 Cited texts edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Telopea truncata Nixon Paul 1997 1989 The Waratah 2nd ed East Roseville New South Wales Kangaroo Press ISBN 0 86417 878 6 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Telopea truncata amp oldid 1187436236, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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