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Leptospermum

January 01, 1970

Leptospermum /ˌlɛptəˈspɜːrməm, -toʊ-/[2][3] is a genus of shrubs and small trees in the myrtle family Myrtaceae commonly known as tea trees, although this name is sometimes also used for some species of Melaleuca. Most species are endemic to Australia, with the greatest diversity in the south of the continent, but some are native to other parts of the world, including New Zealand and Southeast Asia. Leptospermums all have five conspicuous petals and five groups of stamens which alternate with the petals. There is a single style in the centre of the flower and the fruit is a woody capsule.

Leptospermum
Leptospermum squarrosum
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Myrtales
Family: Myrtaceae
Tribe: Leptospermeae
Genus: Leptospermum
J.R.Forster & G.Forster[1]
Synonyms[1]

The first formal description of a leptospermum was published in 1776 by the German botanists Johann Reinhold Forster and his son Johann Georg Adam Forster, but an unambiguous definition of individual species in the genus was not achieved until 1979. Leptospermums grow in a wide range of habitats but are most commonly found in moist, low-nutrient soils. They have important uses in horticulture, in the production of honey and in floristry.

Description edit

Plants in the genus Leptospermum range in size from prostrate shrubs to small trees, and have fibrous, flaky or papery bark. The leaves are arranged alternately and are relatively small, rigid and often aromatic when crushed. The flowers may be solitary or in groups, and have bracteoles and sepals which in most species fall off as the flower opens. There are five spreading, conspicuous petals which are white, pink or red. There are many stamens which are usually shorter than the petals and in five groups opposite the stamens, although they often appear not to be grouped. A simple style usually arises from a small depression in the ovary which has from three to five sections in most species, each section containing a few to many ovules. The fruit is a woody capsule which opens at the top to release the seeds, although in some species this does not occur until the plant, or the part of it, dies.[4][5][6]

Taxonomy and naming edit

The first formal description of a leptospermum was published by Johann Reinhold Forster and Johann Georg Adam Forster in their 1776 book, Characteres Generum Plantarum.[7][8] In 1876, George Bentham described twenty species, but noted the difficulty of discriminating between species. ("The species are very difficult to discriminate.") Of the species he named, only ten remain as valid.[4][9]

In 1979, Barbara Briggs and Laurie Johnson published a classification of the family Myrtaceae in the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales. Although there have been revisions to their groupings, their paper allowed a systematic examination of species in the genus Leptospermum.[10] In 1989, Joy Thompson published a complete revision of the genus.[11] In 2000, O'Brien et al. published yet another revision, using matK-based evidence to suggest that Leptospermum is polyphyletic, and should be split into persistent, Western non-persistent, and Eastern non-persistent fruiting plants, with Leptospermum spinescens as an outlier.[12] However, neither phylogeny has been universally accepted.[13] Current estimates recognize about ninety species of Leptospermum.[4]

The common name tea tree derives from the practice of early Australian settlers who soaked the leaves of several species in boiling water to make a herbal tea.[14] The genus name (Leptospermum) means "slender-seeded".[15]

Distribution and habitat edit

Most Leptospermum species are endemic to Australia where most are found in southern areas of the country. They are most common in moist, nutrient-poor soils although they sometimes occupy other situations. Leptospermum laevigatum is usually found growing on beach sand and L. riparium growing in Tasmanian rainforest on the edges of rivers. Leptospermum amboinense extends from Queensland to Southeast Asia and three species, L. javanicum, L. parviflorum and L. recurvum are endemic to southeast Asia. L. recurvum is only found on Mount Kinabalu in Sabah. Leptospermum scoparium is one of the most widespread in the genus and occurs in New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania and New Zealand, where it is one of the most widespread and important native shrub species.[4][11][16][17]

Ecology edit

In Australia, Leptospermum species are sometimes used as food plants by the larvae of hepialid moths of the genus Aenetus, including A. lewinii and A. ligniveren. These burrow horizontally into the trunk then vertically down.

Uses edit

Use in horticulture edit

Most Leptospermum species make desirable garden plants. The hardiest species (L. lanigerum, L. liversidgei, L. polygalifolium, L. rupestre, L. scoparium) are hardy to about −8 °C (18 °F) to −10 °C (14 °F); others are sensitive to frost. They tolerate most soils, but many suppliers specify ericaceous (i.e. lime-free) compost with good drainage and full sun. Established plants are drought tolerant. They are often found as hedge plants on the west coast of the United States, and some species are popular for cultivation as bonsai. Many cultivars exist.

Use in floristry edit

These flowers are also grown in double cultivars and are used in floral designs. However, they do not last when out of water and the single flowers do not last when wired. The 'Pacific Beauty' (Leptospermum polygalifolium) is a useful flower to use in large church-service bowls and function arrangements, however use of Leptospermum in corporate designs is less desirable as they dry and drop when subjected to heating and air conditioning.

Honey production edit

The nectar from the flowers is harvested by bees, yielding Leptospermum honey, which is marketed as Manuka honey.[18] Honey produced from Australian Leptospermum polygalifolium is also known as jelly bush or the lemon-scented tea tree.[19]

Species edit

The following is a list of species accepted by the Australian Plant Census as at March 2020,[1] apart from two species (L. javanicum and L. recurvum) only occurring outside Australia that are accepted by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew:[20]

References edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Leptospermum.
  1. ^ a b c "Leptospermum". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
  2. ^ "Leptospermum". Dictionary.com Unabridged (Online). n.d. Retrieved 2016-01-21.
  3. ^ Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607
  4. ^ a b c d Wrigley, John W.; Fagg, Murray (1993). Bottlebrushes, paperbarks & tea trees, and all other plants in the Leptospermum alliance (1181–183 ed.). Pymble, N.S.W.: Angus & Robertson. ISBN 978-0207168673.
  5. ^ "Genus Leptospermum". Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney: plantnet. Retrieved 21 February 2017.
  6. ^ "Leptospermum and its Relatives - Background". Australian Native Plants Society (Australia). Retrieved 21 February 2017.
  7. ^ "Leptospermum". APNI. Retrieved 21 February 2017.
  8. ^ Forster, Johann Reinhold; Forster, Johann Georg Adam (1776). Characteres Generum Plantarum. London: Prostant apud B. White, T. Cadell, & P. Elmsly. p. 71. Retrieved 21 February 2017.
  9. ^ Bentham, George (1867). "Orders XLVIII. Myrtaceae- LXII. Compositae". Flora Australiensis. 3: 100–111. Retrieved 21 February 2017.
  10. ^ Briggs, Barbara Gillian (1979). "Evolution in the Myrtaceae - Evidence from inflorescence structure". Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales. 102 (4): 157–256. Retrieved 21 February 2017.
  11. ^ a b Thompson, Joy (1989). "A revision of the genus Leptospermum (Myrtaceae)". Telopea. 3 (3): 301–449. doi:10.7751/telopea19894902.
  12. ^ O'Brien, Marcelle M.; Quinn, Christopher J.; Wilson, Peter G. (2000). "Molecular systematics of the Leptospermum suballiance (Myrtaceae)". Australian Journal of Botany. 48 (5): 621. doi:10.1071/bt99021. ISSN 0067-1924.
  13. ^ Thornhill, Andrew H.; Ho, Simon Y.W.; Külheim, Carsten; Crisp, Michael D. (December 2015). "Interpreting the modern distribution of Myrtaceae using a dated molecular phylogeny". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 93: 29–43. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.07.007. hdl:1885/76782. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 26211451.
  14. ^ "Leptospermum - family Myrtaceae Commonly known as "teatrees"". Australian National Botanic Garden. Retrieved 21 February 2017.
  15. ^ Sharr, Francis Aubi; George, Alex (2019). Western Australian Plant Names and Their Meanings (3rd ed.). Kardinya, WA: Four Gables Press. p. 92. ISBN 9780958034180.
  16. ^ "Leptospermum scoparium". Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney; plantnet. Retrieved 21 February 2017.
  17. ^ Stephens, Jonathan M.C.; Molan, Peter C.; Clarkson, Bruce D. (January 2005). "A review of Leptospermum scoparium (Myrtaceae) in New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 43 (2): 431–449. doi:10.1080/0028825X.2005.9512966. S2CID 53515334.
  18. ^ "Growing and harvesting Mānuka honey". New Zealand Ministry for Primary Industries. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
  19. ^ Native honey a sweet antibacterial 2011-03-06 at the Wayback Machine, Australian Geographic, March 3, 2011.
  20. ^ Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families

January 01, 1970
leptospermum, ɜːr, genus, shrubs, small, trees, myrtle, family, myrtaceae, commonly, known, trees, although, this, name, sometimes, also, used, some, species, melaleuca, most, species, endemic, australia, with, greatest, diversity, south, continent, some, nati. Leptospermum ˌ l ɛ p t e ˈ s p ɜːr m em t oʊ 2 3 is a genus of shrubs and small trees in the myrtle family Myrtaceae commonly known as tea trees although this name is sometimes also used for some species of Melaleuca Most species are endemic to Australia with the greatest diversity in the south of the continent but some are native to other parts of the world including New Zealand and Southeast Asia Leptospermums all have five conspicuous petals and five groups of stamens which alternate with the petals There is a single style in the centre of the flower and the fruit is a woody capsule Leptospermum Leptospermum squarrosum Scientific classification Kingdom Plantae Clade Tracheophytes Clade Angiosperms Clade Eudicots Clade Rosids Order Myrtales Family Myrtaceae Tribe Leptospermeae Genus LeptospermumJ R Forster amp G Forster 1 Synonyms 1 Glaphyria Jack Agonomyrtus Schauer ex Rchb Macklottia Korth Leptospermopsis S Moore The first formal description of a leptospermum was published in 1776 by the German botanists Johann Reinhold Forster and his son Johann Georg Adam Forster but an unambiguous definition of individual species in the genus was not achieved until 1979 Leptospermums grow in a wide range of habitats but are most commonly found in moist low nutrient soils They have important uses in horticulture in the production of honey and in floristry Contents 1 Description 2 Taxonomy and naming 3 Distribution and habitat 4 Ecology 5 Uses 5 1 Use in horticulture 5 2 Use in floristry 5 3 Honey production 6 Species 7 ReferencesDescription editPlants in the genus Leptospermum range in size from prostrate shrubs to small trees and have fibrous flaky or papery bark The leaves are arranged alternately and are relatively small rigid and often aromatic when crushed The flowers may be solitary or in groups and have bracteoles and sepals which in most species fall off as the flower opens There are five spreading conspicuous petals which are white pink or red There are many stamens which are usually shorter than the petals and in five groups opposite the stamens although they often appear not to be grouped A simple style usually arises from a small depression in the ovary which has from three to five sections in most species each section containing a few to many ovules The fruit is a woody capsule which opens at the top to release the seeds although in some species this does not occur until the plant or the part of it dies 4 5 6 Taxonomy and naming editThe first formal description of a leptospermum was published by Johann Reinhold Forster and Johann Georg Adam Forster in their 1776 book Characteres Generum Plantarum 7 8 In 1876 George Bentham described twenty species but noted the difficulty of discriminating between species The species are very difficult to discriminate Of the species he named only ten remain as valid 4 9 In 1979 Barbara Briggs and Laurie Johnson published a classification of the family Myrtaceae in the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales Although there have been revisions to their groupings their paper allowed a systematic examination of species in the genus Leptospermum 10 In 1989 Joy Thompson published a complete revision of the genus 11 In 2000 O Brien et al published yet another revision using matK based evidence to suggest that Leptospermum is polyphyletic and should be split into persistent Western non persistent and Eastern non persistent fruiting plants with Leptospermum spinescens as an outlier 12 However neither phylogeny has been universally accepted 13 Current estimates recognize about ninety species of Leptospermum 4 The common name tea tree derives from the practice of early Australian settlers who soaked the leaves of several species in boiling water to make a herbal tea 14 The genus name Leptospermum means slender seeded 15 Distribution and habitat editMost Leptospermum species are endemic to Australia where most are found in southern areas of the country They are most common in moist nutrient poor soils although they sometimes occupy other situations Leptospermum laevigatum is usually found growing on beach sand and L riparium growing in Tasmanian rainforest on the edges of rivers Leptospermum amboinense extends from Queensland to Southeast Asia and three species L javanicum L parviflorum and L recurvum are endemic to southeast Asia L recurvum is only found on Mount Kinabalu in Sabah Leptospermum scoparium is one of the most widespread in the genus and occurs in New South Wales Victoria Tasmania and New Zealand where it is one of the most widespread and important native shrub species 4 11 16 17 Ecology editIn Australia Leptospermum species are sometimes used as food plants by the larvae of hepialid moths of the genus Aenetus including A lewinii and A ligniveren These burrow horizontally into the trunk then vertically down Uses editUse in horticulture edit Most Leptospermum species make desirable garden plants The hardiest species L lanigerum L liversidgei L polygalifolium L rupestre L scoparium are hardy to about 8 C 18 F to 10 C 14 F others are sensitive to frost They tolerate most soils but many suppliers specify ericaceous i e lime free compost with good drainage and full sun Established plants are drought tolerant They are often found as hedge plants on the west coast of the United States and some species are popular for cultivation as bonsai Many cultivars exist Use in floristry edit These flowers are also grown in double cultivars and are used in floral designs However they do not last when out of water and the single flowers do not last when wired The Pacific Beauty Leptospermum polygalifolium is a useful flower to use in large church service bowls and function arrangements however use of Leptospermum in corporate designs is less desirable as they dry and drop when subjected to heating and air conditioning Honey production edit The nectar from the flowers is harvested by bees yielding Leptospermum honey which is marketed as Manuka honey 18 Honey produced from Australian Leptospermum polygalifolium is also known as jelly bush or the lemon scented tea tree 19 Species editThe following is a list of species accepted by the Australian Plant Census as at March 2020 1 apart from two species L javanicum and L recurvum only occurring outside Australia that are accepted by the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew 20 Leptospermum amboinense Blume Qld Malesia Leptospermum anfractum A R Bean Qld Leptospermum arachnoides Gaertn spidery tea tree Qld NSW Leptospermum argenteum Joy Thomps Mt Royal tea tree NSW Leptospermum barneyense A R Bean Qld Leptospermum benwellii A R Bean NSW Leptospermum blakelyi Joy Thomps NSW Leptospermum brachyandrum F Muell Druce Qld NSW Leptospermum brevipes F Muell slender tea tree Qld NSW Vic Leptospermum brevipes F Muell Leptospermum microcarpum Cheel Qld Leptospermum confertum Joy Thomps WA Leptospermum continentale Joy Thomps prickly tea tree NSW Vic SA Leptospermum coriaceum F Muell Cheel green tea tree mallee teatree NSW Vic SA Leptospermum crassifolium Joy Thomps NSW Leptospermum deanei Joy Thomps NSW Leptospermum deuense Joy Thomps NSW Leptospermum divaricatum Schauer NSW Leptospermum emarginatum H L Wendl ex Link NSW Vic Leptospermum epacridoideum Cheel NSW Leptospermum erubescens Schauer WA Leptospermum exsertum Joy Thomps WA Leptospermum fastigiatum S Moore WA SA Leptospermum glabrescens N A Wakef Vic Leptospermum glaucescens S Schauer Tas Leptospermum grandiflorum Lodd G Lodd amp W Lodd Tas Leptospermum grandifolium Sm NSW Vic Leptospermum gregarium Joy Thomps Qld NSW Leptospermum incanum Turcz WA Leptospermum inelegans Joy Thomps WA Leptospermum javanicum Blume Myanmar Thailand Malaysia Indonesia Philippines Leptospermum jingera Lyne amp Crisp Vic Leptospermum juniperinum Sm Qld NSW Leptospermum laevigatum Gaertn F Muell NSW Vic SA Tas Leptospermum lamellatum Joy Thomps Qld Leptospermum lanigerum Sol ex Aiton Sm Qld NSW Vic SA Tas Leptospermum liversidgei R T Baker amp H G Sm Qld NSW Leptospermum luehmannii F M Bailey Qld NSW Leptospermum macgillivrayi Joy Thomps WA Leptospermum macrocarpum Maiden amp Betche Joy Thomps NSW Leptospermum madidum A R Bean Qld WA NT Leptospermum madidum A R Bean subsp madidum Qld Leptospermum madidum subsp sativum A R Bean WA NT Leptospermum maxwellii S Moore WA Leptospermum microcarpum Cheel Qld NSW Leptospermum micromyrtus Miq NSW Vic Leptospermum minutifolium C T White Qld NSW Leptospermum morrisonii Joy Thomps NSW Leptospermum multicaule A Cunn NSW ACT Vic Leptospermum myrsinoides Schltdl NSW Vic SA Leptospermum myrtifolium Sieber ex DC NSW ACT Vic Leptospermum namadgiense Lyne NSW ACT Leptospermum neglectum Joy Thomps Qld Leptospermum nitens Turcz WA Leptospermum nitidum Hook f Tas Leptospermum novae angliae Joy Thomps Qld NSW Leptospermum obovatum Sweet NSW Vic Leptospermum oligandrum Turcz WA Leptospermum oreophilum Joy Thomps Qld Leptospermum pallidum A R Bean Qld Leptospermum parvifolium Sm Qld NSW Leptospermum petersonii F M Bailey Qld NSW Leptospermum petraeum Joy Thomps NSW Leptospermum polyanthum Joy Thomps NSW Leptospermum polygalifolium Salisb Qld NSW Lord Howe Island Leptospermum polygalifolium subsp cismontanum Joy Thomps Qld NSW Leptospermum polygalifolium subsp howense Joy Thomps Lord Howe Island Leptospermum polygalifolium subsp montanum Joy Thomps Leptospermum polygalifolium Salisb subsp polygalifolium NSW Leptospermum polygalifolium subsp transmontanum Joy Thomps Qld NSW Leptospermum polygalifolium subsp tropicum Joy Thomps Qld Leptospermum purpurascens Joy Thomps Qld Leptospermum recurvum Hook f Sabah Sulawesi Leptospermum riparium D I Morris Tas Leptospermum roei Benth WA Leptospermum rotundifolium Maiden amp Betche F A Rodway NSW Leptospermum rupestre Hook f Tas Leptospermum rupicola Joy Thomps NSW Leptospermum scoparium J R Forst amp G Forst Vic NSW Tas NZ Leptospermum sejunctum Joy Thomps NSW Leptospermum semibaccatum Cheel Qld NSW Leptospermum sericatum Lindl Qld Leptospermum sericeum Labill WA Leptospermum speciosum Schauer Qld NSW Leptospermum spectabile Joy Thomps NSW Leptospermum sphaerocarpum Cheel NSW Leptospermum spinescens Endl WA Leptospermum squarrosum Gaertn NSW Leptospermum subglabratum Joy Thomps NSW Leptospermum subtenue Joy Thomps WA Leptospermum thompsonii Joy Thomps NSW Leptospermum trinervium Sm Joy Thomps Qld NSW Vic Leptospermum turbinatum Joy Thomps Vic Leptospermum variabile Joy Thomps Qld NSW Leptospermum venustum A R Bean Qld Leptospermum whitei Cheel Qld NSW Leptospermum wooroonooran F M Bailey QldReferences edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Leptospermum a b c Leptospermum Australian Plant Census Retrieved 19 March 2020 Leptospermum Dictionary com Unabridged Online n d Retrieved 2016 01 21 Sunset Western Garden Book 1995 606 607 a b c d Wrigley John W Fagg Murray 1993 Bottlebrushes paperbarks amp tea trees and all other plants in the Leptospermum alliance 1181 183 ed Pymble N S W Angus amp Robertson ISBN 978 0207168673 Genus Leptospermum Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney plantnet Retrieved 21 February 2017 Leptospermum and its Relatives Background Australian Native Plants Society Australia Retrieved 21 February 2017 Leptospermum APNI Retrieved 21 February 2017 Forster Johann Reinhold Forster Johann Georg Adam 1776 Characteres Generum Plantarum London Prostant apud B White T Cadell amp P Elmsly p 71 Retrieved 21 February 2017 Bentham George 1867 Orders XLVIII Myrtaceae LXII Compositae Flora Australiensis 3 100 111 Retrieved 21 February 2017 Briggs Barbara Gillian 1979 Evolution in the Myrtaceae Evidence from inflorescence structure Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 102 4 157 256 Retrieved 21 February 2017 a b Thompson Joy 1989 A revision of the genus Leptospermum Myrtaceae Telopea 3 3 301 449 doi 10 7751 telopea19894902 O Brien Marcelle M Quinn Christopher J Wilson Peter G 2000 Molecular systematics of the Leptospermum suballiance Myrtaceae Australian Journal of Botany 48 5 621 doi 10 1071 bt99021 ISSN 0067 1924 Thornhill Andrew H Ho Simon Y W Kulheim Carsten Crisp Michael D December 2015 Interpreting the modern distribution of Myrtaceae using a dated molecular phylogeny Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 93 29 43 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2015 07 007 hdl 1885 76782 ISSN 1055 7903 PMID 26211451 Leptospermum family Myrtaceae Commonly known as teatrees Australian National Botanic Garden Retrieved 21 February 2017 Sharr Francis Aubi George Alex 2019 Western Australian Plant Names and Their Meanings 3rd ed Kardinya WA Four Gables Press p 92 ISBN 9780958034180 Leptospermum scoparium Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney plantnet Retrieved 21 February 2017 Stephens Jonathan M C Molan Peter C Clarkson Bruce D January 2005 A review of Leptospermum scoparium Myrtaceae in New Zealand New Zealand Journal of Botany 43 2 431 449 doi 10 1080 0028825X 2005 9512966 S2CID 53515334 Growing and harvesting Manuka honey New Zealand Ministry for Primary Industries Retrieved 5 December 2019 Native honey a sweet antibacterialArchived 2011 03 06 at the Wayback Machine Australian Geographic March 3 2011 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Leptospermum amp oldid 1210122366, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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