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Alloxylon pinnatum

March 04, 2024

Alloxylon pinnatum, known as Dorrigo waratah, is a tree of the family Proteaceae found in warm-temperate rainforest of south-east Queensland and northern New South Wales in eastern Australia. It has shiny green leaves that are either pinnate (lobed) and up to 30 cm (12 in) long, or lanceolate (spear-shaped) and up to 15 cm (5.9 in) long. The prominent pinkish-red flower heads, known as inflorescences, appear in spring and summer; these are made up of 50 to 140 individual flowers arranged in corymb or raceme. These are followed by rectangular woody seed pods, which bear two rows of winged seeds.

Alloxylon pinnatum
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Proteales
Family: Proteaceae
Genus: Alloxylon
Species:
A. pinnatum
Binomial name
Alloxylon pinnatum
(Maiden & Betche) P.H.Weston & Crisp
Range of A. pinnatum in northern New South Wales and southeastern Queensland
Synonyms
  • Oreocallis pinnata (Maiden & Betche) Sleumer
  • Embothrium wickhamii var. pinnatum Maiden & Betche
  • Embothrium pinnatum (Maiden & Betche) C.T.White

Known for many years as Oreocallis pinnata, it was transferred to the new genus Alloxylon by Peter Weston and Mike Crisp in 1991. This genus contains the four species previously classified in Oreocallis that are found in Australasia. Its terminal globular flowers indicate that the species is pollinated by birds. Classified as near threatened under the Queensland Nature Conservation Act 1992, the Dorrigo waratah has proven difficult to keep alive in cultivation.

Description edit

The Dorrigo waratah is a rainforest tree that reaches 25 m (82 ft) high, with a non-buttressed trunk of 1.5 m (5 ft) diameter at breast height (dbh). The bark is greyish brown and covered in many small pimples, rendering it sandpaper-like in texture.[1] The green foliage consists of several distinct juvenile and adult leaf forms, which are arranged alternately along the stems. Juvenile leaves are light green and at first simple, with a single blade. Successive leaves on more mature plants become more complex, or pinnate, with deep lobes; these leaves are up to 30 cm (12 in) long with 2–11 leaflets.[2] Some adult leaves are simple—with a single lanceolate leaf blade—and up to 15 cm (5.9 in) long;[3] these are generally located near the flower heads.[2] Among the green foliage there are occasional yellow leaves. New branchlets and leaves are covered in brown hair.[1]

The pinkish-red compound flowerheads, known as inflorescences, are up to 20 cm (8 in) across in spring to summer, and contain between 50 and 140 smaller flowers, arranged in a corymb or raceme.[2] These individual flowers are 3–3.8 cm (1+1⁄8–1+1⁄2 in) long[2] and sit atop stalks (known as pedicels) up to 3.5 cm (1+3⁄8 in) in length, which arise in pairs off the main stalk within the inflorescence. Each flower consists of a tubular perianth, which partly splits along one side at anthesis to release the thick style. The stigma is contained within a slanting disc-like structure at the tip of the style. The tubular perianth splits into four segments at its tip, and the anther lies in the concave parts within each of these segments.[3] The flower parts are smooth and hairless.[2] The pollen is crimson.[4] After flowering, the 8–10 cm (3.1–3.9 in) long woody seedpod develops. Cylindrical in shape, it splits down one side to release the seeds, which are ripe from February to June. They are arranged in two rows,[1] with at least four seeds in each row. Each seed is separated from the others by a membranous separator, and has a long rectangular wing, which is much longer than the seed itself.[3]

The Dorrigo waratah can be distinguished from other members of the genus Alloxylon by its pinnate adult leaves. This feature serves to differentiate it as other species in the genus have simple adult leaves. The other species have inflorescences with fewer flowers (50 maximum), and have yellow pollen.[4]

Taxonomy edit

First described as a variety of what was then known as Embothrium wickhamii by Joseph Maiden and Ernst Betche in 1911 after a collection by J.L.Boorman,[5] the Dorrigo waratah was raised to species status and reclassified as Oreocallis pinnata by Dutch botanist Hermann Otto Sleumer in 1954.[6] The Australian members of the genus Oreocallis were recognised as markedly distinct from the South American species, which saw them allocated to the new genus Alloxylon. Hence, Oreocallis pinnata was given the new combination Alloxylon pinnatum in 1991 by Peter Weston and Mike Crisp of the Royal Botanic Gardens in Sydney.[7] The species name refers to the pinnate leaves. Aside from Dorrigo waratah, it has also been called the Dorrigo oak, red silky oak, tree waratah, pink silky oak, red oak, Queensland waratah, and waratah oak.[8] The genus name is derived from Ancient Greek allo-, meaning "other" or "strange", and xylon, meaning "wood". It refers to the genus's unusual cell architecture compared with the related genera Telopea and Oreocallis.[9]

A. pinnatum and the other three tree waratah species lie in the subtribe Embothriinae, along with the true waratahs (Telopea), Oreocallis and the Chilean firetree (Embothrium coccineum) from South America.[10][11] Almost all these species have red flowers that are terminal (arising at the ends of branches), and hence the subtribe's origin and floral appearance most likely predates the splitting of the supercontinent Gondwana into Australia, Antarctica, and South America over 60 million years ago.[12] The position, colour and tubular shape of the flowers suggest that they are bird-pollinated,[2] and have been so since the radiation of nectar-feeding birds such as honeyeaters in the Eocene.[13] Triporopollenites ambiguus is an ancient member of the Proteaceae known only from pollen deposits, originally described from Eocene deposits in Victoria. The fossil pollen closely resembles that of the Tasmanian waratah (Telopea truncata),[14] A. pinnatum and Oreocallis grandiflora.[15] Cladistic analysis of morphological features within the Embothriinae showed A. pinnatum to be the earliest offshoot within the genus and sister to the other three species. Along with members of other genera in the Embothriinae, A. pinnatum has crimson pollen, while the other three Alloxylon species have yellow pollen. Hence the ancestral pollen colour was likely red, and remained so with the emergence of the genus Alloxylon, yet changed to yellow after the divergence of A. pinnatum.[16]

Distribution and habitat edit

 
Cultivated at Maleny, Queensland

The Dorrigo waratah is found in warm-temperate rainforest from altitudes of 700 to 1,250 m (2,300 to 4,100 ft) along the McPherson Range in south-east Queensland and the Dorrigo Plateau in northern New South Wales, with dominant tree species such as coachwood (Ceratopetalum apetalum) and Antarctic beech (Lophozonia moorei).[2] In Queensland it is associated with golden sassafras (Doryphora sassafras) and native crabapple (Schizomeria ovata). It commonly grows on southern aspects of hills and slopes.[3]

Conservation status edit

The Dorrigo waratah is classified as 3RCa under the Rare or Threatened Australian Plant (ROTAP) criteria for threatened species,[17] and listed as near threatened under the Queensland Nature Conservation Act 1992.[18] The flowers are visited by the rare Richmond birdwing butterfly (Ornithoptera richmondia), which occurs in the same region.[19] In 2016, the Dorrigo waratah was one of eleven species selected for the Save a Species Walk campaign in April 2016; scientists walked 300 km (190 mi) to raise money for collection of seeds to be prepared and stored at the Australian PlantBank at the Australian Botanic Garden, Mount Annan.[20] Protected areas in New South Wales in which it grows include Bellinger River National Park and Dorrigo National Park.[21]

Cultivation edit

The bright, prominently displayed flowers and bird-attracting properties of the Dorrigo waratah make it a desirable garden plant. It reaches only about 6–10 m (20–33 ft) in cultivation,[8][22] but has proven difficult to grow.[3] The Dorrigo waratah has been successfully cultivated at the Australian National Botanic Gardens in Canberra in a sheltered position in part-shade with a thick layer of mulch. It is propagated most easily by seed, which is ripe from February to June and keeps for around twelve months.[8] Seedlings often perish when they reach 15 cm (6 in) high, and are difficult to transplant.[1] It has also been grown at Mount Tomah Botanic Garden, where it was noted to be exacting in its requirements, needing very good drainage as well as a sheltered location to survive. It is slow growing;[22] specimens planted in 1989 have been flowering since 1999.[23] The considerably easier to grow Queensland tree waratah (A. flammeum) has been considered as a stock plant for grafting.[24] The pinkish red timber has been used for making cabinets and furniture. It is soft and light, weighing 500 kg (1100 lb) per cubic metre.[1] The cut flowers have a long vase life.[8]

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e Floyd, Alex G. (2009). Rainforest Trees of Mainland Southeastern Australia. Lismore, New South Wales: Terania Rainforest Publishing. pp. 301–02. ISBN 978-0-9589436-7-3.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Crisp, Michael D.; Weston, Peter H. (1995). "Alloxylon pinnatum (Maiden & Betche) P.H.Weston & Crisp". In McCarthy, Patrick (ed.). Flora of Australia: Volume 16: Eleagnaceae, Proteaceae 1. Collingwood, Victoria: CSIRO Publishing / Australian Biological Resources Study. p. 383. ISBN 0-643-05693-9.
  3. ^ a b c d e Wrigley, John; Fagg, Murray (1991). Banksias, Waratahs and Grevilleas. Sydney: Angus & Robertson. pp. 468–69. ISBN 0-207-17277-3.
  4. ^ a b Weston, Peter H.; Crisp, Michael D. (1991). "Alloxylon (Proteaceae), a New Genus from New Guinea and Eastern Australia". Telopea. 4 (3): 497–507. doi:10.7751/telopea19814946.
  5. ^ "Embothrium wickhamii var. pinnatum Maiden & Betche". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government.
  6. ^ "Oreocallis pinnata (Maiden & Betche) Sleumer". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government.
  7. ^ "Alloxylon pinnatum (Maiden & Betche) P.H. Weston & Crisp". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government.
  8. ^ a b c d Mackerras, Katrina (21 July 2013) [2005]. "Alloxylon pinnatum". Growing Native Plants. Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Australian Government (published 2010). Retrieved 21 December 2013. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  9. ^ Elliot, Rodger W.; Jones, David L.; Blake, Trevor (1995). Encyclopaedia of Australian Plants Suitable for Cultivation: Supplement 2. Port Melbourne, Victoria: Lothian Press. pp. A-253–54. ISBN 0-85091-696-8.
  10. ^ Johnson, Lawrence A. S.; Briggs, Barbara G. (1975). "On the Proteaceae: the Evolution and Classification of a Southern Family". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 70 (2): 83–182. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1975.tb01644.x.
  11. ^ Weston, Peter H.; Barker, Nigel P. (2006). "A New Suprageneric Classification of the Proteaceae, with an Annotated Checklist of Genera". Telopea. 11 (3): 314–44. doi:10.7751/telopea20065733.
  12. ^ Nixon, Paul (1997) [1989]. The Waratah (2nd ed.). East Roseville, NSW: Kangaroo Press. p. 19. ISBN 0-86417-878-6.
  13. ^ Barker, Nigel P.; Weston, Peter H.; Rutschmann, Frank; Sauquet, Herve (2007). "Molecular Dating of the 'Gondwanan' Plant Family Proteaceae is Only Partially Congruent with the Timing of the Break-up of Gondwana". Journal of Biogeography. 34 (12): 2012–27. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2007.01749.x.
  14. ^ Dettmann, Mary E.; Jarzen, David M. (1991). "Pollen Evidence for Late Cretaceous Differentiation of Proteaceae in Southern Polar Forests". Canadian Journal of Botany. 69 (4): 901–06. doi:10.1139/b91-116.
  15. ^ Martin, A. R. H. (1995). "Palaeogene proteaceous pollen and phylogeny". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 19: 27–40. doi:10.1080/03115519508619096.
  16. ^ Weston, Peter H.; Crisp, Michael D. (1994). "Cladistic Biogeography of Waratahs (Proteaceae, Embothrieae) and their Allies across the Pacific". Australian Systematic Botany. 7 (3): 225–49. doi:10.1071/SB9940225.
  17. ^ Weston, Peter H.; Crisp, Michael D. "Alloxylon pinnatum". PlantNET – New South Wales Flora Online. Royal Botanic Gardens & Domain Trust, Sydney Australia. Retrieved 16 October 2015.
  18. ^ Department of Environment and Heritage Protection (28 August 2015). "Nature Conservation (Wildlife) Regulation 2006" (PDF). Nature Conservation Act 1992. Australia: Queensland Government. p. 64. Retrieved 16 October 2015.
  19. ^ Sands, Donald P.A.; New, Tim R. (2013). Conservation of the Richmond Birdwing Butterfly in Australia. New York, New York: Springer Science & Business Media. p. 83. ISBN 978-94-007-7170-3.
  20. ^ Barlass, Tim (10 April 2016). "Scientists race to save 11 endangered plants in NSW". Sydney Morning Herald.
  21. ^ NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service (Northern region) (May 2000). Bellinger River National Park: Plan of Management (PDF). Department of the Minister for the Environment. pp. 9–10. ISBN 0-7313-6997-1.
  22. ^ a b Robinson, Scott; Naylor, Keith. . Bilpin, New South Wales: Mount Tomah Botanic Garden. Archived from the original on 25 February 2011. Retrieved 12 September 2011.
  23. ^ Office Of Environment & Heritage. . Bilpin, New South Wales: Mount Tomah Botanic Garden. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 27 December 2012.
  24. ^ Donovan, N. J.; Offord, Cathy A.; Tyler, J. L. (1999). "Vegetative Cutting and in Vitro Propagation of the Tree Waratah, Alloxylon flammeum P. Weston and Crisp (family Proteaceae)". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture. 39 (2): 225–29. doi:10.1071/EA97106.

External links edit

  •   Media related to Alloxylon pinnatum at Wikimedia Commons
  •   Data related to Alloxylon pinnatum at Wikispecies

March 04, 2024
alloxylon, pinnatum, known, dorrigo, waratah, tree, family, proteaceae, found, warm, temperate, rainforest, south, east, queensland, northern, south, wales, eastern, australia, shiny, green, leaves, that, either, pinnate, lobed, long, lanceolate, spear, shaped. Alloxylon pinnatum known as Dorrigo waratah is a tree of the family Proteaceae found in warm temperate rainforest of south east Queensland and northern New South Wales in eastern Australia It has shiny green leaves that are either pinnate lobed and up to 30 cm 12 in long or lanceolate spear shaped and up to 15 cm 5 9 in long The prominent pinkish red flower heads known as inflorescences appear in spring and summer these are made up of 50 to 140 individual flowers arranged in corymb or raceme These are followed by rectangular woody seed pods which bear two rows of winged seeds Alloxylon pinnatumScientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClade AngiospermsClade EudicotsOrder ProtealesFamily ProteaceaeGenus AlloxylonSpecies A pinnatumBinomial nameAlloxylon pinnatum Maiden amp Betche P H Weston amp CrispRange of A pinnatum in northern New South Wales and southeastern QueenslandSynonymsOreocallis pinnata Maiden amp Betche Sleumer Embothrium wickhamii var pinnatum Maiden amp Betche Embothrium pinnatum Maiden amp Betche C T WhiteKnown for many years as Oreocallis pinnata it was transferred to the new genus Alloxylon by Peter Weston and Mike Crisp in 1991 This genus contains the four species previously classified in Oreocallis that are found in Australasia Its terminal globular flowers indicate that the species is pollinated by birds Classified as near threatened under the Queensland Nature Conservation Act 1992 the Dorrigo waratah has proven difficult to keep alive in cultivation Contents 1 Description 2 Taxonomy 3 Distribution and habitat 3 1 Conservation status 4 Cultivation 5 References 6 External linksDescription editThe Dorrigo waratah is a rainforest tree that reaches 25 m 82 ft high with a non buttressed trunk of 1 5 m 5 ft diameter at breast height dbh The bark is greyish brown and covered in many small pimples rendering it sandpaper like in texture 1 The green foliage consists of several distinct juvenile and adult leaf forms which are arranged alternately along the stems Juvenile leaves are light green and at first simple with a single blade Successive leaves on more mature plants become more complex or pinnate with deep lobes these leaves are up to 30 cm 12 in long with 2 11 leaflets 2 Some adult leaves are simple with a single lanceolate leaf blade and up to 15 cm 5 9 in long 3 these are generally located near the flower heads 2 Among the green foliage there are occasional yellow leaves New branchlets and leaves are covered in brown hair 1 The pinkish red compound flowerheads known as inflorescences are up to 20 cm 8 in across in spring to summer and contain between 50 and 140 smaller flowers arranged in a corymb or raceme 2 These individual flowers are 3 3 8 cm 1 1 8 1 1 2 in long 2 and sit atop stalks known as pedicels up to 3 5 cm 1 3 8 in in length which arise in pairs off the main stalk within the inflorescence Each flower consists of a tubular perianth which partly splits along one side at anthesis to release the thick style The stigma is contained within a slanting disc like structure at the tip of the style The tubular perianth splits into four segments at its tip and the anther lies in the concave parts within each of these segments 3 The flower parts are smooth and hairless 2 The pollen is crimson 4 After flowering the 8 10 cm 3 1 3 9 in long woody seedpod develops Cylindrical in shape it splits down one side to release the seeds which are ripe from February to June They are arranged in two rows 1 with at least four seeds in each row Each seed is separated from the others by a membranous separator and has a long rectangular wing which is much longer than the seed itself 3 The Dorrigo waratah can be distinguished from other members of the genus Alloxylon by its pinnate adult leaves This feature serves to differentiate it as other species in the genus have simple adult leaves The other species have inflorescences with fewer flowers 50 maximum and have yellow pollen 4 Taxonomy editFirst described as a variety of what was then known as Embothrium wickhamii by Joseph Maiden and Ernst Betche in 1911 after a collection by J L Boorman 5 the Dorrigo waratah was raised to species status and reclassified as Oreocallis pinnata by Dutch botanist Hermann Otto Sleumer in 1954 6 The Australian members of the genus Oreocallis were recognised as markedly distinct from the South American species which saw them allocated to the new genus Alloxylon Hence Oreocallis pinnata was given the new combination Alloxylon pinnatum in 1991 by Peter Weston and Mike Crisp of the Royal Botanic Gardens in Sydney 7 The species name refers to the pinnate leaves Aside from Dorrigo waratah it has also been called the Dorrigo oak red silky oak tree waratah pink silky oak red oak Queensland waratah and waratah oak 8 The genus name is derived from Ancient Greek allo meaning other or strange and xylon meaning wood It refers to the genus s unusual cell architecture compared with the related genera Telopea and Oreocallis 9 A pinnatum and the other three tree waratah species lie in the subtribe Embothriinae along with the true waratahs Telopea Oreocallis and the Chilean firetree Embothrium coccineum from South America 10 11 Almost all these species have red flowers that are terminal arising at the ends of branches and hence the subtribe s origin and floral appearance most likely predates the splitting of the supercontinent Gondwana into Australia Antarctica and South America over 60 million years ago 12 The position colour and tubular shape of the flowers suggest that they are bird pollinated 2 and have been so since the radiation of nectar feeding birds such as honeyeaters in the Eocene 13 Triporopollenites ambiguus is an ancient member of the Proteaceae known only from pollen deposits originally described from Eocene deposits in Victoria The fossil pollen closely resembles that of the Tasmanian waratah Telopea truncata 14 A pinnatum and Oreocallis grandiflora 15 Cladistic analysis of morphological features within the Embothriinae showed A pinnatum to be the earliest offshoot within the genus and sister to the other three species Along with members of other genera in the Embothriinae A pinnatum has crimson pollen while the other three Alloxylon species have yellow pollen Hence the ancestral pollen colour was likely red and remained so with the emergence of the genus Alloxylon yet changed to yellow after the divergence of A pinnatum 16 Distribution and habitat edit nbsp Cultivated at Maleny QueenslandThe Dorrigo waratah is found in warm temperate rainforest from altitudes of 700 to 1 250 m 2 300 to 4 100 ft along the McPherson Range in south east Queensland and the Dorrigo Plateau in northern New South Wales with dominant tree species such as coachwood Ceratopetalum apetalum and Antarctic beech Lophozonia moorei 2 In Queensland it is associated with golden sassafras Doryphora sassafras and native crabapple Schizomeria ovata It commonly grows on southern aspects of hills and slopes 3 Conservation status edit The Dorrigo waratah is classified as 3RCa under the Rare or Threatened Australian Plant ROTAP criteria for threatened species 17 and listed as near threatened under the Queensland Nature Conservation Act 1992 18 The flowers are visited by the rare Richmond birdwing butterfly Ornithoptera richmondia which occurs in the same region 19 In 2016 the Dorrigo waratah was one of eleven species selected for the Save a Species Walk campaign in April 2016 scientists walked 300 km 190 mi to raise money for collection of seeds to be prepared and stored at the Australian PlantBank at the Australian Botanic Garden Mount Annan 20 Protected areas in New South Wales in which it grows include Bellinger River National Park and Dorrigo National Park 21 Cultivation editThe bright prominently displayed flowers and bird attracting properties of the Dorrigo waratah make it a desirable garden plant It reaches only about 6 10 m 20 33 ft in cultivation 8 22 but has proven difficult to grow 3 The Dorrigo waratah has been successfully cultivated at the Australian National Botanic Gardens in Canberra in a sheltered position in part shade with a thick layer of mulch It is propagated most easily by seed which is ripe from February to June and keeps for around twelve months 8 Seedlings often perish when they reach 15 cm 6 in high and are difficult to transplant 1 It has also been grown at Mount Tomah Botanic Garden where it was noted to be exacting in its requirements needing very good drainage as well as a sheltered location to survive It is slow growing 22 specimens planted in 1989 have been flowering since 1999 23 The considerably easier to grow Queensland tree waratah A flammeum has been considered as a stock plant for grafting 24 The pinkish red timber has been used for making cabinets and furniture It is soft and light weighing 500 kg 1100 lb per cubic metre 1 The cut flowers have a long vase life 8 References edit a b c d e Floyd Alex G 2009 Rainforest Trees of Mainland Southeastern Australia Lismore New South Wales Terania Rainforest Publishing pp 301 02 ISBN 978 0 9589436 7 3 a b c d e f g Crisp Michael D Weston Peter H 1995 Alloxylon pinnatum Maiden amp Betche P H Weston amp Crisp In McCarthy Patrick ed Flora of Australia Volume 16 Eleagnaceae Proteaceae 1 Collingwood Victoria CSIRO Publishing Australian Biological Resources Study p 383 ISBN 0 643 05693 9 a b c d e Wrigley John Fagg Murray 1991 Banksias Waratahs and Grevilleas Sydney Angus amp Robertson pp 468 69 ISBN 0 207 17277 3 a b Weston Peter H Crisp Michael D 1991 Alloxylon Proteaceae a New Genus from New Guinea and Eastern Australia Telopea 4 3 497 507 doi 10 7751 telopea19814946 Embothrium wickhamii var pinnatum Maiden amp Betche Australian Plant Name Index APNI IBIS database Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research Australian Government Oreocallis pinnata Maiden amp Betche Sleumer Australian Plant Name Index APNI IBIS database Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research Australian Government Alloxylon pinnatum Maiden amp Betche P H Weston amp Crisp Australian Plant Name Index APNI IBIS database Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research Australian Government a b c d Mackerras Katrina 21 July 2013 2005 Alloxylon pinnatum Growing Native Plants Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australian Government published 2010 Retrieved 21 December 2013 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a work ignored help Elliot Rodger W Jones David L Blake Trevor 1995 Encyclopaedia of Australian Plants Suitable for Cultivation Supplement 2 Port Melbourne Victoria Lothian Press pp A 253 54 ISBN 0 85091 696 8 Johnson Lawrence A S Briggs Barbara G 1975 On the Proteaceae the Evolution and Classification of a Southern Family Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 70 2 83 182 doi 10 1111 j 1095 8339 1975 tb01644 x Weston Peter H Barker Nigel P 2006 A New Suprageneric Classification of the Proteaceae with an Annotated Checklist of Genera Telopea 11 3 314 44 doi 10 7751 telopea20065733 Nixon Paul 1997 1989 The Waratah 2nd ed East Roseville NSW Kangaroo Press p 19 ISBN 0 86417 878 6 Barker Nigel P Weston Peter H Rutschmann Frank Sauquet Herve 2007 Molecular Dating of the Gondwanan Plant Family Proteaceae is Only Partially Congruent with the Timing of the Break up of Gondwana Journal of Biogeography 34 12 2012 27 doi 10 1111 j 1365 2699 2007 01749 x Dettmann Mary E Jarzen David M 1991 Pollen Evidence for Late Cretaceous Differentiation of Proteaceae in Southern Polar Forests Canadian Journal of Botany 69 4 901 06 doi 10 1139 b91 116 Martin A R H 1995 Palaeogene proteaceous pollen and phylogeny Alcheringa An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology 19 27 40 doi 10 1080 03115519508619096 Weston Peter H Crisp Michael D 1994 Cladistic Biogeography of Waratahs Proteaceae Embothrieae and their Allies across the Pacific Australian Systematic Botany 7 3 225 49 doi 10 1071 SB9940225 Weston Peter H Crisp Michael D Alloxylon pinnatum PlantNET New South Wales Flora Online Royal Botanic Gardens amp Domain Trust Sydney Australia Retrieved 16 October 2015 Department of Environment and Heritage Protection 28 August 2015 Nature Conservation Wildlife Regulation 2006 PDF Nature Conservation Act 1992 Australia Queensland Government p 64 Retrieved 16 October 2015 Sands Donald P A New Tim R 2013 Conservation of the Richmond Birdwing Butterfly in Australia New York New York Springer Science amp Business Media p 83 ISBN 978 94 007 7170 3 Barlass Tim 10 April 2016 Scientists race to save 11 endangered plants in NSW Sydney Morning Herald NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service Northern region May 2000 Bellinger River National Park Plan of Management PDF Department of the Minister for the Environment pp 9 10 ISBN 0 7313 6997 1 a b Robinson Scott Naylor Keith Plant of the Season Summer Dorrigo Waratah Bilpin New South Wales Mount Tomah Botanic Garden Archived from the original on 25 February 2011 Retrieved 12 September 2011 Office Of Environment amp Heritage Alloxylon pinnatum Bilpin New South Wales Mount Tomah Botanic Garden Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 Retrieved 27 December 2012 Donovan N J Offord Cathy A Tyler J L 1999 Vegetative Cutting and in Vitro Propagation of the Tree Waratah Alloxylon flammeum P Weston and Crisp family Proteaceae Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 39 2 225 29 doi 10 1071 EA97106 External links edit nbsp Media related to Alloxylon pinnatum at Wikimedia Commons nbsp Data related to Alloxylon pinnatum at Wikispecies Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Alloxylon pinnatum amp oldid 1160858375, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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