International Botanical Congress (IBC) is an international meeting of botanists in all scientific fields, authorized by the International Association of Botanical and Mycological Societies (IABMS) and held every six years, with the location rotating between different continents. The current numbering system for the congresses starts from the year 1900; the XVIII IBC was held in Melbourne, Australia, 24–30 July 2011,[1] and the XIX IBC was held in Shenzhen, China, 23–29 July 2017.[2]
Postage stamp for the 1975 congress
The IBC has the power to alter the ICN (International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants), which was renamed from the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) at the XVIII IBC. Formally the power resides with the Plenary Session; in practice this approves the decisions of the Nomenclature Section. The Nomenclature Section meets before the actual Congress and deals with all proposals to modify the Code: this includes ratifying recommendations from sub-committees on conservation. To reduce the risk of a hasty decision the Nomenclature Section adopts a 60% majority requirement for any change not already recommended by a committee.
Prior to the first International Botanical Congress, local congresses concerned with natural sciences generally had grown to be very large, and a more specialized but also international meeting was considered desirable.[3] The first annual IBC was held in 1864 in Brussels, in conjunction with an international horticultural exhibit.[3] At the second annual congress (held in Amsterdam), Karl Koch made a proposal to standardize botanical nomenclature, and the third congress (held in London) resolved that this matter would be dealt with by the next congress.
The fourth congress, which had as one of its principal purposes to establish laws of botanical nomenclature, was organized by la Société botanique de France, and took place in Paris in August 1867.[4] The laws adopted were based on those prepared by Alphonse de Candolle. Regular international botanical and/or horticultural congresses were held but made no further changes to nomenclature until the 1892 meeting in Genoa,[3] which made some small changes to the laws of nomenclature.[5] Subsequent meetings are as follows in the table below. The "Code" column shows whether a code of nomenclature was adopted.
First binding Rules of Nomenclature; French became the official language of the meeting; requirement for Latin plant descriptions from 1908 onwards (not enforced); end of the Kew Rule.
The type method incorporated; Latin requirement deferred until 1932; "absolute homonym rule" accepted, or "once a later homonym always illegitimate (unless conserved)", which altered the status of many names, including many that had previously been conserved.[8] The Cambridge Code was not published until 1935.[7] This code was accepted by previous proponents of the American Code, ending a period of schism.[9]
Adoption of the first International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants;[3] arbitrary dates defined for some foundational works; decision to hold future congresses every five years (except four years for the next one). For fossil plants, organ genera and form genera were introduced.
Two additional principles added, II and III, dealing with types and with priority. Proposals to conserve or reject specific names were rejected, but a committee was established to find ways to improve the stability of names.[10]
Presentation of a completely reworked list of conserved and rejected names necessitated by changes made at the 1930 congress,[8] but the list for species was not accepted.[nb 1] Decision that rules of priority do not apply above the rank of family.[12] Starting point for family names to be Antoine Laurent de Jussieu's Genera Plantarum 1789.[11] Choice among French, English, and German official codes of English as the standard in case of discrepancy.[nb 2]
Official versions of the code in English, French, and German (the English version to take precedence in case of discrepancy); rejection of species names allowed in a few special cases; organ-genera for fossil plants are eliminated, replaced by form-genera.
Official versions of the code in English, French, and German (the English version to take precedence in case of discrepancy); conservation procedure (and rejection) extended to species names "of major economic importance"; fungi starting date restored to 1753 with sanctioned name status established; the types of genera and higher categories become the types of species (i.e., the taxa themselves are no longer types,[13] only specimens or illustrations).
Official version of the code only in (British) English; later translations in French, German, and Japanese; conservation extended to species names that represent the type of a conserved generic name.
Moves towards registration of plant names; extensive re-arrangement of the nomenclature code; official version of the code only in (British) English; later translations in Chinese, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Russian, and Slovak; conservation extended to all species names; rejection permitted for any name that would cause a disadvantageous nomenclatural change; epitype concept introduced.
Refinement of type requirements; illustrations as types mostly forbidden from 1958; morphotaxa for fossils. Proposals defeated included the BioCode and registration of plant names.
Electronic publication permitted; registration of fungal names; English or Latin descriptions (or diagnoses) from 2012; the concepts of anamorph and teleomorph (for fungi) and morphotaxa (for fossils) eliminated.
The 2023 IBC in Brazil was cancelled due to the pandemic. It will be held in Madrid in July 2024. Details to follow soon.
CommitteesEdit
Nomenclature Committee for FungiEdit
The Nomenclature Committee for Fungi (NCF) is a permanent committee of the IBC, appointed to discuss the international rules applied to fungi, especially their taxonomy. The members of the NCF are elected every six years. The internationally agreed rules that regulate how fungi are named are examined and revised at each International Botanical Congress, held every six years. As of 2021, Scott Alan Redhead chairs the committee.[14]
NotesEdit
^"The proposals concerning the question of possible nomina specifica conservanda c.q. rejicienda did not result in any legislative action but were followed by an attempt to assess first the real scope of the problem before changing the rules. This may seem a minor step forward. In fact I believe it is the first real progress that has been made towards solving this difficult problem.[11] Preface by J. Lanjouw
^"As before, the Nomenclature Section decided that the Code should be published in English, French and German languages. The three texts are all official, but, should there be any inconsistency between the versions, it is agree to regard the English one arbitrarily as correct."[11] Preface by J. Lanjouw
ReferencesEdit
^. Archived from the original on 2011-07-27. Retrieved 2009-06-15.
^. Archived from the original on 2012-03-28. Retrieved 2011-07-25.
^ abcdStafleu, F.A. (1970). "A century of botanical congresses". In R.C. Starr (ed.). XI International Botanical Congress, University of Washington, Seattle, U.S.A., August 24-September 2, 1969. Proceedings. NC: XI International Botanical Congress, Inc. pp. 9–21.
^Alphonse de Candolle (1867). Actes du Congrés international de botanique tenu a Paris en août 1867, sous les auspices de la Société botanique de France (1867).
^International Botanical Congress (February 11, 1893). "Atti del Congresso botanico internazionale di Genova 1892". Genoa: Genova, Tip. del R. Istituto sordo-muti – via Internet Archive.
^. Archived from the original on 2006-10-11. Retrieved 2006-08-10.
^ abcNicolson, D.H. (1991). "A History of Botanical Nomenclature". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 78 (1): 33–56. doi:10.2307/2399589. JSTOR 2399589.
^Weatherby, C.A. (1949). "Botanical Nomenclature Since 1867". American Journal of Botany. 36 (1): 5–7. doi:10.2307/2438113. JSTOR 2438113. PMID 18124191.
^Stafleu, F.A. (1954). "Nomenclature at the Paris Congress". Taxon. 3 (8): 217–225. doi:10.2307/1216598. JSTOR 1216598.
^ abcLanjouw, J.; Baehni, C.; Robyns, W.; Ross, R.; Rousseau, J.; Schopf, J.M.; Schulze, G.M.; Smith, A.C.; Vilmorin, R.d.; Stafleu, F.A.; et al. (1961), Code International de la Nomenclature Botanique/International Code of Botanical Nomenclature/Internationaler Code der botanischen Nomenklatur, Utrecht: International Bureau for Plant Taxonomy and Nomenclature of the International Association for Plant Taxonomy
^"Nomenclature Committee for Fungi". International Mycological Association. 2018. Retrieved 2021-09-25.
External linksEdit
Media related to International Botanical Congress at Wikimedia Commons
(IABMS)
September 28, 2023
international, botanical, congress, international, meeting, botanists, scientific, fields, authorized, international, association, botanical, mycological, societies, iabms, held, every, years, with, location, rotating, between, different, continents, current, . International Botanical Congress IBC is an international meeting of botanists in all scientific fields authorized by the International Association of Botanical and Mycological Societies IABMS and held every six years with the location rotating between different continents The current numbering system for the congresses starts from the year 1900 the XVIII IBC was held in Melbourne Australia 24 30 July 2011 1 and the XIX IBC was held in Shenzhen China 23 29 July 2017 2 Postage stamp for the 1975 congressThe IBC has the power to alter the ICN International Code of Nomenclature for algae fungi and plants which was renamed from the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature ICBN at the XVIII IBC Formally the power resides with the Plenary Session in practice this approves the decisions of the Nomenclature Section The Nomenclature Section meets before the actual Congress and deals with all proposals to modify the Code this includes ratifying recommendations from sub committees on conservation To reduce the risk of a hasty decision the Nomenclature Section adopts a 60 majority requirement for any change not already recommended by a committee Contents 1 History 2 Committees 2 1 Nomenclature Committee for Fungi 3 Notes 4 References 5 External linksHistory EditPrior to the first International Botanical Congress local congresses concerned with natural sciences generally had grown to be very large and a more specialized but also international meeting was considered desirable 3 The first annual IBC was held in 1864 in Brussels in conjunction with an international horticultural exhibit 3 At the second annual congress held in Amsterdam Karl Koch made a proposal to standardize botanical nomenclature and the third congress held in London resolved that this matter would be dealt with by the next congress The fourth congress which had as one of its principal purposes to establish laws of botanical nomenclature was organized by la Societe botanique de France and took place in Paris in August 1867 4 The laws adopted were based on those prepared by Alphonse de Candolle Regular international botanical and or horticultural congresses were held but made no further changes to nomenclature until the 1892 meeting in Genoa 3 which made some small changes to the laws of nomenclature 5 Subsequent meetings are as follows in the table below The Code column shows whether a code of nomenclature was adopted 6 7 Year City Country Code Major actions concerning nomenclatureI 1900 Paris nbsp France Decisions on nomenclature deferred II 1905 Vienna nbsp Austria Yes First binding Rules of Nomenclature French became the official language of the meeting requirement for Latin plant descriptions from 1908 onwards not enforced end of the Kew Rule III 1910 Brussels nbsp Belgium Yes Separate starting dates for nomenclature of fungi established IV 1926 Ithaca nbsp United States Decisions on nomenclature deferred V 1930 Cambridge nbsp United Kingdom Yes The type method incorporated Latin requirement deferred until 1932 absolute homonym rule accepted or once a later homonym always illegitimate unless conserved which altered the status of many names including many that had previously been conserved 8 The Cambridge Code was not published until 1935 7 This code was accepted by previous proponents of the American Code ending a period of schism 9 VI 1935 Amsterdam nbsp Netherlands English became the official language of the Congress replacing French No formal Code was published 7 VII 1950 Stockholm nbsp Sweden Yes Adoption of the first International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants 3 arbitrary dates defined for some foundational works decision to hold future congresses every five years except four years for the next one For fossil plants organ genera and form genera were introduced VIII 1954 Paris nbsp France Yes Two additional principles added II and III dealing with types and with priority Proposals to conserve or reject specific names were rejected but a committee was established to find ways to improve the stability of names 10 IX 1959 Montreal nbsp Canada Yes Presentation of a completely reworked list of conserved and rejected names necessitated by changes made at the 1930 congress 8 but the list for species was not accepted nb 1 Decision that rules of priority do not apply above the rank of family 12 Starting point for family names to be Antoine Laurent de Jussieu s Genera Plantarum 1789 11 Choice among French English and German official codes of English as the standard in case of discrepancy nb 2 X 1964 Edinburgh nbsp United Kingdom Yes No major changes to the code 12 XI 1969 Seattle nbsp United States Yes Established the International Association of Bryologists XII 1975 Leningrad nbsp Soviet Union Yes Official versions of the code in English French and German the English version to take precedence in case of discrepancy rejection of species names allowed in a few special cases organ genera for fossil plants are eliminated replaced by form genera XIII 1981 Sydney nbsp Australia Yes Official versions of the code in English French and German the English version to take precedence in case of discrepancy conservation procedure and rejection extended to species names of major economic importance fungi starting date restored to 1753 with sanctioned name status established the types of genera and higher categories become the types of species i e the taxa themselves are no longer types 13 only specimens or illustrations XIV 1987 Berlin nbsp Germany Yes Official version of the code only in British English later translations in French German and Japanese conservation extended to species names that represent the type of a conserved generic name XV 1993 Tokyo nbsp Japan Yes Moves towards registration of plant names extensive re arrangement of the nomenclature code official version of the code only in British English later translations in Chinese French German Italian Japanese Russian and Slovak conservation extended to all species names rejection permitted for any name that would cause a disadvantageous nomenclatural change epitype concept introduced XVI 1999 St Louis nbsp United States Yes Refinement of type requirements illustrations as types mostly forbidden from 1958 morphotaxa for fossils Proposals defeated included the BioCode and registration of plant names XVII 2005 Vienna nbsp Austria Yes Morphotaxa and regular taxa for fossils illustrations as types mostly forbidden from 2007 glossary added to the code of nomenclature XVIII 2011 Melbourne nbsp Australia Yes Electronic publication permitted registration of fungal names English or Latin descriptions or diagnoses from 2012 the concepts of anamorph and teleomorph for fungi and morphotaxa for fossils eliminated XIX 2017 Shenzhen nbsp China YesXX 2024 Madrid Spain The 2023 IBC in Brazil was cancelled due to the pandemic It will be held in Madrid in July 2024 Details to follow soon Committees EditNomenclature Committee for Fungi Edit The Nomenclature Committee for Fungi NCF is a permanent committee of the IBC appointed to discuss the international rules applied to fungi especially their taxonomy The members of the NCF are elected every six years The internationally agreed rules that regulate how fungi are named are examined and revised at each International Botanical Congress held every six years As of 2021 Scott Alan Redhead chairs the committee 14 Notes Edit The proposals concerning the question of possible nomina specifica conservanda c q rejicienda did not result in any legislative action but were followed by an attempt to assess first the real scope of the problem before changing the rules This may seem a minor step forward In fact I believe it is the first real progress that has been made towards solving this difficult problem 11 Preface by J Lanjouw As before the Nomenclature Section decided that the Code should be published in English French and German languages The three texts are all official but should there be any inconsistency between the versions it is agree to regard the English one arbitrarily as correct 11 Preface by J LanjouwReferences Edit IBC2011 Melbourne Australia 23 30 July 2011 Archived from the original on 2011 07 27 Retrieved 2009 06 15 IBC2017 Shenzhen China 23 29 July 2017 Archived from the original on 2012 03 28 Retrieved 2011 07 25 a b c d Stafleu F A 1970 A century of botanical congresses In R C Starr ed XI International Botanical Congress University of Washington Seattle U S A August 24 September 2 1969 Proceedings NC XI International Botanical Congress Inc pp 9 21 Alphonse de Candolle 1867 Actes du Congres international de botanique tenu a Paris en aout 1867 sous les auspices de la Societe botanique de France 1867 International Botanical Congress February 11 1893 Atti del Congresso botanico internazionale di Genova 1892 Genoa Genova Tip del R Istituto sordo muti via Internet Archive History of IBC Archived from the original on 2006 10 11 Retrieved 2006 08 10 a b c Nicolson D H 1991 A History of Botanical Nomenclature Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 78 1 33 56 doi 10 2307 2399589 JSTOR 2399589 a b Rickett H W Stafleu F A 1959 Nomina generica conservanda et rejicienda spermatophytorum Taxon 8 7 213 243 doi 10 2307 1217883 JSTOR 1217883 Weatherby C A 1949 Botanical Nomenclature Since 1867 American Journal of Botany 36 1 5 7 doi 10 2307 2438113 JSTOR 2438113 PMID 18124191 Stafleu F A 1954 Nomenclature at the Paris Congress Taxon 3 8 217 225 doi 10 2307 1216598 JSTOR 1216598 a b c Lanjouw J Baehni C Robyns W Ross R Rousseau J Schopf J M Schulze G M Smith A C Vilmorin R d Stafleu F A et al 1961 Code International de la Nomenclature Botanique International Code of Botanical Nomenclature Internationaler Code der botanischen Nomenklatur Utrecht International Bureau for Plant Taxonomy and Nomenclature of the International Association for Plant Taxonomy a b Stafleu F A 1964 Nomenclature at Edinburgh Taxon 13 8 273 282 doi 10 2307 1216194 JSTOR 1216194 This is a contrast to the ICZN Nomenclature Committee for Fungi International Mycological Association 2018 Retrieved 2021 09 25 External links Edit nbsp Media related to International Botanical Congress at Wikimedia Commons International Association of Botanical and Mycological Societies IABMS Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title International Botanical Congress amp oldid 1177358603, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
