Tahini
Tahini (/təˈhiːni, tɑː-/) or tahina (Arabic: طحينة, /-nə/) is a Middle Eastern condiment made from toasted ground hulled sesame.[3] It is served by itself (as a dip) or as a major ingredient in hummus, baba ghanoush, and halva.
Tahini next to lemon and whole garlic | |
| Alternative names | Tahin, tahina, tahine, etc.[1][2] |
|---|---|
| Type | Spread or dip, ingredient or filling in other dishes |
| Region or state | West Asia, Eastern Mediterranean, South Caucasus, parts of North Africa |
| Main ingredients | Sesame seeds |
| |
Tahini is used in the cuisines of the Levant and Eastern Mediterranean, the South Caucasus, the Balkans, South Asia, Central Asia, and amongst Ashkenazi Jews as well as parts of Russia and North Africa. Sesame paste (though not called tahini) is also used in some East Asian cuisines.
Etymology edit
Tahini is of Arabic origin and comes from a colloquial Levantine Arabic pronunciation of ṭaḥīna (طحينة),[4][5] or more accurately ṭaḥīniyya (طحينية), whence also English tahina and Hebrew t'china טחינה. It is derived from the root ط ح ن Ṭ-Ḥ-N, which as a verb طحن ṭaḥana means "to grind",[6][7] and also produces the word طحين ṭaḥīn, "flour" in some dialects. The word tahini appeared in English by the late 1930s.[8][9]
History edit
The oldest mention of sesame is in a cuneiform document written 4000 years ago that describes the custom of serving the gods sesame wine. The historian Herodotus writes about the cultivation of sesame 3500 years ago in the region of the Tigris and Euphrates in Mesopotamia. It was mainly used as a source of oil.[10]
Tahini is mentioned as an ingredient of hummus kasa, a recipe transcribed in an anonymous 13th-century Arabic cookbook, Kitab Wasf al-Atima al-Mutada.[11]
Sesame paste is an ingredient in some Chinese and Japanese dishes; Sichuan cuisine uses it in some recipes for dandan noodles. Sesame paste is also used in Indian cuisine.[12]
In North America, sesame tahini, along with other raw nut butters, was available by 1940 in health food stores.[8]
Preparation and storage edit
Tahini is made from sesame seeds that are soaked in water and then crushed to separate the bran from the kernels. The crushed seeds are soaked in salt water, causing the bran to sink. The floating kernels are skimmed off the surface, toasted, and ground to produce an oily paste.[13] It can also be prepared with untoasted seeds and called "raw tahini".[14][self-published source?]
Because of tahini's high oil content, some manufacturers recommend refrigeration to prevent spoilage. Others do not recommend refrigeration, as it makes the product more viscous and more difficult to serve.[14]
Culinary uses edit
This section needs additional citations for verification. (January 2019) |
Tahini-based sauces are common in Middle Eastern restaurants as a side dish or as a garnish, usually including lemon juice, salt, and garlic, and thinned with water. Hummus is made of cooked, mashed chickpeas typically blended with tahini, lemon juice and salt. Tahini sauce is also a popular topping for meat and vegetables in Middle Eastern cuisine. A sweet spread, halawa taḥīniyya (حلاوة طحينية "sweet tahini"), is a type of halva sweet. It sometimes has mashed or sliced pistachio pieces sprinkled inside or on top. It is usually spread on bread and eaten as a quick snack.
In Armenia, tahini can be used as a sauce to put on lahmajoun.
In Greece, tahini (Greek: ταχίνι) is used as a spread on bread either alone or topped with honey or jam. Jars of tahini ready-mixed with honey or cocoa are available in the breakfast food aisles of Greek supermarkets.
In Cyprus, tahini, locally pronounced as tashi, is used as a dip for bread and sometimes in pitta souvlaki rather than tzatziki, which is customary in Greece; it is also used to make "tahinopitta" (tahini pie).[15]
In Iran, tahini is called ardeh (ارده) in Persian. It is used to make halvardeh (حلوا ارده), a kind of halva made of tahini, sugar, egg whites, and other ingredients. It is also eaten during breakfast, usually with an accompanying sweet substance, such as grape syrup, date syrup, honey, or jam. Ardeh and halvardeh are among the souvenirs of the Iranian cities of Yazd and Ardakan.
In Turkey, tahini (Turkish: tahin) is mixed with pekmez to make tahin-pekmez, which is often served as a breakfast item or after meals as a sweet dip for breads.
In Iraq, tahini is known as rashi (راشي), and is mixed with date syrup (rub) to make a sweet dessert usually eaten with bread.
In Israel, tahini (Hebrew: טחינה t'hina) is a staple foodstuff. It is served as a dip with flat bread or pita, a topping for many foods such as falafel, sabich, Jerusalem mixed grill and shawarma, and as an ingredient in various spreads. It is also used as a sauce for meat and fish, and in sweet desserts like halva,[16] halva ice cream and tahini cookies. It is also served baked in the oven with kufta made of lamb or beef with spices and herbs, or with a whole fish in the coastal areas and the Sea of Galilee.
In the Levant, tahini (Levantine Arabic: t'hine) is a staple food and is used in various spreads and culinary preparations. It is the main ingredient of the Tarator (sauce) which is used with falafel and shawarma. It is also used as a sauce for meat and fish. It is an ingredient in a seafood dish called siyadiyeh.
In the Gaza Strip, a rust-colored variety known as "red tahina" is served in addition to ordinary tahina. It is achieved by a different and lengthier process of roasting the sesame seeds, and has a more intense taste. Red tahina is used in sumagiyya (lamb with chard and sumac) and salads native to the falaheen from the surrounding villages, as well as southern Gaza. In the West Bank city of Nablus, tahina is mixed with qizha paste to make "black tahina", used in baking.[17]
In Chinese cuisine, sesame paste (Chinese: 芝麻醬 zhimajiang) is used as a condiment in many dishes. Chinese sesame paste differs from the Middle Eastern tahini in that the sesame is roasted; the paste is much darker, and has far less astringency. Often, white sesame paste is used in salty dishes, while black sesame paste is used in desserts (not to be confused with black sesame soup, which is made in a different manner from sesame paste). Sesame paste is a primary condiment in the hot dry noodles of Hubei cuisine and ma jiang mian (sesame paste noodles) of Northeastern Chinese cuisine and Taiwanese cuisine. Sesame paste is also used as a bread or mantou spread, and may be paired with or baked into bing (Chinese flatbread). Sesame paste is used as a seasoning, condiment and dip in cold dishes (such as liangfen) and hot pot.
For sweets edit
Tahini is used in sweet desserts like cakes, cookies, halva, and ice cream.[citation needed]
Nutrition edit
| Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |
|---|---|
| Energy | 2,477 kJ (592 kcal) |
21.50 g | |
| Dietary fiber | 4.7 g |
53.01 g | |
| Saturated | 7.423 g |
| Monounsaturated | 20.016 g |
| Polyunsaturated | 23.232 g |
17.40 g | |
| Vitamins | Quantity %DV† |
| Vitamin A | 67 IU |
| Thiamine (B1) | 138% 1.590 mg |
| Riboflavin (B2) | 10% 0.120 mg |
| Niacin (B3) | 38% 5.640 mg |
| Vitamin B6 | 12% 0.150 mg |
| Folate (B9) | 25% 98 μg |
| Vitamin C | 5% 4.2 mg |
| Minerals | Quantity %DV† |
| Calcium | 14% 141 mg |
| Iron | 34% 4.42 mg |
| Magnesium | 27% 95 mg |
| Phosphorus | 113% 790 mg |
| Potassium | 15% 459 mg |
| Sodium | 2% 35 mg |
| Zinc | 49% 4.62 mg |
| Other constituents | Quantity |
| Water | 3.00 g |
Link to USDA Database entry | |
| |
| †Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults. Source: USDA FoodData Central | |
In a 100-gram reference amount, tahini provides 592 calories from its composition as 53% fat, 22% carbohydrates, 17% protein, and 3% water (table). It is a rich source of thiamine (138% of the Daily Value, DV), phosphorus (113% DV), zinc (49% DV), niacin (38% DV), iron (34% DV), magnesium (27% DV), and folate (25% DV) (table). Tahini is a moderate source of calcium, other B vitamins, and potassium (table).
See also edit
References edit
- ^ . Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2 March 2020.
- ^ "tahina". Oxford English Dictionary (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. 1989.
- ^ . Lexico Dictionaries | English. Archived from the original on 15 March 2020. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
- ^ "tahini". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved 11 May 2019.
- ^ "Tahini definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary". www.collinsdictionary.com. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
- ^ Ghillie Basan, Jonathan Basan (2006), The Middle Eastern Kitchen: A Book of Essential Ingredients with Over 150 Authentic Recipes, p.146, Hippocrene Books
- ^ "Definition of TAHINI". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
- ^ a b Mariposa, Hollywood Glamour Cook Book, 1940, p. 101.
- ^ Treasury decisions under customs and other laws, 1938, p. 1080 snippet
- ^ Laniado, Limor (12 May 2011). "The glory of tahini". Haaretz.com. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
- ^ Alice Fordham (10 October 2008). . NOW Lebanon. Archived from the original on 12 December 2008. Retrieved 25 November 2008.
- ^ Sanjeev Kapoor, Khazana of Indian Vegetarian Recipes, p. 94
- ^ Helou, Anissa (2014). Davidson, Alan (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Food. Oxford University Press. pp. 802–803. ISBN 9780191040726 – via Google Books.
- ^ a b . Ochef. Archived from the original on 20 January 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2013.[self-published source?]
- ^ Egoumenidou, Euphrosyne; Michaelides, Demetrios (2002). "Fasting in Cyprus". In Lysaght, Patricia (ed.). Food and Celebration, from Fasting to Feasting: Proceedings of the 13th Conference of the International Commission for Ethnological Food Research, Ljubljana, Preddvor, and Piran, Slovenia, June 5–11, 2000. Ljubljana: Založba ZRC. p. 60. ISBN 9789616358545 – via Google Books.
- ^ Rogov, Daniel, Halvah Parfait
- ^ Berger, Miriam. "Is the world ready for this Palestinian dish?". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 28 March 2019.