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Swan song

December 13, 2023

For other uses, see Swan song (disambiguation).

The swan song (Ancient Greek: κύκνειον ᾆσμα; Latin: carmen cygni) is a metaphorical phrase for a final gesture, effort, or performance given just before death or retirement. The phrase refers to an ancient belief that swans sing a beautiful song just before their death since they have been silent (or alternatively not so musical) for most of their lifetime. The belief, whose basis has been long debated, had become proverbial in ancient Greece by the 3rd century BC and was reiterated many times in later Western poetry and art. Swans learn a variety of sounds throughout their lifetime. Their sounds are more distinguishable during courting rituals and not correlated with death.

"The singing swan" (1655) by Reinier van Persijn

Origin and description edit

In Greek mythology, the swan was a bird consecrated to Apollo, and it was therefore considered a symbol of harmony and beauty and its limited capabilities as a singer were sublimated to those of songbirds.

Aesop's fable of "The Swan and the Goose" incorporates the swan song legend as saving its life when it was caught by mistake instead of the goose but was recognized by its song.[1] There is a subsequent reference in Aeschylus' Agamemnon from 458 BCE. In that play, Clytemnestra compares the dead Cassandra to a swan who has "sung her last lament".[2] In Plato's Phaedo, the character of Socrates says that, although swans sing in early life, they do not do so as beautifully as before they die. He adds that there is a popular belief that the swans' song is sorrowful, but Socrates prefers to think that they sing for joy, having "foreknowledge of the blessings in the other world".[3] Aristotle noted in his History of Animals that swans "are musical, and sing chiefly at the approach of death".[4] By the third century BC the belief had become a proverb.[5][6]

Ovid mentions the legend in "The Story of Picus and Canens":[7]

In tears she poured out words with a faint voice,
lamenting her sad woe, as when the swan
about to die sings a funereal dirge.

It is also possible that the swan song has some connection to the lament of Cycnus of Liguria at the death of his lover, Phaethon, the ambitious and headstrong son of Helios and Clymene. (The name Cycnus is the Latinised form of the Greek, which means "swan".) Hyginus proposes in his Fabulae that the mournful Cycnus, who is transformed into a swan by the gods, joins the dirge of the amber-crying poplars, the Heliades, the half-sisters of the dead Phaethon, who also experienced a metamorphosis at the death of the reckless Phaethon.[8]

Ornithological accuracy edit

The most familiar European swan, the mute swan (Cygnus olor), although not actually mute, is known neither for musicality nor to vocalize as it dies. This has led some to criticize swan song beliefs since antiquity, one of the earliest[9] being Pliny the Elder: in CE 77, Natural History (book 10, chapter xxxii: olorum morte narratur flebilis cantus, falso, ut arbitror, aliquot experimentis), states: "observation shows that the story that the dying swan sings is false." Peterson et al. note that Cygnus olor is "not mute but lacks bugling call, merely honking, grunting, and hissing on occasion."[10]

However, the whooper swan (Cygnus cygnus), a winter visitor to parts of the eastern Mediterranean, does possess a 'bugling' call, and has been noted for issuing a drawn-out series of notes as its lungs collapse upon expiry, both being a consequence of an additional tracheal loop within its sternum. This was proposed by naturalist Peter Pallas as the basis for the legend. Both mute and whooper swans appear to be represented in ancient Greek and Egyptian art.[6][9]

The whooper swan's nearest relatives, the trumpeter and tundra swans, share its musical tracheal loop. Zoologist D.G. Elliot reported in 1898 that a tundra swan he had shot and wounded in flight began a long glide down whilst issuing a series of "plaintive and musical" notes that "sounded at times like the soft running of the notes of an octave".[11]

Later cultural references edit

The notion that swans sing a final song before dying continued to influence Western culture into the early modern era. For instance, Chaucer's Parlement of Foules contains a reference to "the Ialous swan, ayens his deth that singeth [the jealous swan, that sings at his death]".[12] Leonardo da Vinci also mentioned the legend in his notebooks: "The swan is white without spot, and it sings sweetly as it dies, that song ending its life."[13]

In Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice, Portia exclaims "Let music sound while he doth make his choice; / Then, if he lose, he makes a swan-like end, / Fading in music."[14] Similarly, in Othello, the dying Emilia exclaims, "I will play the swan, / And die in music."[15]

A madrigal by Orlando Gibbons, "The Silver Swan", states the legend thus:

The silver Swan, who living had no Note,
when Death approached, unlocked her silent throat.
Leaning her breast against the reedy shore,
thus sang her first and last, and sang no more:
"Farewell, all joys! O Death, come close mine eyes!
"More Geese than Swans now live, more Fools than Wise."

Other poets who have taken inspiration from the legend include Alfred, Lord Tennyson, whose poem "The Dying Swan" is a poetic evocation of the "wild swan's death-hymn";[16] and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, who quipped: "Swans sing before they die— 't were no bad thing / Should certain persons die before they sing."[17]

Idiomatic usage edit

The phrase "swan song" has also taken on a metaphorical sense, referring to the final work of a creative artist, especially when produced shortly before death, or more generally to any final performance or accomplishment.[18] For example, Schwanengesang (Swan Song) is the title of a posthumously published collection of songs by Franz Schubert, written at the end of his life; it is also the title usually given to Heinrich Schuetz' Opus 13 from 1671, the year before he died; and the term is often applied in a similar way to the works of modern musicians, such as David Bowie's Blackstar,[19] Johnny Cash's rendition of "Hurt"[20], Queen's "Innuendo"[21] and Nirvana's rendition of "Where Did You Sleep Last Night" A dramatic or notable achievement by an athlete just prior to their retirement (such as baseball player Derek Jeter's walk-off hit in his final game at Yankee Stadium)[22] might also be referred to as their "swan song". An example, in the film industry, is represented by "The Last Movie Star", Rolling Stone referred to the film as Burt Reynolds's "swan song".[23] The film was one of Reynolds's last film projects, and he died several months after the film's release.[24]

References edit

 
Look up swan song in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
  1. ^ Aesop (1998). The Complete Fables. Penguin Classics. p. 127. ISBN 0-14-044649-4.
  2. ^ Aeschylus. "Agamemnon". Perseus Digital Library. Lines 1444–5. from the original on 9 September 2021. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
  3. ^ Plato. "Phaedo". Perseus Digital Library. 84e–85b. from the original on 9 September 2021. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
  4. ^ Aristotle (1910). Historia Animalium. Translated by Thompson, D'Arcy W. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 615b.
  5. ^ Arnott, W. Geoffrey (October 1977). "Swan Songs". Greece & Rome. 24 (2): 149–153. doi:10.1017/S0017383500018441. JSTOR 642700. S2CID 248519337.
  6. ^ a b Brazil, Mark (2003). The Whooper Swan. T & A D Poyser. pp. 64–65. ISBN 978-0-7136-6570-3. from the original on 23 June 2016. Retrieved 13 June 2015.
  7. ^ Ovid. "Metamorphoses XIV". Perseus Digital Library. Lines 428–430. from the original on 9 September 2021. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
  8. ^ Hyginus <Mythographus> (31 December 2002). "Fabulae". In Marshall, Peter K (ed.). doi:10.1515/9783110975512. ISBN 9783110975512. from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 16 December 2021. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  9. ^ a b Arnott, W. Geoffrey (2007). Birds in the Ancient World from A to Z. Routledge. pp. 182–184. ISBN 978-0-203-94662-6. from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  10. ^ Peterson, R. T.; Mountfort, G.; Hollum, P. A. D. (2001). A Field Guide to the Birds of Britain and Europe. Houghton Mifflin Field Guides. p. 49. ISBN 0-618-16675-0.
  11. ^ Johnsgard, Paul A. (January 2013). . Prairie Fire. USA. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015.
  12. ^ Skeat, Walter W. (1896). Chaucer: the Minor Poems. Clarendon Press. p. 86.
  13. ^ da Vinci, Leonardo (2020). Richter, J. P. (ed.). The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci, Complete. Library of Alexandria. ISBN 9781465514141. from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  14. ^ The Merchant of Venice, Act 3 Scene 2 7 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Hosted at Open Source Shakespeare.
  15. ^ Othello, Act 5 Scene 2 7 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Hosted at Open Source Shakespeare.
  16. ^ Tennyson, Alfred. "The Dying Swan". The Early Poems of Alfred Lord Tennyson. from the original on 9 September 2021. Retrieved 9 September 2021 – via Project Gutenberg.
  17. ^ Coleridge, Samuel Taylor (1848). The Poems of S. T. Coleridge. London: William Pickering. p. 350. from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2021.
  18. ^ "swansong". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  19. ^ Denham, Jess (11 January 2016). "David Bowie dead: Swansong 'Lazarus' takes on poignant new meaning in lyrics and music video". Independent. Archived from the original on 26 May 2022.
  20. ^ Blumczynski, Piotr (2023). Experiencing Translationality: Material and Metaphorical Journeys. Taylor & Francis.
  21. ^ Senich, Eric (26 January 2019). "Remembering Freddie Mercury's hauntingly epic swan song: Queen's Innuendo". i95. from the original on 8 September 2021. Retrieved 8 September 2021.
  22. ^ Hoch, Bryan (3 January 2015). "Jeter's swan song one for the ages". MLB.com. from the original on 8 September 2021. Retrieved 8 September 2021.
  23. ^ Travers, Peter (30 March 2018). "'The Last Movie Star' Review: Burt Reynolds Shines in His Swan Song". Rolling Stone. from the original on 12 March 2022. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
  24. ^ "Burt Reynolds Dies at 82". Us Weekly. 6 September 2018. from the original on 12 March 2022. Retrieved 12 March 2022.

December 13, 2023
swan, song, other, uses, disambiguation, swan, song, ancient, greek, κύκνειον, ᾆσμα, latin, carmen, cygni, metaphorical, phrase, final, gesture, effort, performance, given, just, before, death, retirement, phrase, refers, ancient, belief, that, swans, sing, be. For other uses see Swan song disambiguation The swan song Ancient Greek kykneion ᾆsma Latin carmen cygni is a metaphorical phrase for a final gesture effort or performance given just before death or retirement The phrase refers to an ancient belief that swans sing a beautiful song just before their death since they have been silent or alternatively not so musical for most of their lifetime The belief whose basis has been long debated had become proverbial in ancient Greece by the 3rd century BC and was reiterated many times in later Western poetry and art Swans learn a variety of sounds throughout their lifetime Their sounds are more distinguishable during courting rituals and not correlated with death The singing swan 1655 by Reinier van Persijn Contents 1 Origin and description 2 Ornithological accuracy 3 Later cultural references 3 1 Idiomatic usage 4 ReferencesOrigin and description editIn Greek mythology the swan was a bird consecrated to Apollo and it was therefore considered a symbol of harmony and beauty and its limited capabilities as a singer were sublimated to those of songbirds Aesop s fable of The Swan and the Goose incorporates the swan song legend as saving its life when it was caught by mistake instead of the goose but was recognized by its song 1 There is a subsequent reference in Aeschylus Agamemnon from 458 BCE In that play Clytemnestra compares the dead Cassandra to a swan who has sung her last lament 2 In Plato s Phaedo the character of Socrates says that although swans sing in early life they do not do so as beautifully as before they die He adds that there is a popular belief that the swans song is sorrowful but Socrates prefers to think that they sing for joy having foreknowledge of the blessings in the other world 3 Aristotle noted in his History of Animals that swans are musical and sing chiefly at the approach of death 4 By the third century BC the belief had become a proverb 5 6 Ovid mentions the legend in The Story of Picus and Canens 7 In tears she poured out words with a faint voice lamenting her sad woe as when the swan about to die sings a funereal dirge It is also possible that the swan song has some connection to the lament of Cycnus of Liguria at the death of his lover Phaethon the ambitious and headstrong son of Helios and Clymene The name Cycnus is the Latinised form of the Greek which means swan Hyginus proposes in his Fabulae that the mournful Cycnus who is transformed into a swan by the gods joins the dirge of the amber crying poplars the Heliades the half sisters of the dead Phaethon who also experienced a metamorphosis at the death of the reckless Phaethon 8 Ornithological accuracy editThe most familiar European swan the mute swan Cygnus olor although not actually mute is known neither for musicality nor to vocalize as it dies This has led some to criticize swan song beliefs since antiquity one of the earliest 9 being Pliny the Elder in CE 77 Natural History book 10 chapter xxxii olorum morte narratur flebilis cantus falso ut arbitror aliquot experimentis states observation shows that the story that the dying swan sings is false Peterson et al note that Cygnus olor is not mute but lacks bugling call merely honking grunting and hissing on occasion 10 However the whooper swan Cygnus cygnus a winter visitor to parts of the eastern Mediterranean does possess a bugling call and has been noted for issuing a drawn out series of notes as its lungs collapse upon expiry both being a consequence of an additional tracheal loop within its sternum This was proposed by naturalist Peter Pallas as the basis for the legend Both mute and whooper swans appear to be represented in ancient Greek and Egyptian art 6 9 The whooper swan s nearest relatives the trumpeter and tundra swans share its musical tracheal loop Zoologist D G Elliot reported in 1898 that a tundra swan he had shot and wounded in flight began a long glide down whilst issuing a series of plaintive and musical notes that sounded at times like the soft running of the notes of an octave 11 Later cultural references editThe notion that swans sing a final song before dying continued to influence Western culture into the early modern era For instance Chaucer s Parlement of Foules contains a reference to the Ialous swan ayens his deth that singeth the jealous swan that sings at his death 12 Leonardo da Vinci also mentioned the legend in his notebooks The swan is white without spot and it sings sweetly as it dies that song ending its life 13 In Shakespeare s The Merchant of Venice Portia exclaims Let music sound while he doth make his choice Then if he lose he makes a swan like end Fading in music 14 Similarly in Othello the dying Emilia exclaims I will play the swan And die in music 15 A madrigal by Orlando Gibbons The Silver Swan states the legend thus The silver Swan who living had no Note when Death approached unlocked her silent throat Leaning her breast against the reedy shore thus sang her first and last and sang no more Farewell all joys O Death come close mine eyes More Geese than Swans now live more Fools than Wise Other poets who have taken inspiration from the legend include Alfred Lord Tennyson whose poem The Dying Swan is a poetic evocation of the wild swan s death hymn 16 and Samuel Taylor Coleridge who quipped Swans sing before they die t were no bad thing Should certain persons die before they sing 17 Idiomatic usage edit The phrase swan song has also taken on a metaphorical sense referring to the final work of a creative artist especially when produced shortly before death or more generally to any final performance or accomplishment 18 For example Schwanengesang Swan Song is the title of a posthumously published collection of songs by Franz Schubert written at the end of his life it is also the title usually given to Heinrich Schuetz Opus 13 from 1671 the year before he died and the term is often applied in a similar way to the works of modern musicians such as David Bowie s Blackstar 19 Johnny Cash s rendition of Hurt 20 Queen s Innuendo 21 and Nirvana s rendition of Where Did You Sleep Last Night A dramatic or notable achievement by an athlete just prior to their retirement such as baseball player Derek Jeter s walk off hit in his final game at Yankee Stadium 22 might also be referred to as their swan song An example in the film industry is represented by The Last Movie Star Rolling Stone referred to the film as Burt Reynolds s swan song 23 The film was one of Reynolds s last film projects and he died several months after the film s release 24 References edit nbsp Look up swan song in Wiktionary the free dictionary Aesop 1998 The Complete Fables Penguin Classics p 127 ISBN 0 14 044649 4 Aeschylus Agamemnon Perseus Digital Library Lines 1444 5 Archived from the original on 9 September 2021 Retrieved 9 September 2021 Plato Phaedo Perseus Digital Library 84e 85b Archived from the original on 9 September 2021 Retrieved 9 September 2021 Aristotle 1910 Historia Animalium Translated by Thompson D Arcy W Oxford Clarendon Press 615b Arnott W Geoffrey October 1977 Swan Songs Greece amp Rome 24 2 149 153 doi 10 1017 S0017383500018441 JSTOR 642700 S2CID 248519337 a b Brazil Mark 2003 The Whooper Swan T amp A D Poyser pp 64 65 ISBN 978 0 7136 6570 3 Archived from the original on 23 June 2016 Retrieved 13 June 2015 Ovid Metamorphoses XIV Perseus Digital Library Lines 428 430 Archived from the original on 9 September 2021 Retrieved 9 September 2021 Hyginus lt Mythographus gt 31 December 2002 Fabulae In Marshall Peter K ed doi 10 1515 9783110975512 ISBN 9783110975512 Archived from the original on 22 September 2022 Retrieved 16 December 2021 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a Missing or empty title help a b Arnott W Geoffrey 2007 Birds in the Ancient World from A to Z Routledge pp 182 184 ISBN 978 0 203 94662 6 Archived from the original on 22 September 2022 Retrieved 19 November 2021 Peterson R T Mountfort G Hollum P A D 2001 A Field Guide to the Birds of Britain and Europe Houghton Mifflin Field Guides p 49 ISBN 0 618 16675 0 Johnsgard Paul A January 2013 The Swans of Nebraska Prairie Fire USA Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 Skeat Walter W 1896 Chaucer the Minor Poems Clarendon Press p 86 da Vinci Leonardo 2020 Richter J P ed The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci Complete Library of Alexandria ISBN 9781465514141 Archived from the original on 22 September 2022 Retrieved 19 November 2021 The Merchant of Venice Act 3 Scene 2 Archived 7 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine Hosted at Open Source Shakespeare Othello Act 5 Scene 2 Archived 7 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine Hosted at Open Source Shakespeare Tennyson Alfred The Dying Swan The Early Poems of Alfred Lord Tennyson Archived from the original on 9 September 2021 Retrieved 9 September 2021 via Project Gutenberg Coleridge Samuel Taylor 1848 The Poems of S T Coleridge London William Pickering p 350 Archived from the original on 22 September 2022 Retrieved 8 September 2021 swansong Oxford English Dictionary Online ed Oxford University Press Subscription or participating institution membership required Denham Jess 11 January 2016 David Bowie dead Swansong Lazarus takes on poignant new meaning in lyrics and music video Independent Archived from the original on 26 May 2022 Blumczynski Piotr 2023 Experiencing Translationality Material and Metaphorical Journeys Taylor amp Francis Senich Eric 26 January 2019 Remembering Freddie Mercury s hauntingly epic swan song Queen s Innuendo i95 Archived from the original on 8 September 2021 Retrieved 8 September 2021 Hoch Bryan 3 January 2015 Jeter s swan song one for the ages MLB com Archived from the original on 8 September 2021 Retrieved 8 September 2021 Travers Peter 30 March 2018 The Last Movie Star Review Burt Reynolds Shines in His Swan Song Rolling Stone Archived from the original on 12 March 2022 Retrieved 12 March 2022 Burt Reynolds Dies at 82 Us Weekly 6 September 2018 Archived from the original on 12 March 2022 Retrieved 12 March 2022 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Swan song amp oldid 1187802598, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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