fbpx
Wikipedia

Sustainable development

April 11, 2024

Sustainable development is an organizing principle that aims to meet human development goals while also enabling natural systems to provide necessary natural resources and ecosystem services to humans.[2] The desired result is a society where living conditions and resources meet human needs without undermining the planetary integrity and stability of the natural system.[3][4] Sustainable development tries to find a balance between economic development, environmental protection, and social well-being. The Brundtland Report in 1987 defined sustainable development as "development that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs".[5][6] The concept of sustainable development nowadays has a focus on economic development, social development and environmental protection for future generations.

Sustainable development requires six central capacities.[1]

Sustainable development was first institutionalized with the Rio Process initiated at the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro. In 2015 the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) adopted the Sustainable Development Goals (2015 to 2030) and explained how the goals are integrated and indivisible to achieve sustainable development at the global level.[7] The UNGA's 17 goals address the global challenges, including poverty, inequality, climate change, environmental degradation, peace, and justice.

Sustainable development is interlinked with the normative concept of sustainability. UNESCO formulated a distinction between the two concepts as follows: "Sustainability is often thought of as a long-term goal (i.e. a more sustainable world), while sustainable development refers to the many processes and pathways to achieve it."[8] The concept of sustainable development has been criticized in various ways. While some see it as paradoxical (or as an oxymoron) and regard development as inherently unsustainable, others are disappointed in the lack of progress that has been achieved so far.[9][10] Part of the problem is that "development" itself is not consistently defined.[11]: 16 

Definition edit

In 1987, the United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development released the report Our Common Future, commonly called the Brundtland Report.[5] The report included a definition of "sustainable development" which is now widely used:[5][12]

Sustainable development is a development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It contains two key concepts within it:

  • The concept of 'needs', in particular, the essential needs of the world's poor, to which overriding priority should be given; and
  • The idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and social organization on the environment's ability to meet present and future needs.
    — World Commission on Environment and Development, Our Common Future (1987)

Sustainable development thus tries to find a balance between economic development, environmental protection, and social well-being.

Related concepts edit

Sustainability edit

This section is an excerpt from Sustainability.[edit]
 
Several visual representations of sustainability and its three dimensions: the left image shows sustainability as three intersecting circles. In the top right it is a nested approach. In the bottom right it is three pillars.[13] The schematic with the nested ellipses emphasizes a hierarchy of the dimensions, putting environment as the foundation for the other two.
Sustainability is a social goal for people to co-exist on Earth over a long time. Definitions of this term are disputed and have varied with literature, context, and time.[14][13] Experts sometimes describe sustainability as having three dimensions (or pillars): environmental, economic, and social,[13] or people, planet, and profit and many publications emphasize the environmental dimension.[15][16] Many experts have also expanded the dimensions to account for notable aspects of sustainability, for example future generations[17] or health[18], thereby using a quadruple bottom line (QBL). In everyday use,[specify] sustainability often focuses on countering major environmental problems, including climate change, loss of biodiversity, loss of ecosystem services, land degradation, and air and water pollution. The idea of sustainability can guide decisions at the global, national, and individual levels (e.g. sustainable living).[19] A related concept is sustainable development, and the terms are often used to mean the same thing.[20] UNESCO distinguishes the two like this: "Sustainability is often thought of as a long-term goal (i.e. a more sustainable world), while sustainable development refers to the many processes and pathways to achieve it."[21]

Development of the concept edit

See also: Sustainability

Sustainable development has its roots in ideas regarding sustainable forest management, which were developed in Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries.[22][23][24] In response to a growing awareness of the depletion of timber resources in England, John Evelyn argued, in his 1662 essay Sylva, that "sowing and planting of trees had to be regarded as a national duty of every landowner, in order to stop the destructive over- exploitation of natural resources." In 1713, Hans Carl von Carlowitz, a senior mining administrator in the service of Elector Frederick Augustus I of Saxony published Sylvicultura economics, a 400-page work on forestry. Building upon the ideas of Evelyn and French minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert, von Carlowitz developed the concept of managing forests for sustained yield.[22] His work influenced others, including Alexander von Humboldt and Georg Ludwig Hartig, eventually leading to the development of the science of forestry. This, in turn, influenced people like Gifford Pinchot, the first head of the US Forest Service, whose approach to forest management was driven by the idea of wise use of resources, and Aldo Leopold whose land ethic was influential in the development of the environmental movement in the 1960s.[22][23]

Following the publication of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring in 1962, the developing environmental movement drew attention to the relationship between economic growth and environmental degradation. Kenneth E. Boulding, in his influential 1966 essay The Economics of the Coming Spaceship Earth, identified the need for the economic system to fit itself to the ecological system with its limited pools of resources.[23] Another milestone was the 1968 article by Garrett Hardin that popularized the term "tragedy of the commons".[25]

The direct linking of sustainability and development in a contemporary sense can be traced to the early 1970s. "Strategy of Progress", a 1972 book (in German) by Ernst Basler, explained how the long-acknowledged sustainability concept of preserving forests for future wood production can be directly transferred to the broader importance of preserving environmental resources to sustain the world for future generations.[26] That same year, the interrelationship of environment and development was formally demonstrated in a systems dynamic simulation model reported in the classic report on Limits to Growth. It was commissioned by the Club of Rome and written by a group of scientists led by Dennis and Donella Meadows of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Describing the desirable "state of global equilibrium", the authors wrote: "We are searching for a model output that represents a world system that is sustainable without sudden and uncontrolled collapse and capable of satisfying the basic material requirements of all of its people."[27] Also in 1972 was publication of the influential book, A Blueprint for Survival.[28][29]

In 1975, an MIT research group prepared ten days of hearings on "Growth and Its Implication for the Future" for the US Congress, the first hearings ever held on sustainable development.[30]

In 1980, the International Union for Conservation of Nature published a world conservation strategy that included one of the first references to sustainable development as a global priority[31] and introduced the term "sustainable development".[32]: 4  Two years later, the United Nations World Charter for Nature raised five principles of conservation by which human conduct affecting nature is to be guided and judged.[33]

Since the Brundtland Report, the concept of sustainable development has developed beyond the initial intergenerational framework to focus more on the goal of "socially inclusive and environmentally sustainable economic growth".[32]: 5  In 1992, the UN Conference on Environment and Development published the Earth Charter, which outlines the building of a just, sustainable, and peaceful global society in the 21st century. The action plan Agenda 21 for sustainable development identified information, integration, and participation as key building blocks to help countries achieve development that recognizes these interdependent pillars. Furthermore, Agenda 21 emphasizes that broad public participation in decision-making is a fundamental prerequisite for achieving sustainable development.[34]

The Rio Protocol was a huge leap forward: for the first time, the world agreed on a sustainability agenda. In fact, a global consensus was facilitated by neglecting concrete goals and operational details. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) now have concrete targets (unlike the results from the Rio Process) but no methods for sanctions.[35][11]: 137 

Dimensions edit

Main article: Sustainability § Dimensions of sustainability

Sustainable development, like sustainability, is regarded to have three dimensions: the environment, economy and society. The idea is that a good balance between the three dimensions should be achieved. Instead of calling them dimensions, other terms commonly used are pillars, domains, aspects, spheres.

This section is an excerpt from Sustainability § Development of three dimensions.[edit]
 
Sustainability Venn diagram, where sustainability is thought of as the area where the three dimensions overlap

Scholars usually distinguish three different areas of sustainability. These are the environmental, the social, and the economic. Several terms are in use for this concept. Authors may speak of three pillars, dimensions, components, aspects,[36] perspectives, factors, or goals. All mean the same thing in this context.[13] The three dimensions paradigm has few theoretical foundations. It emerged without a single point of origin.[13][37] Scholars rarely question the distinction itself. The idea of sustainability with three dimensions is a dominant interpretation in the literature.[13]

Countries could develop systems for monitoring and evaluation of progress towards achieving sustainable development by adopting indicators that measure changes across economic, social and environmental dimensions.

— United Nations Conference on Environment & Development – Earth Summit (1992), [38]: 8.6 

Critique edit

Main article: Sustainability § Critique
Further information: Weak and strong sustainability, Degrowth, and Eco-economic decoupling

The concept of sustainable development has been and still is, subject to criticism, including the question of what is to be sustained in sustainable development. It has been argued that there is no such thing as sustainable use of a non-renewable resource, since any positive rate of exploitation will eventually lead to the exhaustion of earth's finite stock;[39]: 13  this perspective renders the Industrial Revolution as a whole unsustainable.[40]: 20f [41]: 61–67 [42]: 22f 

The sustainable development debate is based on the assumption that societies need to manage three types of capital (economic, social, and natural), which may be non-substitutable and whose consumption might be irreversible.[43] Natural capital can not necessarily be substituted by economic capital.[42] While it is possible that we can find ways to replace some natural resources, it is much less likely that they will ever be able to replace ecosystem services, such as the protection provided by the ozone layer, or the climate stabilizing function of the Amazonian forest.

The concept of sustainable development has been criticized from different angles. While some see it as paradoxical (or an oxymoron) and regard development as inherently unsustainable, others are disappointed in the lack of progress that has been achieved so far.[9][10] Part of the problem is that "development" itself is not consistently defined.[11]: 16 [44] Such a viewpoint contradicts the mainstream academic community, which frequently concedes that the processes of capitalism are incompatible with the long-term sustainability of human life.

The vagueness of the Brundtland definition of sustainable development has been criticized as follows:[11]: 17  The definition has "opened up the possibility of downplaying sustainability. Hence, governments spread the message that we can have it all at the same time, i.e. economic growth, prospering societies and a healthy environment. No new ethic is required. This so-called weak version of sustainability is popular among governments, and businesses, but profoundly wrong and not even weak, as there is no alternative to preserving the earth's ecological integrity."[45]: 2 

Pathways edit

Further information: Sustainability § Sustainability transitions

Requirements edit

Six interdependent capacities are deemed to be necessary for the successful pursuit of sustainable development.[1] These are the capacities to measure progress towards sustainable development; promote equity within and between generations; adapt to shocks and surprises; transform the system onto more sustainable development pathways; link knowledge with action for sustainability; and to devise governance arrangements that allow people to work together.

Environmental characteristics of sustainable cities edit

A sustainable city is an urban center that improves its environmental impact through urban planning and management. For the definition of an eco-city, imagine a city with parks and green spaces, solar-powered buildings, rooftop gardens, and more pedestrians and bicycles than cars. This is not a futuristic dream. Smart cities are actively moving towards greener urban ecosystems and better environmental management.[46]

Further information: Human impact on the environment and Ecological footprint
 
Deforestation of the Amazon rainforest. Deforestation and increased road-building in the Amazon rainforest are a concern because of increased human encroachment upon wilderness areas, increased resource extraction and further threats to biodiversity.

Environmental sustainability concerns the natural environment and how it endures and remains diverse and productive. Since natural resources are derived from the environment, the state of air, water, and climate is of particular concern. Environmental sustainability requires society to design activities to meet human needs while preserving the life support systems of the planet. This, for example, entails using water sustainably, using renewable energy and sustainable material supplies (e.g. harvesting wood from forests at a rate that maintains the biomass and biodiversity).[47]

An unsustainable situation occurs when natural capital (the total of nature's resources) is used up faster than it can be replenished.[48]: 58  Sustainability requires that human activity only uses nature's resources at a rate at which they can be replenished naturally. The concept of sustainable development is intertwined with the concept of carrying capacity. Theoretically, the long-term result of environmental degradation is the inability to sustain human life.[48]

Important operational principles of sustainable development were published by Herman Daly in 1990: renewable resources should provide a sustainable yield (the rate of harvest should not exceed the rate of regeneration); for non-renewable resources there should be equivalent development of renewable substitutes; waste generation should not exceed the assimilative capacity of the environment.[49]

Summary of different levels of consumption of natural resources.[48]: 58 
Consumption of natural resources State of the environment State of sustainability
More than nature's ability to replenish Environmental degradation Not sustainable
Equal to nature's ability to replenish Environmental equilibrium Steady state economy
Less than nature's ability to replenish Environmental renewal Environmentally sustainable

Land use changes, agriculture and food edit

Further information: Environmental impact of agriculture

Environmental problems associated with industrial agriculture and agribusiness are now being addressed through approaches such as sustainable agriculture, organic farming and more sustainable business practices.[50] The most cost-effective climate change mitigation options include afforestation, sustainable forest management, and reducing deforestation.[51] At the local level there are various movements working towards sustainable food systems which may include less meat consumption, local food production, slow food, sustainable gardening, and organic gardening.[52] The environmental effects of different dietary patterns depend on many factors, including the proportion of animal and plant foods consumed and the method of food production.[53][54]

Materials and waste edit

 
Ecological footprint for different nations compared to their Human Development Index (2007)
 
Before flue-gas desulfurization was installed, the air-polluting emissions from this power plant in New Mexico contained excessive amounts of sulfur dioxide.
Further information: Cradle-to-cradle

As global population and affluence have increased, so has the use of various materials increased in volume, diversity, and distance transported. Included here are raw materials, minerals, synthetic chemicals (including hazardous substances), manufactured products, food, living organisms, and waste.[55] By 2050, humanity could consume an estimated 140 billion tons of minerals, ores, fossil fuels and biomass per year (three times its current amount) unless the economic growth rate is decoupled from the rate of natural resource consumption. Developed countries' citizens consume an average of 16 tons of those four key resources per capita per year, ranging up to 40 or more tons per person in some developed countries with resource consumption levels far beyond what is likely sustainable. By comparison, the average person in India today consumes four tons per year.[56]

Sustainable use of materials has targeted the idea of dematerialization, converting the linear path of materials (extraction, use, disposal in landfill) to a circular material flow that reuses materials as much as possible, much like the cycling and reuse of waste in nature.[57] Dematerialization is being encouraged through the ideas of industrial ecology, eco design[58] and ecolabelling.

This way of thinking is expressed in the concept of circular economy, which employs reuse, sharing, repair, refurbishment, remanufacturing and recycling to create a closed-loop system, minimizing the use of resource inputs and the creation of waste, pollution and carbon emissions.[59] Building electric vehicles has been one of the most popular ways in the field of sustainable development, the potential of using reusable energy and reducing waste offered a perspective in sustainable development.[60] The European Commission has adopted an ambitious Circular Economy Action Plan in 2020, which aims at making sustainable products the norm in the EU.[61][62]

Biodiversity and ecosystem services edit

There is a connection between ecosystems and biodiversity. Ecosystems are made up of various living things interacting with one another and their surroundings. Along with this, biodiversity lays the groundwork for ecosystems to function well by defining the kinds of species that can coexist in an environment, as well as their functions and interactions with other species.[63][64] In 2019, a summary for policymakers of the largest, most comprehensive study to date of biodiversity and ecosystem services was published by the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. It recommended that human civilization will need a transformative change, including sustainable agriculture, reductions in consumption and waste, fishing quotas and collaborative water management.[65][66] Biodiversity is not only crucial for the well-being of animals and wildlife but also plays a positive role in the lives of human beings in the way in which it aids development of human life.[67]

Management of human consumption and impacts edit

Further information: Consumption (economics), Overconsumption, and Micro-sustainability
 
Waste generation, measured in kilograms per person per day

The environmental impact of a community or humankind as a whole depends both on population and impact per person, which in turn depends in complex ways on what resources are being used, whether or not those resources are renewable, and the scale of the human activity relative to the carrying capacity of the ecosystems involved.[68] Careful resource management can be applied at many scales, from economic sectors like agriculture, manufacturing and industry, to work organizations, the consumption patterns of households and individuals, and the resource demands of individual goods and services.[69][70]

The underlying driver of direct human impacts on the environment is human consumption.[71] This impact is reduced by not only consuming less but also making the full cycle of production, use, and disposal more sustainable. Consumption of goods and services can be analyzed and managed at all scales through the chain of consumption, starting with the effects of individual lifestyle choices and spending patterns, through to the resource demands of specific goods and services, the impacts of economic sectors, through national economies to the global economy.[72] Key resource categories relating to human needs are food, energy, raw materials and water.

Improving on economic and social aspects edit

Further information: Corporate sustainability and Sustainable business

It has been suggested that because of rural poverty and overexploitation, environmental resources should be treated as important economic assets, called natural capital.[73] Economic development has traditionally required a growth in the gross domestic product. This model of unlimited personal and GDP growth may be over. Sustainable development may involve improvements in the quality of life for many but may necessitate a decrease in resource consumption.[74] "Growth" generally ignores the direct effect that the environment may have on social welfare, whereas "development" takes it into account.[75]

As early as the 1970s, the concept of sustainability was used to describe an economy "in equilibrium with basic ecological support systems".[76] Scientists in many fields have highlighted The Limits to Growth,[77][78] and economists have presented alternatives, for example a 'steady-state economy', to address concerns over the impacts of expanding human development on the planet.[42] In 1987, the economist Edward Barbier published the study The Concept of Sustainable Economic Development, where he recognized that goals of environmental conservation and economic development are not conflicting and can be reinforcing each other.[79]

A World Bank study from 1999 concluded that based on the theory of genuine savings (defined as "traditional net savings less the value of resource depletion and environmental degradation plus the value of investment in human capital"), policymakers have many possible interventions to increase sustainability, in macroeconomics or purely environmental.[80] Several studies have noted that efficient policies for renewable energy and pollution are compatible with increasing human welfare, eventually reaching a golden-rule[clarification needed] steady state.[81][82][83][84]

A meta review in 2002 looked at environmental and economic valuations and found a "lack of concrete understanding of what "sustainability policies" might entail in practice".[85] A study concluded in 2007 that knowledge, manufactured and human capital (health and education) has not compensated for the degradation of natural capital in many parts of the world.[86] It has been suggested that intergenerational equity can be incorporated into a sustainable development and decision making, as has become common in economic valuations of climate economics.[87]

The World Business Council for Sustainable Development published a Vision 2050 document in 2021 to show "How business can lead the transformations the world needs". The vision states that "we envision a world in which 9+billion people can live well, within planetary boundaries, by 2050."[88] This report was highlighted by The Guardian as "the largest concerted corporate sustainability action plan to date – include reversing the damage done to ecosystems, addressing rising greenhouse gas emissions and ensuring societies move to sustainable agriculture."[89]

Gender and leadership in sustainable development edit

Gender and sustainable development have been examined, focusing on women's leadership potential and barriers to it. While leadership roles in sustainable development have become more androgynous over time, patriarchal structures and perceptions continue to constrain women from becoming leaders.[90] Some hidden issues are women's lack of self-confidence, impeding access to leadership roles, but men can potentially play a role as allies for women's leadership.[90]

Barriers edit

There are barriers that small and medium enterprises face when implementing sustainable development such as lack of expertise, lack of resources, and high initial capital cost of implementing sustainability measures.[91]

Globally, the scale of collective action and lack of political will are barriers to achieving sustainable development.[44][92] To overcome these challenges, governments must jointly form an agreement of social and political strength. Efforts to enact reforms or design and implement programs to decrease the harmful effects of human behaviors allow for progress toward present and future environmental sustainability goals.[93] The Paris Agreement exemplifies efforts of political will on a global level, a multinational agreement between 193 parties [94] intended to strengthen the global response to climate change by reducing emissions and working together to adjust to the consequent effects of climate change.[94] Experts continue to firmly suggest that governments should do more outside of The Paris Agreement, there persist a greater need for political will.[95]

Another barrier towards sustainable development would be negative externalities that may potentially arise from implementing sustainable development technology. One example would be the development of lithium-ion batteries, a key element towards environmental sustainability and the reduction in reliance towards fossil fuels. However, currently with the technology and methodology available, Lithium production poses a negative environmental impact during its extraction from the earth as it uses a method very similar to fracking as well as during its processing to be used as a battery which is a chemically intensive process.[96] One suggested solution would be to weigh the possibility of recycling as this will cut down on the waste of old lithium as well as reducing the need for extracting new lithium from the ground, however, this sustainable development solution is barred from implementation by a high initial cost as studies have shown that recycling old technology for the purpose of extracting metals such as lithium and cobalt is typically more expensive than extracting them from the ground and processing them.[citation needed]

The COVID-19 pandemic needs to be considered in the SDG process. Especially for developing countries exposed to social problems affected by COVID-19, the connection between post-epidemic recovery and SDG needs to be discussed and studied.[97] The COVID-19 pandemic has provided substantial roadblocks towards achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). While the long-term effects of COVID-19 on SDGs is limited, research has shown that SDG 1, SDG 4, and SDG 8 are the most likely to be adversely affected by the pandemic. One of the strategies proposed towards SDG in the light of the COVID-19 pandemic is green management, or the government strategy of utilizing resources such as water and energy with the intention to change resource consumption behavior. Other strategies include erecting sustainable food systems, labor market energization, inclusive education, and supporting research in the energy sector.[98]

Society and culture edit

Sustainable development goals edit

 
The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals
This section is an excerpt from Sustainable Development Goals.[edit]

The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, adopted by all United Nations members in 2015, created 17 world Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). They were created with the aim of "peace and prosperity for people and the planet..."[99][100][101] – while tackling climate change and working to preserve oceans and forests. The SDGs highlight the connections between the environmental, social and economic aspects of sustainable development. Sustainability is at the center of the SDGs.[102][103]

The short titles of the 17 SDGs are: No poverty (SDG 1), Zero hunger (SDG 2), Good health and well-being (SDG 3), Quality education (SDG 4), Gender equality (SDG 5), Clean water and sanitation (SDG 6), Affordable and clean energy (SDG 7), Decent work and economic growth (SDG 8), Industry, innovation and infrastructure (SDG 9), Reduced inequalities (SDG 10), Sustainable cities and communities (SDG 11), Responsible consumption and production (SDG 12), Climate action (SDG 13), Life below water (SDG 14), Life on land (SDG 15), Peace, justice, and strong institutions (SDG 16), and Partnerships for the goals (SDG 17).

These goals are ambitious, and the reports and outcomes to date indicate a challenging path. Most, if not all, of the goals are unlikely to be met by 2030. Rising inequalities, climate change, and biodiversity loss are topics of concerns threatening progress. The COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 to 2023 made these challenges worse. The pandemic impacted all 17 goals and emphasized the interconnectedness of global health, economic, social, and environmental challenges.[104] Some regions, such as Asia, have experienced significant setbacks during that time. The global effort for the SDGs calls for prioritizing environmental sustainability, understanding the indivisible nature of the goals, and seeking synergies across sectors.

Education for sustainable development edit

Education for sustainable development (ESD) is a term officially used by the United Nations and is defined as education practices that encourage changes in knowledge, skills, values and attitudes to enable a more sustainable and just society for humanity. ESD aims to empower and equip current and future generations to meet their needs using a balanced and integrated approach to the economic, social and environmental dimensions of sustainable development.[105][106]

Agenda 21 was the first international document that identified education as an essential tool for achieving sustainable development and highlighted areas of action for education.[107][108] ESD is a component of measurement in an indicator for Sustainable Development Goal 12 (SDG) for "responsible consumption and production". SDG 12 has 11 targets and target 12.8 is "By 2030, ensure that people everywhere have the relevant information and awareness for sustainable development and lifestyles in harmony with nature."[109] 20 years after the Agenda 21 document was declared, the 'Future we want' document was declared in the Rio+20 UN Conference on Sustainable Development, stating that "We resolve to promote education for sustainable development and to integrate sustainable development more actively into education beyond the Decade of Education for Sustainable Development."[110]

One version of education for Sustainable Development recognizes modern-day environmental challenges and seeks to define new ways to adjust to a changing biosphere, as well as engage individuals to address societal issues that come with them [111] In the International Encyclopedia of Education, this approach to education is seen as an attempt to "shift consciousness toward an ethics of life-giving relationships that respects the interconnectedness of man to his natural world" in order to equip future members of society with environmental awareness and a sense of responsibility to sustainability.[112]

For UNESCO, education for sustainable development involves:

integrating key sustainable development issues into teaching and learning. This may include, for example, instruction about climate change, disaster risk reduction, biodiversity, and poverty reduction and sustainable consumption. It also requires participatory teaching and learning methods that motivate and empower learners to change their behaviours and take action for sustainable development. ESD consequently promotes competencies like critical thinking, imagining future scenarios and making decisions in a collaborative way.[113][114]

The Thessaloniki Declaration, presented at the "International Conference on Environment and Society: Education and Public Awareness for Sustainability" by UNESCO and the Government of Greece (December 1997), highlights the importance of sustainability not only with regards to the natural environment, but also with "poverty, health, food security, democracy, human rights, and peace".[115]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b Clark, William; Harley, Alicia (2020). "Sustainability Science: Toward a Synthesis". Annual Review of Environment and Resources. 45 (1): 331–86. doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-012420-043621.   This article incorporates text available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
  2. ^ Johnson, Justin Andrew; Baldos, Uris Lantz; Corong, Erwin; Hertel, Thomas; Polasky, Stephen; Cervigni, Raffaello; Roxburgh, Toby; Ruta, Giovanni; Salemi, Colette; Thakrar, Sumil (2023). "Investing in nature can improve equity and economic returns". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 120 (27): e2220401120. Bibcode:2023PNAS..12020401J. doi:10.1073/pnas.2220401120. PMC 10318957. PMID 37364118.
  3. ^ Robert, Kates W.; Parris, Thomas M.; Leiserowitz, Anthony A. (2005). "What is Sustainable Development? Goals, Indicators, Values, and Practice". Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development. 47 (3): 8–21. Bibcode:2005ESPSD..47c...8R. doi:10.1080/00139157.2005.10524444. S2CID 154882898.
  4. ^ Mensah, Justice (2019). "Sustainable development: Meaning, history, principles, pillars, and implications for human action: Literature review". Cogent Social Sciences. 5 (1): 1653531. doi:10.1080/23311886.2019.1653531.
  5. ^ a b c United Nations General Assembly (1987) .Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future 31 March 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Transmitted to the General Assembly as an Annex to document A/42/427 – Development and International Co-operation: Environment.
  6. ^ United Nations General Assembly (20 March 1987). "Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future; Transmitted to the General Assembly as an Annex to document A/42/427 – Development and International Co-operation: Environment; Our Common Future, Chapter 2: Towards Sustainable Development; Paragraph 1". United Nations General Assembly. Retrieved 1 March 2010.
  7. ^ Purvis, Ben; Mao, Yong; Robinson, Darren (2019). "Three pillars of sustainability: in search of conceptual origins". Sustainability Science. 14 (3): 681–695. Bibcode:2019SuSc...14..681P. doi:10.1007/s11625-018-0627-5.   Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
  8. ^ "Sustainable Development". UNESCO. 3 August 2015. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  9. ^ a b Brown, James H. (2015). "The Oxymoron of Sustainable Development". BioScience. 65 (10): 1027–1029. doi:10.1093/biosci/biv117.
  10. ^ a b Williams, Colin C; Millington, Andrew C (2004). "The diverse and contested meanings of sustainable development". The Geographical Journal. 170 (2): 99–104. Bibcode:2004GeogJ.170...99W. doi:10.1111/j.0016-7398.2004.00111.x. S2CID 143181802.
  11. ^ a b c d Berg, Christian (2020). Sustainable action: overcoming the barriers. Abingdon, Oxon. ISBN 978-0-429-57873-1. OCLC 1124780147.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  12. ^ Keeble, Brian R. (1988). "The Brundtland report: 'Our common future'". Medicine and War. 4 (1): 17–25. doi:10.1080/07488008808408783.
  13. ^ a b c d e f Purvis, Ben; Mao, Yong; Robinson, Darren (2019). "Three pillars of sustainability: in search of conceptual origins". Sustainability Science. 14 (3): 681–695. Bibcode:2019SuSc...14..681P. doi:10.1007/s11625-018-0627-5. ISSN 1862-4065.   Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
  14. ^ Ramsey, Jeffry L. (2015). "On Not Defining Sustainability". Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics. 28 (6): 1075–1087. doi:10.1007/s10806-015-9578-3. ISSN 1187-7863. S2CID 146790960.
  15. ^ Kotzé, Louis J.; Kim, Rakhyun E.; Burdon, Peter; du Toit, Louise; Glass, Lisa-Maria; Kashwan, Prakash; Liverman, Diana; Montesano, Francesco S.; Rantala, Salla (2022), Sénit, Carole-Anne; Biermann, Frank; Hickmann, Thomas (eds.), "Planetary Integrity", The Political Impact of the Sustainable Development Goals: Transforming Governance Through Global Goals?, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 140–171, doi:10.1017/9781009082945.007, ISBN 978-1-316-51429-0
  16. ^ Bosselmann, Klaus (2010). "Losing the Forest for the Trees: Environmental Reductionism in the Law". Sustainability. 2 (8): 2424–2448. doi:10.3390/su2082424. hdl:10535/6499. ISSN 2071-1050.   Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 International License
  17. ^ Waite, Marilyn (18 November 2013). "SURF Framework for a Sustainable Economy". Journal of Management and Sustainability. 3 (4). doi:10.5539/jms.v3n4p25. ISSN 1925-4733.
  18. ^ Purcell, W.M. & Nikolova, M. "Pursuing Sustainability in the Travel and Tourism Sector From a Triple to a Quadruple Bottom Line Sustainability: The Case for Adding 'Health & Well-being' to Sustainable Travel and Tourism" (PDF).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  19. ^ Berg, Christian (2020). Sustainable action: overcoming the barriers. Abingdon, Oxon. ISBN 978-0-429-57873-1. OCLC 1124780147.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  20. ^ "Sustainability". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
  21. ^ "Sustainable Development". UNESCO. 3 August 2015. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  22. ^ a b c Ulrich Grober: Deep roots — A conceptual history of "sustainable development" (Nachhaltigkeit) 25 September 2021 at the Wayback Machine, Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung, 2007
  23. ^ a b c Blewitt, John (2014). Understanding Sustainable Development. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-70782-4.[page needed]
  24. ^ Du Pisani, Jacobus A. (2006). "Sustainable development – historical roots of the concept". Environmental Sciences. 3 (2): 83–96. Bibcode:2006JIES....3...83D. doi:10.1080/15693430600688831.
  25. ^ Hardin, Garrett (13 December 1968). "The Tragedy of the Commons: The population problem has no technical solution; it requires a fundamental extension in morality". Science. 162 (3859): 1243–1248. doi:10.1126/science.162.3859.1243. PMID 17756331.
  26. ^ Basler, Ernst (1972). Strategie des Fortschritts: Umweltbelastung Lebensraumverknappung and Zukunftsforshung (Strategy of Progress: Environmental Pollution, Habitat Scarcity and Future Research). Munich: BLV Publishing Company.
  27. ^ Finn, Donovan (2009). Our Uncertain Future: Can Good Planning Create Sustainable Communities?. Champaign-Urbana: University of Illinois.
  28. ^ "A Blueprint for Survival". The New York Times. 5 February 1972.
  29. ^ "The Ecologist January 1972: a blueprint for survival". The Ecologist. 27 January 2012. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
  30. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016.
  31. ^ World Conservation Strategy: Living Resource Conservation for Sustainable Development (PDF). International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. 1980.
  32. ^ a b Sachs, Jeffrey D. (2015). The Age of Sustainable Development. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231173155.
  33. ^ World Charter for Nature, United Nations, General Assembly, 48th Plenary Meeting, 28 October 1982
  34. ^ Will Allen. 2007."Learning for Sustainability: Sustainable Development." 14 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  35. ^ "Why Rio failed in the past and how it can succeed this time". The Guardian. 12 June 2012.
  36. ^ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 16 September 2005, 60/1. 2005 World Summit Outcome" (PDF). United Nations General Assembly. 2005. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  37. ^ "Nachhaltigkeit Definition". Lexikon der Nachhaltigkeit (in German). 13 November 2015. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
  38. ^ "Agenda 21" (PDF). United Nations Conference on Environment & Development, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 3 to 14 June 1992. 1992. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  39. ^ Turner, R. Kerry (1988). "Sustainability, Resource Conservation and Pollution Control: An Overview". In Turner, R. Kerry (ed.). Sustainable Environmental Management. London: Belhaven Press.
  40. ^ Georgescu-Roegen, Nicholas (1971). The Entropy Law and the Economic Process (Full book accessible at Scribd). Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674257801.
  41. ^ Rifkin, Jeremy (1980). Entropy: A New World View (PDF contains only the title and contents pages of the book). New York: The Viking Press. ISBN 978-0670297177.
  42. ^ a b c Daly, Herman E. (1992). Steady-state economics (2nd ed.). London: Earthscan Publications.
  43. ^ Dyllick, T.; Hockerts, K. (2002). "Beyond the business case for corporate sustainability". Business Strategy and the Environment. 11 (2): 130–141. doi:10.1002/bse.323.
  44. ^ a b Park, Albert Sanghoon (2023). "Understanding resilience in sustainable development: Rallying call or siren song?". Sustainable Development. 32: 260–274. doi:10.1002/sd.2645.
  45. ^ Bosselmann, Klaus (2017). The principle of sustainability: transforming law and governance (2nd ed.). London. ISBN 978-1-4724-8128-3. OCLC 951915998.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  46. ^ "Goal 11: Sustainable cities and communities".
  47. ^ "Sustainable development domains". Semantic portal. Retrieved 6 September 2021.
  48. ^ a b c Nayeripour, Majid; Kheshti, Mostafa (2 December 2011). Sustainable Growth and Applications in Renewable Energy Sources. BoD – Books on Demand. p. 58. ISBN 978-953-307-408-5.  Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 International License 16 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine
  49. ^ Daly, H.E. (1990). "Toward some operational principles of sustainable development". Ecological Economics. 2 (1): 1–6. Bibcode:1990EcoEc...2....1D. doi:10.1016/0921-8009(90)90010-r.
  50. ^ World Business Council for Sustainable Development 10 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine This web site has multiple articles on WBCSD contributions to sustainable development. Retrieved 7 April 2009.
  51. ^ "AR5 Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change — IPCC". Retrieved 13 May 2021.
  52. ^ Holmgren, D. (March 2005). "Retrofitting the suburbs for sustainability." 15 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine CSIRO Sustainability Network. Retrieved 7 July 2009.
  53. ^ McMichael, Anthony J; Powles, John W; Butler, Colin D; Uauy, Ricardo (October 2007). "Food, livestock production, energy, climate change, and health". The Lancet. 370 (9594): 1253–1263. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61256-2. hdl:1885/38056. PMID 17868818. S2CID 9316230.
  54. ^ Baroni, L; Cenci, L; Tettamanti, M; Berati, M (1 February 2007). "Evaluating the environmental impact of various dietary patterns combined with different food production systems". European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 61 (2): 279–286. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602522. PMID 17035955. S2CID 16387344.
  55. ^ Bournay, E. et al.. (2006). Vital waste graphics 2 12 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine. The Basel Convention, UNEP, GRID-Arendal. ISBN 82-7701-042-7.
  56. ^ UNEP (2011). Decoupling Natural Resource Use and Environmental Impacts from Economic Growth 20 January 2022 at the Wayback Machine. ISBN 978-92-807-3167-5. Retrieved 30 November 2011.
  57. ^ Anderberg, S (1998). "Industrial metabolism and linkages between economics, ethics, and the environment". Ecological Economics. 24 (2–3): 311–320. doi:10.1016/s0921-8009(97)00151-1.
  58. ^ Fuad-Luke, A. (2006). The Eco-design Handbook. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-28521-3.
  59. ^ Geissdoerfer, Martin; Savaget, Paulo; Bocken, Nancy M.P.; Hultink, Erik Jan (February 2017). "The Circular Economy – A new sustainability paradigm?" (PDF). Journal of Cleaner Production. 143: 757–768. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.12.048. S2CID 157449142.
  60. ^ Shigeta, Naoya; Hosseini, Seyed Ehsan (25 December 2020). "Sustainable Development of the Automobile Industry in the United States, Europe, and Japan with Special Focus on the Vehicles' Power Sources". Energies. 14 (1): 78. doi:10.3390/en14010078.
  61. ^ European Commission (2020). "Circular economy action plan". 20 January 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
  62. ^ "52020DC0098". EUR-Lex. Retrieved 9 November 2021.
  63. ^ Balvanera, Patricia; Pfisterer, Andrea B.; Buchmann, Nina; He, Jing-Shen; Nakashizuka, Tohru; Raffaelli, David; Schmid, Bernhard (October 2006). "Quantifying the evidence for biodiversity effects on ecosystem functioning and services: Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning/services" (PDF). Ecology Letters. 9 (10): 1146–1156. doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2006.00963.x. PMID 16972878.
  64. ^ Tilman, David; Knops, Johannes; Wedin, David; Reich, Peter; Ritchie, Mark; Siemann, Evan (29 August 1997). "The Influence of Functional Diversity and Composition on Ecosystem Processes". Science. 277 (5330): 1300–1302. doi:10.1126/science.277.5330.1300.
  65. ^ Summary for policymakers of the global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (PDF). the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. 6 May 2019. Retrieved 10 May 2019.
  66. ^ Deutsche Welle, Deutsche (6 May 2019). "Why Biodiversity Loss Hurts Humans as Much as Climate Change Does". Ecowatch. Retrieved 10 May 2019.
  67. ^ Naeem, Shahid; Chazdon, Robin; Duffy, J. Emmett; Prager, Case; Worm, Boris (14 December 2016). "Biodiversity and human well-being: an essential link for sustainable development". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 283 (1844): 20162091. doi:10.1098/rspb.2016.2091. PMC 5204155. PMID 27928039.
  68. ^ Basiago, Andrew D. (1995). "Methods of defining 'sustainability'". Sustainable Development. 3 (3): 109–119. doi:10.1002/sd.3460030302.
  69. ^ Clark, D. (2006). A Rough Guide to Ethical Living. London: Penguin. ISBN 978-1-84353-792-2[page needed]
  70. ^ Brower, M. & Leon, W. (1999). The Consumer's Guide to Effective Environmental Choices: Practical Advice from the Union of Concerned Scientists. New York: Three Rivers Press. ISBN 0-609-80281-X.[page needed]
  71. ^ Michaelis, L. & Lorek, S. (2004). "Consumption and the Environment in Europe: Trends and Futures." 22 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine Danish Environmental Protection Agency. Environmental Project No. 904.
  72. ^ Jackson, T. & Michaelis, L. (2003). "Policies for Sustainable Consumption" 7 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine. The UK Sustainable Development Commission.
  73. ^ Barbier, Edward B. (2006). Natural Resources and Economic Development. Cambridge University Press. pp. 44–45. ISBN 9780521706513. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
  74. ^ Brown, L. R. (2011). World on the Edge. Earth Policy Institute. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-08029-2.
  75. ^ Pezzey, John (November 1992). "Sustainable development concepts". Researchgate. The World Bank. Retrieved 16 October 2022.
  76. ^ Stivers, R. 1976. The Sustainable Society: Ethics and Economic Growth. Philadelphia: Westminster Press.
  77. ^ Meadows, D.H., D.L. Meadows, J. Randers, and W.W. Behrens III. 1972. The Limits to Growth. Universe Books, New York, NY. ISBN 0-87663-165-0
  78. ^ Meadows, D.H.; Randers, Jørgen; Meadows, D.L. (2004). Limits to Growth: The 30-Year Update. Chelsea Green Publishing. ISBN 978-1-931498-58-6.
  79. ^ Barbier, E. (1987). "The Concept of Sustainable Economic Development". Environmental Conservation. 14 (2): 101–110. Bibcode:1987EnvCo..14..101B. doi:10.1017/S0376892900011449. S2CID 145595791.
  80. ^ Hamilton, K.; Clemens, M. (1999). "Genuine savings rates in developing countries". World Bank Economic Review. 13 (2): 333–356. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.452.7532. doi:10.1093/wber/13.2.333.
  81. ^ Ayong Le Kama, A. D. (2001). "Sustainable growth renewable resources, and pollution". Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control. 25 (12): 1911–1918. doi:10.1016/S0165-1889(00)00007-5.
  82. ^ Chichilnisky, G.; Heal, G.; Beltratti, A. (1995). "A Green Golden Rule". Economics Letters. 49 (2): 175–179. doi:10.1016/0165-1765(95)00662-Y. S2CID 154964259.
  83. ^ Endress, L.; Roumasset, J. (1994). "Golden rules for sustainable resource management" (PDF). Economic Record. 70 (210): 266–277. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4932.1994.tb01847.x.
  84. ^ Endress, L.; Roumasset, J.; Zhou, T. (2005). "Sustainable Growth with Environmental Spillovers". Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization. 58 (4): 527–547. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.529.5305. doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2004.09.003.
  85. ^ Pezzey, John C. V.; Michael A., Toman (2002). (PDF). Resources for the Future. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 April 2014. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
  86. ^ Dasgupta, P. (2007). "The idea of sustainable development". Sustainability Science. 2 (1): 5–11. Bibcode:2007SuSc....2....5D. doi:10.1007/s11625-007-0024-y. S2CID 154597956.
  87. ^ Heal, G. (2009). "Climate Economics: A Meta-Review and Some Suggestions for Future Research". Review of Environmental Economics and Policy. 3 (1): 4–21. doi:10.1093/reep/ren014. S2CID 154917782.
  88. ^ "Vision 2050 - Time to transform". WBCSD. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
  89. ^ Wills, Jackie (15 May 2014). "World Business Council for Sustainable Development: Vision 2050". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 May 2022.
  90. ^ a b Shinbrot, Xoco A.; Wilkins, Kate; Gretzel, Ulrike; Bowser, Gillian (July 2019). "Unlocking women's sustainability leadership potential: Perceptions of contributions and challenges for women in sustainable development". World Development. 119: 120–132. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.03.009. S2CID 159285419.
  91. ^ Sossa, Jhon (May 2019). "Barriers to sustainability for small and medium enterprises in the framework of sustainable development—Literature review". Business Strategy and the Environment. 28 (4): 512–524. doi:10.1002/bse.2261. S2CID 239523321.
  92. ^ Adetunji, Israel O.; Price, Andrew; Fleming, Paul; Kemp, Pamela (2005). "The barriers and possible solution to achieve sustainable development" (PDF). Proceedings of 2005 2nd Scottish conference for Postgraduate Researchers of the Built and Natural Environment. hdl:2134/23679. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
  93. ^ "Political Will: What It Is, Why It Matters for Extractives and How on Earth Do You Find It?". from the original on 22 October 2022. Retrieved 22 October 2022.
  94. ^ a b Nations, United. "The Paris Agreement". United Nations. Retrieved 18 December 2022.
  95. ^ "Global Climate Agreements: Successes and Failures". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 18 December 2022.
  96. ^ Kaunda, Rennie B. (2020). "Potential environmental impacts of lithium mining". Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law. 38 (3): 237–244. Bibcode:2020JENRL..38..237K. doi:10.1080/02646811.2020.1754596. S2CID 219452489.
  97. ^ Elavarasan, Rajvikram Madurai; Pugazhendhi, Rishi; Shafiullah, G. M.; Kumar, Nallapaneni Manoj; Arif, Mohammad Taufiqul; Jamal, Taskin; Chopra, Shauhrat Singh; Dyduch, Joanna (May 2022). "Impacts of COVID-19 on Sustainable Development Goals and effective approaches to maneuver them in the post-pandemic environment". Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 29 (23): 33957–33987. Bibcode:2022ESPR...2933957E. doi:10.1007/s11356-021-17793-9. PMC 8760582. PMID 35032263.
  98. ^ Ameli, Mariam; Esfandabadi, Zahara S.; Sadeghi, Somayeh; Ranjbari, Meisam; Zanetti, Maria C. (29 January 2022). "COVID-19 and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): Scenario analysis through fuzzy cognitive map modeling". Gondwana Research. 114, 2023: 138–155. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2021.12.014. PMC 8811702. PMID 35132304.
  99. ^ "The 17 Goals". Sustainable Development Goals. UN. Retrieved 10 August 2022.
  100. ^ United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (A/RES/71/313 28 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine)
  101. ^ Isnaeni, Nur Meily; Dulkiah, Moh; Wildan, Asep Dadan (18 November 2022). "Patterns of Middle-Class Communities Adaptation to the Village SDGS Program in Bogor Regency". Temali: Jurnal Pembangunan Sosial. 5 (2): 173–82. doi:10.15575/jt.v5i2.20466. ISSN 2615-5028.
  102. ^ Schleicher, Judith; Schaafsma, Marije; Vira, Bhaskar (2018). "Will the Sustainable Development Goals address the links between poverty and the natural environment?". Current Opinion in L̾o̾l̾o̾l̾o̾47. 34: 43–47. Bibcode:2018COES...34...43S. doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2018.09.004.
  103. ^ Bali Swain, R.; Yang-Wallentin, F. (2020). "Achieving sustainable development goals: predicaments and strategies". International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology. 27 (2): 96–106. Bibcode:2020IJSDW..27...96B. doi:10.1080/13504509.2019.1692316.
  104. ^ Biermann, Frank; Hickmann, Thomas; Sénit, Carole-Anne; Beisheim, Marianne; Bernstein, Steven; Chasek, Pamela; Grob, Leonie; Kim, Rakhyun E.; Kotzé, Louis J.; Nilsson, Måns; Ordóñez Llanos, Andrea; Okereke, Chukwumerije; Pradhan, Prajal; Raven, Rob; Sun, Yixian (20 June 2022). "Scientific evidence on the political impact of the Sustainable Development Goals". Nature Sustainability. 5 (9): 795–800. Bibcode:2022NatSu...5..795B. doi:10.1038/s41893-022-00909-5. hdl:2066/253734. ISSN 2398-9629.   Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
  105. ^ Issues and trends in education for sustainable development. Paris: UNESCO. 2018. p. 7. ISBN 978-92-3-100244-1.  This article incorporates text available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
  106. ^ Kolvoord, Robert A (2021). "Fostering spatial thinking skills for future citizens to support sustainable development". Cultures of Science. 4 (1): 17–24. doi:10.1177/20966083211024714.
  107. ^ Leicht, Alexander (2018). "From Agenda 21 to Target 4.7: the development of education for sustainable development". UNESCO, UNESDOC Digital Library. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  108. ^ Bernad-Cavero, Olga; Llevot-Calvet, Núria (4 July 2018). New Pedagogical Challenges in the 21st Century: Contributions of Research in Education. BoD – Books on Demand. ISBN 978-1-78923-380-3.
  109. ^ United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (A/RES/71/313 23 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine)
  110. ^ Shulla, K.; Filho, W. Leal; Lardjane, S.; Sommer, J. H.; Borgemeister, C. (3 July 2020). "Sustainable development education in the context of the 2030 Agenda for sustainable development" (PDF). International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology. 27 (5): 458–468. Bibcode:2020IJSDW..27..458S. doi:10.1080/13504509.2020.1721378. S2CID 214390476.
  111. ^ Jucker, Rolf; Mathar, Reiner, eds. (27 October 2014). Schooling for sustainable development in Europe: concepts, policies and educational experiences at the end of the UN Decade of Education for Sustainable Development. Cham, Switzerland. ISBN 978-3-319-09549-3. OCLC 894509040.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  112. ^ Peterson, Penelope L.; Baker, Eva L.; McGaw, Barry, eds. (2010), International encyclopedia of education (3rd ed.), Oxford: Elsevier, ISBN 978-0-08-044894-7, OCLC 645208716
  113. ^ "Education for Sustainable Development". UNESCO. 10 May 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2017.
  114. ^ Marope, P.T.M; Chakroun, B.; Holmes, K.P. (2015). Unleashing the Potential: Transforming Technical and Vocational Education and Training (PDF). UNESCO. pp. 9, 23, 25–26. ISBN 978-92-3-100091-1.
  115. ^ Nikolopoulou, Anastasia; Abraham, Taisha; Mirbagheri, Farid (2010). Education for Sustainable Development: Challenges, Strategies, and Practices in a Globalizing World Education for sustainable development: Challenges, strategies, and practices in a globalizing world. doi:10.4135/9788132108023. ISBN 9788132102939.[page needed]

External links edit

  • Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform of the UN
  • Sustainable Development Solutions Network

April 11, 2024
sustainable, development, organizing, principle, that, aims, meet, human, development, goals, while, also, enabling, natural, systems, provide, necessary, natural, resources, ecosystem, services, humans, desired, result, society, where, living, conditions, res. Sustainable development is an organizing principle that aims to meet human development goals while also enabling natural systems to provide necessary natural resources and ecosystem services to humans 2 The desired result is a society where living conditions and resources meet human needs without undermining the planetary integrity and stability of the natural system 3 4 Sustainable development tries to find a balance between economic development environmental protection and social well being The Brundtland Report in 1987 defined sustainable development as development that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs 5 6 The concept of sustainable development nowadays has a focus on economic development social development and environmental protection for future generations Sustainable development requires six central capacities 1 Sustainable development was first institutionalized with the Rio Process initiated at the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro In 2015 the United Nations General Assembly UNGA adopted the Sustainable Development Goals 2015 to 2030 and explained how the goals are integrated and indivisible to achieve sustainable development at the global level 7 The UNGA s 17 goals address the global challenges including poverty inequality climate change environmental degradation peace and justice Sustainable development is interlinked with the normative concept of sustainability UNESCO formulated a distinction between the two concepts as follows Sustainability is often thought of as a long term goal i e a more sustainable world while sustainable development refers to the many processes and pathways to achieve it 8 The concept of sustainable development has been criticized in various ways While some see it as paradoxical or as an oxymoron and regard development as inherently unsustainable others are disappointed in the lack of progress that has been achieved so far 9 10 Part of the problem is that development itself is not consistently defined 11 16 Contents 1 Definition 1 1 Related concepts 1 1 1 Sustainability 2 Development of the concept 3 Dimensions 4 Critique 5 Pathways 5 1 Requirements 5 2 Environmental characteristics of sustainable cities 5 2 1 Land use changes agriculture and food 5 2 2 Materials and waste 5 2 3 Biodiversity and ecosystem services 5 2 4 Management of human consumption and impacts 5 3 Improving on economic and social aspects 5 3 1 Gender and leadership in sustainable development 6 Barriers 7 Society and culture 7 1 Sustainable development goals 7 2 Education for sustainable development 8 See also 9 References 10 External linksDefinition editIn 1987 the United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development released the report Our Common Future commonly called the Brundtland Report 5 The report included a definition of sustainable development which is now widely used 5 12 Sustainable development is a development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs It contains two key concepts within it The concept of needs in particular the essential needs of the world s poor to which overriding priority should be given and The idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and social organization on the environment s ability to meet present and future needs World Commission on Environment and Development Our Common Future 1987 Sustainable development thus tries to find a balance between economic development environmental protection and social well being Related concepts edit Sustainability edit This section is an excerpt from Sustainability edit nbsp Several visual representations of sustainability and its three dimensions the left image shows sustainability as three intersecting circles In the top right it is a nested approach In the bottom right it is three pillars 13 The schematic with the nested ellipses emphasizes a hierarchy of the dimensions putting environment as the foundation for the other two Sustainability is a social goal for people to co exist on Earth over a long time Definitions of this term are disputed and have varied with literature context and time 14 13 Experts sometimes describe sustainability as having three dimensions or pillars environmental economic and social 13 or people planet and profit and many publications emphasize the environmental dimension 15 16 Many experts have also expanded the dimensions to account for notable aspects of sustainability for example future generations 17 or health 18 thereby using a quadruple bottom line QBL In everyday use specify sustainability often focuses on countering major environmental problems including climate change loss of biodiversity loss of ecosystem services land degradation and air and water pollution The idea of sustainability can guide decisions at the global national and individual levels e g sustainable living 19 A related concept is sustainable development and the terms are often used to mean the same thing 20 UNESCO distinguishes the two like this Sustainability is often thought of as a long term goal i e a more sustainable world while sustainable development refers to the many processes and pathways to achieve it 21 Development of the concept editSee also Sustainability Sustainable development has its roots in ideas regarding sustainable forest management which were developed in Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries 22 23 24 In response to a growing awareness of the depletion of timber resources in England John Evelyn argued in his 1662 essay Sylva that sowing and planting of trees had to be regarded as a national duty of every landowner in order to stop the destructive over exploitation of natural resources In 1713 Hans Carl von Carlowitz a senior mining administrator in the service of Elector Frederick Augustus I of Saxony published Sylvicultura economics a 400 page work on forestry Building upon the ideas of Evelyn and French minister Jean Baptiste Colbert von Carlowitz developed the concept of managing forests for sustained yield 22 His work influenced others including Alexander von Humboldt and Georg Ludwig Hartig eventually leading to the development of the science of forestry This in turn influenced people like Gifford Pinchot the first head of the US Forest Service whose approach to forest management was driven by the idea of wise use of resources and Aldo Leopold whose land ethic was influential in the development of the environmental movement in the 1960s 22 23 Following the publication of Rachel Carson s Silent Spring in 1962 the developing environmental movement drew attention to the relationship between economic growth and environmental degradation Kenneth E Boulding in his influential 1966 essay The Economics of the Coming Spaceship Earth identified the need for the economic system to fit itself to the ecological system with its limited pools of resources 23 Another milestone was the 1968 article by Garrett Hardin that popularized the term tragedy of the commons 25 The direct linking of sustainability and development in a contemporary sense can be traced to the early 1970s Strategy of Progress a 1972 book in German by Ernst Basler explained how the long acknowledged sustainability concept of preserving forests for future wood production can be directly transferred to the broader importance of preserving environmental resources to sustain the world for future generations 26 That same year the interrelationship of environment and development was formally demonstrated in a systems dynamic simulation model reported in the classic report on Limits to Growth It was commissioned by the Club of Rome and written by a group of scientists led by Dennis and Donella Meadows of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Describing the desirable state of global equilibrium the authors wrote We are searching for a model output that represents a world system that is sustainable without sudden and uncontrolled collapse and capable of satisfying the basic material requirements of all of its people 27 Also in 1972 was publication of the influential book A Blueprint for Survival 28 29 In 1975 an MIT research group prepared ten days of hearings on Growth and Its Implication for the Future for the US Congress the first hearings ever held on sustainable development 30 In 1980 the International Union for Conservation of Nature published a world conservation strategy that included one of the first references to sustainable development as a global priority 31 and introduced the term sustainable development 32 4 Two years later the United Nations World Charter for Nature raised five principles of conservation by which human conduct affecting nature is to be guided and judged 33 Since the Brundtland Report the concept of sustainable development has developed beyond the initial intergenerational framework to focus more on the goal of socially inclusive and environmentally sustainable economic growth 32 5 In 1992 the UN Conference on Environment and Development published the Earth Charter which outlines the building of a just sustainable and peaceful global society in the 21st century The action plan Agenda 21 for sustainable development identified information integration and participation as key building blocks to help countries achieve development that recognizes these interdependent pillars Furthermore Agenda 21 emphasizes that broad public participation in decision making is a fundamental prerequisite for achieving sustainable development 34 The Rio Protocol was a huge leap forward for the first time the world agreed on a sustainability agenda In fact a global consensus was facilitated by neglecting concrete goals and operational details The Sustainable Development Goals SDGs now have concrete targets unlike the results from the Rio Process but no methods for sanctions 35 11 137 Dimensions editMain article Sustainability Dimensions of sustainability Sustainable development like sustainability is regarded to have three dimensions the environment economy and society The idea is that a good balance between the three dimensions should be achieved Instead of calling them dimensions other terms commonly used are pillars domains aspects spheres This section is an excerpt from Sustainability Development of three dimensions edit nbsp Sustainability Venn diagram where sustainability is thought of as the area where the three dimensions overlapScholars usually distinguish three different areas of sustainability These are the environmental the social and the economic Several terms are in use for this concept Authors may speak of three pillars dimensions components aspects 36 perspectives factors or goals All mean the same thing in this context 13 The three dimensions paradigm has few theoretical foundations It emerged without a single point of origin 13 37 Scholars rarely question the distinction itself The idea of sustainability with three dimensions is a dominant interpretation in the literature 13 Countries could develop systems for monitoring and evaluation of progress towards achieving sustainable development by adopting indicators that measure changes across economic social and environmental dimensions United Nations Conference on Environment amp Development Earth Summit 1992 38 8 6 Critique editMain article Sustainability Critique Further information Weak and strong sustainability Degrowth and Eco economic decoupling The concept of sustainable development has been and still is subject to criticism including the question of what is to be sustained in sustainable development It has been argued that there is no such thing as sustainable use of a non renewable resource since any positive rate of exploitation will eventually lead to the exhaustion of earth s finite stock 39 13 this perspective renders the Industrial Revolution as a whole unsustainable 40 20f 41 61 67 42 22f The sustainable development debate is based on the assumption that societies need to manage three types of capital economic social and natural which may be non substitutable and whose consumption might be irreversible 43 Natural capital can not necessarily be substituted by economic capital 42 While it is possible that we can find ways to replace some natural resources it is much less likely that they will ever be able to replace ecosystem services such as the protection provided by the ozone layer or the climate stabilizing function of the Amazonian forest The concept of sustainable development has been criticized from different angles While some see it as paradoxical or an oxymoron and regard development as inherently unsustainable others are disappointed in the lack of progress that has been achieved so far 9 10 Part of the problem is that development itself is not consistently defined 11 16 44 Such a viewpoint contradicts the mainstream academic community which frequently concedes that the processes of capitalism are incompatible with the long term sustainability of human life The vagueness of the Brundtland definition of sustainable development has been criticized as follows 11 17 The definition has opened up the possibility of downplaying sustainability Hence governments spread the message that we can have it all at the same time i e economic growth prospering societies and a healthy environment No new ethic is required This so called weak version of sustainability is popular among governments and businesses but profoundly wrong and not even weak as there is no alternative to preserving the earth s ecological integrity 45 2 Pathways editFurther information Sustainability Sustainability transitions Requirements edit Six interdependent capacities are deemed to be necessary for the successful pursuit of sustainable development 1 These are the capacities to measure progress towards sustainable development promote equity within and between generations adapt to shocks and surprises transform the system onto more sustainable development pathways link knowledge with action for sustainability and to devise governance arrangements that allow people to work together Environmental characteristics of sustainable cities edit A sustainable city is an urban center that improves its environmental impact through urban planning and management For the definition of an eco city imagine a city with parks and green spaces solar powered buildings rooftop gardens and more pedestrians and bicycles than cars This is not a futuristic dream Smart cities are actively moving towards greener urban ecosystems and better environmental management 46 Further information Human impact on the environment and Ecological footprint nbsp Deforestation of the Amazon rainforest Deforestation and increased road building in the Amazon rainforest are a concern because of increased human encroachment upon wilderness areas increased resource extraction and further threats to biodiversity Environmental sustainability concerns the natural environment and how it endures and remains diverse and productive Since natural resources are derived from the environment the state of air water and climate is of particular concern Environmental sustainability requires society to design activities to meet human needs while preserving the life support systems of the planet This for example entails using water sustainably using renewable energy and sustainable material supplies e g harvesting wood from forests at a rate that maintains the biomass and biodiversity 47 An unsustainable situation occurs when natural capital the total of nature s resources is used up faster than it can be replenished 48 58 Sustainability requires that human activity only uses nature s resources at a rate at which they can be replenished naturally The concept of sustainable development is intertwined with the concept of carrying capacity Theoretically the long term result of environmental degradation is the inability to sustain human life 48 Important operational principles of sustainable development were published by Herman Daly in 1990 renewable resources should provide a sustainable yield the rate of harvest should not exceed the rate of regeneration for non renewable resources there should be equivalent development of renewable substitutes waste generation should not exceed the assimilative capacity of the environment 49 Summary of different levels of consumption of natural resources 48 58 Consumption of natural resources State of the environment State of sustainabilityMore than nature s ability to replenish Environmental degradation Not sustainableEqual to nature s ability to replenish Environmental equilibrium Steady state economyLess than nature s ability to replenish Environmental renewal Environmentally sustainableLand use changes agriculture and food edit Further information Environmental impact of agriculture Environmental problems associated with industrial agriculture and agribusiness are now being addressed through approaches such as sustainable agriculture organic farming and more sustainable business practices 50 The most cost effective climate change mitigation options include afforestation sustainable forest management and reducing deforestation 51 At the local level there are various movements working towards sustainable food systems which may include less meat consumption local food production slow food sustainable gardening and organic gardening 52 The environmental effects of different dietary patterns depend on many factors including the proportion of animal and plant foods consumed and the method of food production 53 54 Materials and waste edit nbsp Ecological footprint for different nations compared to their Human Development Index 2007 nbsp Before flue gas desulfurization was installed the air polluting emissions from this power plant in New Mexico contained excessive amounts of sulfur dioxide Further information Cradle to cradle As global population and affluence have increased so has the use of various materials increased in volume diversity and distance transported Included here are raw materials minerals synthetic chemicals including hazardous substances manufactured products food living organisms and waste 55 By 2050 humanity could consume an estimated 140 billion tons of minerals ores fossil fuels and biomass per year three times its current amount unless the economic growth rate is decoupled from the rate of natural resource consumption Developed countries citizens consume an average of 16 tons of those four key resources per capita per year ranging up to 40 or more tons per person in some developed countries with resource consumption levels far beyond what is likely sustainable By comparison the average person in India today consumes four tons per year 56 Sustainable use of materials has targeted the idea of dematerialization converting the linear path of materials extraction use disposal in landfill to a circular material flow that reuses materials as much as possible much like the cycling and reuse of waste in nature 57 Dematerialization is being encouraged through the ideas of industrial ecology eco design 58 and ecolabelling This way of thinking is expressed in the concept of circular economy which employs reuse sharing repair refurbishment remanufacturing and recycling to create a closed loop system minimizing the use of resource inputs and the creation of waste pollution and carbon emissions 59 Building electric vehicles has been one of the most popular ways in the field of sustainable development the potential of using reusable energy and reducing waste offered a perspective in sustainable development 60 The European Commission has adopted an ambitious Circular Economy Action Plan in 2020 which aims at making sustainable products the norm in the EU 61 62 Biodiversity and ecosystem services edit There is a connection between ecosystems and biodiversity Ecosystems are made up of various living things interacting with one another and their surroundings Along with this biodiversity lays the groundwork for ecosystems to function well by defining the kinds of species that can coexist in an environment as well as their functions and interactions with other species 63 64 In 2019 a summary for policymakers of the largest most comprehensive study to date of biodiversity and ecosystem services was published by the Intergovernmental Science Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services It recommended that human civilization will need a transformative change including sustainable agriculture reductions in consumption and waste fishing quotas and collaborative water management 65 66 Biodiversity is not only crucial for the well being of animals and wildlife but also plays a positive role in the lives of human beings in the way in which it aids development of human life 67 Management of human consumption and impacts edit Further information Consumption economics Overconsumption and Micro sustainability nbsp Waste generation measured in kilograms per person per dayThe environmental impact of a community or humankind as a whole depends both on population and impact per person which in turn depends in complex ways on what resources are being used whether or not those resources are renewable and the scale of the human activity relative to the carrying capacity of the ecosystems involved 68 Careful resource management can be applied at many scales from economic sectors like agriculture manufacturing and industry to work organizations the consumption patterns of households and individuals and the resource demands of individual goods and services 69 70 The underlying driver of direct human impacts on the environment is human consumption 71 This impact is reduced by not only consuming less but also making the full cycle of production use and disposal more sustainable Consumption of goods and services can be analyzed and managed at all scales through the chain of consumption starting with the effects of individual lifestyle choices and spending patterns through to the resource demands of specific goods and services the impacts of economic sectors through national economies to the global economy 72 Key resource categories relating to human needs are food energy raw materials and water Improving on economic and social aspects edit Further information Corporate sustainability and Sustainable business It has been suggested that because of rural poverty and overexploitation environmental resources should be treated as important economic assets called natural capital 73 Economic development has traditionally required a growth in the gross domestic product This model of unlimited personal and GDP growth may be over Sustainable development may involve improvements in the quality of life for many but may necessitate a decrease in resource consumption 74 Growth generally ignores the direct effect that the environment may have on social welfare whereas development takes it into account 75 As early as the 1970s the concept of sustainability was used to describe an economy in equilibrium with basic ecological support systems 76 Scientists in many fields have highlighted The Limits to Growth 77 78 and economists have presented alternatives for example a steady state economy to address concerns over the impacts of expanding human development on the planet 42 In 1987 the economist Edward Barbier published the study The Concept of Sustainable Economic Development where he recognized that goals of environmental conservation and economic development are not conflicting and can be reinforcing each other 79 A World Bank study from 1999 concluded that based on the theory of genuine savings defined as traditional net savings less the value of resource depletion and environmental degradation plus the value of investment in human capital policymakers have many possible interventions to increase sustainability in macroeconomics or purely environmental 80 Several studies have noted that efficient policies for renewable energy and pollution are compatible with increasing human welfare eventually reaching a golden rule clarification needed steady state 81 82 83 84 A meta review in 2002 looked at environmental and economic valuations and found a lack of concrete understanding of what sustainability policies might entail in practice 85 A study concluded in 2007 that knowledge manufactured and human capital health and education has not compensated for the degradation of natural capital in many parts of the world 86 It has been suggested that intergenerational equity can be incorporated into a sustainable development and decision making as has become common in economic valuations of climate economics 87 The World Business Council for Sustainable Development published a Vision 2050 document in 2021 to show How business can lead the transformations the world needs The vision states that we envision a world in which 9 billion people can live well within planetary boundaries by 2050 88 This report was highlighted by The Guardian as the largest concerted corporate sustainability action plan to date include reversing the damage done to ecosystems addressing rising greenhouse gas emissions and ensuring societies move to sustainable agriculture 89 Gender and leadership in sustainable development edit Gender and sustainable development have been examined focusing on women s leadership potential and barriers to it While leadership roles in sustainable development have become more androgynous over time patriarchal structures and perceptions continue to constrain women from becoming leaders 90 Some hidden issues are women s lack of self confidence impeding access to leadership roles but men can potentially play a role as allies for women s leadership 90 Barriers editThere are barriers that small and medium enterprises face when implementing sustainable development such as lack of expertise lack of resources and high initial capital cost of implementing sustainability measures 91 Globally the scale of collective action and lack of political will are barriers to achieving sustainable development 44 92 To overcome these challenges governments must jointly form an agreement of social and political strength Efforts to enact reforms or design and implement programs to decrease the harmful effects of human behaviors allow for progress toward present and future environmental sustainability goals 93 The Paris Agreement exemplifies efforts of political will on a global level a multinational agreement between 193 parties 94 intended to strengthen the global response to climate change by reducing emissions and working together to adjust to the consequent effects of climate change 94 Experts continue to firmly suggest that governments should do more outside of The Paris Agreement there persist a greater need for political will 95 Another barrier towards sustainable development would be negative externalities that may potentially arise from implementing sustainable development technology One example would be the development of lithium ion batteries a key element towards environmental sustainability and the reduction in reliance towards fossil fuels However currently with the technology and methodology available Lithium production poses a negative environmental impact during its extraction from the earth as it uses a method very similar to fracking as well as during its processing to be used as a battery which is a chemically intensive process 96 One suggested solution would be to weigh the possibility of recycling as this will cut down on the waste of old lithium as well as reducing the need for extracting new lithium from the ground however this sustainable development solution is barred from implementation by a high initial cost as studies have shown that recycling old technology for the purpose of extracting metals such as lithium and cobalt is typically more expensive than extracting them from the ground and processing them citation needed The COVID 19 pandemic needs to be considered in the SDG process Especially for developing countries exposed to social problems affected by COVID 19 the connection between post epidemic recovery and SDG needs to be discussed and studied 97 The COVID 19 pandemic has provided substantial roadblocks towards achieving Sustainable Development Goals SDGs While the long term effects of COVID 19 on SDGs is limited research has shown that SDG 1 SDG 4 and SDG 8 are the most likely to be adversely affected by the pandemic One of the strategies proposed towards SDG in the light of the COVID 19 pandemic is green management or the government strategy of utilizing resources such as water and energy with the intention to change resource consumption behavior Other strategies include erecting sustainable food systems labor market energization inclusive education and supporting research in the energy sector 98 Society and culture editSustainable development goals edit nbsp The United Nations Sustainable Development GoalsThis section is an excerpt from Sustainable Development Goals edit The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development adopted by all United Nations members in 2015 created 17 world Sustainable Development Goals SDGs They were created with the aim of peace and prosperity for people and the planet 99 100 101 while tackling climate change and working to preserve oceans and forests The SDGs highlight the connections between the environmental social and economic aspects of sustainable development Sustainability is at the center of the SDGs 102 103 The short titles of the 17 SDGs are No poverty SDG 1 Zero hunger SDG 2 Good health and well being SDG 3 Quality education SDG 4 Gender equality SDG 5 Clean water and sanitation SDG 6 Affordable and clean energy SDG 7 Decent work and economic growth SDG 8 Industry innovation and infrastructure SDG 9 Reduced inequalities SDG 10 Sustainable cities and communities SDG 11 Responsible consumption and production SDG 12 Climate action SDG 13 Life below water SDG 14 Life on land SDG 15 Peace justice and strong institutions SDG 16 and Partnerships for the goals SDG 17 These goals are ambitious and the reports and outcomes to date indicate a challenging path Most if not all of the goals are unlikely to be met by 2030 Rising inequalities climate change and biodiversity loss are topics of concerns threatening progress The COVID 19 pandemic in 2020 to 2023 made these challenges worse The pandemic impacted all 17 goals and emphasized the interconnectedness of global health economic social and environmental challenges 104 Some regions such as Asia have experienced significant setbacks during that time The global effort for the SDGs calls for prioritizing environmental sustainability understanding the indivisible nature of the goals and seeking synergies across sectors Education for sustainable development edit Education for sustainable development ESD is a term officially used by the United Nations and is defined as education practices that encourage changes in knowledge skills values and attitudes to enable a more sustainable and just society for humanity ESD aims to empower and equip current and future generations to meet their needs using a balanced and integrated approach to the economic social and environmental dimensions of sustainable development 105 106 Agenda 21 was the first international document that identified education as an essential tool for achieving sustainable development and highlighted areas of action for education 107 108 ESD is a component of measurement in an indicator for Sustainable Development Goal 12 SDG for responsible consumption and production SDG 12 has 11 targets and target 12 8 is By 2030 ensure that people everywhere have the relevant information and awareness for sustainable development and lifestyles in harmony with nature 109 20 years after the Agenda 21 document was declared the Future we want document was declared in the Rio 20 UN Conference on Sustainable Development stating that We resolve to promote education for sustainable development and to integrate sustainable development more actively into education beyond the Decade of Education for Sustainable Development 110 One version of education for Sustainable Development recognizes modern day environmental challenges and seeks to define new ways to adjust to a changing biosphere as well as engage individuals to address societal issues that come with them 111 In the International Encyclopedia of Education this approach to education is seen as an attempt to shift consciousness toward an ethics of life giving relationships that respects the interconnectedness of man to his natural world in order to equip future members of society with environmental awareness and a sense of responsibility to sustainability 112 For UNESCO education for sustainable development involves integrating key sustainable development issues into teaching and learning This may include for example instruction about climate change disaster risk reduction biodiversity and poverty reduction and sustainable consumption It also requires participatory teaching and learning methods that motivate and empower learners to change their behaviours and take action for sustainable development ESD consequently promotes competencies like critical thinking imagining future scenarios and making decisions in a collaborative way 113 114 The Thessaloniki Declaration presented at the International Conference on Environment and Society Education and Public Awareness for Sustainability by UNESCO and the Government of Greece December 1997 highlights the importance of sustainability not only with regards to the natural environment but also with poverty health food security democracy human rights and peace 115 See also edit nbsp Environment portalClimate change education CCE Education that aims to address and develop effective responses to climate changePages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Environmental education Branch of pedagogy Global citizenship education Human population planning Practice of controlling rate of growth List of sustainability topics Outline of sustainability Overview of and topical guide to sustainability United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development Informal waste collectionReferences edit a b Clark William Harley Alicia 2020 Sustainability Science Toward a Synthesis Annual Review of Environment and Resources 45 1 331 86 doi 10 1146 annurev environ 012420 043621 nbsp This article incorporates text available under the CC BY 4 0 license Johnson Justin Andrew Baldos Uris Lantz Corong Erwin Hertel Thomas Polasky Stephen Cervigni Raffaello Roxburgh Toby Ruta Giovanni Salemi Colette Thakrar Sumil 2023 Investing in nature can improve equity and economic returns Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 120 27 e2220401120 Bibcode 2023PNAS 12020401J doi 10 1073 pnas 2220401120 PMC 10318957 PMID 37364118 Robert Kates W Parris Thomas M Leiserowitz Anthony A 2005 What is Sustainable Development Goals Indicators Values and Practice Environment Science and Policy for Sustainable Development 47 3 8 21 Bibcode 2005ESPSD 47c 8R doi 10 1080 00139157 2005 10524444 S2CID 154882898 Mensah Justice 2019 Sustainable development Meaning history principles pillars and implications for human action Literature review Cogent Social Sciences 5 1 1653531 doi 10 1080 23311886 2019 1653531 a b c United Nations General Assembly 1987 Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development Our Common Future Archived 31 March 2022 at the Wayback Machine Transmitted to the General Assembly as an Annex to document A 42 427 Development and International Co operation Environment United Nations General Assembly 20 March 1987 Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development Our Common Future Transmitted to the General Assembly as an Annex to document A 42 427 Development and International Co operation Environment Our Common Future Chapter 2 Towards Sustainable Development Paragraph 1 United Nations General Assembly Retrieved 1 March 2010 Purvis Ben Mao Yong Robinson Darren 2019 Three pillars of sustainability in search of conceptual origins Sustainability Science 14 3 681 695 Bibcode 2019SuSc 14 681P doi 10 1007 s11625 018 0627 5 nbsp Text was copied from this source which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4 0 International License Sustainable Development UNESCO 3 August 2015 Retrieved 20 January 2022 a b Brown James H 2015 The Oxymoron of Sustainable Development BioScience 65 10 1027 1029 doi 10 1093 biosci biv117 a b Williams Colin C Millington Andrew C 2004 The diverse and contested meanings of sustainable development The Geographical Journal 170 2 99 104 Bibcode 2004GeogJ 170 99W doi 10 1111 j 0016 7398 2004 00111 x S2CID 143181802 a b c d Berg Christian 2020 Sustainable action overcoming the barriers Abingdon Oxon ISBN 978 0 429 57873 1 OCLC 1124780147 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Keeble Brian R 1988 The Brundtland report Our common future Medicine and War 4 1 17 25 doi 10 1080 07488008808408783 a b c d e f Purvis Ben Mao Yong Robinson Darren 2019 Three pillars of sustainability in search of conceptual origins Sustainability Science 14 3 681 695 Bibcode 2019SuSc 14 681P doi 10 1007 s11625 018 0627 5 ISSN 1862 4065 nbsp Text was copied from this source which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4 0 International License Ramsey Jeffry L 2015 On Not Defining Sustainability Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 28 6 1075 1087 doi 10 1007 s10806 015 9578 3 ISSN 1187 7863 S2CID 146790960 Kotze Louis J Kim Rakhyun E Burdon Peter du Toit Louise Glass Lisa Maria Kashwan Prakash Liverman Diana Montesano Francesco S Rantala Salla 2022 Senit Carole Anne Biermann Frank Hickmann Thomas eds Planetary Integrity The Political Impact of the Sustainable Development Goals Transforming Governance Through Global Goals Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp 140 171 doi 10 1017 9781009082945 007 ISBN 978 1 316 51429 0 Bosselmann Klaus 2010 Losing the Forest for the Trees Environmental Reductionism in the Law Sustainability 2 8 2424 2448 doi 10 3390 su2082424 hdl 10535 6499 ISSN 2071 1050 nbsp Text was copied from this source which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 3 0 International License Waite Marilyn 18 November 2013 SURF Framework for a Sustainable Economy Journal of Management and Sustainability 3 4 doi 10 5539 jms v3n4p25 ISSN 1925 4733 Purcell W M amp Nikolova M Pursuing Sustainability in the Travel and Tourism Sector From a Triple to a Quadruple Bottom Line Sustainability The Case for Adding Health amp Well being to Sustainable Travel and Tourism PDF a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Berg Christian 2020 Sustainable action overcoming the barriers Abingdon Oxon ISBN 978 0 429 57873 1 OCLC 1124780147 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Sustainability Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved 31 March 2022 Sustainable Development UNESCO 3 August 2015 Retrieved 20 January 2022 a b c Ulrich Grober Deep roots A conceptual history of sustainable development Nachhaltigkeit Archived 25 September 2021 at the Wayback Machine Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin fur Sozialforschung 2007 a b c Blewitt John 2014 Understanding Sustainable Development Routledge ISBN 978 0 415 70782 4 page needed Du Pisani Jacobus A 2006 Sustainable development historical roots of the concept Environmental Sciences 3 2 83 96 Bibcode 2006JIES 3 83D doi 10 1080 15693430600688831 Hardin Garrett 13 December 1968 The Tragedy of the Commons The population problem has no technical solution it requires a fundamental extension in morality Science 162 3859 1243 1248 doi 10 1126 science 162 3859 1243 PMID 17756331 Basler Ernst 1972 Strategie des Fortschritts Umweltbelastung Lebensraumverknappung and Zukunftsforshung Strategy of Progress Environmental Pollution Habitat Scarcity and Future Research Munich BLV Publishing Company Finn Donovan 2009 Our Uncertain Future Can Good Planning Create Sustainable Communities Champaign Urbana University of Illinois A Blueprint for Survival The New York Times 5 February 1972 The Ecologist January 1972 a blueprint for survival The Ecologist 27 January 2012 Retrieved 14 April 2020 Growth and its implications for the future PDF Archived from the original PDF on 4 March 2016 World Conservation Strategy Living Resource Conservation for Sustainable Development PDF International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources 1980 a b Sachs Jeffrey D 2015 The Age of Sustainable Development New York Columbia University Press ISBN 9780231173155 World Charter for Nature United Nations General Assembly 48th Plenary Meeting 28 October 1982 Will Allen 2007 Learning for Sustainability Sustainable Development Archived 14 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine Why Rio failed in the past and how it can succeed this time The Guardian 12 June 2012 Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 16 September 2005 60 1 2005 World Summit Outcome PDF United Nations General Assembly 2005 Retrieved 17 January 2022 Nachhaltigkeit Definition Lexikon der Nachhaltigkeit in German 13 November 2015 Retrieved 19 January 2022 Agenda 21 PDF United Nations Conference on Environment amp Development Rio de Janeiro Brazil 3 to 14 June 1992 1992 Retrieved 17 January 2022 Turner R Kerry 1988 Sustainability Resource Conservation and Pollution Control An Overview In Turner R Kerry ed Sustainable Environmental Management London Belhaven Press Georgescu Roegen Nicholas 1971 The Entropy Law and the Economic Process Full book accessible at Scribd Cambridge Harvard University Press ISBN 978 0674257801 Rifkin Jeremy 1980 Entropy A New World View PDF contains only the title and contents pages of the book New York The Viking Press ISBN 978 0670297177 a b c Daly Herman E 1992 Steady state economics 2nd ed London Earthscan Publications Dyllick T Hockerts K 2002 Beyond the business case for corporate sustainability Business Strategy and the Environment 11 2 130 141 doi 10 1002 bse 323 a b Park Albert Sanghoon 2023 Understanding resilience in sustainable development Rallying call or siren song Sustainable Development 32 260 274 doi 10 1002 sd 2645 Bosselmann Klaus 2017 The principle of sustainability transforming law and governance 2nd ed London ISBN 978 1 4724 8128 3 OCLC 951915998 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Goal 11 Sustainable cities and communities Sustainable development domains Semantic portal Retrieved 6 September 2021 a b c Nayeripour Majid Kheshti Mostafa 2 December 2011 Sustainable Growth and Applications in Renewable Energy Sources BoD Books on Demand p 58 ISBN 978 953 307 408 5 nbsp Text was copied from this source which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 3 0 International License Archived 16 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine Daly H E 1990 Toward some operational principles of sustainable development Ecological Economics 2 1 1 6 Bibcode 1990EcoEc 2 1D doi 10 1016 0921 8009 90 90010 r World Business Council for Sustainable Development Archived 10 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine This web site has multiple articles on WBCSD contributions to sustainable development Retrieved 7 April 2009 AR5 Climate Change 2014 Mitigation of Climate Change IPCC Retrieved 13 May 2021 Holmgren D March 2005 Retrofitting the suburbs for sustainability Archived 15 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine CSIRO Sustainability Network Retrieved 7 July 2009 McMichael Anthony J Powles John W Butler Colin D Uauy Ricardo October 2007 Food livestock production energy climate change and health The Lancet 370 9594 1253 1263 doi 10 1016 S0140 6736 07 61256 2 hdl 1885 38056 PMID 17868818 S2CID 9316230 Baroni L Cenci L Tettamanti M Berati M 1 February 2007 Evaluating the environmental impact of various dietary patterns combined with different food production systems European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 61 2 279 286 doi 10 1038 sj ejcn 1602522 PMID 17035955 S2CID 16387344 Bournay E et al 2006 Vital waste graphics 2 Archived 12 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine The Basel Convention UNEP GRID Arendal ISBN 82 7701 042 7 UNEP 2011 Decoupling Natural Resource Use and Environmental Impacts from Economic Growth Archived 20 January 2022 at the Wayback Machine ISBN 978 92 807 3167 5 Retrieved 30 November 2011 Anderberg S 1998 Industrial metabolism and linkages between economics ethics and the environment Ecological Economics 24 2 3 311 320 doi 10 1016 s0921 8009 97 00151 1 Fuad Luke A 2006 The Eco design Handbook London Thames amp Hudson ISBN 978 0 500 28521 3 Geissdoerfer Martin Savaget Paulo Bocken Nancy M P Hultink Erik Jan February 2017 The Circular Economy A new sustainability paradigm PDF Journal of Cleaner Production 143 757 768 doi 10 1016 j jclepro 2016 12 048 S2CID 157449142 Shigeta Naoya Hosseini Seyed Ehsan 25 December 2020 Sustainable Development of the Automobile Industry in the United States Europe and Japan with Special Focus on the Vehicles Power Sources Energies 14 1 78 doi 10 3390 en14010078 European Commission 2020 Circular economy action plan Archived 20 January 2022 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 10 November 2021 52020DC0098 EUR Lex Retrieved 9 November 2021 Balvanera Patricia Pfisterer Andrea B Buchmann Nina He Jing Shen Nakashizuka Tohru Raffaelli David Schmid Bernhard October 2006 Quantifying the evidence for biodiversity effects on ecosystem functioning and services Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning services PDF Ecology Letters 9 10 1146 1156 doi 10 1111 j 1461 0248 2006 00963 x PMID 16972878 Tilman David Knops Johannes Wedin David Reich Peter Ritchie Mark Siemann Evan 29 August 1997 The Influence of Functional Diversity and Composition on Ecosystem Processes Science 277 5330 1300 1302 doi 10 1126 science 277 5330 1300 Summary for policymakers of the global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services of the Intergovernmental Science Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services PDF the Intergovernmental Science Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services 6 May 2019 Retrieved 10 May 2019 Deutsche Welle Deutsche 6 May 2019 Why Biodiversity Loss Hurts Humans as Much as Climate Change Does Ecowatch Retrieved 10 May 2019 Naeem Shahid Chazdon Robin Duffy J Emmett Prager Case Worm Boris 14 December 2016 Biodiversity and human well being an essential link for sustainable development Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences 283 1844 20162091 doi 10 1098 rspb 2016 2091 PMC 5204155 PMID 27928039 Basiago Andrew D 1995 Methods of defining sustainability Sustainable Development 3 3 109 119 doi 10 1002 sd 3460030302 Clark D 2006 A Rough Guide to Ethical Living London Penguin ISBN 978 1 84353 792 2 page needed Brower M amp Leon W 1999 The Consumer s Guide to Effective Environmental Choices Practical Advice from the Union of Concerned Scientists New York Three Rivers Press ISBN 0 609 80281 X page needed Michaelis L amp Lorek S 2004 Consumption and the Environment in Europe Trends and Futures Archived 22 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine Danish Environmental Protection Agency Environmental Project No 904 Jackson T amp Michaelis L 2003 Policies for Sustainable Consumption Archived 7 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine The UK Sustainable Development Commission Barbier Edward B 2006 Natural Resources and Economic Development Cambridge University Press pp 44 45 ISBN 9780521706513 Retrieved 8 April 2014 Brown L R 2011 World on the Edge Earth Policy Institute Norton ISBN 978 0 393 08029 2 Pezzey John November 1992 Sustainable development concepts Researchgate The World Bank Retrieved 16 October 2022 Stivers R 1976 The Sustainable Society Ethics and Economic Growth Philadelphia Westminster Press Meadows D H D L Meadows J Randers and W W Behrens III 1972 The Limits to Growth Universe Books New York NY ISBN 0 87663 165 0 Meadows D H Randers Jorgen Meadows D L 2004 Limits to Growth The 30 Year Update Chelsea Green Publishing ISBN 978 1 931498 58 6 Barbier E 1987 The Concept of Sustainable Economic Development Environmental Conservation 14 2 101 110 Bibcode 1987EnvCo 14 101B doi 10 1017 S0376892900011449 S2CID 145595791 Hamilton K Clemens M 1999 Genuine savings rates in developing countries World Bank Economic Review 13 2 333 356 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 452 7532 doi 10 1093 wber 13 2 333 Ayong Le Kama A D 2001 Sustainable growth renewable resources and pollution Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control 25 12 1911 1918 doi 10 1016 S0165 1889 00 00007 5 Chichilnisky G Heal G Beltratti A 1995 A Green Golden Rule Economics Letters 49 2 175 179 doi 10 1016 0165 1765 95 00662 Y S2CID 154964259 Endress L Roumasset J 1994 Golden rules for sustainable resource management PDF Economic Record 70 210 266 277 doi 10 1111 j 1475 4932 1994 tb01847 x Endress L Roumasset J Zhou T 2005 Sustainable Growth with Environmental Spillovers Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 58 4 527 547 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 529 5305 doi 10 1016 j jebo 2004 09 003 Pezzey John C V Michael A Toman 2002 The Economics of Sustainability A Review of Journal Articles PDF Resources for the Future Archived from the original PDF on 8 April 2014 Retrieved 8 April 2014 Dasgupta P 2007 The idea of sustainable development Sustainability Science 2 1 5 11 Bibcode 2007SuSc 2 5D doi 10 1007 s11625 007 0024 y S2CID 154597956 Heal G 2009 Climate Economics A Meta Review and Some Suggestions for Future Research Review of Environmental Economics and Policy 3 1 4 21 doi 10 1093 reep ren014 S2CID 154917782 Vision 2050 Time to transform WBCSD Retrieved 29 March 2022 Wills Jackie 15 May 2014 World Business Council for Sustainable Development Vision 2050 The Guardian Retrieved 17 May 2022 a b Shinbrot Xoco A Wilkins Kate Gretzel Ulrike Bowser Gillian July 2019 Unlocking women s sustainability leadership potential Perceptions of contributions and challenges for women in sustainable development World Development 119 120 132 doi 10 1016 j worlddev 2019 03 009 S2CID 159285419 Sossa Jhon May 2019 Barriers to sustainability for small and medium enterprises in the framework of sustainable development Literature review Business Strategy and the Environment 28 4 512 524 doi 10 1002 bse 2261 S2CID 239523321 Adetunji Israel O Price Andrew Fleming Paul Kemp Pamela 2005 The barriers and possible solution to achieve sustainable development PDF Proceedings of 2005 2nd Scottish conference for Postgraduate Researchers of the Built and Natural Environment hdl 2134 23679 Retrieved 7 January 2024 Political Will What It Is Why It Matters for Extractives and How on Earth Do You Find It Archived from the original on 22 October 2022 Retrieved 22 October 2022 a b Nations United The Paris Agreement United Nations Retrieved 18 December 2022 Global Climate Agreements Successes and Failures Council on Foreign Relations Retrieved 18 December 2022 Kaunda Rennie B 2020 Potential environmental impacts of lithium mining Journal of Energy amp Natural Resources Law 38 3 237 244 Bibcode 2020JENRL 38 237K doi 10 1080 02646811 2020 1754596 S2CID 219452489 Elavarasan Rajvikram Madurai Pugazhendhi Rishi Shafiullah G M Kumar Nallapaneni Manoj Arif Mohammad Taufiqul Jamal Taskin Chopra Shauhrat Singh Dyduch Joanna May 2022 Impacts of COVID 19 on Sustainable Development Goals and effective approaches to maneuver them in the post pandemic environment Environmental Science and Pollution Research 29 23 33957 33987 Bibcode 2022ESPR 2933957E doi 10 1007 s11356 021 17793 9 PMC 8760582 PMID 35032263 Ameli Mariam Esfandabadi Zahara S Sadeghi Somayeh Ranjbari Meisam Zanetti Maria C 29 January 2022 COVID 19 and Sustainable Development Goals SDGs Scenario analysis through fuzzy cognitive map modeling Gondwana Research 114 2023 138 155 doi 10 1016 j gr 2021 12 014 PMC 8811702 PMID 35132304 The 17 Goals Sustainable Development Goals UN Retrieved 10 August 2022 United Nations 2017 Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017 Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development A RES 71 313 Archived 28 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine Isnaeni Nur Meily Dulkiah Moh Wildan Asep Dadan 18 November 2022 Patterns of Middle Class Communities Adaptation to the Village SDGS Program in Bogor Regency Temali Jurnal Pembangunan Sosial 5 2 173 82 doi 10 15575 jt v5i2 20466 ISSN 2615 5028 Schleicher Judith Schaafsma Marije Vira Bhaskar 2018 Will the Sustainable Development Goals address the links between poverty and the natural environment Current Opinion in L o l o l o 47 34 43 47 Bibcode 2018COES 34 43S doi 10 1016 j cosust 2018 09 004 Bali Swain R Yang Wallentin F 2020 Achieving sustainable development goals predicaments and strategies International Journal of Sustainable Development amp World Ecology 27 2 96 106 Bibcode 2020IJSDW 27 96B doi 10 1080 13504509 2019 1692316 Biermann Frank Hickmann Thomas Senit Carole Anne Beisheim Marianne Bernstein Steven Chasek Pamela Grob Leonie Kim Rakhyun E Kotze Louis J Nilsson Mans Ordonez Llanos Andrea Okereke Chukwumerije Pradhan Prajal Raven Rob Sun Yixian 20 June 2022 Scientific evidence on the political impact of the Sustainable Development Goals Nature Sustainability 5 9 795 800 Bibcode 2022NatSu 5 795B doi 10 1038 s41893 022 00909 5 hdl 2066 253734 ISSN 2398 9629 nbsp Text was copied from this source which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4 0 International License Issues and trends in education for sustainable development Paris UNESCO 2018 p 7 ISBN 978 92 3 100244 1 nbsp This article incorporates text available under the CC BY 4 0 license Kolvoord Robert A 2021 Fostering spatial thinking skills for future citizens to support sustainable development Cultures of Science 4 1 17 24 doi 10 1177 20966083211024714 Leicht Alexander 2018 From Agenda 21 to Target 4 7 the development of education for sustainable development UNESCO UNESDOC Digital Library Retrieved 24 May 2020 Bernad Cavero Olga Llevot Calvet Nuria 4 July 2018 New Pedagogical Challenges in the 21st Century Contributions of Research in Education BoD Books on Demand ISBN 978 1 78923 380 3 United Nations 2017 Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017 Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development A RES 71 313 Archived 23 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine Shulla K Filho W Leal Lardjane S Sommer J H Borgemeister C 3 July 2020 Sustainable development education in the context of the 2030 Agenda for sustainable development PDF International Journal of Sustainable Development amp World Ecology 27 5 458 468 Bibcode 2020IJSDW 27 458S doi 10 1080 13504509 2020 1721378 S2CID 214390476 Jucker Rolf Mathar Reiner eds 27 October 2014 Schooling for sustainable development in Europe concepts policies and educational experiences at the end of the UN Decade of Education for Sustainable Development Cham Switzerland ISBN 978 3 319 09549 3 OCLC 894509040 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Peterson Penelope L Baker Eva L McGaw Barry eds 2010 International encyclopedia of education 3rd ed Oxford Elsevier ISBN 978 0 08 044894 7 OCLC 645208716 Education for Sustainable Development UNESCO 10 May 2013 Retrieved 17 October 2017 Marope P T M Chakroun B Holmes K P 2015 Unleashing the Potential Transforming Technical and Vocational Education and Training PDF UNESCO pp 9 23 25 26 ISBN 978 92 3 100091 1 Nikolopoulou Anastasia Abraham Taisha Mirbagheri Farid 2010 Education for Sustainable Development Challenges Strategies and Practices in a Globalizing World Education for sustainable development Challenges strategies and practices in a globalizing world doi 10 4135 9788132108023 ISBN 9788132102939 page needed External links editSustainability at Wikipedia s sister projects nbsp Definitions from Wiktionary nbsp Media from Commons nbsp News from Wikinews nbsp Quotations from Wikiquote nbsp Texts from Wikisource nbsp Textbooks from Wikibooks nbsp Resources from Wikiversity Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform of the UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Sustainable development amp oldid 1218286886, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.