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Industrial ecology

February 15, 2024

Industrial ecology (IE) is the study of material and energy flows through industrial systems. The global industrial economy can be modelled as a network of industrial processes that extract resources from the Earth and transform those resources into by-products, products and services which can be bought and sold to meet the needs of humanity. Industrial ecology seeks to quantify the material flows and document the industrial processes that make modern society function. Industrial ecologists are often concerned with the impacts that industrial activities have on the environment, with use of the planet's supply of natural resources, and with problems of waste disposal. Industrial ecology is a young but growing multidisciplinary field of research which combines aspects of engineering, economics, sociology, toxicology and the natural sciences.

Industrial ecology has been defined as a "systems-based, multidisciplinary discourse that seeks to understand emergent behavior of complex integrated human/natural systems".[1] The field approaches issues of sustainability by examining problems from multiple perspectives, usually involving aspects of sociology, the environment, economy and technology.[2][3] The name comes from the idea that the analogy of natural systems should be used as an aid in understanding how to design sustainable industrial systems.[4]

Overview edit

 
Example of industrial symbiosis. Waste steam from a waste incinerator (right) is piped to an ethanol plant (left) where it is used as in input to their production process.

Industrial ecology is concerned with the shifting of industrial process from linear (open loop) systems, in which resource and capital investments move through the system to become waste, to a closed loop system where wastes can become inputs for new processes.

Much of the research focuses on the following areas:[5]

Industrial ecology seeks to understand the way in which industrial systems (for example a factory, an ecoregion, or national or global economy) interact with the biosphere. Natural ecosystems provide a metaphor for understanding how different parts of industrial systems interact with one another, in an "ecosystem" based on resources and infrastructural capital rather than on natural capital. It seeks to exploit the idea that natural systems do not have waste in them to inspire sustainable design.

Along with more general energy conservation and material conservation goals, and redefining related international trade markets and product stewardship relations strictly as a service economy, industrial ecology is one of the four objectives of Natural Capitalism. This strategy discourages forms of amoral purchasing arising from ignorance of what goes on at a distance and implies a political economy that values natural capital highly and relies on more instructional capital to design and maintain each unique industrial ecology.

History edit

 
View of Kalundborg Eco-industrial Park
Main article: History of industrial ecology

Industrial ecology was popularized in 1989 in a Scientific American article by Robert Frosch and Nicholas E. Gallopoulos.[6] Frosch and Gallopoulos' vision was "why would not our industrial system behave like an ecosystem, where the wastes of a species may be resource to another species? Why would not the outputs of an industry be the inputs of another, thus reducing use of raw materials, pollution, and saving on waste treatment?"[4] A notable example resides in a Danish industrial park in the city of Kalundborg. Here several linkages of byproducts and waste heat can be found between numerous entities such as a large power plant, an oil refinery, a pharmaceutical plant, a plasterboard factory, an enzyme manufacturer, a waste company and the city itself.[7] Another example is the Rantasalmi EIP in Rantasalmi, Finland. While this country has had previous organically formed EIP's, the park at Rantasalmi is Finland's first planned EIP.

The scientific field Industrial Ecology has grown quickly in recent years. The Journal of Industrial Ecology (since 1997), the International Society for Industrial Ecology (since 2001), and the journal Progress in Industrial Ecology (since 2004) give Industrial Ecology a strong and dynamic position in the international scientific community. Industrial Ecology principles are also emerging in various policy realms such as the concept of the circular economy that is being promoted in China. Although the definition of the circular economy has yet to be formalized, generally the focus is on strategies such as creating a circular flow of materials, and cascading energy flows. An example of this would be using waste heat from one process to run another process that requires a lower temperature. The hope is that strategies such as this will create a more efficient economy with fewer pollutants and other unwanted by-products.[8]

Principles edit

One of the central principles of Industrial Ecology is the view that societal and technological systems are bounded within the biosphere, and do not exist outside it. Ecology is used as a metaphor due to the observation that natural systems reuse materials and have a largely closed loop cycling of nutrients. Industrial Ecology approaches problems with the hypothesis that by using similar principles as natural systems, industrial systems can be improved to reduce their impact on the natural environment as well. The table shows the general metaphor.

IE examines societal issues and their relationship with both technical systems and the environment. Through this holistic view , IE recognizes that solving problems must involve understanding the connections that exist between these systems, various aspects cannot be viewed in isolation. Often changes in one part of the overall system can propagate and cause changes in another part. Thus, you can only understand a problem if you look at its parts in relation to the whole. Based on this framework, IE looks at environmental issues with a systems thinking approach. A good IE example with these societal impacts can be found at the Blue Lagoon in Iceland. The Lagoon uses super-heated water from a local geothermal power plant to fill mineral-rich basins that have become recreational healing centers. In this sense the industrial process of energy production uses its wastewater to provide a crucial resource for the dependent recreational industry.

Take a city for instance. A city can be divided into commercial areas, residential areas, offices, services, infrastructures, and so forth. These are all sub-systems of the 'big city' system. Problems can emerge in one sub-system, but the solution has to be global. Let's say the price of housing is rising dramatically because there is too high a demand for housing. One solution would be to build new houses, but this will lead to more people living in the city, leading to the need for more infrastructure like roads, schools, more supermarkets, etc. This system is a simplified interpretation of reality whose behaviors can be 'predicted'.

In many cases, the systems IE deals with are complex systems. Complexity makes it difficult to understand the behavior of the system and may lead to rebound effects. Due to unforeseen behavioral change of users or consumers, a measure taken to improve environmental performance does not lead to any improvement or may even worsen the situation.

Moreover, life cycle thinking is also a very important principle in industrial ecology. It implies that all environmental impacts caused by a product, system, or project during its life cycle are taken into account. In this context life cycle includes

  • Raw material extraction
  • Material processing
  • Manufacture
  • Use
  • Maintenance
  • Disposal

The transport necessary between these stages is also taken into account as well as, if relevant, extra stages such as reuse, remanufacture, and recycle. Adopting a life cycle approach is essential to avoid shifting environmental impacts from one life cycle stage to another. This is commonly referred to as problem shifting. For instance, during the re-design of a product, one can choose to reduce its weight, thereby decreasing use of resources. It is possible that the lighter materials used in the new product will be more difficult to dispose of. The environmental impacts of the product gained during the extraction phase are shifted to the disposal phase. Overall environmental improvements are thus null.

A final important principle of IE is its integrated approach or multidisciplinarity. IE takes into account three different disciplines: social sciences (including economics), technical sciences and environmental sciences. The challenge is to merge them into a single approach.

Examples edit

The Kalundborg industrial park is located in Denmark. This industrial park is special because companies reuse each other's waste (which then becomes by-products). For example, the Energy E2 Asnæs Power Station produces gypsum as a by-product of the electricity generation process; this gypsum becomes a resource for the BPB Gyproc A/S which produces plasterboards.[7] This is one example of a system inspired by the biosphere-technosphere metaphor: in ecosystems, the waste from one organism is used as inputs to other organisms; in industrial systems, waste from a company is used as a resource by others.

Apart from the direct benefit of incorporating waste into the loop, the use of an eco-industrial park can be a means of making renewable energy generating plants, like Solar PV, more economical and environmentally friendly. In essence, this assists the growth of the renewable energy industry and the environmental benefits that come with replacing fossil-fuels.[9]

Additional examples of industrial ecology include:

  • Substituting the fly ash byproduct of coal burning practices for cement in concrete production[10]
  • Using second generation biofuels. An example of this is converting grease or cooking oil to biodiesels to fuel vehicles.[11]
  • South Africa's National Cleaner Production Center (NCPC) was created in order to make the region's industries more efficient in terms of materials. Results of the use of sustainable methods will include lowered energy costs and improved waste management. The program assesses existing companies to implement change.[12]
  • Onsite non-potable water reuse[13]
  • Biodegradable plastic created from polymerized chicken feathers, which are 90% keratin and account for over 6 million tons of waste in the EU and US annually.[14][15] As agricultural waste, the chicken feathers are recycled into disposable plastic products which are then easily biodegraded into soil.
  • Toyota Motor Company channels a portion of the greenhouse gases emitted back into their system as recovered thermal energy.[16]
  • Anheuser-Busch signed a memorandum of understanding with biochemical company Blue Marble to use brewing wastes as the basis for its "green" products.[17]
  • Enhanced oil recovery at Petra Nova.[18]
  • Reusing cork from wine bottles for use in shoe soles, flooring tiles, building insulation, automotive gaskets, craft materials, and soil conditioner.[19]
  • Darling Quarter Commonwealth Bank Place North building in Sydney, Australia recycles and reuses its wastewater.[20]
  • Plant based plastic packaging that is 100% recyclable and environmentally friendly.[21]
  • Food waste can be used for compost, which can be used as a natural fertilizer for future food production. Additionally, food waste that has not been contaminated can be used to feed those experiencing food insecurity.[22]
  • Hellisheiði geothermal power station uses ground water to produce electricity and hot water for the city of Reykjavik. Their carbon byproducts are then injected back into the Earth and calcified, leaving the station with a net zero carbon emission.[23]

Tools edit

People Planet Profit Modeling
  • Stock and flow analysis
  • Socio-economic metabolism (SEM) analysis
  • Spatio-temporal modelling and simulation
  • Agent based modelling

Future directions edit

The ecosystem metaphor popularized by Frosch and Gallopoulos[4] has been a valuable creative tool for helping researchers look for novel solutions to difficult problems. Recently, it has been pointed out that this metaphor is based largely on a model of classical ecology, and that advancements in understanding ecology based on complexity science have been made by researchers such as C. S. Holling, James J. Kay,[24] and further advanced in terms of contemporary ecology by others.[25][26][27][28] For industrial ecology, this may mean a shift from a more mechanistic view of systems, to one where sustainability is viewed as an emergent property of a complex system.[29][30] To explore this further, several researchers are working with agent based modeling techniques.[31][32]

Exergy analysis is performed in the field of industrial ecology to use energy more efficiently.[33] The term exergy was coined by Zoran Rant in 1956, but the concept was developed by J. Willard Gibbs. In recent decades, utilization of exergy has spread outside physics and engineering to the fields of industrial ecology, ecological economics, systems ecology, and energetics.

Other examples edit

An example of industrial ecology both in practice and in potential is the Burnside Cleaner Production Centre in Burnside, Nova Scotia. They play a role in facilitating the 'greening' of over 1200 businesses that are located in Burnside, Eastern Canada's largest industrial park. The creation of waste exchange is a big part of what they work towards, which will promote strong industrial ecology relationships.[34]

Onsan Industrial Park is a case-study program intended to serve as an example of policies and practices relevant to pursuing a green growth model of development. The potential benefits of the EIP model are being shown in the Republic of Korea, where more than 1,000 businesses from a wide range of industries call the Ulsan Mipo and Onsan Industrial Park in South Korea home. This park is South Korea's industrial capital because it has more than 100,000 jobs.[35]

A common practice for water waste management systems is to use the left over "sludge" as fertilizer. The waste water contains lots of phosphorus and nitrogen which are valuable chemicals to use in fertilizer.[36]

Gjenge makers ltd is another example of industrial ecology. The company takes discarded plastics and makes them into bricks. Gjenge makers receives the leftover plastic waste from packaging factories and recycling facilities and sells the pavers.[37]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Allenby, Brad (2006). "The ontologies of industrial ecology" (PDF). Progress in Industrial Ecology. 3 (1/2): 28–40. doi:10.1504/PIE.2006.010039.[permanent dead link]
  2. ^ Wietschel, Lars; Messmann, Lukas; Thorenz, Andrea; Tuma, Axel (2021). "Environmental benefits of large-scale second-generation bioethanol production in the EU: An integrated supply chain network optimization and life cycle assessment approach". Journal of Industrial Ecology. 25 (3): 677–692. doi:10.1111/jiec.13083. S2CID 228930566.
  3. ^ Messmann, Lukas; Wietschel, Lars; Thorenz, Andrea; Tuma, Axel (2022). "Assessing the social dimension in strategic network optimization for a sustainable development: The case of bioethanol production in the EU". Journal of Industrial Ecology. 27 (3): 760–776. doi:10.1111/jiec.13324. S2CID 251824815.
  4. ^ a b c Frosch, R.A.; Gallopoulos, N.E. (1989). "Strategies for Manufacturing". Scientific American. 261 (3): 144–152. Bibcode:1989SciAm.261c.144F. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0989-144.
  5. ^ "International Society for Industrial Ecology | History". Archived from the original on 10 July 2009. Retrieved 8 January 2009.
  6. ^ "Industrial Ecology - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics". www.sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 13 June 2022.
  7. ^ a b "The Kalundborg Centre for Industrial Symbiosis".
  8. ^ Yuan, Z.; Bi, J.; Moriguichi, Y. (2008). "The Circular Economy: A New Development Strategy in China". Journal of Industrial Ecology. 10 (1–2): 4–8. doi:10.1162/108819806775545321. S2CID 55422513.
  9. ^ Pearce, J. M. (2008). "Industrial Symbiosis for Very Large Scale Photovoltaic Manufacturing". Renewable Energy. 33 (5): 1101–1108. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.394.8892. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2007.07.002. S2CID 18310744.
  10. ^ Thomas, Michael. "Optimizing the Use of Fly Ash in Concrete." Portland Cement Association
  11. ^ . extension.org. Archived from the original on 6 April 2018. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
  12. ^ "Transitioning South African Industry Towards A Green Economy". CSIR. 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
  13. ^ "Onsite Non-Potable Water Reuse Research". 9 October 2018.
  14. ^ Gammon, Katharine; Service, Inside Science News. "New process turns waste chicken feathers into biodegradable plastic". phys.org. Retrieved 10 February 2022.
  15. ^ Barrett, Axel (30 August 2018). "Bioplastics Made from Chicken Feathers". Bioplastics News. Retrieved 10 February 2022.
  16. ^ "Industrial Ecology". Beyond the Buzzwords. 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
  17. ^ Gies, Erica. "Anheuser-Busch to Join Industrial Ecosystem". Forbes.
  18. ^ "Secretary Perry Celebrates Successful Completion of Petra Nova Carbon Capture Project". U.S. Department of Energy. 13 April 2017. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
  19. ^ "Cork Recycling Experts". ReCORK. 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
  20. ^ "Commonwealth Bank Place, Sydney, achieves Australian first for green innovation". Architecture & Design. 7 March 2012. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
  21. ^ Siegel, R.P. (9 May 2019). "The rise of plant-based plastic packaging". GreenBiz Group. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
  22. ^ "Food Waste Composting: Institutional and Industrial Application | UGA Cooperative Extension". extension.uga.edu. Retrieved 10 February 2022.
  23. ^ "Sustainable energy: inside Iceland's geothermal power plant". The Guardian. 29 May 2016. Retrieved 10 February 2022.
  24. ^ Kay, J.J. (2002). Kibert, C.; Sendzimir, J.; Guy, B. (eds.). (PDF). Construction Ecology: Nature as the Basis for Green Buildings: 72–107. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 January 2006.
  25. ^ Levine, S. H. (2003). "Comparing Products and Production in Ecological and Industrial Systems". Journal of Industrial Ecology. 7 (2): 33–42. doi:10.1162/108819803322564334. S2CID 35440097.
  26. ^ Nielsen, Søren Nors (2007). "What has modern ecosystem theory to offer to cleaner production, industrial ecology and society? The views of an ecologist". Journal of Cleaner Production. 15 (17): 1639–1653. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2006.08.008.
  27. ^ Ashton, W. S. (2009). "The Structure, Function, and Evolution of a Regional Industrial Ecosystem". Journal of Industrial Ecology. 13 (2): 228. doi:10.1111/j.1530-9290.2009.00111.x. S2CID 154577022.
  28. ^ Jensen, P. D. (2011). "Reinterpreting Industrial Ecology". Journal of Industrial Ecology. 15 (5): 680–692. doi:10.1111/j.1530-9290.2011.00377.x. S2CID 9188772.
  29. ^ Ehrenfeld, John (2004). "Can Industrial Ecology be the Science of Sustainability?". Journal of Industrial Ecology. 8 (1–2): 1–3. doi:10.1162/1088198041269364. S2CID 59407106.
  30. ^ Ehrenfeld, John (2007). "Would Industrial Ecology Exist without Sustainability in the Background?". Journal of Industrial Ecology. 11 (1): 73–84. doi:10.1162/jiec.2007.1177. S2CID 55888001.
  31. ^ Axtell, R.L.; Andrews, C.J.; Small, M.J. (2002). "Agent-Based Modeling and Industrial Ecology". Journal of Industrial Ecology. 5 (4): 10–13. doi:10.1162/10881980160084006. S2CID 154773522.
  32. ^ Kraines, S.; Wallace, D. (2006). "Applying Agent-based Simulation in Industrial Ecology". Journal of Industrial Ecology. 10 (1–2): 15–18. doi:10.1162/108819806775545376. S2CID 154487898.
  33. ^ Wall, Göran. "Exergy - a useful concept".
  34. ^ . newcity.ca. Archived from the original on 22 February 2006. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
  35. ^ "Case Study: Greening Industrial Parks — A Case Study on South Korea's Eco- Industrial Park Program" (PDF).
  36. ^ "Researchers turn wastewater nutrients into fertilizer". Endeavor Business Media. 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
  37. ^ "Kenyan woman's startup recycles plastic into bricks that are stronger than concrete". 8 February 2021.

Further reading edit

  • The industrial green game: implications for environmental design and management, Deanna J Richards (Ed), National Academy Press, Washington DC, USA, 1997, ISBN 0-309-05294-7
  • 'Handbook of Input-Output Economics in Industrial Ecology', Sangwon Suh (Ed), Springer, 2009, ISBN 978-1-4020-6154-7
  • Boons, Frank (2012). "Freedom Versus Coercion in Industrial Ecology: Mind the Gap!". Econ Journal Watch. 9 (2): 100–111.
  • Desrochers, Pierre (2012). "Freedom Versus Coercion in Industrial Ecology: A Reply to Boons". Econ Journal Watch. 9 (2): 78–99.

External links edit

Articles and books
  • Industrial Ecology: An Introduction
  • (Yale University on behalf of the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies).
  • Industrial Ecology research & articles from The Program for the Human Environment, The Rockefeller University
Education
  • Industrial Ecology open online course (IEooc)
  • Erasmus Mundus Master's Programme in Industrial Ecology
  • Industrial ecology programme at the NTNU: Industrial Ecology Programme at NTNU, Trondheim – Norway
  • Industrial Ecology Master's Programme at Leiden University & TU Delft (Joint Degree), Leiden/Delft – The Netherlands
  • Center for Industrial Ecology at Yale University’s School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, New Haven – CT, USA
Research material
  • Inventory of free and open software tools for industrial ecology research
Network
  • International Society for Industrial Ecology – ISIE

February 15, 2024
industrial, ecology, study, material, energy, flows, through, industrial, systems, global, industrial, economy, modelled, network, industrial, processes, that, extract, resources, from, earth, transform, those, resources, into, products, products, services, wh. Industrial ecology IE is the study of material and energy flows through industrial systems The global industrial economy can be modelled as a network of industrial processes that extract resources from the Earth and transform those resources into by products products and services which can be bought and sold to meet the needs of humanity Industrial ecology seeks to quantify the material flows and document the industrial processes that make modern society function Industrial ecologists are often concerned with the impacts that industrial activities have on the environment with use of the planet s supply of natural resources and with problems of waste disposal Industrial ecology is a young but growing multidisciplinary field of research which combines aspects of engineering economics sociology toxicology and the natural sciences Industrial ecology has been defined as a systems based multidisciplinary discourse that seeks to understand emergent behavior of complex integrated human natural systems 1 The field approaches issues of sustainability by examining problems from multiple perspectives usually involving aspects of sociology the environment economy and technology 2 3 The name comes from the idea that the analogy of natural systems should be used as an aid in understanding how to design sustainable industrial systems 4 Contents 1 Overview 2 History 3 Principles 4 Examples 5 Tools 6 Future directions 7 Other examples 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External linksOverview edit nbsp Example of industrial symbiosis Waste steam from a waste incinerator right is piped to an ethanol plant left where it is used as in input to their production process Industrial ecology is concerned with the shifting of industrial process from linear open loop systems in which resource and capital investments move through the system to become waste to a closed loop system where wastes can become inputs for new processes Much of the research focuses on the following areas 5 material and energy flow studies industrial metabolism dematerialization and decarbonization technological change and the environment life cycle planning design and assessment design for the environment eco design extended producer responsibility product stewardship eco industrial parks industrial symbiosis product oriented environmental policy eco efficiencyIndustrial ecology seeks to understand the way in which industrial systems for example a factory an ecoregion or national or global economy interact with the biosphere Natural ecosystems provide a metaphor for understanding how different parts of industrial systems interact with one another in an ecosystem based on resources and infrastructural capital rather than on natural capital It seeks to exploit the idea that natural systems do not have waste in them to inspire sustainable design Along with more general energy conservation and material conservation goals and redefining related international trade markets and product stewardship relations strictly as a service economy industrial ecology is one of the four objectives of Natural Capitalism This strategy discourages forms of amoral purchasing arising from ignorance of what goes on at a distance and implies a political economy that values natural capital highly and relies on more instructional capital to design and maintain each unique industrial ecology History edit nbsp View of Kalundborg Eco industrial ParkMain article History of industrial ecology Industrial ecology was popularized in 1989 in a Scientific American article by Robert Frosch and Nicholas E Gallopoulos 6 Frosch and Gallopoulos vision was why would not our industrial system behave like an ecosystem where the wastes of a species may be resource to another species Why would not the outputs of an industry be the inputs of another thus reducing use of raw materials pollution and saving on waste treatment 4 A notable example resides in a Danish industrial park in the city of Kalundborg Here several linkages of byproducts and waste heat can be found between numerous entities such as a large power plant an oil refinery a pharmaceutical plant a plasterboard factory an enzyme manufacturer a waste company and the city itself 7 Another example is the Rantasalmi EIP in Rantasalmi Finland While this country has had previous organically formed EIP s the park at Rantasalmi is Finland s first planned EIP The scientific field Industrial Ecology has grown quickly in recent years The Journal of Industrial Ecology since 1997 the International Society for Industrial Ecology since 2001 and the journal Progress in Industrial Ecology since 2004 give Industrial Ecology a strong and dynamic position in the international scientific community Industrial Ecology principles are also emerging in various policy realms such as the concept of the circular economy that is being promoted in China Although the definition of the circular economy has yet to be formalized generally the focus is on strategies such as creating a circular flow of materials and cascading energy flows An example of this would be using waste heat from one process to run another process that requires a lower temperature The hope is that strategies such as this will create a more efficient economy with fewer pollutants and other unwanted by products 8 Principles editOne of the central principles of Industrial Ecology is the view that societal and technological systems are bounded within the biosphere and do not exist outside it Ecology is used as a metaphor due to the observation that natural systems reuse materials and have a largely closed loop cycling of nutrients Industrial Ecology approaches problems with the hypothesis that by using similar principles as natural systems industrial systems can be improved to reduce their impact on the natural environment as well The table shows the general metaphor Biosphere TechnosphereEnvironment Organism Natural Product Natural Selection Ecosystem Ecological Niche Anabolism Catabolism Mutation and Selection Succession Adaptation Food Web Market Company Industrial Product Competition Eco Industrial Park Market Niche Manufacturing Waste Management Design for Environment Economic Growth Innovation Product Life CycleIE examines societal issues and their relationship with both technical systems and the environment Through this holistic view IE recognizes that solving problems must involve understanding the connections that exist between these systems various aspects cannot be viewed in isolation Often changes in one part of the overall system can propagate and cause changes in another part Thus you can only understand a problem if you look at its parts in relation to the whole Based on this framework IE looks at environmental issues with a systems thinking approach A good IE example with these societal impacts can be found at the Blue Lagoon in Iceland The Lagoon uses super heated water from a local geothermal power plant to fill mineral rich basins that have become recreational healing centers In this sense the industrial process of energy production uses its wastewater to provide a crucial resource for the dependent recreational industry Take a city for instance A city can be divided into commercial areas residential areas offices services infrastructures and so forth These are all sub systems of the big city system Problems can emerge in one sub system but the solution has to be global Let s say the price of housing is rising dramatically because there is too high a demand for housing One solution would be to build new houses but this will lead to more people living in the city leading to the need for more infrastructure like roads schools more supermarkets etc This system is a simplified interpretation of reality whose behaviors can be predicted In many cases the systems IE deals with are complex systems Complexity makes it difficult to understand the behavior of the system and may lead to rebound effects Due to unforeseen behavioral change of users or consumers a measure taken to improve environmental performance does not lead to any improvement or may even worsen the situation Moreover life cycle thinking is also a very important principle in industrial ecology It implies that all environmental impacts caused by a product system or project during its life cycle are taken into account In this context life cycle includes Raw material extraction Material processing Manufacture Use Maintenance DisposalThe transport necessary between these stages is also taken into account as well as if relevant extra stages such as reuse remanufacture and recycle Adopting a life cycle approach is essential to avoid shifting environmental impacts from one life cycle stage to another This is commonly referred to as problem shifting For instance during the re design of a product one can choose to reduce its weight thereby decreasing use of resources It is possible that the lighter materials used in the new product will be more difficult to dispose of The environmental impacts of the product gained during the extraction phase are shifted to the disposal phase Overall environmental improvements are thus null A final important principle of IE is its integrated approach or multidisciplinarity IE takes into account three different disciplines social sciences including economics technical sciences and environmental sciences The challenge is to merge them into a single approach Examples editThe Kalundborg industrial park is located in Denmark This industrial park is special because companies reuse each other s waste which then becomes by products For example the Energy E2 Asnaes Power Station produces gypsum as a by product of the electricity generation process this gypsum becomes a resource for the BPB Gyproc A S which produces plasterboards 7 This is one example of a system inspired by the biosphere technosphere metaphor in ecosystems the waste from one organism is used as inputs to other organisms in industrial systems waste from a company is used as a resource by others Apart from the direct benefit of incorporating waste into the loop the use of an eco industrial park can be a means of making renewable energy generating plants like Solar PV more economical and environmentally friendly In essence this assists the growth of the renewable energy industry and the environmental benefits that come with replacing fossil fuels 9 Additional examples of industrial ecology include Substituting the fly ash byproduct of coal burning practices for cement in concrete production 10 Using second generation biofuels An example of this is converting grease or cooking oil to biodiesels to fuel vehicles 11 South Africa s National Cleaner Production Center NCPC was created in order to make the region s industries more efficient in terms of materials Results of the use of sustainable methods will include lowered energy costs and improved waste management The program assesses existing companies to implement change 12 Onsite non potable water reuse 13 Biodegradable plastic created from polymerized chicken feathers which are 90 keratin and account for over 6 million tons of waste in the EU and US annually 14 15 As agricultural waste the chicken feathers are recycled into disposable plastic products which are then easily biodegraded into soil Toyota Motor Company channels a portion of the greenhouse gases emitted back into their system as recovered thermal energy 16 Anheuser Busch signed a memorandum of understanding with biochemical company Blue Marble to use brewing wastes as the basis for its green products 17 Enhanced oil recovery at Petra Nova 18 Reusing cork from wine bottles for use in shoe soles flooring tiles building insulation automotive gaskets craft materials and soil conditioner 19 Darling Quarter Commonwealth Bank Place North building in Sydney Australia recycles and reuses its wastewater 20 Plant based plastic packaging that is 100 recyclable and environmentally friendly 21 Food waste can be used for compost which can be used as a natural fertilizer for future food production Additionally food waste that has not been contaminated can be used to feed those experiencing food insecurity 22 Hellisheidi geothermal power station uses ground water to produce electricity and hot water for the city of Reykjavik Their carbon byproducts are then injected back into the Earth and calcified leaving the station with a net zero carbon emission 23 Tools editPeople Planet Profit ModelingStakeholder analysis Strength Weakness Opportunities Threats Analysis SWOT Analysis Ecolabelling ISO 14000 Environmental management system EMS Sustainability impact assessment SIA Integrated Sustainability Assessment ISA Social impact assessment Social Life Cycle Assessment SLCA Integrated chain management ICM Technology assessment Environmental impact assessment EIA Strategic Environmental Assessment SEA Input output analysis IOA Life cycle assessment LCA Material flow analysis MFA Substance flow analysis SFA Carbon accounting framework Net energy analysis Energy return on investment EROI Human appropriation of Net Primary Production HANPP analysis Emergy analysis Exergy analysis Materials Energy and Toxicity Matrix MET Matrix Cost benefit analysis CBA Full cost accounting FCA Life cycle cost analysis LCCA Techno economic analysis TEA Life cycle costing LCC Stock and flow analysis Socio economic metabolism SEM analysis Spatio temporal modelling and simulation Agent based modellingFuture directions editThe ecosystem metaphor popularized by Frosch and Gallopoulos 4 has been a valuable creative tool for helping researchers look for novel solutions to difficult problems Recently it has been pointed out that this metaphor is based largely on a model of classical ecology and that advancements in understanding ecology based on complexity science have been made by researchers such as C S Holling James J Kay 24 and further advanced in terms of contemporary ecology by others 25 26 27 28 For industrial ecology this may mean a shift from a more mechanistic view of systems to one where sustainability is viewed as an emergent property of a complex system 29 30 To explore this further several researchers are working with agent based modeling techniques 31 32 Exergy analysis is performed in the field of industrial ecology to use energy more efficiently 33 The term exergy was coined by Zoran Rant in 1956 but the concept was developed by J Willard Gibbs In recent decades utilization of exergy has spread outside physics and engineering to the fields of industrial ecology ecological economics systems ecology and energetics Other examples editAn example of industrial ecology both in practice and in potential is the Burnside Cleaner Production Centre in Burnside Nova Scotia They play a role in facilitating the greening of over 1200 businesses that are located in Burnside Eastern Canada s largest industrial park The creation of waste exchange is a big part of what they work towards which will promote strong industrial ecology relationships 34 Onsan Industrial Park is a case study program intended to serve as an example of policies and practices relevant to pursuing a green growth model of development The potential benefits of the EIP model are being shown in the Republic of Korea where more than 1 000 businesses from a wide range of industries call the Ulsan Mipo and Onsan Industrial Park in South Korea home This park is South Korea s industrial capital because it has more than 100 000 jobs 35 A common practice for water waste management systems is to use the left over sludge as fertilizer The waste water contains lots of phosphorus and nitrogen which are valuable chemicals to use in fertilizer 36 Gjenge makers ltd is another example of industrial ecology The company takes discarded plastics and makes them into bricks Gjenge makers receives the leftover plastic waste from packaging factories and recycling facilities and sells the pavers 37 See also edit nbsp Business and economics portal nbsp Ecology portalAnthropogenic metabolism Biomimicry Cleaner production Conservation ethic Ecodesign Ecological modernization Energy accounting Energy development Environmental economics Environmental design Environmental racism Evolutionary economics Helix of sustainability Industrial symbiosis Low carbon economy Life cycle assessment Material flow accounting Material flow analysis Modular construction systems Organigraph Product stewardship Reconciliation ecology Social metabolism Urban metabolismReferences edit Allenby Brad 2006 The ontologies of industrial ecology PDF Progress in Industrial Ecology 3 1 2 28 40 doi 10 1504 PIE 2006 010039 permanent dead link Wietschel Lars Messmann Lukas Thorenz Andrea Tuma Axel 2021 Environmental benefits of large scale second generation bioethanol production in the EU An integrated supply chain network optimization and life cycle assessment approach Journal of Industrial Ecology 25 3 677 692 doi 10 1111 jiec 13083 S2CID 228930566 Messmann Lukas Wietschel Lars Thorenz Andrea Tuma Axel 2022 Assessing the social dimension in strategic network optimization for a sustainable development The case of bioethanol production in the EU Journal of Industrial Ecology 27 3 760 776 doi 10 1111 jiec 13324 S2CID 251824815 a b c Frosch R A Gallopoulos N E 1989 Strategies for Manufacturing Scientific American 261 3 144 152 Bibcode 1989SciAm 261c 144F doi 10 1038 scientificamerican0989 144 International Society for Industrial Ecology History Archived from the original on 10 July 2009 Retrieved 8 January 2009 Industrial Ecology an overview ScienceDirect Topics www sciencedirect com Retrieved 13 June 2022 a b The Kalundborg Centre for Industrial Symbiosis Yuan Z Bi J Moriguichi Y 2008 The Circular Economy A New Development Strategy in China Journal of Industrial Ecology 10 1 2 4 8 doi 10 1162 108819806775545321 S2CID 55422513 Pearce J M 2008 Industrial Symbiosis for Very Large Scale Photovoltaic Manufacturing Renewable Energy 33 5 1101 1108 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 394 8892 doi 10 1016 j renene 2007 07 002 S2CID 18310744 Thomas Michael Optimizing the Use of Fly Ash in Concrete Portland Cement Association Used and Waste Oil and Grease for Biodiesel eXtension extension org Archived from the original on 6 April 2018 Retrieved 7 April 2018 Transitioning South African Industry Towards A Green Economy CSIR 2023 Retrieved 29 December 2023 Onsite Non Potable Water Reuse Research 9 October 2018 Gammon Katharine Service Inside Science News New process turns waste chicken feathers into biodegradable plastic phys org Retrieved 10 February 2022 Barrett Axel 30 August 2018 Bioplastics Made from Chicken Feathers Bioplastics News Retrieved 10 February 2022 Industrial Ecology Beyond the Buzzwords 2021 Retrieved 29 December 2023 Gies Erica Anheuser Busch to Join Industrial Ecosystem Forbes Secretary Perry Celebrates Successful Completion of Petra Nova Carbon Capture Project U S Department of Energy 13 April 2017 Retrieved 29 December 2023 Cork Recycling Experts ReCORK 2023 Retrieved 29 December 2023 Commonwealth Bank Place Sydney achieves Australian first for green innovation Architecture amp Design 7 March 2012 Retrieved 29 December 2023 Siegel R P 9 May 2019 The rise of plant based plastic packaging GreenBiz Group Retrieved 29 December 2023 Food Waste Composting Institutional and Industrial Application UGA Cooperative Extension extension uga edu Retrieved 10 February 2022 Sustainable energy inside Iceland s geothermal power plant The Guardian 29 May 2016 Retrieved 10 February 2022 Kay J J 2002 Kibert C Sendzimir J Guy B eds On Complexity Theory Exergy and Industrial Ecology Some Implications for Construction Ecology PDF Construction Ecology Nature as the Basis for Green Buildings 72 107 Archived from the original PDF on 6 January 2006 Levine S H 2003 Comparing Products and Production in Ecological and Industrial Systems Journal of Industrial Ecology 7 2 33 42 doi 10 1162 108819803322564334 S2CID 35440097 Nielsen Soren Nors 2007 What has modern ecosystem theory to offer to cleaner production industrial ecology and society The views of an ecologist Journal of Cleaner Production 15 17 1639 1653 doi 10 1016 j jclepro 2006 08 008 Ashton W S 2009 The Structure Function and Evolution of a Regional Industrial Ecosystem Journal of Industrial Ecology 13 2 228 doi 10 1111 j 1530 9290 2009 00111 x S2CID 154577022 Jensen P D 2011 Reinterpreting Industrial Ecology Journal of Industrial Ecology 15 5 680 692 doi 10 1111 j 1530 9290 2011 00377 x S2CID 9188772 Ehrenfeld John 2004 Can Industrial Ecology be the Science of Sustainability Journal of Industrial Ecology 8 1 2 1 3 doi 10 1162 1088198041269364 S2CID 59407106 Ehrenfeld John 2007 Would Industrial Ecology Exist without Sustainability in the Background Journal of Industrial Ecology 11 1 73 84 doi 10 1162 jiec 2007 1177 S2CID 55888001 Axtell R L Andrews C J Small M J 2002 Agent Based Modeling and Industrial Ecology Journal of Industrial Ecology 5 4 10 13 doi 10 1162 10881980160084006 S2CID 154773522 Kraines S Wallace D 2006 Applying Agent based Simulation in Industrial Ecology Journal of Industrial Ecology 10 1 2 15 18 doi 10 1162 108819806775545376 S2CID 154487898 Wall Goran Exergy a useful concept Industrial Ecology From Theory to Practice newcity ca Archived from the original on 22 February 2006 Retrieved 7 April 2018 Case Study Greening Industrial Parks A Case Study on South Korea s Eco Industrial Park Program PDF Researchers turn wastewater nutrients into fertilizer Endeavor Business Media 2023 Retrieved 29 December 2023 Kenyan woman s startup recycles plastic into bricks that are stronger than concrete 8 February 2021 Further reading editThe industrial green game implications for environmental design and management Deanna J Richards Ed National Academy Press Washington DC USA 1997 ISBN 0 309 05294 7 Handbook of Input Output Economics in Industrial Ecology Sangwon Suh Ed Springer 2009 ISBN 978 1 4020 6154 7 Boons Frank 2012 Freedom Versus Coercion in Industrial Ecology Mind the Gap Econ Journal Watch 9 2 100 111 Desrochers Pierre 2012 Freedom Versus Coercion in Industrial Ecology A Reply to Boons Econ Journal Watch 9 2 78 99 External links editArticles and booksIndustrial Ecology An Introduction Industrial Ecology Industrial Symbiosis Timeline Journal of Industrial Ecology Yale University on behalf of the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies Industrial Ecology research amp articles from The Program for the Human Environment The Rockefeller UniversityEducationIndustrial Ecology open online course IEooc Erasmus Mundus Master s Programme in Industrial Ecology Industrial ecology programme at the NTNU Industrial Ecology Programme at NTNU Trondheim Norway Industrial Ecology Master s Programme at Leiden University amp TU Delft Joint Degree Leiden Delft The Netherlands Center for Industrial Ecology at Yale University s School of Forestry amp Environmental Studies New Haven CT USAResearch materialInventory of free and open software tools for industrial ecology researchNetworkInternational Society for Industrial Ecology ISIE Portal nbsp Environment Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Industrial ecology amp oldid 1195210197, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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