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Stirling

April 07, 2023

This article is about the city in Scotland. For other uses, see Stirling (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Sterling.

Stirling (/ˈstɜːrlɪŋ/; Scots: Stirlin; Scottish Gaelic: Sruighlea [ˈs̪t̪ɾuʝlə]) is a city in central Scotland, 26 miles (42 km) northeast of Glasgow and 37 miles (60 km) north-west of Edinburgh. The market town, surrounded by rich farmland, grew up connecting the royal citadel, the medieval old town with its merchants and tradesmen,[2] the Old Bridge and the port. Located on the River Forth, Stirling is the administrative centre for the Stirling council area, and is traditionally the county town of Stirlingshire. Proverbially it is the strategically important "Gateway to the Highlands".

Stirling
Sruighlea
Stirlin
Administrative centre and city
From top, left to right: Skyline of Stirling; the Stirling Old Bridge, Stirling Castle, tower of the Wallace Monument, Stirling railway station, Stirling Great Town Hall, cityscape of Stirling
Flag
Coat of arms
Etymology: Scottish Gaelic – Sruighlea
Nickname: 
Gateway to the Highlands
Stirling
Location in Scotland
Stirling
Stirling (Europe)
Coordinates: 56°07′00″N 3°56′13″W / 56.1166°N 3.9369°W / 56.1166; -3.9369Coordinates: 56°07′00″N 3°56′13″W / 56.1166°N 3.9369°W / 56.1166; -3.9369
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
CountryScotland
Council area Stirling
Lieutenancy areaStirling and Falkirk
Royal Burgh1124
City status2002
HeadquartersOld Viewforth
Government
 • TypeStirling Council
 • BodyCouncil executive
 • Council LeaderChris Kane (Scottish Labour Party)
 • Depute Council LeaderMargaret Brisley
 • ProvostDouglas Dodds
Area
[1]
 • Total6.4 sq mi (16.7 km2)
 • Rank20th, Scotland
Population
 (2020)
 • Total37,910
 • Density5,900/sq mi (2,300/km2)
 • Language(s)
English
Scots
Time zoneUTC±0 (GMT)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+1 (BST)
Postcode Areas
FK7–FK9
Area code01786
ISO 3166 codeGB-STG
ONS CodeNS795935
Websitewww.stirling.gov.uk

It has been said that "Stirling, like a huge brooch clasps Highlands and Lowlands together".[3][4] Similarly "he who holds Stirling, holds Scotland" is sometimes attributed to Robert the Bruce.[5] Stirling's key position as the lowest bridging point of the River Forth before it broadens towards the Firth of Forth made it a focal point[6] for travel north or south.[7]

When Stirling was temporarily under Anglo-Saxon sway, according to a 9th-century legend,[8] it was attacked by Danish invaders. The sound of a wolf roused a sentry, however, who alerted his garrison, which forced a Viking retreat.[9] This led to the wolf being adopted as a symbol of the town[10] as is shown on the 1511 Stirling Jug.[11][12] The area is today known as Wolfcraig.[13] Even today the wolf appears with a goshawk on the council's coat of arms along with the recently chosen[14] motto: "Steadfast as the Rock".[15]

Once the capital of Scotland, Stirling is visually dominated by Stirling Castle. Stirling also has a medieval parish church, the Church of the Holy Rude, where, on 29 July 1567, the infant James VI was anointed King of Scots by Adam Bothwell, the Bishop of Orkney, with the service concluding after a sermon by John Knox.[16] The poet King was educated by George Buchanan and grew up in Stirling. He was later also crowned King of England and Ireland on 25 July 1603, bringing closer the countries of the United Kingdom. Modern Stirling is a centre for local government, higher education, tourism, retail, and industry. The mid-2012 census estimate for the population of the city is 36,440; the wider Stirling council area has a population of about 93,750.[17]

One of the principal royal strongholds of the Kingdom of Scotland, Stirling was created a royal burgh by King David I in 1130. In 2002, as part of Queen Elizabeth's Golden Jubilee, Stirling was granted city status.

History

 
Stirling Castle (southwest aspect)

Etymology

The origin of the name Stirling[18] is uncertain,[19] but folk etymology suggests that it originates in either a Scots or Gaelic term meaning the place of battle, struggle[20] or strife.[21] One proposal is that Stirling derives from Gaelic srib-linn, meaning "stream-pool" or similar.[22] Other sources suggest that it originates in a Brythonic name meaning "dwelling place of Melyn",[23] with the first element being connected to Middle Welsh ystre-, "a dwelling".[24] The name may have originally been a hydronym, and connected to Brittonic *lïnn, "lake, pool" (Welsh llyn).[24] It is often argued that Stirling is the fortress of Iuddeu or Urbs Giudi where Oswiu of Northumbria was besieged by Penda of Mercia in 655, as recorded in Bede and contemporary annals.

Ancient history

A stone cist, found in Coneypark Nursery[25] in 1879, is Stirling's oldest catalogued artefact.[26] Bones from the cist were radiocarbon dated and found to be over four millennia old, originating within the date range 2152 to 2021 BC.[27] Nicknamed Torbrex Tam, the man, whose bones were discovered by workmen, died while still in his twenties.[28] Other Bronze Age finds near the city come from the area around Cambusbarron.[29] It had been thought that the Randolphfield standing stones were more than 3000 years old but recent radiocarbon dating suggests they may date from the time of Bruce.[30] The earliest known structures in Stirling are now destroyed but comprised two Neolithic Cursus in Bannockburn.[31] The earliest known surviving structure is a fort on Gillies Hill[32] were built by Iron Age people over 2000 years ago. Two structures are known: what is currently called Wallstale Dun[33] on the southern end of Touchadam Craig, and Gillies Hill fort[34] on the northwest end of the craig. The Wallstale structure is later than the Gillies Hill fort and is related in form to brochs, these appear to coincide with the Roman period and there are around 40 or so in the wider area. South of the city, the King's Park prehistoric carvings can still be found.[35]

Roman and early Medieval

Its other notable geographic feature is its proximity to the lowest site of subjugation of the River Forth. Control of the bridge brought military advantage in times of unrest and excise duty, or pontage dues,[36] in peacetime. Unsurprisingly excise men were installed in a covered booth in the centre of the bridge to collect tax from any entering the royal burgh with goods.[37] Stirling remained the river's lowest reliable crossing point (that is, without a weather-dependent ferry or seasonal ford[38]) until the construction of the Alloa Swing Bridge between Throsk and Alloa in 1885.[39]

The city has two Latin mottoes, which appeared on the earliest burgh seal[40] of which an impression of 1296 is on record.[41] The first alludes to the story as recorded by Boece who relates that in 855 Scotland was invaded by two Northumbrian princes, Osbrecht and Ella.[42] They united their forces with the Cumbrian Britons[43] in order to defeat the Scots. Having secured Stirling castle, they built the first stone bridge over the Forth.

On the top they reportedly raised a crucifix with the inscription: "Anglos, a Scotis separat, crux ista remotis; Arma hic stant Bruti; stant Scoti hac sub cruce tuti."[44] Bellenden translated this loosely as "I am free marche, as passengers may ken, To Scottis, to Britonis, and to Inglismen." It may be the stone cross was a tripoint for the three kingdom's borders or marches;[45] the cross functioning both as a dividing territorial marker, and as a uniting[46] witness stone like in the Bible story in Joshua 22.[47] "Angles and Scots here demarked, By this cross kept apart. Brits and Scots armed stand near, By this cross stand safe here." This would make the cross on the centre of the first stone bridge the Heart of Scotland.

The Stirling seal has only the second part, in a slightly different form:

Hic Armis Bruti Scoti Stant Hic Cruce Tuti
(Brits and Scots armed and near, by this cross stand safe here.)

Apparently the Latin is not first rate having four syllables in "cruce tuti" but the meaning seems to be that the Lowland Strathclyde Britons on the southern shore and the Highland Pictish Scots[48] on the northern shore stand protected from each other by their common Christianity.[49]

A more modern translation suggests that rather than Briton, bruit might be better read as brute, ie brute Scots, implying a non-Scots identity was retained in Stirling for some time after inclusion into the land controlled by the King of Scots.[50]

The second motto is:

Continet Hoc in Se Nemus et Castrum Strivelinse
(Contained within this seal pressed down, the wood an' castle o' Stirlin' town.)

It has been claimed that the "Bridge" seal was regarded as the Burgh seal proper, the "Castle" seal being simply a reverse, used when the seal was affixed by a lace to a charter.[51] This agrees with a description in an official publication (which spells[52] Bruti with only one letter t).[53] Clearer images are available[54] with different lettering.[55] Sibbald conflated the two mottos into a single rhyme;[56] he gave no indication that he was aware of Boece's work.[57]

Stirling was first declared a royal burgh by King David in the 12th century, with later charters reaffirmed by subsequent monarchs. A ferry, and later bridge, on the River Forth at Stirling brought wealth and strategic influence, as did its tidal port at Riverside.[58] Major battles during the Wars of Scottish Independence took place at the Stirling Bridge in 1297 and at the nearby village of Bannockburn in 1314 involving Andrew Moray and William Wallace, and Robert the Bruce respectively. After the Battle of Stirling Bridge, Moray and Wallace wrote to the Hanseatic leaders of Lübeck and Hamburg to encourage trade between Scottish ports (like Stirling) and these German cities.[59] There were also several Sieges of Stirling Castle in the conflict, notably in 1304.[60]

Late Medieval and early Modern

Another important historical site in the area is the ruins of Cambuskenneth Abbey, the resting place of King James III of Scotland and his queen, Margaret of Denmark.[62] The king died at the Battle of Sauchieburn by forces nominally led by his son and successor James IV. During the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, the Battle of Stirling also took place in the centre of Stirling on 12 September 1648. The fortifications continued to play a strategic military role during the 18th-century Jacobite risings. In 1715, the Earl of Mar failed to take control of the castle. In January 1746, the army of Bonnie Prince Charlie seized control of the town but failed to take the Castle. On their consequent retreat northwards, they blew up the church of St. Ninians where they had been storing munitions; only the tower survived and can be seen to this day.[63] The castle and the church are shown on Blaeu's map[64] of 1654 which was derived from Pont's earlier map.[65]

Standing near the castle, the Church of the Holy Rude is one of the town's most historically important buildings. Founded in 1129 it is the second oldest building in the city after Stirling castle. It was rebuilt in the 15th-century after Stirling suffered a catastrophic fire in 1405, and is reputed to be the only surviving church in the United Kingdom apart from Westminster Abbey to have held a coronation.[66] On 29 July 1567 the infant son of Mary, Queen of Scots, was anointed James VI of Scotland in the church.[66] James' bride, Anne of Denmark was crowned in the church at Holyrood Palace in Edinburgh. The Holy Rude congregation still meet and some 19th century parish records survive.[67] Musket shot marks that may come from Cromwell's troops during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms are clearly visible on the tower and apse of the church.[66]

Economically, the city's port supported foreign trade, historically doing significant trade in the Low Countries, particularly with Bruges[68] in Belgium and Veere[69] in the Netherlands. In the 16th century there were so many Scots in Danzig[70] in Prussia that they had their own church congregation and trade is mentioned with that city in Stirling Council's minutes of 1560.[71] Around John Cowane's time there is an account which states there were about 30,000 Scots families living in Poland[72] although that was possibly[73] an exaggeration.[74] Trade with the Baltic[75] also took place such as a timber trade with Norway.

 
Cattle (1878) by Joseph Denovan Adam (1841–1896) The Stirling Smith Art Gallery & Museum

After the Jacobite threat had faded but before the railways were established, the Highland cattle drovers would use the Auld Brig on their way to market at Falkirk[76] or Stenhousemuir.[77] Three times a year, tens of thousands of cattle, sheep and ponies were moved together to the trysts in the south with some drovers going as far as Carlisle or even London's Smithfield.[78] There is a record of a four-mile long tailback (of livestock) developing from St. Ninians to Bridge of Allan after a St. Ninians tollman had a dispute.[79]

Victorian and Modern

In the early 19th century an "exceedingly low" cost steamboat service used to run between Stirling and Newhaven or Granton.[80] The coming of the railways in 1848 started the decline of the river traffic,[81] not least because the Alloa Swing Bridge downstream restricted access for shipping. The railways did provide opportunity too with one Riverside company selling their reaping machines as far afield as Syria and Australia. Similarly, in 1861, a company making baby carriages was set up. These prams were exported to Canada, South America, India and South Africa.[82]

The Princes Street drill hall was completed in 1908[83] and the Municipal Buildings, which formed the headquarters of Stirling Burgh Council for much of the 20th century, were completed in 1918.[84]

After the blockades of the World Wars there was some increase in the use of the port including a tea trade with India. However, with normal shipping lanes open, the growth of the railways including The Forth Rail Bridge, left the harbour uneconomical and by the mid 20th century the port had ceased to operate.

Governance

 
Old Viewforth is the administrative centre of Stirling Council

In terms of local government, the city of Stirling is a part of the wider Stirling Council area, which is based at Old Viewforth and governs on matters of local administration as set out by the Local Government etc (Scotland) Act 1994. The current members of the Council were voted in 2017 for a term of office of 5 years. The May 2017 local government election resulted in the Scottish Conservative party and Scottish National Party each winning nine councillors, while the Labour Party won four seats and the Scottish Green Party won one.[85] However, subsequently one Conservative councillor left the party to sit as an Independent.[86] The Provost of Stirling is Cllr Christine Simpson.[87]

For the purposes of the Scottish Parliament, the city of Stirling forms part of the Stirling constituency of the Scottish Parliament constituency. The Stirling Scottish Parliament (or Holyrood) constituency created in 1999 is one of nine within the Mid Scotland and Fife electoral region. Each constituency elects one Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) by the first past the post system of election, and the region elects seven additional members to produce a form of proportional representation. The constituency's Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) is Evelyn Tweed of the Scottish National Party (SNP).[88]

In terms of national government, the city of Stirling forms part of county constituency of Stirling constituency of the House of Commons, electing one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons of the parliament of the United Kingdom by first past the post system. Alyn Smith of the SNP is the MP for Stirling constituency of the House of Commons since the 2019 general election.[89]

Historical voting records can be found in online databases.[90]

Geography

 
The Abbey Craig is one of a series of local Crag and Tail hills
 
Stirling Bridge and the National Wallace Monument

Stirling is renowned as the Gateway to the Highlands and is generally regarded as occupying a strategic position at the point where the flatter, largely undulating Scottish Lowlands meet the rugged slopes of the Highlands along the Highland Boundary Fault.[91][92] The starkness of this contrast is evidenced by the many hills and mountains of the lower Highlands such as Ben Vorlich and Ben Ledi which can be seen to the northwest of the city. On the other hand, the Carse of Stirling, stretching to the west and east of the city, is one of the flattest and most agriculturally productive expanses of land in the whole of Scotland.

The land surrounding Stirling[93] has been most affected by glacial erosion and deposition. The city itself has grown up around its castle which stands atop an ancient quartz-dolerite sill, known as the Stirling Sill, a major defensive position which was at the lowest crossing point on the River Forth. Stirling stands on the Forth at the point where the river widens and becomes tidal. To the east of the city the Ochil Hills dominate the skyline with the highest peak in the range being Ben Cleuch, although Dumyat is more noticeable from Stirling. The Ochils meet the flat carse (floodplain) of the River Forth to the east of the distinctive geographical feature of Abbey Craig, a crag and tail hill upon which stands the 220 ft (67 m) high National Wallace Monument.[94]

Areas of Stirling

Top of the Town consists of Broad Street, Castle Wynd, Ballengeich Pass, Lower Castle Hill Road, Darnley Street, Baker Street ( formerly Baxters St), St John Street and St Mary's Wynd. These streets all lead up to Stirling Castle and are the favourite haunt of tourists who stop off at the Old Town Jail, Mar's Wark, Argyll's Lodging and the castle. Ballengeich Pass leads to the graveyard at Ballengeich and the Castle Wynd winds past the old graveyard. The Top of the Town from Broad Street upwards is renowned for its cobblestoned roads, and cars can be heard rattling over the cobblestones on the way down. Craft shops and tourist-focused shops are evident on the way up and once at the top, panoramic views are available across Stirling and beyond.

All areas[95]

 
Broad Street at the heart of Stirling's Old Town area (called Top of the Town by locals)
  • Abbey Craig
  • Airthrey
  • Allan Park
  • Back o' Hill
  • Bannockburn
  • Borestone
  • Braehead
  • Bridgehaugh
  • Broomridge
  • Brucefields
  • Burghmuir
  • Cambusbarron
  • Cambuskenneth
  • Causewayhead
  • Chartershall
  • Corn Exchange
  • Cornton
  • Coxethill
  • Craigforth
  • Craigmill
  • Craig Leith
  • Cultenhove
  • Dumyat
  • Forthbank
  • Gillies Hill
  • Gowan Hill
  • Hillpark
  • Kenningknowes
  • Kersemill
  • Kildean
  • King's Park
  • Ladyneuk
  • Laurelhill
  • Livilands
  • Loanhead
  • Logie
  • Mote Hill
  • Meadowforth
  • Mercat Cross
  • Pirnhall
  • Queenshaugh
  • Raploch
  • Randolphfield
  • Riverside
  • Spittal Hill
  • Springkerse
  • St. Ninians
  • Top of the Town
  • Torbrex
  • Whins of Milton
  • Viewforth
  • Westhaugh
  • Wolfcraig

Historical place names for Stirling town in 1858–61 were compiled by O.S. map makers.[96]

Climate

Like most of the United Kingdom, Stirling has an oceanic climate (Köppen Cfb) with mild summers and cool, wet winters. Stirling has some of the warmest summers in all of Scotland, being relatively far away from the cooling effects of the North Sea and the Firth of Clyde.

Climate data for Stirling (1991–2020 averages, extremes 2009–present, [25 m or 82 ft asl])
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 13.6
(56.5) 		15.5
(59.9) 		17.1
(62.8) 		21.1
(70.0) 		27.8
(82.0) 		32.3
(90.1) 		29.0
(84.2) 		24.9
(76.8) 		23.8
(74.8) 		19.7
(67.5) 		15.7
(60.3) 		14.5
(58.1) 		32.3
(90.1)
Average high °C (°F) 7.3
(45.1) 		8.1
(46.6) 		9.9
(49.8) 		12.4
(54.3) 		15.7
(60.3) 		18.1
(64.6) 		19.9
(67.8) 		19.5
(67.1) 		17.1
(62.8) 		13.5
(56.3) 		10.0
(50.0) 		7.5
(45.5) 		13.3
(55.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) 4.4
(39.9) 		5.0
(41.0) 		6.4
(43.5) 		8.3
(46.9) 		11.3
(52.3) 		14.0
(57.2) 		15.7
(60.3) 		15.3
(59.5) 		12.9
(55.2) 		9.8
(49.6) 		6.7
(44.1) 		4.3
(39.7) 		9.5
(49.1)
Average low °C (°F) 1.4
(34.5) 		1.9
(35.4) 		2.9
(37.2) 		4.3
(39.7) 		6.9
(44.4) 		9.8
(49.6) 		11.5
(52.7) 		11.1
(52.0) 		8.8
(47.8) 		6.2
(43.2) 		3.5
(38.3) 		1.1
(34.0) 		5.8
(42.4)
Record low °C (°F) −11.1
(12.0) 		−7.6
(18.3) 		−5.8
(21.6) 		−3.9
(25.0) 		−1.7
(28.9) 		3.6
(38.5) 		5.0
(41.0) 		3.8
(38.8) 		1.0
(33.8) 		−2.8
(27.0) 		−6.6
(20.1) 		−15.6
(3.9) 		−15.6
(3.9)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 129.3
(5.09) 		97.3
(3.83) 		74.5
(2.93) 		51.4
(2.02) 		56.9
(2.24) 		66.6
(2.62) 		70.1
(2.76) 		76.1
(3.00) 		76.3
(3.00) 		107.4
(4.23) 		109.2
(4.30) 		103.1
(4.06) 		1,018.1
(40.08)
Average rainy days (≥ 1 mm) 16.3 13.6 12.8 10.6 11.3 11.7 13.0 13.0 12.6 15.2 16.1 15.4 161.4
Mean monthly sunshine hours 39.1 66.9 99.5 137.8 183.1 162.0 153.7 150.5 119.5 81.3 54.0 32.2 1,279.6
Source 1: MetOffice[97]
Source 2: [98]

Demography

The settlement of Stirling had a population of 48,440 in 2012. According to the 2001 census, 52.7% of the population was female compared to 47.2% male. Stirling had both a smaller proportion of under 16s, at 16.7% compared to the Scottish average of 19.2%, and a smaller proportion of those of pensionable age: 17.8% – compared to the Scottish average of 18.6%.[99]

Historical records also exist both in book form[68] and in online databases.[100]

Culture

 
The Stirling Wolf (1704, oil on canvas, Artist Unknown) The Stirling Smith Art Gallery & Museum

Walking the Marches[45] is a custom probably started in the 12th century. The only way the town's boundaries could be protected was to walk round inspecting them annually. The walk was followed by a dinner.[101] This was traditionally done by the Birlaw men made up from members of the Seven Trades, the Guildry and Council. In 2014 the tradition was revived after an official abeyance of several years.[102]

There are about sixteen libraries and two mobile libraries in Stirling.[103] The Smith Art Gallery and Museum is now free to tourists and residents alike. Shearer's 1895 Penny Guide to Stirling and Neighbourhood used to list it under "How to spend a few hours on a wet day".[104] The Macrobert Arts Centre has a variety of exhibitions and performances. There are many events at the Stirling Tolbooth and at The Albert Halls.[105] Stirling has hosted the National Mòd several times: in 1909, 1961, 1971,1987 and 2008.[106]


Religion

 
Woman Clasping the Bible − George Harvey (1806–1876) The Stirling Smith Art Gallery & Museum
 
The earliest known version of Psalm 1 in Scots by Alexander Montgomerie from Zabur or The Book of Psalms. He was one of a circle of poets in the Stirling court of James VI.[107]

There are currently about 20 churches in the city. These include:

Church of Scotland[108]

  • Allan Park South Church[109]
  • Cambusbarron Parish Church[110]
  • Church of the Holy Rude[111]
  • North Parish Church[112]
  • St Columba's Church[113]
  • St Mark's Parish Church[114]
  • St Ninians Old Parish Church[115]
  • Viewfield Church[116]

Roman Catholic[117]

Other churches

  • Cornerstone Community Church[122]
  • Cornton Baptist Church[123]
  • Holy Trinity Episcopal Church[124]
  • St Ninians United Free Church of Scotland[125]
  • Stirling Baptist Church[126]
  • Stirling Free Church[127]
  • Stirling Methodist Church[128]
  • St. Ninian's Community Church[129]
  • The Salvation Army[130]

Islam

  • Central Scotland Islamic Centre[131]

Economy

 
Hotel Colessio. Tourism is a major part of the economy of Stirling

With Stirling's development as a market town and its location as the focus of transport and communications in the region, it has developed a substantial retail sector serving a wide range of surrounding communities as well as the city itself. Primarily centred on the city centre, there are a large number of chain stores, as well as the Thistles shopping centre. However this has been augmented by out-of-town developments such as the Springkerse Retail Park on the city bypass to the east of Stirling.[132]

A major new regeneration project on the site of the former port area and the 40-acre (160,000 m2) former Ministry of Defence site, adjacent to Stirling Railway Station, is currently underway.[133] Known as Forthside, it has the aim of developing a new waterfront district linked to the railway station via Forthside Bridge. The development comprises retail, residential and commercial elements, including a conference centre, hotel and Vue multiplex cinema, that will ultimately expand the city centre area, linking it to the River Forth, which has been cut off from the city centre area since the construction of the A9 bypass under the railway station in the 1960s.[134]

 
The 19th-century Wallace Monument

In the service sector, financial services as well as tourism are the biggest employers. The financial services and insurance company Prudential established a large and base at Craigforth on the outskirts of Stirling in the 1970s.[135]

In terms of tourism, the presence of such historical monuments as Stirling Castle and the Wallace Monument[136] and other nearby attractions like Blair Drummond Safari Park has bolstered Stirling's position as a significant tourist destination in Scotland.[137]

The University of Stirling and Stirling Council are two of the biggest employers in the area. Knowledge related industries, research and development as well as life sciences have clustered around the university in the Stirling University Innovation Park, close to its main campus.[138]

Mauchline ware started producing wooden snuff-boxes in 1790 in Mauchline, Ayrshire. They were produced of the wood from the trees from the Castle craig. Today they are highly collectible.[139]

Stirling is home to national construction companies Ogilvie Group, chaired by Duncan Ogilvie, who was listed in the Sunday Times Rich List as being worth £32 million in 2009.[140]

A Bank of Scotland survey in 2009 found that workers in Stirling had the highest average earnings of £716 a week.[141]

Transport

The City of Stirling is home to a large number of commuters but has fewer commuting to work in other areas, than travel into the city. About half of Scotland's population live within an hour's travel time of Stirling.[142]

Local bus services to districts within the city are almost completely provided by buses operated by McGill's Scotland East. The surrounding towns, like Bridge of Allan, Alloa, Falkirk and Glasgow via Cumbernauld have services from the bus station.

Coaches to many Scottish towns and cities also run regularly.[143]

There are also railway links from Stirling railway station, including inter-city rail services to Aberdeen, Dundee, Edinburgh Waverley, Inverness, Glasgow Queen Street, and London King's Cross. Services to Alloa, Bridge of Allan, Falkirk and Dunblane also run. Stirling Council provides some approximate journey times.[144] Working lines include the Highland Main Line, the Edinburgh–Dunblane line and the Croy Line. The station formerly provided direct railway services to Callander and Oban, and to Loch Lomond, over very scenic lines, and a fast service to Dunfermline.

Cities with motorways links close to Stirling include Glasgow, via the M80 motorway past Cumbernauld, and Edinburgh, via the M9 motorway past Falkirk. To the north, the M9 provides access to Dunblane with easy links to Perth and further beyond the Central Belt.

Stirling has no airport, but there are international airports at Glasgow and Edinburgh which can be reached within an hour. Light aircraft can be chartered at Cumbernauld Airport.

Stirling used to have steamboats which carried hundreds of passengers a day.[81] There is currently no working port at Stirling but there are plans to develop the river[145] and the harbour[146] which might include links with towns on the Firth of Forth. Since the Forth is tidal at Stirling, development of pontoon style landing stages could potentially allow river taxis and tourist boats to operate during the summer.[147]

Sports and recreation

 
The headquarters of the Scottish Institute of Sport located on the campus at the University of Stirling

Stirling is home to professional league teams in football, rugby and cricket.

Marathon

The first Stirling Scottish Marathon was held on 21 May 2017.[148]

Curling

The National Curling Academy is located in Stirling Sports Village.[149] It was opened in 2017 by Eve Muirhead.[150] They use facilities linked to The Peak.[151] It was hoped this would increase the chances of British medals at events like the Winter Olympics and Paralympics.[152]

Football

Men

The senior football team, Stirling Albion, play in the Scottish League Two at their home ground at Forthbank Stadium. In July 2010, the Stirling Albion Supporters' Trust successfully took over the running of the club buying out the long-serving chairman, Peter McKenzie, after 14 months of campaigning. This made Stirling Albion the first fully owned community club in the history of British football, after previous attempts made by Manchester United, Liverpool and Rangers.[153]

Women

Stirling University L.F.C. are the premier women's football team. They play in the Scottish Women's Premier League. Their home ground is The Gannochy Sports Centre at Stirling University.[154]

Rugby

Stirling County currently play in rugby's Scottish Premiership Division One.

Basketball

Stirling Knights Basketball Team are based at the Peak at Forthbank beside Forthbank Stadium.[155]

Athletics

The athletics team Central Athletic Club are based at the University of Stirling.

Hockey

The University Stirling Wanderers Hockey Club have also moved to a brand new (international standard) pitch at Forthbank for season 2008–09.[156]

Cricket

Next to this pitch there is also the ground of Stirling County Cricket Club, whose pavilion captured an architectural award in June 2009,[157] three years after its opening.

Scotland international footballers Billy Bremner, John Colquhoun, Duncan Ferguson, female footballer Frankie Brown and brothers Gary and Steven Caldwell were born in Stirling. So were rugby internationals Kenny Logan, Allister Hogg and Alison McGrandles, jockey Willie Carson, and cricketer Dougie Brown.

The University of Stirling is a major centre of sports training and education in Scotland. It was designated as Scotland's University for Sporting Excellence by the Scottish Government in 2008. The headquarters of the Scottish Institute of Sport is a purpose-built facility on the campus which opened in 2002. Also at the university is the Scottish National Swimming Academy, where Rio 2016, Olympic silver medalists and students at the university, Duncan Scott and Robbie Renwick trained. Commonwealth gold medalist Ross Murdoch, who also competed at Rio 2106, is a student at the university. The Gannochy National Tennis centre, which is seen as a tennis centre of excellence, was where Andy Murray and his brother Jamie Murray honed their skills as juniors. Gordon Reid, wheel chair Olympic gold medalist in 2016, was a tennis scholar at the university.[158] The university men's and women's golf teams are consistently ranked among the best in Europe.[159]

The university has a dedicated sports studies department, which is within the Faculty of Health Science and Sport, and is ranked amongst the best in the United Kingdom for its provision of sports facilities, with the maximum 5-star award, shared by 16 other universities in the UK.[160] The University of Stirling also currently hosts the Scottish men's lacrosse champions.

Stirling and its surrounding area has a number of 9- and 18-hole golf courses, the largest of which is the Stirling Golf Course, located in the Kings Park area of the city. The Peak, a new Sports Village, was opened in April 2009 to cater for a range of sporting activities.[161]

In June 2014, Stirling will become the home of Scottish cricket after an agreement between Stirling County Cricket Club, Cricket Scotland and Stirling Council. It is hoped that the redevelopment of the ground will start at end 2014 with the intention being to upgrade it to international match standards. Scotland will play the majority of their home international games at the ground, starting with the World T20 qualifiers in the summer of 2015.

The development will see a new pavilion and indoor training facility built at New Williamfield, the home of Stirling County Cricket Club, with Cricket Scotland relocating its headquarters from the National Cricket Academy at Ravelston, Edinburgh.[162]

Education

The University of Stirling opened in 1967 on a greenfield site outside the town. Currently there are 11,100 students studying at the university, of which 7,995 are undergraduates and 3,105 are postgraduates. There are 120 nationalities represented on the university campus, with 19% of students coming from overseas.[163] It has grown into a major research centre, with a large Innovation Park located immediately adjacent to the main university campus. Innovation Park has grown since its initiation in 1993, and is now home to 40 companies engaging in various forms of research and development.[164] In January 2008 it was announced that students from Singapore would be able to gain degrees in retail from the University of Stirling in a tie-up with the country's Nanyang Polytechnic (NYP).[165]

 
Looking out over Airthrey Loch on the main campus of The University of Stirling

Stirling is also home to part of the wider Forth Valley College which was formed on 1 August 2005 from the merger of Falkirk, Stirling and Clackmannan colleges.

There are four main high schools in Stirling itself – Stirling High School, with a school roll of 964 pupils, Wallace High School with 958 pupils, St Modan's High School with 912 pupils, and Bannockburn High School in Broomridge with 752 pupils.[166][167][168][169] All the city's secondary school premises have been redeveloped as a result of a Public-private partnership scheme. Stirling also has a Gaelic-medium unit situated in the city's Riverside Primary School which teaches pupils from across Stirling and Clackmannanshire through the medium of Scottish Gaelic.[170]

In popular culture

  1. Stirling: Gateway to the Highlands[171] (1938) B&W 20 mins silent – video 1: Street scenes from Stirling. video 2: pre-WW2 soldiers at the castle.
  2. Stirling Charities Day[172] (13 May 1939) B&W 7 mins silent – Includes shots of kids, costumes and carriages.
  3. Neighbours[173] – (1952) violent Oscar winning animation by the Stirling-born Canadian film maker Norman McLaren.
  4. River Forth[174] (1956) B&W silent 15 mins – Including animals being herded through the streets.
  5. The Heart of Scotland[175] (1962) colour sound 24 mins – Shots of the castle with commentary on Bruce and Wallace.
  6. Holiday Scotland[176] (1966) colour and sound 42 mins – Includes Stirling Castle and Stirling Bridge.
  7. Kidnapped[177] (1971) dir. Delbert Mann – Starring Michael Caine – with several scenes in Stirling Castle.
  8. Royal Stirling[178] (1972) colour and sound 23 mins – Includes a lion cub at the castle, motor racing and shots of Blair Drummond Safari Park
  9. The University of Stirling[179] (1973) colour and sound 19 min – 1970s campus, students and teachers (includes Norman MacCaig).
  10. FutureWorld Stirling 1984[180] (1984) 28 minutes – dir. Peter G. Reilly for Stirling District Council – has Magnus Magnusson explaining ambitious plans for the Top of the Town. It is more of a series of pieces to camera than Cumbernauld, Town for Tomorrow, as Magnusson moves from the Smith through various well-known but dilapidated buildings to Gowan Hill and back to the castle. At each stop he presents John W. Morgan's script which gives something of the history or the proposed plans for revitalising the area.
  11. Gregory's Two Girls[181] (1999) dir. Bill Forsyth – has scenes at and around Stirling Castle.
  12. To End all Wars[182] (2001) dir. David L. Cunningham has scenes at Stirling Castle.
  13. Way Back Home (2010) Has Danny MacAskill perform stunts on his bike on Stirling Bridge.[183]
  14. KJB: The Book That Changed the World (2011) Has John Rhys-Davies narrating scenes about James VI at Stirling Castle.[184]
  15. Britain's Lost Routes with Griff Rhys Jones (2012) Episode 3 shows the difficulties "Highland Cattle Drovers" might have had at Frew and shows aerial shots and taking cows across the Auld Brig.[185]
  16. Secrets of Great British Castles (2015) Dan Jones presents the History of Stirling Castle up to James VI.[186]
  17. Netflix drama Outlaw King[187] had scenes filmed at Mugdock Country Park with a production/support team camped at Falleninch Field, situated beneath Stirling Castle.

Twinned cities

Notable residents

Freedom of the City

The following people and military units have received the Freedom of the City of Stirling.

Individuals

Military Units

See also

References

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External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stirling.
 
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Stirling.
  • Stirling Council Website
  • Mapping the Town: the history of Stirling, presented by Julian Richards (BBC Radio 4) (RealAudio format)
  • Video footage of St Ninian's Chapel and Well
  • series of lectures about the history of Stirling by Dr Murray Cook, Stirling Council's archaeologist

April 07, 2023
stirling, this, article, about, city, scotland, other, uses, disambiguation, confused, with, sterling, ɜːr, scots, stirlin, scottish, gaelic, sruighlea, ɾuʝlə, city, central, scotland, miles, northeast, glasgow, miles, north, west, edinburgh, market, town, sur. This article is about the city in Scotland For other uses see Stirling disambiguation Not to be confused with Sterling Stirling ˈ s t ɜːr l ɪ ŋ Scots Stirlin Scottish Gaelic Sruighlea ˈs t ɾuʝle is a city in central Scotland 26 miles 42 km northeast of Glasgow and 37 miles 60 km north west of Edinburgh The market town surrounded by rich farmland grew up connecting the royal citadel the medieval old town with its merchants and tradesmen 2 the Old Bridge and the port Located on the River Forth Stirling is the administrative centre for the Stirling council area and is traditionally the county town of Stirlingshire Proverbially it is the strategically important Gateway to the Highlands Stirling Sruighlea StirlinAdministrative centre and cityFrom top left to right Skyline of Stirling the Stirling Old Bridge Stirling Castle tower of the Wallace Monument Stirling railway station Stirling Great Town Hall cityscape of StirlingFlagCoat of armsEtymology Scottish Gaelic SruighleaNickname Gateway to the HighlandsStirlingLocation in ScotlandShow map of ScotlandStirlingStirling Europe Show map of EuropeCoordinates 56 07 00 N 3 56 13 W 56 1166 N 3 9369 W 56 1166 3 9369 Coordinates 56 07 00 N 3 56 13 W 56 1166 N 3 9369 W 56 1166 3 9369Sovereign stateUnited KingdomCountryScotlandCouncil areaStirlingLieutenancy areaStirling and FalkirkRoyal Burgh1124City status2002HeadquartersOld ViewforthGovernment TypeStirling Council BodyCouncil executive Council LeaderChris Kane Scottish Labour Party Depute Council LeaderMargaret Brisley ProvostDouglas DoddsArea 1 Total6 4 sq mi 16 7 km2 Rank20th ScotlandPopulation 2020 Total37 910 Density5 900 sq mi 2 300 km2 Language s EnglishScotsTime zoneUTC 0 GMT Summer DST UTC 1 BST Postcode AreasFK7 FK9Area code01786ISO 3166 codeGB STGONS CodeNS795935Websitewww wbr stirling wbr gov wbr ukIt has been said that Stirling like a huge brooch clasps Highlands and Lowlands together 3 4 Similarly he who holds Stirling holds Scotland is sometimes attributed to Robert the Bruce 5 Stirling s key position as the lowest bridging point of the River Forth before it broadens towards the Firth of Forth made it a focal point 6 for travel north or south 7 When Stirling was temporarily under Anglo Saxon sway according to a 9th century legend 8 it was attacked by Danish invaders The sound of a wolf roused a sentry however who alerted his garrison which forced a Viking retreat 9 This led to the wolf being adopted as a symbol of the town 10 as is shown on the 1511 Stirling Jug 11 12 The area is today known as Wolfcraig 13 Even today the wolf appears with a goshawk on the council s coat of arms along with the recently chosen 14 motto Steadfast as the Rock 15 Once the capital of Scotland Stirling is visually dominated by Stirling Castle Stirling also has a medieval parish church the Church of the Holy Rude where on 29 July 1567 the infant James VI was anointed King of Scots by Adam Bothwell the Bishop of Orkney with the service concluding after a sermon by John Knox 16 The poet King was educated by George Buchanan and grew up in Stirling He was later also crowned King of England and Ireland on 25 July 1603 bringing closer the countries of the United Kingdom Modern Stirling is a centre for local government higher education tourism retail and industry The mid 2012 census estimate for the population of the city is 36 440 the wider Stirling council area has a population of about 93 750 17 One of the principal royal strongholds of the Kingdom of Scotland Stirling was created a royal burgh by King David I in 1130 In 2002 as part of Queen Elizabeth s Golden Jubilee Stirling was granted city status Contents 1 History 1 1 Etymology 1 2 Ancient history 1 3 Roman and early Medieval 1 4 Late Medieval and early Modern 1 5 Victorian and Modern 2 Governance 3 Geography 3 1 Areas of Stirling 3 2 Climate 4 Demography 5 Culture 6 Religion 7 Economy 8 Transport 9 Sports and recreation 9 1 Marathon 9 2 Curling 9 3 Football 9 3 1 Men 9 3 2 Women 9 4 Rugby 9 5 Basketball 9 6 Athletics 9 7 Hockey 9 8 Cricket 10 Education 11 In popular culture 12 Twinned cities 13 Notable residents 14 Freedom of the City 14 1 Individuals 14 2 Military Units 15 See also 16 References 17 External linksHistory Edit Stirling Castle southwest aspect Etymology Edit The origin of the name Stirling 18 is uncertain 19 but folk etymology suggests that it originates in either a Scots or Gaelic term meaning the place of battle struggle 20 or strife 21 One proposal is that Stirling derives from Gaelic srib linn meaning stream pool or similar 22 Other sources suggest that it originates in a Brythonic name meaning dwelling place of Melyn 23 with the first element being connected to Middle Welsh ystre a dwelling 24 The name may have originally been a hydronym and connected to Brittonic linn lake pool Welsh llyn 24 It is often argued that Stirling is the fortress of Iuddeu or Urbs Giudi where Oswiu of Northumbria was besieged by Penda of Mercia in 655 as recorded in Bede and contemporary annals Ancient history Edit A stone cist found in Coneypark Nursery 25 in 1879 is Stirling s oldest catalogued artefact 26 Bones from the cist were radiocarbon dated and found to be over four millennia old originating within the date range 2152 to 2021 BC 27 Nicknamed Torbrex Tam the man whose bones were discovered by workmen died while still in his twenties 28 Other Bronze Age finds near the city come from the area around Cambusbarron 29 It had been thought that the Randolphfield standing stones were more than 3000 years old but recent radiocarbon dating suggests they may date from the time of Bruce 30 The earliest known structures in Stirling are now destroyed but comprised two Neolithic Cursus in Bannockburn 31 The earliest known surviving structure is a fort on Gillies Hill 32 were built by Iron Age people over 2000 years ago Two structures are known what is currently called Wallstale Dun 33 on the southern end of Touchadam Craig and Gillies Hill fort 34 on the northwest end of the craig The Wallstale structure is later than the Gillies Hill fort and is related in form to brochs these appear to coincide with the Roman period and there are around 40 or so in the wider area South of the city the King s Park prehistoric carvings can still be found 35 Roman and early Medieval Edit Its other notable geographic feature is its proximity to the lowest site of subjugation of the River Forth Control of the bridge brought military advantage in times of unrest and excise duty or pontage dues 36 in peacetime Unsurprisingly excise men were installed in a covered booth in the centre of the bridge to collect tax from any entering the royal burgh with goods 37 Stirling remained the river s lowest reliable crossing point that is without a weather dependent ferry or seasonal ford 38 until the construction of the Alloa Swing Bridge between Throsk and Alloa in 1885 39 The city has two Latin mottoes which appeared on the earliest burgh seal 40 of which an impression of 1296 is on record 41 The first alludes to the story as recorded by Boece who relates that in 855 Scotland was invaded by two Northumbrian princes Osbrecht and Ella 42 They united their forces with the Cumbrian Britons 43 in order to defeat the Scots Having secured Stirling castle they built the first stone bridge over the Forth On the top they reportedly raised a crucifix with the inscription Anglos a Scotis separat crux ista remotis Arma hic stant Bruti stant Scoti hac sub cruce tuti 44 Bellenden translated this loosely as I am free marche as passengers may ken To Scottis to Britonis and to Inglismen It may be the stone cross was a tripoint for the three kingdom s borders or marches 45 the cross functioning both as a dividing territorial marker and as a uniting 46 witness stone like in the Bible story in Joshua 22 47 Angles and Scots here demarked By this cross kept apart Brits and Scots armed stand near By this cross stand safe here This would make the cross on the centre of the first stone bridge the Heart of Scotland The Stirling seal has only the second part in a slightly different form Hic Armis Bruti Scoti Stant Hic Cruce Tuti Brits and Scots armed and near by this cross stand safe here Apparently the Latin is not first rate having four syllables in cruce tuti but the meaning seems to be that the Lowland Strathclyde Britons on the southern shore and the Highland Pictish Scots 48 on the northern shore stand protected from each other by their common Christianity 49 A more modern translation suggests that rather than Briton bruit might be better read as brute ie brute Scots implying a non Scots identity was retained in Stirling for some time after inclusion into the land controlled by the King of Scots 50 The second motto is Continet Hoc in Se Nemus et Castrum Strivelinse Contained within this seal pressed down the wood an castle o Stirlin town It has been claimed that the Bridge seal was regarded as the Burgh seal proper the Castle seal being simply a reverse used when the seal was affixed by a lace to a charter 51 This agrees with a description in an official publication which spells 52 Bruti with only one letter t 53 Clearer images are available 54 with different lettering 55 Sibbald conflated the two mottos into a single rhyme 56 he gave no indication that he was aware of Boece s work 57 Stirling was first declared a royal burgh by King David in the 12th century with later charters reaffirmed by subsequent monarchs A ferry and later bridge on the River Forth at Stirling brought wealth and strategic influence as did its tidal port at Riverside 58 Major battles during the Wars of Scottish Independence took place at the Stirling Bridge in 1297 and at the nearby village of Bannockburn in 1314 involving Andrew Moray and William Wallace and Robert the Bruce respectively After the Battle of Stirling Bridge Moray and Wallace wrote to the Hanseatic leaders of Lubeck and Hamburg to encourage trade between Scottish ports like Stirling and these German cities 59 There were also several Sieges of Stirling Castle in the conflict notably in 1304 60 Late Medieval and early Modern Edit The tomb of James III King of Scots and Margaret of Denmark at Cambuskenneth Abbey Church of the Holy Rude Holy Cross 61 Another important historical site in the area is the ruins of Cambuskenneth Abbey the resting place of King James III of Scotland and his queen Margaret of Denmark 62 The king died at the Battle of Sauchieburn by forces nominally led by his son and successor James IV During the Wars of the Three Kingdoms the Battle of Stirling also took place in the centre of Stirling on 12 September 1648 The fortifications continued to play a strategic military role during the 18th century Jacobite risings In 1715 the Earl of Mar failed to take control of the castle In January 1746 the army of Bonnie Prince Charlie seized control of the town but failed to take the Castle On their consequent retreat northwards they blew up the church of St Ninians where they had been storing munitions only the tower survived and can be seen to this day 63 The castle and the church are shown on Blaeu s map 64 of 1654 which was derived from Pont s earlier map 65 Standing near the castle the Church of the Holy Rude is one of the town s most historically important buildings Founded in 1129 it is the second oldest building in the city after Stirling castle It was rebuilt in the 15th century after Stirling suffered a catastrophic fire in 1405 and is reputed to be the only surviving church in the United Kingdom apart from Westminster Abbey to have held a coronation 66 On 29 July 1567 the infant son of Mary Queen of Scots was anointed James VI of Scotland in the church 66 James bride Anne of Denmark was crowned in the church at Holyrood Palace in Edinburgh The Holy Rude congregation still meet and some 19th century parish records survive 67 Musket shot marks that may come from Cromwell s troops during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms are clearly visible on the tower and apse of the church 66 Economically the city s port supported foreign trade historically doing significant trade in the Low Countries particularly with Bruges 68 in Belgium and Veere 69 in the Netherlands In the 16th century there were so many Scots in Danzig 70 in Prussia that they had their own church congregation and trade is mentioned with that city in Stirling Council s minutes of 1560 71 Around John Cowane s time there is an account which states there were about 30 000 Scots families living in Poland 72 although that was possibly 73 an exaggeration 74 Trade with the Baltic 75 also took place such as a timber trade with Norway Cattle 1878 by Joseph Denovan Adam 1841 1896 The Stirling Smith Art Gallery amp Museum After the Jacobite threat had faded but before the railways were established the Highland cattle drovers would use the Auld Brig on their way to market at Falkirk 76 or Stenhousemuir 77 Three times a year tens of thousands of cattle sheep and ponies were moved together to the trysts in the south with some drovers going as far as Carlisle or even London s Smithfield 78 There is a record of a four mile long tailback of livestock developing from St Ninians to Bridge of Allan after a St Ninians tollman had a dispute 79 Victorian and Modern Edit The Municipal Buildings In the early 19th century an exceedingly low cost steamboat service used to run between Stirling and Newhaven or Granton 80 The coming of the railways in 1848 started the decline of the river traffic 81 not least because the Alloa Swing Bridge downstream restricted access for shipping The railways did provide opportunity too with one Riverside company selling their reaping machines as far afield as Syria and Australia Similarly in 1861 a company making baby carriages was set up These prams were exported to Canada South America India and South Africa 82 The Princes Street drill hall was completed in 1908 83 and the Municipal Buildings which formed the headquarters of Stirling Burgh Council for much of the 20th century were completed in 1918 84 After the blockades of the World Wars there was some increase in the use of the port including a tea trade with India However with normal shipping lanes open the growth of the railways including The Forth Rail Bridge left the harbour uneconomical and by the mid 20th century the port had ceased to operate Governance Edit Old Viewforth is the administrative centre of Stirling Council In terms of local government the city of Stirling is a part of the wider Stirling Council area which is based at Old Viewforth and governs on matters of local administration as set out by the Local Government etc Scotland Act 1994 The current members of the Council were voted in 2017 for a term of office of 5 years The May 2017 local government election resulted in the Scottish Conservative party and Scottish National Party each winning nine councillors while the Labour Party won four seats and the Scottish Green Party won one 85 However subsequently one Conservative councillor left the party to sit as an Independent 86 The Provost of Stirling is Cllr Christine Simpson 87 For the purposes of the Scottish Parliament the city of Stirling forms part of the Stirling constituency of the Scottish Parliament constituency The Stirling Scottish Parliament or Holyrood constituency created in 1999 is one of nine within the Mid Scotland and Fife electoral region Each constituency elects one Member of the Scottish Parliament MSP by the first past the post system of election and the region elects seven additional members to produce a form of proportional representation The constituency s Member of the Scottish Parliament MSP is Evelyn Tweed of the Scottish National Party SNP 88 In terms of national government the city of Stirling forms part of county constituency of Stirling constituency of the House of Commons electing one Member of Parliament MP to the House of Commons of the parliament of the United Kingdom by first past the post system Alyn Smith of the SNP is the MP for Stirling constituency of the House of Commons since the 2019 general election 89 Historical voting records can be found in online databases 90 Geography Edit The Abbey Craig is one of a series of local Crag and Tail hills Stirling Bridge and the National Wallace Monument Stirling is renowned as the Gateway to the Highlands and is generally regarded as occupying a strategic position at the point where the flatter largely undulating Scottish Lowlands meet the rugged slopes of the Highlands along the Highland Boundary Fault 91 92 The starkness of this contrast is evidenced by the many hills and mountains of the lower Highlands such as Ben Vorlich and Ben Ledi which can be seen to the northwest of the city On the other hand the Carse of Stirling stretching to the west and east of the city is one of the flattest and most agriculturally productive expanses of land in the whole of Scotland The land surrounding Stirling 93 has been most affected by glacial erosion and deposition The city itself has grown up around its castle which stands atop an ancient quartz dolerite sill known as the Stirling Sill a major defensive position which was at the lowest crossing point on the River Forth Stirling stands on the Forth at the point where the river widens and becomes tidal To the east of the city the Ochil Hills dominate the skyline with the highest peak in the range being Ben Cleuch although Dumyat is more noticeable from Stirling The Ochils meet the flat carse floodplain of the River Forth to the east of the distinctive geographical feature of Abbey Craig a crag and tail hill upon which stands the 220 ft 67 m high National Wallace Monument 94 Areas of Stirling Edit Top of the Town consists of Broad Street Castle Wynd Ballengeich Pass Lower Castle Hill Road Darnley Street Baker Street formerly Baxters St St John Street and St Mary s Wynd These streets all lead up to Stirling Castle and are the favourite haunt of tourists who stop off at the Old Town Jail Mar s Wark Argyll s Lodging and the castle Ballengeich Pass leads to the graveyard at Ballengeich and the Castle Wynd winds past the old graveyard The Top of the Town from Broad Street upwards is renowned for its cobblestoned roads and cars can be heard rattling over the cobblestones on the way down Craft shops and tourist focused shops are evident on the way up and once at the top panoramic views are available across Stirling and beyond All areas 95 Broad Street at the heart of Stirling s Old Town area called Top of the Town by locals Abbey Craig Airthrey Allan Park Back o Hill Bannockburn Borestone Braehead Bridgehaugh Broomridge Brucefields Burghmuir Cambusbarron Cambuskenneth Causewayhead Chartershall Corn Exchange Cornton Coxethill Craigforth Craigmill Craig Leith Cultenhove Dumyat Forthbank Gillies Hill Gowan Hill Hillpark Kenningknowes Kersemill Kildean King s Park Ladyneuk Laurelhill Livilands Loanhead Logie Mote Hill Meadowforth Mercat Cross Pirnhall Queenshaugh Raploch Randolphfield Riverside Spittal Hill Springkerse St Ninians Top of the Town Torbrex Whins of Milton Viewforth Westhaugh Wolfcraig Historical place names for Stirling town in 1858 61 were compiled by O S map makers 96 Climate Edit Like most of the United Kingdom Stirling has an oceanic climate Koppen Cfb with mild summers and cool wet winters Stirling has some of the warmest summers in all of Scotland being relatively far away from the cooling effects of the North Sea and the Firth of Clyde Climate data for Stirling 1991 2020 averages extremes 2009 present 25 m or 82 ft asl Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 13 6 56 5 15 5 59 9 17 1 62 8 21 1 70 0 27 8 82 0 32 3 90 1 29 0 84 2 24 9 76 8 23 8 74 8 19 7 67 5 15 7 60 3 14 5 58 1 32 3 90 1 Average high C F 7 3 45 1 8 1 46 6 9 9 49 8 12 4 54 3 15 7 60 3 18 1 64 6 19 9 67 8 19 5 67 1 17 1 62 8 13 5 56 3 10 0 50 0 7 5 45 5 13 3 55 9 Daily mean C F 4 4 39 9 5 0 41 0 6 4 43 5 8 3 46 9 11 3 52 3 14 0 57 2 15 7 60 3 15 3 59 5 12 9 55 2 9 8 49 6 6 7 44 1 4 3 39 7 9 5 49 1 Average low C F 1 4 34 5 1 9 35 4 2 9 37 2 4 3 39 7 6 9 44 4 9 8 49 6 11 5 52 7 11 1 52 0 8 8 47 8 6 2 43 2 3 5 38 3 1 1 34 0 5 8 42 4 Record low C F 11 1 12 0 7 6 18 3 5 8 21 6 3 9 25 0 1 7 28 9 3 6 38 5 5 0 41 0 3 8 38 8 1 0 33 8 2 8 27 0 6 6 20 1 15 6 3 9 15 6 3 9 Average rainfall mm inches 129 3 5 09 97 3 3 83 74 5 2 93 51 4 2 02 56 9 2 24 66 6 2 62 70 1 2 76 76 1 3 00 76 3 3 00 107 4 4 23 109 2 4 30 103 1 4 06 1 018 1 40 08 Average rainy days 1 mm 16 3 13 6 12 8 10 6 11 3 11 7 13 0 13 0 12 6 15 2 16 1 15 4 161 4Mean monthly sunshine hours 39 1 66 9 99 5 137 8 183 1 162 0 153 7 150 5 119 5 81 3 54 0 32 2 1 279 6Source 1 MetOffice 97 Source 2 98 Demography EditThe settlement of Stirling had a population of 48 440 in 2012 According to the 2001 census 52 7 of the population was female compared to 47 2 male Stirling had both a smaller proportion of under 16s at 16 7 compared to the Scottish average of 19 2 and a smaller proportion of those of pensionable age 17 8 compared to the Scottish average of 18 6 99 Historical records also exist both in book form 68 and in online databases 100 Culture Edit The Stirling Wolf 1704 oil on canvas Artist Unknown The Stirling Smith Art Gallery amp Museum Walking the Marches 45 is a custom probably started in the 12th century The only way the town s boundaries could be protected was to walk round inspecting them annually The walk was followed by a dinner 101 This was traditionally done by the Birlaw men made up from members of the Seven Trades the Guildry and Council In 2014 the tradition was revived after an official abeyance of several years 102 There are about sixteen libraries and two mobile libraries in Stirling 103 The Smith Art Gallery and Museum is now free to tourists and residents alike Shearer s 1895 Penny Guide to Stirling and Neighbourhood used to list it under How to spend a few hours on a wet day 104 The Macrobert Arts Centre has a variety of exhibitions and performances There are many events at the Stirling Tolbooth and at The Albert Halls 105 Stirling has hosted the National Mod several times in 1909 1961 1971 1987 and 2008 106 Religion Edit Woman Clasping the Bible George Harvey 1806 1876 The Stirling Smith Art Gallery amp Museum The earliest known version of Psalm 1 in Scots by Alexander Montgomerie from Zabur or The Book of Psalms He was one of a circle of poets in the Stirling court of James VI 107 There are currently about 20 churches in the city These include Church of Scotland 108 Allan Park South Church 109 Cambusbarron Parish Church 110 Church of the Holy Rude 111 North Parish Church 112 St Columba s Church 113 St Mark s Parish Church 114 St Ninians Old Parish Church 115 Viewfield Church 116 Roman Catholic 117 Holy Spirit St Ninians 118 Our Lady and St Ninian s Bannockburn 119 St Margaret of Scotland and Holy Spirit Raploch 120 St Mary s Church Top of the Town 121 Other churches Cornerstone Community Church 122 Cornton Baptist Church 123 Holy Trinity Episcopal Church 124 St Ninians United Free Church of Scotland 125 Stirling Baptist Church 126 Stirling Free Church 127 Stirling Methodist Church 128 St Ninian s Community Church 129 The Salvation Army 130 Islam Central Scotland Islamic Centre 131 Economy Edit Hotel Colessio Tourism is a major part of the economy of Stirling With Stirling s development as a market town and its location as the focus of transport and communications in the region it has developed a substantial retail sector serving a wide range of surrounding communities as well as the city itself Primarily centred on the city centre there are a large number of chain stores as well as the Thistles shopping centre However this has been augmented by out of town developments such as the Springkerse Retail Park on the city bypass to the east of Stirling 132 A major new regeneration project on the site of the former port area and the 40 acre 160 000 m2 former Ministry of Defence site adjacent to Stirling Railway Station is currently underway 133 Known as Forthside it has the aim of developing a new waterfront district linked to the railway station via Forthside Bridge The development comprises retail residential and commercial elements including a conference centre hotel and Vue multiplex cinema that will ultimately expand the city centre area linking it to the River Forth which has been cut off from the city centre area since the construction of the A9 bypass under the railway station in the 1960s 134 The 19th century Wallace Monument In the service sector financial services as well as tourism are the biggest employers The financial services and insurance company Prudential established a large and base at Craigforth on the outskirts of Stirling in the 1970s 135 In terms of tourism the presence of such historical monuments as Stirling Castle and the Wallace Monument 136 and other nearby attractions like Blair Drummond Safari Park has bolstered Stirling s position as a significant tourist destination in Scotland 137 The University of Stirling and Stirling Council are two of the biggest employers in the area Knowledge related industries research and development as well as life sciences have clustered around the university in the Stirling University Innovation Park close to its main campus 138 Mauchline ware started producing wooden snuff boxes in 1790 in Mauchline Ayrshire They were produced of the wood from the trees from the Castle craig Today they are highly collectible 139 Stirling is home to national construction companies Ogilvie Group chaired by Duncan Ogilvie who was listed in the Sunday Times Rich List as being worth 32 million in 2009 140 A Bank of Scotland survey in 2009 found that workers in Stirling had the highest average earnings of 716 a week 141 Transport Edit Stirling railway station The City of Stirling is home to a large number of commuters but has fewer commuting to work in other areas than travel into the city About half of Scotland s population live within an hour s travel time of Stirling 142 Local bus services to districts within the city are almost completely provided by buses operated by McGill s Scotland East The surrounding towns like Bridge of Allan Alloa Falkirk and Glasgow via Cumbernauld have services from the bus station Coaches to many Scottish towns and cities also run regularly 143 There are also railway links from Stirling railway station including inter city rail services to Aberdeen Dundee Edinburgh Waverley Inverness Glasgow Queen Street and London King s Cross Services to Alloa Bridge of Allan Falkirk and Dunblane also run Stirling Council provides some approximate journey times 144 Working lines include the Highland Main Line the Edinburgh Dunblane line and the Croy Line The station formerly provided direct railway services to Callander and Oban and to Loch Lomond over very scenic lines and a fast service to Dunfermline Cities with motorways links close to Stirling include Glasgow via the M80 motorway past Cumbernauld and Edinburgh via the M9 motorway past Falkirk To the north the M9 provides access to Dunblane with easy links to Perth and further beyond the Central Belt Stirling has no airport but there are international airports at Glasgow and Edinburgh which can be reached within an hour Light aircraft can be chartered at Cumbernauld Airport Stirling used to have steamboats which carried hundreds of passengers a day 81 There is currently no working port at Stirling but there are plans to develop the river 145 and the harbour 146 which might include links with towns on the Firth of Forth Since the Forth is tidal at Stirling development of pontoon style landing stages could potentially allow river taxis and tourist boats to operate during the summer 147 Sports and recreation Edit The headquarters of the Scottish Institute of Sport located on the campus at the University of Stirling Stirling is home to professional league teams in football rugby and cricket Marathon Edit The first Stirling Scottish Marathon was held on 21 May 2017 148 Curling Edit The National Curling Academy is located in Stirling Sports Village 149 It was opened in 2017 by Eve Muirhead 150 They use facilities linked to The Peak 151 It was hoped this would increase the chances of British medals at events like the Winter Olympics and Paralympics 152 Football Edit Men Edit The senior football team Stirling Albion play in the Scottish League Two at their home ground at Forthbank Stadium In July 2010 the Stirling Albion Supporters Trust successfully took over the running of the club buying out the long serving chairman Peter McKenzie after 14 months of campaigning This made Stirling Albion the first fully owned community club in the history of British football after previous attempts made by Manchester United Liverpool and Rangers 153 Women Edit Stirling University L F C are the premier women s football team They play in the Scottish Women s Premier League Their home ground is The Gannochy Sports Centre at Stirling University 154 Rugby Edit Stirling County currently play in rugby s Scottish Premiership Division One Basketball Edit Stirling Knights Basketball Team are based at the Peak at Forthbank beside Forthbank Stadium 155 Athletics Edit The athletics team Central Athletic Club are based at the University of Stirling Hockey Edit The University Stirling Wanderers Hockey Club have also moved to a brand new international standard pitch at Forthbank for season 2008 09 156 Cricket Edit Next to this pitch there is also the ground of Stirling County Cricket Club whose pavilion captured an architectural award in June 2009 157 three years after its opening Scotland international footballers Billy Bremner John Colquhoun Duncan Ferguson female footballer Frankie Brown and brothers Gary and Steven Caldwell were born in Stirling So were rugby internationals Kenny Logan Allister Hogg and Alison McGrandles jockey Willie Carson and cricketer Dougie Brown The University of Stirling is a major centre of sports training and education in Scotland It was designated as Scotland s University for Sporting Excellence by the Scottish Government in 2008 The headquarters of the Scottish Institute of Sport is a purpose built facility on the campus which opened in 2002 Also at the university is the Scottish National Swimming Academy where Rio 2016 Olympic silver medalists and students at the university Duncan Scott and Robbie Renwick trained Commonwealth gold medalist Ross Murdoch who also competed at Rio 2106 is a student at the university The Gannochy National Tennis centre which is seen as a tennis centre of excellence was where Andy Murray and his brother Jamie Murray honed their skills as juniors Gordon Reid wheel chair Olympic gold medalist in 2016 was a tennis scholar at the university 158 The university men s and women s golf teams are consistently ranked among the best in Europe 159 The university has a dedicated sports studies department which is within the Faculty of Health Science and Sport and is ranked amongst the best in the United Kingdom for its provision of sports facilities with the maximum 5 star award shared by 16 other universities in the UK 160 The University of Stirling also currently hosts the Scottish men s lacrosse champions Stirling and its surrounding area has a number of 9 and 18 hole golf courses the largest of which is the Stirling Golf Course located in the Kings Park area of the city The Peak a new Sports Village was opened in April 2009 to cater for a range of sporting activities 161 In June 2014 Stirling will become the home of Scottish cricket after an agreement between Stirling County Cricket Club Cricket Scotland and Stirling Council It is hoped that the redevelopment of the ground will start at end 2014 with the intention being to upgrade it to international match standards Scotland will play the majority of their home international games at the ground starting with the World T20 qualifiers in the summer of 2015 The development will see a new pavilion and indoor training facility built at New Williamfield the home of Stirling County Cricket Club with Cricket Scotland relocating its headquarters from the National Cricket Academy at Ravelston Edinburgh 162 Education EditThe University of Stirling opened in 1967 on a greenfield site outside the town Currently there are 11 100 students studying at the university of which 7 995 are undergraduates and 3 105 are postgraduates There are 120 nationalities represented on the university campus with 19 of students coming from overseas 163 It has grown into a major research centre with a large Innovation Park located immediately adjacent to the main university campus Innovation Park has grown since its initiation in 1993 and is now home to 40 companies engaging in various forms of research and development 164 In January 2008 it was announced that students from Singapore would be able to gain degrees in retail from the University of Stirling in a tie up with the country s Nanyang Polytechnic NYP 165 Looking out over Airthrey Loch on the main campus of The University of Stirling Stirling is also home to part of the wider Forth Valley College which was formed on 1 August 2005 from the merger of Falkirk Stirling and Clackmannan colleges There are four main high schools in Stirling itself Stirling High School with a school roll of 964 pupils Wallace High School with 958 pupils St Modan s High School with 912 pupils and Bannockburn High School in Broomridge with 752 pupils 166 167 168 169 All the city s secondary school premises have been redeveloped as a result of a Public private partnership scheme Stirling also has a Gaelic medium unit situated in the city s Riverside Primary School which teaches pupils from across Stirling and Clackmannanshire through the medium of Scottish Gaelic 170 In popular culture EditStirling Gateway to the Highlands 171 1938 B amp W 20 mins silent video 1 Street scenes from Stirling video 2 pre WW2 soldiers at the castle Stirling Charities Day 172 13 May 1939 B amp W 7 mins silent Includes shots of kids costumes and carriages Neighbours 173 1952 violent Oscar winning animation by the Stirling born Canadian film maker Norman McLaren River Forth 174 1956 B amp W silent 15 mins Including animals being herded through the streets The Heart of Scotland 175 1962 colour sound 24 mins Shots of the castle with commentary on Bruce and Wallace Holiday Scotland 176 1966 colour and sound 42 mins Includes Stirling Castle and Stirling Bridge Kidnapped 177 1971 dir Delbert Mann Starring Michael Caine with several scenes in Stirling Castle Royal Stirling 178 1972 colour and sound 23 mins Includes a lion cub at the castle motor racing and shots of Blair Drummond Safari Park The University of Stirling 179 1973 colour and sound 19 min 1970s campus students and teachers includes Norman MacCaig FutureWorld Stirling 1984 180 1984 28 minutes dir Peter G Reilly for Stirling District Council has Magnus Magnusson explaining ambitious plans for the Top of the Town It is more of a series of pieces to camera than Cumbernauld Town for Tomorrow as Magnusson moves from the Smith through various well known but dilapidated buildings to Gowan Hill and back to the castle At each stop he presents John W Morgan s script which gives something of the history or the proposed plans for revitalising the area Gregory s Two Girls 181 1999 dir Bill Forsyth has scenes at and around Stirling Castle To End all Wars 182 2001 dir David L Cunningham has scenes at Stirling Castle Way Back Home 2010 Has Danny MacAskill perform stunts on his bike on Stirling Bridge 183 KJB The Book That Changed the World 2011 Has John Rhys Davies narrating scenes about James VI at Stirling Castle 184 Britain s Lost Routes with Griff Rhys Jones 2012 Episode 3 shows the difficulties Highland Cattle Drovers might have had at Frew and shows aerial shots and taking cows across the Auld Brig 185 Secrets of Great British Castles 2015 Dan Jones presents the History of Stirling Castle up to James VI 186 Netflix drama Outlaw King 187 had scenes filmed at Mugdock Country Park with a production support team camped at Falleninch Field situated beneath Stirling Castle Twinned cities Edit Villeneuve d Ascq France 188 Dunedin Florida United States 188 obuda Hungary 188 Summerside Prince Edward Island Canada 188 Kecioren Turkey 188 Notable residents EditDorothy Angus embroidery artist Frank and Harold Barnwell pilots and aircraft designers Frank Beattie footballer Alexander Beith Moderator of the General Assembly of the Free Church of Scotland Billy Bremner former Leeds and Internationalist footballer Sir Henry Campbell Bannerman former Prime Minister Gary Caldwell Former Scotland International footballer and manager Steven Caldwell footballer Willie Carson jockey 189 Duncan Ferguson footballer Robert Garnock Covenanter hanged in Edinburgh John Grierson documentary film pioneer James Guthrie minister and Protester Michael Hay lawyer Thomas Hamilton mass murderer responsible for the Dunblane massacre Gail Honeyman novelist 190 King James VI of Scotland former resident Stephen Kingsley footballer John Joseph Jolly Kyle pioneer chemist Christian Maclagan Sunday School teacher antiquarian early archaeologist and suffragist Bill Macnaught National Librarian of New Zealand 2011 2020 Mary Queen of Scots former resident Mirren Mack actress Muir Mathieson film music composer Lauren Mayberry musician John McAleese team leader during the SAS assault on the Iranian embassy in May 1980 191 192 Norman McLaren animation pioneer Neil Oliver television presenter John Paton Victoria Cross recipient Patrick Simson minister respected by James VI Anna Sloan Olympic curler bronze medalists at the 2014 Winter Olympics 193 Kirsty Young television presenterFreedom of the City EditThe following people and military units have received the Freedom of the City of Stirling Individuals Edit George Duke of York 29 August 1928 Elizabeth Duchess of York 29 August 1928 194 Elizabeth Duchess of Edinburgh 1948 Lieutenant Colonel Francis William Saunders 17 July 2008 195 Irvin Iffla 3 April 2009 196 Sir Andrew Murray 22 April 2014 197 Military Units Edit The Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders 1947 198 199 200 43 Squadron RAF 2005 201 202 The Royal Regiment of Scotland 10 March 2012 203 See also EditBlack Bond Lecropt List of places in Stirling district List of places in Scotland Stirling City Choir List of town defences in ScotlandReferences Edit Stirling Stirling Scotland United Kingdom Population Statistics Charts Map Location Weather and Web Information www citypopulation info Archived from the original on 28 March 2019 Retrieved 28 March 2019 Drysdale William 1898 Old faces old places and old stories of Stirling E Mackay pp 292 303 Retrieved 5 April 2017 Durie Bruce 2014 The Story of Stirling History Press p 27 ISBN 978 0 7509 6040 3 Smith Alexander 1865 A summer in Skye London Sampson Low Marston Retrieved 6 April 2017 Election 2019 results The high profile casualties of Scotland s election BBC News 13 December 2019 Retrieved 7 January 2023 Ronald James 1897 The Merchants guide book to Stirling and district Stirling E MacKay pp 38 40 Stair Kerr Eric 1913 Stirling Castle its place in Scottish history Glasgow James Maclehose and Sons p 159 Retrieved 5 April 2017 Groome Francis H Ordnance Gazetteer of Scotland A Survey of Scottish Topography Statistical Biographical and Historical Gazetteer for Scotland Thomas C Jack Grange Publishing Works Archived from the original on 6 April 2017 Retrieved 5 April 2017 Nimmo William Gillespie Robert 1880 The history of Stirlingshire 3rd ed Glasgow Thomas D Morison pp 63 65 amp 368 369 Retrieved 5 April 2017 Stirling Scotland Archived from the original on 4 April 2017 Retrieved 3 April 2017 The Stirling Jug The Smith Art Gallery and Museum Archived from the original on 14 April 2017 Retrieved 13 April 2017 Sommerville James 1791 The statistical account of Scotland Vol 8 Edinburgh W Creech pp 271 296 The Wolfcraig Stirling Cameraman Blipfoto Archived from the original on 11 December 2017 Retrieved 11 December 2017 Stirling reveals new motto after vote BBC News Archived from the original on 28 May 2017 Retrieved 3 April 2017 Coat of Arms Stirling Council Archived from the original on 4 April 2017 Retrieved 3 April 2017 Stair Kerr Eric 1913 Stirling Castle its place in Scottish history Glasgow James Maclehose and Sons p 79 Retrieved 5 April 2017 Population estimates Stirling Council Archived from the original on 7 November 2017 Retrieved 4 November 2017 Cupples George 1845 Stirling The new statistical account of Scotland Edinburgh and London W Blackwood and Sons pp 390 453 Drysdale William 1898 Old faces old places and old stories of Stirling Stirling E Mackay p 299 Retrieved 5 April 2017 Jamieson John Brown William 1830 Select Views of the Royal Palaces of Scotland from drawings by William Brown Glasgow with illustrative descriptions of their local situation present appearance and antiquities Edinburgh Cadell amp Co pp 144 147 Retrieved 13 April 2017 Mackie Charles 1835 The castles of Mary Queen of Scots being a historical description of every castellated erection which formed a residence or a prison to that Queen Embellished with engravings from original drawings by G F Sargent 3rd ed London T Tegg p 41 Retrieved 8 April 2017 Clancy Thomas Owen The Etymologies of Pluscarden and Stirling PDF Clann Tuirc University of Glasgow Retrieved 1 July 2019 Iain Taylor Place names PDF Archived PDF from the original on 5 July 2013 Retrieved 24 April 2013 a b James Alan A Guide to the Place Name Evidence PDF SPNS The Brittonic Language in the Old North Archived from the original PDF on 13 August 2017 Retrieved 25 November 2018 OS 25 inch map 1892 1949 with Bing opacity slider National Library of Scotland Ordnance Survey Archived from the original on 30 November 2012 Retrieved 12 October 2017 Historic Environment Scotland Cairn Period Unassigned Cist S Period Unassigned Beaker 46189 Canmore Retrieved 11 February 2017 McNeill Alastair 1 November 2017 Stirling s oldest resident revealed to be 4000 year old Torbrex Tam Daily Record Archived from the original on 4 November 2017 Retrieved 3 November 2017 Hutchison A F 1898 Transactions 1878 1879 Stirling Stirling Field Club now Stirling Natural History and Archaeological Society pp 13 22 Retrieved 4 November 2017 Paterson P T Byegone Days of Cambusbarron cambusbarron dot com Archived from the original on 8 April 2017 Retrieved 7 April 2017 Ancient standing stones are linked to 1314 battle The Herald Herald amp Times Group 30 December 2016 Archived from the original on 8 April 2017 Retrieved 7 April 2017 Bannockburn West Retrieved 21 May 2020 Atlas of Hillforts Archived from the original on 14 October 2017 Retrieved 14 October 2017 Wallstale Canmore canmore rcahms gov uk Archived from the original on 8 May 2014 Retrieved 7 April 2017 Gillies Hill Canmore canmore rcahms gov uk Archived from the original on 8 May 2014 Retrieved 7 April 2017 King s Park Stirling Stirlingshire The Northern Antiquarian Megalithix wordpress com 25 November 2008 Archived from the original on 29 July 2009 Retrieved 14 July 2010 Fleming James Sturk 1906 The old Castle Vennal of Stirling and its occupants with the old brig of Stirling by J S Fleming illustrated by the author with introductory chapter by John Honeyman Stirling Observer office pp 151 160 Retrieved 5 April 2017 Durie Bruce 2014 The Story of Stirling History Press p 39 ISBN 978 0 7509 6040 3 Shave Paul UPPER FORTH RIVER TO STIRLING Forth Yacht Clubs Association Archived from the original on 7 May 2014 Retrieved 11 April 2017 OS 25 inch 1892 1905 National Library of Scotland Ordnance Survey Archived from the original on 30 November 2012 Retrieved 3 April 2017 Stirling Scotland Heraldry of the World Archived from the original on 4 April 2017 Retrieved 3 April 2017 RM Urquhart Scottish Burgh and County Heraldry London 1973 Nimmo William Gillespie Robert 1880 The history of Stirlingshire Glasgow Thomas D Morison pp 63 64 Retrieved 7 April 2017 Holinshed Raphael 1807 Holinshed s Chronicles of England Scotland and Ireland 1577 Vol 1 London J Johnson etc pp 203 204 Archived from the original on 13 April 2016 Retrieved 15 April 2017 Stewart William Turnbull William B 1858 The buik of the croniclis of Scotland or A metrical version of the History of Hector Boece Published by the authority of the Lords Commissioners of Her Majesty s Treasury under the direction of the Master of the Rolls Longman Brown Green Longmans and Roberts pp 441 442 Retrieved 14 April 2017 a b Shearer John Elliot 1897 Shearer s Stirling historical and descriptive with extracts from Burgh records and Exchequer Roll volumes 1264 to 1529 view of Stirling in 1620 and an old plan of Stirling Stirling R S Shearer amp Son p 17 Retrieved 14 April 2017 Henry Matthew 1708 Exposition of the Old and New Testaments with practical remarks and observations Vol 2 London Nisbet pp 103 109 Archived from the original on 14 April 2012 Retrieved 15 April 2017 Joshua 22 Bible Gateway Archived from the original on 14 April 2017 Retrieved 13 April 2017 Broun Dauvit 5 December 2013 Britain and the beginning of Scotland PDF Journal of the British Academy 3 107 137 doi 10 5871 jba 003 107 Archived PDF from the original on 23 September 2017 Retrieved 20 June 2017 Marquess of Bute John Lonsdale H W MacPhail J R N 1897 The Arms of the Royal and Parliamentary Burghs of Scotland Edinburgh William Blackwood amp Sons p 370 Retrieved 11 April 2017 Impressions of Old Glasgow and Other Seals April 2021 pp 164 166 Retrieved 6 November 2022 The Scottish antiquary or Northern notes amp queries Edinburgh T and A Constable 1895 Retrieved 7 April 2017 Beginners Latin Problems with Latin and the documents The National Archives Archived from the original on 9 April 2017 Retrieved 8 April 2017 Charters and Other Documents Relating to the Royal Burgh of Stirling A D 1124 1705 Glasgow Printer for the Provost Magistrates and Council of the Burgh of Stirling 1884 home Seven Incorporated Trades of Stirling 14 October 2014 Archived from the original on 8 April 2017 Retrieved 7 April 2017 Charters and Other Documents Relating to the Royal Burgh of Stirling A D 1124 1705 Glasgow Printer for the Provost Magistrates and Council of the Burgh of Stirling 1884 Sibbald 1707 Sibbald s History amp Description of Stirlingshire Ancient and Modern 1707 1892 ed Edinburgh R S Shearer amp Son p 42 Retrieved 19 June 2017 Ronald James 1899 Landmarks of Old Stirling Stirling Eneas Mackay pp 240 285 Archived from the original on 10 October 2009 Retrieved 20 June 2017 Riverside Heritage Trail PDF Stirling Council Archived PDF from the original on 4 April 2017 Retrieved 3 April 2017 The Lubeck letter 1297 Scottish Archives For Schools National Records of Scotland Archived from the original 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history and biography Edinburgh A Elliot pp 18 19 Archived from the original on 1 November 2009 Retrieved 10 April 2017 The erection of Stirling Presbytery 1581 Scottish Church History Society 1932 Retrieved 25 August 2018 Allan Park South Church Archived from the original on 5 April 2017 Retrieved 4 April 2017 Cambusbarron Parish Church Archived from the original on 5 April 2017 Retrieved 4 April 2017 Church of the Holy Rude Archived from the original on 22 April 2017 Retrieved 4 April 2017 North Parish Church Archived from the original on 5 April 2017 Retrieved 4 April 2017 St Columba s Church Archived from the original on 5 April 2017 Retrieved 4 April 2017 St Mark s Parish Church Archived from the original on 5 April 2017 Retrieved 4 April 2017 St Ninians Old Parish Church Archived from the original on 5 April 2017 Retrieved 4 April 2017 Viewfield Church Archived from the original on 5 April 2017 Retrieved 4 April 2017 Masses Archived from the original on 5 April 2017 Retrieved 4 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2016 Talks set to begin as Stirling City Deal given the go ahead by the Chancellor Scottish Daily Record and Sunday Mail Ltd Archived from the original on 7 April 2017 Retrieved 6 April 2017 Rowbotham John 1 August 2018 Work starts on Stirling Council s 270 000 waterfront pontoon project Stirling Observer Archived from the original on 1 August 2018 Retrieved 2 August 2018 Stirling 2017 marathon up and running BBC News 24 May 2016 Retrieved 19 December 2020 Stirling Sports Village Active Scotland Archived from the original on 18 February 2018 Retrieved 18 February 2018 Brannan Laura 23 August 2017 Eve Muirhead opens National Curling Academy in Stirling STV Archived from the original on 18 February 2018 Retrieved 17 February 2018 Ferrie Kevin 31 July 2017 New National Curling Academy opens its doors at The Peak in Stirling The Herald Archived from the original on 18 February 2018 Retrieved 17 February 2018 McLeod Rhona 23 August 2017 Eve Muirhead believes Scotland s National Curling 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Retrieved 4 April 2017 Henson Laurence The Heart of Scotland Moving Image Archive Templar Film Studios Archived from the original on 4 April 2017 Retrieved 4 April 2017 Cooper Henry Holiday Scotland Moving Image Archive Campbell Harper Films Archived from the original on 4 April 2017 Retrieved 4 April 2017 Kidnapped Scotland the Movie Archived from the original on 7 March 2016 Retrieved 4 April 2017 Littlewood Mark Royal Stirling Moving Image Archive Campbell Harper Films Archived from the original on 4 April 2017 Retrieved 4 April 2017 The University of Stirling Moving Image Archive Eidos Films Archived from the original on 4 April 2017 Retrieved 4 April 2017 Stirling FutureWorld 26th July 2017 Smith Art Gallery and Museum 26 July 2017 Archived from the original on 28 July 2017 Retrieved 27 July 2017 Gregory s Two Girls Scotland the Movie Archived from the original on 28 April 2017 Retrieved 4 April 2017 To End all Wars Scotland the Movie Archived from the original on 21 June 2017 Retrieved 4 April 2017 Interview Danny MacAskill An internet sensation but who is the man behind the crash helmet The Scotsman No 2 23 February 2011 Archived from the original on 6 April 2017 Retrieved 5 April 2017 Clips from KJB The Book That Changed The World BBC Archived from the original on 24 November 2018 Retrieved 8 April 2017 Highland Cattle Drovers BBC Archived from the original on 9 August 2016 Retrieved 10 April 2017 Secrets of Great British Castles Channel 5 Archived from the original on 28 April 2017 Retrieved 27 April 2017 Rowbotham John 20 September 2017 Production company filming forthcoming Outlaw King movie set up camp in Stirling dailyrecord Archived from the original on 12 December 2018 Retrieved 16 September 2019 a b c d e Stirling to become first UK city in more than 10 years to link with Turkey BBC News 8 April 2013 Retrieved 19 December 2020 BBC A Sporting Nation Willie Carson King of the Derby www bbc co uk Retrieved 19 December 2020 Scots author wins prize for completely fantastic first book www scotsman com 3 January 2018 Retrieved 19 December 2020 John McAleese Leader of the SAS team that ended the 1980 siege of the Independent co uk 29 August 2011 Archived from the original on 9 February 2018 Retrieved 29 January 2018 Taylor Steven 1 October 2017 Story of heroic Scots born SAS soldier to be turned into Netflix blockbuster Archived from the original on 10 January 2018 Retrieved 10 January 2018 Anna Sloan from The Gazetteer for Scotland www scottish places info Retrieved 7 October 2021 British Pathe 23 August 2021 Duke And Duchess Of York 1928 Archived from the original on 7 November 2021 via YouTube Dailyrecord co uk 17 July 2008 Stirling honours Colonel Frank dailyrecord Retrieved 23 July 2020 Cricketer given Freedom of City 3 April 2009 Retrieved 24 July 2020 Andy Murray given freedom of the city in Stirling The Independent 22 April 2014 Archived from the original on 25 May 2022 Retrieved 24 July 2020 The Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders Princess Louise s Scottish Regiments 1st Battalion A amp SH National Service world war time peace time and active service with the Argylls in Stirling Cyprus Limni and Dhekelia Aden Libya Tobruk Germany Lemgo Crete North Africa Borneo and Singapore www theargylls co uk Retrieved 24 July 2020 PRINCESS ELIZABETH AT STIRLING Receives Freedom for herself and Regiment Archived from the original on 7 November 2021 via www youtube com Princess Elizabeth Receives The Freedom Of Stirling 1947 Archived from the original on 7 November 2021 via www youtube com Morton Donald 9 January 2009 43 Squadron set for city parade The Daily Record Retrieved 21 August 2021 RAF 43 Squadron Archived from the original on 14 November 2008 Retrieved 8 February 2017 Regiment awarded freedom of city BBC News 10 March 2012 Mair Craig 1990 Stirling The Royal Burgh John Donald Publishers ISBN 0 85976 420 6 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stirling Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Stirling Stirling Council Website Mapping the Town the history of Stirling presented by Julian Richards BBC Radio 4 RealAudio format Video footage of St Ninian s Chapel and Well series of lectures about the history of Stirling by Dr Murray Cook Stirling Council s archaeologist Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Stirling amp oldid 1146872898, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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