"Common rush" redirects here. For the plant known as common rush in Australia and New Zealand, see Juncus usitatus.
Juncus effusus is a perennial herbaceous flowering plant species in the rush family Juncaceae, with the common names common rush or soft rush. In North America, the common name soft rush also refers to Juncus interior.
Juncus effusus grows in large clumps up to about 1.2 metres (3 ft 11 in) tall.[4]: 984 The stems are smooth cylinders with light pith filling. The yellowish inflorescence appears to emerge from one side of the stem about 20 centimetres (8 in) from the top. In fact the stem ends there; the top part is the bract, that continues with only a slight colour-band marking it from the stem. The lower leaves are reduced to a brown sheath at the bottom of the stem.
Juncus effusus subsp. solutus (Fernald & Wiegand) Hämet-Ahti — central and eastern United States.[10]
Juncus effusus can be differentiated from the rarer Juncus pylaei by the number of ridges on the stem. Juncus effusus has 30 to 40 ridges and J. pylaei has 10 to 20.[11]
The species provides wildfowl, wader feeding, and nesting habitats, and also habitats for small mammals. The rootstalks are eaten by muskrats, and birds take shelter amongst the plant's stems. A number of invertebrates feed on soft rush, including the rufous minor moth.[12]
Humansedit
Juncus effusus is one of the seven ingredients of hui sup tea (去濕茶).[citation needed] In Japan, this rush is called igusa (藺草) and is grown to be woven into the covering of tatami mats (the filling is rice straw, extruded styrofoam, chip board, or some combination).[13] In Iran and Afghanistan too it is used to weave light cheap mats. It is called halfa (حلفا) and has medicinal uses too. In Europe, this rush was once used to make rushlights (by soaking the pith in grease), a cheap alternative to candles.
The cultivar Juncus effusus 'Spiralis' (syn. Juncus spiralis), with the common names corkscrew rush or spiral rush, is a distinctive potted and water garden plant due to its very curled spiral like foliage.[14]
Weed controledit
Juncus effusus can become a naturalized or invasive species, undesirable in rangelands for its unpalatability to livestock. Suggested methods of controlling rushes include: ploughing; high applications of inorganic fertilizer (can pollute watersheds); and topping to prevent seed formation.
Chemistryedit
Juncusol is a 9,10-dihydrophenanthrene found in J. effusus.[15][16] The plant also contains effusol[17] and dehydroeffusol.[18]
Referencesedit
^ abc"Juncus effusus L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 19 April 2023.
^P.A. Stroh; T. A. Humphrey; R.J. Burkmar; O.L. Pescott; D.B. Roy; K.J. Walker (eds.). "Juncus effusus L." BSBI Online Plant Atlas 2020. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
^Conservation Land Management Magazine: "Cutting Rushes" article, Spring 2003, British Wildlife Publishing.
^Stace, C. A. (2019). New Flora of the British Isles (Fourth ed.). Middlewood Green, Suffolk, U.K.: C & M Floristics. ISBN978-1-5272-2630-2.
^ abPeter F.Zika (2003). "The native subspecies of Juncus effusus (Juncaceae) in western North America". Brittonia. 55 (2): 150–156. doi:10.1663/0007-196X(2003)055[0150:TNSOJE]2.0.CO;2. JSTOR 3218455. S2CID 36919055.
^Morton, J.K.; Venn, Joan. M. (2000). "The Flora of Manitoulin Island". University of Waterloo Biology Series N. 40. 3rd. edition.
^Niering, William A.; Olmstead, Nancy C. (1985) [1979]. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers, Eastern Region. Knopf. p. 568. ISBN0-394-50432-1.
^"Structure of Tatami". Original Kyoto Tatami | Motoyama Tatami Shop | Original Kyoto Tatami Shop. Motoyama Tatami Shop. 2015-06-28. Retrieved 14 June 2021.
^Bhattacharyya (1980). "Structure of effusol: A new phenolic constituent from Juncus effusus". Experientia. 36: 27–28. doi:10.1007/bf02003949. S2CID 41731083.
^Shima, Katsuhito; Toyota, Masao; Asakawa, Yoshinori (1991). "Phenanthrene derivatives from the medullae of Juncus effusus". Phytochemistry. 30 (9): 3149. Bibcode:1991PChem..30.3149S. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)98276-1.
^Carvalho, CF; Sargent, MV; Stanojevic, E (1984). "Phenanthrene synthesis: The synthesis of effusol a 9,10-Dihydrophenanthrene from the marsh grass Juncus effusus". Australian Journal of Chemistry. 37 (10): 2111. doi:10.1071/CH9842111.
^Liao, You-Jiao; Zhai, Hai-Feng; Zhang, Bing; Duan, Tian-Xuan; Huang, Jian-Mei (2010). "Anxiolytic and Sedative Effects of Dehydroeffusol from Juncus effusus in Mice". Planta Medica. 77 (5): 416–20. doi:10.1055/s-0030-1250517. PMID 21104609. S2CID 260248394.
External linksedit
Media related to Juncus effusus at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Juncus effusus at Wikispecies
Calflora Database: Juncus effusus (Bog rush, Common bog rush, Common rush)
Jepson Manual eFlora (TJM2) treatment of Juncus effusus
University of Michigan - Dearborn: Native American Ethnobotany of Juncus effusus
UC CalPhotos gallery of Juncus effusus
Radoslaw Walkowiak: Short Note of Juncus effusus ssp. effusus (CTC PAPER 2020)
January 01, 1970
juncus, effusus, common, rush, redirects, here, plant, known, common, rush, australia, zealand, juncus, usitatus, perennial, herbaceous, flowering, plant, species, rush, family, juncaceae, with, common, names, common, rush, soft, rush, north, america, common, . Common rush redirects here For the plant known as common rush in Australia and New Zealand see Juncus usitatus Juncus effusus is a perennial herbaceous flowering plant species in the rush family Juncaceae with the common names common rush or soft rush In North America the common name soft rush also refers to Juncus interior Juncus effusus Scientific classification Kingdom Plantae Clade Tracheophytes Clade Angiosperms Clade Monocots Clade Commelinids Order Poales Family Juncaceae Genus Juncus Species J effusus Binomial name Juncus effususL Synonyms 1 List Juncus communis subsp effusus L Celak Juncus communis proles effusus L Rouy Juncus communis var effusus L E Mey Juncus conglomeratus var effusus L Kostel Juncus laevis Wallr Juncus laevis var effusus L Wallr Juncus effusus laxiflorusCout Juncus effusus var oblongicarpus Vayr Contents 1 Distribution 2 Description 2 1 Subspecies 3 Uses 3 1 Wildlife 3 2 Humans 3 2 1 Cultivation 4 Weed control 5 Chemistry 6 References 7 External linksDistribution editJuncus effusus has a wide distribution considered native in Europe Asia Africa Madagascar North America and South America It has naturalized in Australia New Zealand South Africa and various oceanic islands 1 It grows in wet areas such as wetlands riparian areas and marshes with sandy and peaty substrates It is common throughout the British Isles by rivers streams and lakes in wet heathland and pastures 2 including purple moor grass and rush pastures and fen meadow plant associations 3 Description editThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Juncus effusus news newspapers books scholar JSTOR April 2023 Learn how and when to remove this message Juncus effusus grows in large clumps up to about 1 2 metres 3 ft 11 in tall 4 984 The stems are smooth cylinders with light pith filling The yellowish inflorescence appears to emerge from one side of the stem about 20 centimetres 8 in from the top In fact the stem ends there the top part is the bract that continues with only a slight colour band marking it from the stem The lower leaves are reduced to a brown sheath at the bottom of the stem Subspecies edit Five subspecies are currently recognized 1 Juncus effusus subsp austrocalifornicus Lint endemic to California and Baja California 5 6 7 Juncus effusus subsp effusus widespread Juncus effusus subsp laxus Robyns amp Tournay Snogerup tropical Africa Madagascar Mauritius Canary Islands Madeira Juncus effusus subsp pacificus Fernald amp Wiegand Piper amp Beattie Alaska British Columbia Washington Idaho Oregon California Baja California 7 8 9 Juncus effusus subsp solutus Fernald amp Wiegand Hamet Ahti central and eastern United States 10 Juncus effusus can be differentiated from the rarer Juncus pylaei by the number of ridges on the stem Juncus effusus has 30 to 40 ridges and J pylaei has 10 to 20 11 Uses editWildlife edit nbsp Pupal cases of Coleophora caespitiella on J effusus The species provides wildfowl wader feeding and nesting habitats and also habitats for small mammals The rootstalks are eaten by muskrats and birds take shelter amongst the plant s stems A number of invertebrates feed on soft rush including the rufous minor moth 12 Humans edit Juncus effusus is one of the seven ingredients of hui sup tea 去濕茶 citation needed In Japan this rush is called igusa 藺草 and is grown to be woven into the covering of tatami mats the filling is rice straw extruded styrofoam chip board or some combination 13 In Iran and Afghanistan too it is used to weave light cheap mats It is called halfa حلفا and has medicinal uses too In Europe this rush was once used to make rushlights by soaking the pith in grease a cheap alternative to candles Cultivation edit The species is cultivated as an ornamental plant for planting in water gardens native plant and wildlife gardens and for larger designed natural landscaping and habitat restoration projects The cultivar Juncus effusus Spiralis syn Juncus spiralis with the common names corkscrew rush or spiral rush is a distinctive potted and water garden plant due to its very curled spiral like foliage 14 Weed control editJuncus effusus can become a naturalized or invasive species undesirable in rangelands for its unpalatability to livestock Suggested methods of controlling rushes include ploughing high applications of inorganic fertilizer can pollute watersheds and topping to prevent seed formation Chemistry editJuncusol is a 9 10 dihydrophenanthrene found in J effusus 15 16 The plant also contains effusol 17 and dehydroeffusol 18 References edit a b c Juncus effusus L Plants of the World Online Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Retrieved 19 April 2023 P A Stroh T A Humphrey R J Burkmar O L Pescott D B Roy K J Walker eds Juncus effusus L BSBI Online Plant Atlas 2020 Retrieved 28 April 2023 Conservation Land Management Magazine Cutting Rushes article Spring 2003 British Wildlife Publishing Stace C A 2019 New Flora of the British Isles Fourth ed Middlewood Green Suffolk U K C amp M Floristics ISBN 978 1 5272 2630 2 Calflora Juncus effusus subsp austrocalifornicus Jepson eFlora Juncus effusus subsp austrocalifornicus a b Peter F Zika 2003 The native subspecies of Juncus effusus Juncaceae in western North America Brittonia 55 2 150 156 doi 10 1663 0007 196X 2003 055 0150 TNSOJE 2 0 CO 2 JSTOR 3218455 S2CID 36919055 Calflora Juncus effusus subsp pacificus Jepson Juncus effusus subsp pacificus USDA Juncus effusus subsp solutus Morton J K Venn Joan M 2000 The Flora of Manitoulin Island University of Waterloo Biology Series N 40 3rd edition Niering William A Olmstead Nancy C 1985 1979 The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers Eastern Region Knopf p 568 ISBN 0 394 50432 1 Structure of Tatami Original Kyoto Tatami Motoyama Tatami Shop Original Kyoto Tatami Shop Motoyama Tatami Shop 2015 06 28 Retrieved 14 June 2021 Heritage Perennials Juncus effusus spiralis Bhattacharyya 1980 Structure of effusol A new phenolic constituent from Juncus effusus Experientia 36 27 28 doi 10 1007 bf02003949 S2CID 41731083 Shima Katsuhito Toyota Masao Asakawa Yoshinori 1991 Phenanthrene derivatives from the medullae of Juncus effusus Phytochemistry 30 9 3149 Bibcode 1991PChem 30 3149S doi 10 1016 S0031 9422 00 98276 1 Carvalho CF Sargent MV Stanojevic E 1984 Phenanthrene synthesis The synthesis of effusol a 9 10 Dihydrophenanthrene from the marsh grass Juncus effusus Australian Journal of Chemistry 37 10 2111 doi 10 1071 CH9842111 Liao You Jiao Zhai Hai Feng Zhang Bing Duan Tian Xuan Huang Jian Mei 2010 Anxiolytic and Sedative Effects of Dehydroeffusol from Juncus effusus in Mice Planta Medica 77 5 416 20 doi 10 1055 s 0030 1250517 PMID 21104609 S2CID 260248394 External links edit nbsp Media related to Juncus effusus at Wikimedia Commons nbsp Data related to Juncus effusus at Wikispecies Calflora Database Juncus effusus Bog rush Common bog rush Common rush Jepson Manual eFlora TJM2 treatment of Juncus effusus University of Michigan Dearborn Native American Ethnobotany of Juncus effusus UC CalPhotos gallery of Juncus effusus Radoslaw Walkowiak Short Note of Juncus effusus ssp effusus CTC PAPER 2020 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Juncus effusus amp oldid 1218392591, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
