Shua/ˈʃuːə/SHOO-ə, or Shwakhwe, is a Khoe language (Central Khoisan) of Botswana. It is spoken in central Botswana (in Nata and its surroundings), and in parts of the Chobe District in the extreme north of Botswana. There are approximately 6,000 speakers (Cook 2004) and approximately 2,000 out of those 6,000 speakers are native speakers.[2] The linguistic variety spoken in the township of Nata in northeast Botswana is highly endangered and spoken fluently only by adults over about thirty years of age.[3] The term Shwakhwe means people (khwe) from the salty area (shwa).
/kxʼ/ is only phonemic in the Ts'ixa and Danisi dialects only.
Vowelsedit
Shua has the five vowels /aeiou/, and three nasal vowels /ĩãũ/.[4]
Syntaxedit
Unlike most Khoisan languages, but like Nama, the most neutral word order is SOV, though word order is relatively free. As with most Khoisan languages, there are postpositions. There is a tense-aspect marker ke which often appears in second position in affirmative sentences in the present tense, giving X Aux S O V order (e.g. S Aux O V).
ex:
Kʼarokwa
boys
ke
ASP
ǀʼuizi
rock-PL
ʼa
OBL
gam
throw
Kʼarokwa ke ǀʼuizi ʼa gam
boys ASP rock-PL OBL throw
"The boys are throwing rocks"
ex:
ǀʼui-zi
rock-PL
ʼa
OBL
ke
ASP
kʼarokwa
boys
gam
throw
ǀʼui-zi ʼa ke kʼarokwa gam
rock-PL OBL ASP boys throw
"The boys are throwing rocks"
This marker appears first in certain subordinate clauses in a manner reminiscent of V2 languages such as German, where a clause-initial complementizer is in complementary distribution with a second position phenomenon (in German, it would be the finite verb which appears in second position).
Numeralsedit
Shua has indigenous terms for numeral terms, it is a restrictive and limited system of numerals.
Using this example, the numeral comes before the head noun. More specifically, it appears in the second "opening" of a noun phrase "following a demonstrative or determiner (if there is one), and preceding a qualifying nominal or adjective."[5]
shua, language, confused, with, shuar, language, shua, shoo, shwakhwe, khoe, language, central, khoisan, botswana, spoken, central, botswana, nata, surroundings, parts, chobe, district, extreme, north, botswana, there, approximately, speakers, cook, 2004, appr. Not to be confused with Shuar language Shua ˈ ʃ uː e SHOO e or Shwakhwe is a Khoe language Central Khoisan of Botswana It is spoken in central Botswana in Nata and its surroundings and in parts of the Chobe District in the extreme north of Botswana There are approximately 6 000 speakers Cook 2004 and approximately 2 000 out of those 6 000 speakers are native speakers 2 The linguistic variety spoken in the township of Nata in northeast Botswana is highly endangered and spoken fluently only by adults over about thirty years of age 3 The term Shwakhwe means people khwe from the salty area shwa ShuaNative toBotswanaNative speakers2 000 2013 1 Language familyKhoe Kwadi KhoeKalahari Tshu Khwe EastShuaLanguage codesISO 639 3 a href https iso639 3 sil org code shg class extiw title iso639 3 shg shg a Glottologshua1254ELPShua Contents 1 Phonology 1 1 Consonants 1 2 Vowels 2 Syntax 2 1 Numerals 3 Dialects 3 1 References 4 External linksPhonology editConsonants edit Labial Dental Alveolar Lateral Post alveolar Velar Glottal Click nasal ᵑǀ ᵑǃ ᵑǁ voiceless ᵏǀ ᵏǃ ᵏǁ ᵏǂ voiced ᶢǀ ᶢǃ ᶢǁ aspirated ǀʰ ǃʰ ǁʰ ejective ǀʼ ǃʼ ǁʼ ǂʼ uvular ǀq ǁq ǂq prenasal ᵑǀᶢ ᵑǁᶢ Nasal m n ɲ ŋ Plosive Affricate voiceless p t ts k ʔ voiced b d dz ɡ aspirated tʰ tsʰ kʰ ejective tʼ tsʼ kʼ kxʼ prenasal ᵑɡ Fricative s x h Approximant j Cluster Velar fricative ǀˣ ǃˣ ǁˣ Vd Velar fricative ᶢǁˣ Nasal Velar fricative ᵑǀᶢˣ ᵑǁᶢˣ Velar ejective ǀˣʼ ǁˣʼ kxʼ is only phonemic in the Ts ixa and Danisi dialects only Vowels edit Shua has the five vowels a e i o u and three nasal vowels ĩ a ũ 4 Syntax editUnlike most Khoisan languages but like Nama the most neutral word order is SOV though word order is relatively free As with most Khoisan languages there are postpositions There is a tense aspect marker ke which often appears in second position in affirmative sentences in the present tense giving X Aux S O V order e g S Aux O V ex KʼarokwaboyskeASPǀʼuizirock PLʼaOBLgamthrowKʼarokwa ke ǀʼuizi ʼa gamboys ASP rock PL OBL throw The boys are throwing rocks ex ǀʼui zirock PLʼaOBLkeASPkʼarokwaboysgamthrowǀʼui zi ʼa ke kʼarokwa gamrock PL OBL ASP boys throw The boys are throwing rocks This marker appears first in certain subordinate clauses in a manner reminiscent of V2 languages such as German where a clause initial complementizer is in complementary distribution with a second position phenomenon in German it would be the finite verb which appears in second position Numerals edit Shua has indigenous terms for numeral terms it is a restrictive and limited system of numerals uˉiˉ one am two ngona obeˉ ˉ three hatsa four oˉra a few hara many 5 1 ta 1SGngona nthree PLʔaufishxo hacatch PASTta ngona n ʔau xo ha1SG three PL fish catch PAST I caught three fish 5 Using this example the numeral comes before the head noun More specifically it appears in the second opening of a noun phrase following a demonstrative or determiner if there is one and preceding a qualifying nominal or adjective 5 Dialects editShua is a dialect cluster Deti 10 or fewer speakers 6 Ganadi Shwa khwe Nǀoo khwe Kǀoree khoe or ǀOree khwe ǁʼAiye or ǀAaye ǀXaise or ǀTaise Tshidi khwe or Tcaiti or Sili or Shete Tsere Danisi or Demisa or Madenasse or Madinnisane Cara ǁGoro or ǀXaio The term Hietshware Hietʃware Hietʃo is used for varieties of both Shua and its sister language Tshwa Tsʼixa 200 speakers is evidently a distinct language References edit Shua Ethnologue Retrieved 2018 05 22 Shua Ethnologue com Retrieved 2022 11 03 McGregor William B 2017 Unusual manner constructions in Shua Khoe Kwadi Botswana Linguistics 55 4 859 doi 10 1515 ling 2017 0013 S2CID 148649962 Vossen Rainer 2013 Shua The Khoesan languages London amp New York Routledge pp 190 194 a b c McGregor William B 2014 Numerals and number words in Shua De Gruyter Mouton 35 1 53 55 doi 10 1515 jall 2014 0002 S2CID 144719803 International Encyclopedia of Linguistics AAVE Esperanto Vol 1 Oxford University Press 2003 ISBN 9780195139778 External links editShua basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database nbsp This language related article is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Shua language amp oldid 1209903880, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
