The Saint Helena olive (Nesiota elliptica) is an extinct species of flowering plant. It is the only member of the genusNesiota. It was endemic to the island of Saint Helena in the South Atlantic Ocean. Despite its name, it is unrelated to the true olive (Olea europaea), but is instead a member of the family Rhamnaceae, the family which contains buckthorns and jujube. The last remaining tree in the wild died in 1994, and the last remaining individual in cultivation died in December 2003, despite conservation efforts. It is thus a prime example of recent plant extinction. The Saint Helena olive belongs to the tribe Phyliceae, which are mostly endemic to Southern Africa.
The Saint Helena olive was native to the cloud forest found in the upland areas of the island above 750 metres, with many historical records around Diana's Peak (the highest point on the island).[2] It grew as a small, low growing spreading tree with prolific branching. The bark was dark brown to black. The leaves were oblong in shape and dark green, with downward curving tips. The undersides of the leaves were pale with hairs that lay flat along the leaf. During the flowering season, which is presumed to have run from June to October, the tree bore tightly packed pink flowers on branched inflorescences. The flowers are presumed to have been pollinated by the local endemic hoverfly species Sphaerophoria beattiei. The fruit took a year to mature, and consisted of a hard woody capsule containing shiny triangular black seeds.[3]
Extinctionedit
The Saint Helena olive was already rare by the 19th century due to deforestation and grazing by introduced goats, and was previously thought to be extinct until a single living specimen was discovered in 1977. It was highly self-incompatible, meaning that most seeds produced with itself or close relatives would fail, making it extremely difficult to grow seedlings, given that the population size for the plant had probably always been low. Despite immense effort, only a single cutting of the plant was able to be cultivated, with a handful of seedlings grown from it. The original wild plant died in 1994, making the species extinct in the wild. The final known specimen in cultivation, a seedling of the cutting, which had been the only surviving plant since 1999, died in 2003 from fungus and termite infestation, making the species totally extinct.[3] A sample of DNA from the Saint Helena Olive is stored at Kew Gardens DNA bank.[4] The Saint Helena Olive is one of a number of plant species to have gone extinct on Saint Helena since the arrival of the Portuguese in 1502, including Trochetiopsis melanoxylon, Acalypha rubrinervis, Wahlenbergia roxburghii, and Heliotropium pannifolium, with Lachanodes arborea and Trochetiopsis erythroxylon also extinct in the wild.[5]
Phylogeneticsedit
The Saint Helena olive is part of the tribe Phyliceae within Rhamnaceae. The Phyliceae are mostly endemic to Southern Africa, particularly the Fynbos region of South Africa.[6]
^Lambdon, P.W.; Ellick, S. (2016). "Nesiota elliptica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T37598A67372241. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T37598A67372241.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
^Lambdon, P.W. & Ellick, S. 2016. Nesiota elliptica. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T37598A67372241. Accessed on 18 October 2022.
^ ab. 2019-01-31. Archived from the original on 2019-01-31. Retrieved 2021-12-09.
^"St Helena olive". Temperate House | Kew Gardens. Retrieved 2022-04-23.
^Lambdon, Phil; Cronk, Quentin (2020). "Extinction Dynamics Under Extreme Conservation Threat: The Flora of St Helena". Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 8: 41. doi:10.3389/fevo.2020.00041. ISSN 2296-701X.
^ abvan Santen, Marit; Linder, Hans Peter (January 2020). "The assembly of the Cape flora is consistent with an edaphic rather than climatic filter". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 142: 106645. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2019.106645. PMID 31610230. S2CID 204704517.
Cronk, Q.C.B. (1995) The endemic Flora of St Helena. Anthony Nelson Ltd., Oswestry.
January 01, 1970
saint, helena, olive, nesiota, elliptica, extinct, species, flowering, plant, only, member, genus, nesiota, endemic, island, saint, helena, south, atlantic, ocean, despite, name, unrelated, true, olive, olea, europaea, instead, member, family, rhamnaceae, fami. The Saint Helena olive Nesiota elliptica is an extinct species of flowering plant It is the only member of the genus Nesiota It was endemic to the island of Saint Helena in the South Atlantic Ocean Despite its name it is unrelated to the true olive Olea europaea but is instead a member of the family Rhamnaceae the family which contains buckthorns and jujube The last remaining tree in the wild died in 1994 and the last remaining individual in cultivation died in December 2003 despite conservation efforts It is thus a prime example of recent plant extinction The Saint Helena olive belongs to the tribe Phyliceae which are mostly endemic to Southern Africa Saint Helena olive Conservation status Extinct 2003 IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classification Kingdom Plantae Clade Tracheophytes Clade Angiosperms Clade Eudicots Clade Rosids Order Rosales Family Rhamnaceae Tribe Phyliceae Genus NesiotaHook f Species N elliptica Binomial name Nesiota elliptica Roxb Hook f Contents 1 Description 2 Extinction 3 Phylogenetics 4 See also 5 ReferencesDescription editThe Saint Helena olive was native to the cloud forest found in the upland areas of the island above 750 metres with many historical records around Diana s Peak the highest point on the island 2 It grew as a small low growing spreading tree with prolific branching The bark was dark brown to black The leaves were oblong in shape and dark green with downward curving tips The undersides of the leaves were pale with hairs that lay flat along the leaf During the flowering season which is presumed to have run from June to October the tree bore tightly packed pink flowers on branched inflorescences The flowers are presumed to have been pollinated by the local endemic hoverfly species Sphaerophoria beattiei The fruit took a year to mature and consisted of a hard woody capsule containing shiny triangular black seeds 3 Extinction editThe Saint Helena olive was already rare by the 19th century due to deforestation and grazing by introduced goats and was previously thought to be extinct until a single living specimen was discovered in 1977 It was highly self incompatible meaning that most seeds produced with itself or close relatives would fail making it extremely difficult to grow seedlings given that the population size for the plant had probably always been low Despite immense effort only a single cutting of the plant was able to be cultivated with a handful of seedlings grown from it The original wild plant died in 1994 making the species extinct in the wild The final known specimen in cultivation a seedling of the cutting which had been the only surviving plant since 1999 died in 2003 from fungus and termite infestation making the species totally extinct 3 A sample of DNA from the Saint Helena Olive is stored at Kew Gardens DNA bank 4 The Saint Helena Olive is one of a number of plant species to have gone extinct on Saint Helena since the arrival of the Portuguese in 1502 including Trochetiopsis melanoxylon Acalypha rubrinervis Wahlenbergia roxburghii and Heliotropium pannifolium with Lachanodes arborea and Trochetiopsis erythroxylon also extinct in the wild 5 Phylogenetics editThe Saint Helena olive is part of the tribe Phyliceae within Rhamnaceae The Phyliceae are mostly endemic to Southern Africa particularly the Fynbos region of South Africa 6 Relationships of Phyliceae after 6 Phyliceae Noltea Phylica Trichocephalus NesiotaSee also editFlora of St HelenaReferences edit Lambdon P W Ellick S 2016 Nesiota elliptica IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016 e T37598A67372241 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2016 1 RLTS T37598A67372241 en Retrieved 19 November 2021 Lambdon P W amp Ellick S 2016 Nesiota elliptica The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016 e T37598A67372241 Accessed on 18 October 2022 a b St Helena olive videos photos and facts Nesiota elliptica Arkive 2019 01 31 Archived from the original on 2019 01 31 Retrieved 2021 12 09 St Helena olive Temperate House Kew Gardens Retrieved 2022 04 23 Lambdon Phil Cronk Quentin 2020 Extinction Dynamics Under Extreme Conservation Threat The Flora of St Helena Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 8 41 doi 10 3389 fevo 2020 00041 ISSN 2296 701X a b van Santen Marit Linder Hans Peter January 2020 The assembly of the Cape flora is consistent with an edaphic rather than climatic filter Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 142 106645 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2019 106645 PMID 31610230 S2CID 204704517 Cronk Q C B 1995 The endemic Flora of St Helena Anthony Nelson Ltd Oswestry Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Saint Helena olive amp oldid 1215269458, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
