Natural sex hormones are made by the gonads (ovaries or testicles),[3] by adrenal glands, or by conversion from other sex steroids in other tissue such as liver or fat.[4]
Notes: "The concentration of a steroid in the circulation is determined by the rate at which it is secreted from glands, the rate of metabolism of precursor or prehormones into the steroid, and the rate at which it is extracted by tissues and metabolized. The secretion rate of a steroid refers to the total secretion of the compound from a gland per unit time. Secretion rates have been assessed by sampling the venous effluent from a gland over time and subtracting out the arterial and peripheral venous hormone concentration. The metabolic clearance rate of a steroid is defined as the volume of blood that has been completely cleared of the hormone per unit time. The production rate of a steroid hormone refers to entry into the blood of the compound from all possible sources, including secretion from glands and conversion of prohormones into the steroid of interest. At steady state, the amount of hormone entering the blood from all sources will be equal to the rate at which it is being cleared (metabolic clearance rate) multiplied by blood concentration (production rate = metabolic clearance rate × concentration). If there is little contribution of prohormone metabolism to the circulating pool of steroid, then the production rate will approximate the secretion rate." Sources: See template.
Typesedit
In many contexts, the two main classes of sex hormones are androgens and estrogens, of which the most important human derivatives are testosterone and estradiol, respectively. Other contexts will include progestogens as a third class of sex steroids, distinct from androgens and estrogens.[5]Progesterone is the most important and only naturally occurring human progestogen. In general, androgens are considered "male sex hormones", since they have masculinizing effects, while estrogens and progestogens are considered "female sex hormones"[6] although all types are present in each sex at different levels.
There are also many synthetic sex steroids.[7] Synthetic androgens are often referred to as anabolic steroids. Synthetic estrogens and progestins are used in methods of hormonal contraception. Ethinylestradiol is a semi-synthetic estrogen. Specific compounds that have partial agonist activity for steroid receptors, and therefore act in part like natural steroid hormones, are in use in medical conditions that require treatment with steroid in one cell type, but where systemic effects of the particular steroid in the entire organism are only desirable within certain limits.[8]
^Guerriero, G (April 2009). "Vertebrate sex steroid receptors: evolution, ligands, and neurodistribution". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1163 (1): 154–68. Bibcode:2009NYASA1163..154G. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04460.x. PMID 19456336. S2CID 5790990.
^Thakur, MK; Paramanik, V (2009). "Role of steroid hormone coregulators in health and disease". Hormone Research. 71 (4): 194–200. doi:10.1159/000201107. PMID 19258710.
^Catherine Panter-Brick; Agustín Fuentes. "Glossary". Health, Risk, and Adversity - Volume 2 of Studies of the Biosocial Society. Berghahn Books, 2011. p. 280.
^"An Overview Of Sex Hormones". News-Medical.net. 2022-06-24. Retrieved 2023-05-22.
^ElAttar, TM; Hugoson, A (1974). "Comparative metabolism of female sex steroids in normal and chronically inflamed gingiva of the dog". Journal of Periodontal Research. 9 (5): 284–9. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0765.1974.tb00683.x. PMID 4281823.
^"Effect of endogenous and synthetic sex steroids on the clearance of antibody-coated cells". journals.aai.org. Retrieved 2023-05-22.
^Copland, JA; Sheffield-Moore, M; Koldzic-Zivanovic, N; Gentry, S; Lamprou, G; Tzortzatou-Stathopoulou, F; Zoumpourlis, V; Urban, RJ; Vlahopoulos, SA (June 2009). "Sex steroid receptors in skeletal differentiation and epithelial neoplasia: is tissue-specific intervention possible?". BioEssays. 31 (6): 629–41. doi:10.1002/bies.200800138. PMID 19382224. S2CID 205469320.
hormone, also, known, steroids, gonadocorticoids, gonadal, steroids, steroid, hormones, that, interact, with, vertebrate, steroid, hormone, receptors, hormones, include, androgens, estrogens, progestogens, their, effects, mediated, slow, genomic, mechanisms, t. Sex hormones also known as sex steroids gonadocorticoids and gonadal steroids are steroid hormones that interact with vertebrate steroid hormone receptors 1 The sex hormones include the androgens estrogens and progestogens Their effects are mediated by slow genomic mechanisms through nuclear receptors as well as by fast nongenomic mechanisms through membrane associated receptors and signaling cascades 2 The polypeptide hormones luteinizing hormone follicle stimulating hormone and gonadotropin releasing hormone each associated with the gonadotropin axis are usually not regarded as sex hormones although they play major sex related roles Sex hormoneDrug classEstradiol an important estrogen sex hormone in both women and menClass identifiersSynonymsSex steroid Gonadal steroidUseVariousBiological targetSex hormone receptorsChemical classSteroidal NonsteroidalLegal statusIn Wikidata Contents 1 Production 2 Types 3 Synthetic sex steroids 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksProduction editNatural sex hormones are made by the gonads ovaries or testicles 3 by adrenal glands or by conversion from other sex steroids in other tissue such as liver or fat 4 nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp vte Production rates secretion rates clearance rates and blood levels of major sex hormones Sex Sex hormone Reproductivephase Bloodproduction rate Gonadalsecretion rate Metabolicclearance rate Reference range serum levels SI units Non SI unitsMen Androstenedione 2 8 mg day 1 6 mg day 2200 L day 2 8 7 3 nmol L 80 210 ng dLTestosterone 6 5 mg day 6 2 mg day 950 L day 6 9 34 7 nmol L 200 1000 ng dLEstrone 150 mg day 110 mg day 2050 L day 37 250 pmol L 10 70 pg mLEstradiol 60 mg day 50 mg day 1600 L day lt 37 210 pmol L 10 57 pg mLEstrone sulfate 80 mg day Insignificant 167 L day 600 2500 pmol L 200 900 pg mLWomen Androstenedione 3 2 mg day 2 8 mg day 2000 L day 3 1 12 2 nmol L 89 350 ng dLTestosterone 190 mg day 60 mg day 500 L day 0 7 2 8 nmol L 20 81 ng dLEstrone Follicular phase 110 mg day 80 mg day 2200 L day 110 400 pmol L 30 110 pg mLLuteal phase 260 mg day 150 mg day 2200 L day 310 660 pmol L 80 180 pg mLPostmenopause 40 mg day Insignificant 1610 L day 22 230 pmol L 6 60 pg mLEstradiol Follicular phase 90 mg day 80 mg day 1200 L day lt 37 360 pmol L 10 98 pg mLLuteal phase 250 mg day 240 mg day 1200 L day 699 1250 pmol L 190 341 pg mLPostmenopause 6 mg day Insignificant 910 L day lt 37 140 pmol L 10 38 pg mLEstrone sulfate Follicular phase 100 mg day Insignificant 146 L day 700 3600 pmol L 250 1300 pg mLLuteal phase 180 mg day Insignificant 146 L day 1100 7300 pmol L 400 2600 pg mLProgesterone Follicular phase 2 mg day 1 7 mg day 2100 L day 0 3 3 nmol L 0 1 0 9 ng mLLuteal phase 25 mg day 24 mg day 2100 L day 19 45 nmol L 6 14 ng mLNotes and sourcesNotes The concentration of a steroid in the circulation is determined by the rate at which it is secreted from glands the rate of metabolism of precursor or prehormones into the steroid and the rate at which it is extracted by tissues and metabolized The secretion rate of a steroid refers to the total secretion of the compound from a gland per unit time Secretion rates have been assessed by sampling the venous effluent from a gland over time and subtracting out the arterial and peripheral venous hormone concentration The metabolic clearance rate of a steroid is defined as the volume of blood that has been completely cleared of the hormone per unit time The production rate of a steroid hormone refers to entry into the blood of the compound from all possible sources including secretion from glands and conversion of prohormones into the steroid of interest At steady state the amount of hormone entering the blood from all sources will be equal to the rate at which it is being cleared metabolic clearance rate multiplied by blood concentration production rate metabolic clearance rate concentration If there is little contribution of prohormone metabolism to the circulating pool of steroid then the production rate will approximate the secretion rate Sources See template Types editIn many contexts the two main classes of sex hormones are androgens and estrogens of which the most important human derivatives are testosterone and estradiol respectively Other contexts will include progestogens as a third class of sex steroids distinct from androgens and estrogens 5 Progesterone is the most important and only naturally occurring human progestogen In general androgens are considered male sex hormones since they have masculinizing effects while estrogens and progestogens are considered female sex hormones 6 although all types are present in each sex at different levels Sex hormones include Progestogens Pregnenolone Progesterone Allopregnanedione Allopregnanolone 17a Hydroxypregnenolone 17a Hydroxyprogesterone Androgens Dehydroepiandrosterone Androstenedione Androstanedione Androsterone Androstenediol Testosterone Dihydrotestosterone Androstanediol Estrogens 2 Hydroxyestrone Estrone 16a Hydroxyestrone 2 Hydroxyestradiol Estradiol Estriol EstetrolSynthetic sex steroids editThere are also many synthetic sex steroids 7 Synthetic androgens are often referred to as anabolic steroids Synthetic estrogens and progestins are used in methods of hormonal contraception Ethinylestradiol is a semi synthetic estrogen Specific compounds that have partial agonist activity for steroid receptors and therefore act in part like natural steroid hormones are in use in medical conditions that require treatment with steroid in one cell type but where systemic effects of the particular steroid in the entire organism are only desirable within certain limits 8 See also editList of investigational sex hormonal agents Effects of hormones on sexual motivation Sex hormone therapyReferences edit Guerriero G April 2009 Vertebrate sex steroid receptors evolution ligands and neurodistribution Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1163 1 154 68 Bibcode 2009NYASA1163 154G doi 10 1111 j 1749 6632 2009 04460 x PMID 19456336 S2CID 5790990 Thakur MK Paramanik V 2009 Role of steroid hormone coregulators in health and disease Hormone Research 71 4 194 200 doi 10 1159 000201107 PMID 19258710 Brook CG 1999 Mechanism of puberty Hormone Research 51 Suppl 3 3 52 4 doi 10 1159 000053162 PMID 10592444 S2CID 33671883 Catherine Panter Brick Agustin Fuentes Glossary Health Risk and Adversity Volume 2 of Studies of the Biosocial Society Berghahn Books 2011 p 280 An Overview Of Sex Hormones News Medical net 2022 06 24 Retrieved 2023 05 22 ElAttar TM Hugoson A 1974 Comparative metabolism of female sex steroids in normal and chronically inflamed gingiva of the dog Journal of Periodontal Research 9 5 284 9 doi 10 1111 j 1600 0765 1974 tb00683 x PMID 4281823 Effect of endogenous and synthetic sex steroids on the clearance of antibody coated cells journals aai org Retrieved 2023 05 22 Copland JA Sheffield Moore M Koldzic Zivanovic N Gentry S Lamprou G Tzortzatou Stathopoulou F Zoumpourlis V Urban RJ Vlahopoulos SA June 2009 Sex steroid receptors in skeletal differentiation and epithelial neoplasia is tissue specific intervention possible BioEssays 31 6 629 41 doi 10 1002 bies 200800138 PMID 19382224 S2CID 205469320 External links editSex Steroid Hormones at the U S National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings MeSH Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Sex hormone amp oldid 1186565005, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
