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Cornus sericea

December 18, 2023

"Red-rood" redirects here. Not to be confused with redroot.

Cornus sericea, the red osier or red-osier dogwood,[2] is a species of flowering plant in the family Cornaceae, native to much of North America. It has sometimes been considered a synonym of the Asian species Cornus alba. Other names include red brush, red willow,[3][4][5] redstem dogwood,[3][5] redtwig dogwood, red-rood, American dogwood,[3] creek dogwood, and western dogwood.[3]

Cornus sericea
Red osier dogwood bearing fruit

Secure (NatureServe)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Cornales
Family: Cornaceae
Genus: Cornus
Subgenus: Cornus subg. Kraniopsis
Species:
C. sericea
Binomial name
Cornus sericea
Natural range of subsp. sericea
Natural range of subsp. occidentalis
Synonyms

C. stolonifera, Swida sericea

Description edit

In the wild, it most commonly grows in areas of rich, poorly drained soils, such as riparian zones and wetlands, or in upland areas which receive more than 20 inches of precipitation annually. More uncommonly, it may be found in drier zones albeit at lesser abundance. Red osier dogwood is tolerant of flooding and has been known to survive up to seven years of water above root crown level. It occurs from sea level to 10,000 feet (3,000m), but in many areas is most common above 1,500 feet.[6]

It is a medium to tall deciduous shrub, growing 1.5–4 m tall and 3–5 m wide, spreading readily by underground stolons to form dense thickets. The branches and twigs are dark red, although wild plants may lack this coloration in shaded areas.

The leaves are opposite, 5–12 cm long and 2.5–6 cm broad, with an ovate to oblong shape and an entire margin; they are dark green above and glaucous below; fall color is commonly bright red to purple. Like all dogwoods, they have characteristic stringy white piths within the leaf stalks, which can be used for identification.[7]

The flowers are small (5–10 mm diameter), flat, umbella-like and dull white, in clusters 3–6 cm diameter.

The fruit is a globose white berry 5–9 mm diameter.

The Latin specific epithet sericea means "silky", referring to the texture of the leaves.[8]

Ecology edit

Red osier dogwood provides food and cover for many species of mammals and birds. The stems and especially new shoots are browsed by moose, elk, bighorn sheep, mountain goats, beavers, and rabbits, while the fruits are an important autumn food source for bears, small mammals, and 47 different bird species. In winter, red osier dogwood is heavily browsed by ungulates; in some areas use exceeds availability and individuals which have not been browsed are rare. The shrub is also important for nesting habitat and cover for a great variety of animals.[6]

Cornus sericea is shade tolerant but prefers intermediate to high light levels. It tolerates disturbance well, and appears early in both primary and secondary succession throughout its native range, but especially in floodplains and riparian zones. It thrives in fire-disturbed sites, sprouting from seeds or damaged shrubs.[6]

Although its conservation status is overall secure, it is considered vulnerable in Iowa and critically imperiled in Kentucky and Virginia.[1]

Cultivation edit

Cornus sericea is a popular ornamental shrub that is often planted for the red coloring of its twigs in the dormant season. The cultivars 'Bud's Yellow',[9] 'Flaviramea'[10] with lime green stems, and 'Hedgerows Gold'[11] (variegated foliage) have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit (confirmed 2017).[12]

Like most dogwood species native to North America, C. sericea can be parasitized by the dogwood sawfly, possibly leaving much of the plant devoid of leaves. A variety of pesticides are effective; however, hand-picking the larvae is also an option.

Uses edit

Cornus sericea is frequently used for waterway bank erosion protection and restoration in the United States and Canada. Its root system provides excellent soil retention, it is hardy and provides an attractive shrub even when bare in winter, and its ability to be reproduced by cuttings makes it a low-cost solution for large-scale plantings.[13][14]

Some Plateau Indigenous tribes ate the berries to treat colds and to slow bleeding.[15][16]

Known as cansasa in Lakota, the inner bark was also used by the Lakota and other Native Americans as "traditional tobacco", either by itself or in a mixture with other plant materials.[17][18] Among the Algonquian peoples such as the Ojibwe, the smoking mixtures, known as kinnikinnick, blended the inner bark with tobacco,[4] while more western tribes added it to the bearberry leaf to improve the taste.[15][19]

The Ojibwe used red-osier dogwood bark as a dye by taking the inner bark and mixing it with other plants or minerals.[3]

The withies, or osiers, are used in basketry.

Subspecies edit

It is a variable species, with two subspecies commonly accepted:

  • Cornus sericea subsp. sericea – throughout the range of the species. Shoots and leaves hairless or finely pubescent; flower petals 2–3 mm.
  • Cornus sericea subsp. occidentalis (Torr. & A.Gray) Fosberg – western North America. Shoots and leaves densely pubescent; flower petals 3–4.5 mm.

Distribution edit

It is native throughout boreal and temperate zones in northern and western North America from Alaska east to Newfoundland, south to Durango and Nuevo León in the west, and Illinois and Virginia in the east.

Gallery edit

  •  
    shrub
  •  
    shrub, fall
  •  
    shrub, winter
  •  
    twigs
  •  
    leaf
  •  
    twig and leaf
  •  
    flowers
  •  
    flowers
  •  
    flowers
  •  
    Cornus: specimen botanicum sistens descriptiones et icones specierum corni minus cognitarum
  •  
    seed

References edit

  1. ^ a b "Cornus sericea". NatureServe Explorer. NatureServe. Retrieved 2021-05-11.
  2. ^ (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
  3. ^ a b c d e USDA NRCS Plant Guide: REDOSIER DOGWOOD. May, 2006
  4. ^ a b Hilger, Inez (1951, repr. 1992) Chippewa Child Life and Its Cultural Background, page 63
  5. ^ a b Hart, Jeff, and Jacqueline Moore (1992). Montana—native plants and early peoples, pages 38–39. Montana Historical Society. ISBN 0-917298-29-2
  6. ^ a b c Corey, Gucker. "Fire Effects Information System". Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
  7. ^ Fertig, Walter. "Plant of the Week- Red Osier Dogwood". USDA Forest Service. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
  8. ^ Harrison, Lorraine (2012). RHS Latin for gardeners. United Kingdom: Mitchell Beazley. p. 224. ISBN 9781845337315.
  9. ^ "RHS Plantfinder – Cornus sericea 'Bud's Yellow'". Retrieved 30 January 2018.
  10. ^ "RHS Plant Selector – Cornus sericea 'Flaviramea'". Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  11. ^ "RHS Plantfinder – Cornus sericea 'Hedgerows Gold'". Retrieved 30 January 2018.
  12. ^ "AGM Plants – Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 16. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  13. ^ . Archived from the original on 2012-02-22. Retrieved 2012-02-21.
  14. ^ http://www.northjersey.com/news/139671573_Boro_decides_to_fund_PRC_bank_stabilization_project__.html[bare URL]
  15. ^ a b Moerman, Daniel E. (1998) "Cornus sericea ssp. occidentallis" Native American ethnobotany Timber Press, Portland, Oregon, page 178, ISBN 0-88192-453-9
  16. ^ Hunn, Eugene S. (1990). Nch'i-Wana, "The Big River": Mid-Columbia Indians and Their Land. University of Washington Press. p. 353. ISBN 0-295-97119-3.
  17. ^ . Archived from the original on 2012-05-11. Retrieved 2011-04-29.
  18. ^ Cutler, Charles L. (2002) Tracks that speak: the legacy of Native American words in North American culture, page 176. ISBN 0-618-06510-5
  19. ^ Staff (2009) "Bearberry" 2010-12-18 at the Wayback Machine Discovering Lewis and Clark The Lewis and Clark Fort Mandan Foundation
  20. ^ Hackney, P. 1992. "Stewart & Corry's Flora of the North-east of Ireland." Third edition. Institute of Irish Studies, The Queen's University of Belfast. ISBN 0-85389-446-9 (HB)

External links edit

  Media related to Cornus sericea at Wikimedia Commons

December 18, 2023
cornus, sericea, rood, redirects, here, confused, with, redroot, osier, osier, dogwood, species, flowering, plant, family, cornaceae, native, much, north, america, sometimes, been, considered, synonym, asian, species, cornus, alba, other, names, include, brush. Red rood redirects here Not to be confused with redroot Cornus sericea the red osier or red osier dogwood 2 is a species of flowering plant in the family Cornaceae native to much of North America It has sometimes been considered a synonym of the Asian species Cornus alba Other names include red brush red willow 3 4 5 redstem dogwood 3 5 redtwig dogwood red rood American dogwood 3 creek dogwood and western dogwood 3 Cornus sericeaRed osier dogwood bearing fruitConservation statusSecure NatureServe 1 Scientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClade AngiospermsClade EudicotsClade AsteridsOrder CornalesFamily CornaceaeGenus CornusSubgenus Cornus subg KraniopsisSpecies C sericeaBinomial nameCornus sericeaL Natural range of subsp sericeaNatural range of subsp occidentalisSynonymsC stolonifera Swida sericea Contents 1 Description 2 Ecology 3 Cultivation 4 Uses 5 Subspecies 6 Distribution 7 Gallery 8 References 9 External linksDescription editIn the wild it most commonly grows in areas of rich poorly drained soils such as riparian zones and wetlands or in upland areas which receive more than 20 inches of precipitation annually More uncommonly it may be found in drier zones albeit at lesser abundance Red osier dogwood is tolerant of flooding and has been known to survive up to seven years of water above root crown level It occurs from sea level to 10 000 feet 3 000m but in many areas is most common above 1 500 feet 6 It is a medium to tall deciduous shrub growing 1 5 4 m tall and 3 5 m wide spreading readily by underground stolons to form dense thickets The branches and twigs are dark red although wild plants may lack this coloration in shaded areas The leaves are opposite 5 12 cm long and 2 5 6 cm broad with an ovate to oblong shape and an entire margin they are dark green above and glaucous below fall color is commonly bright red to purple Like all dogwoods they have characteristic stringy white piths within the leaf stalks which can be used for identification 7 The flowers are small 5 10 mm diameter flat umbella like and dull white in clusters 3 6 cm diameter The fruit is a globose white berry 5 9 mm diameter The Latin specific epithet sericea means silky referring to the texture of the leaves 8 Ecology editRed osier dogwood provides food and cover for many species of mammals and birds The stems and especially new shoots are browsed by moose elk bighorn sheep mountain goats beavers and rabbits while the fruits are an important autumn food source for bears small mammals and 47 different bird species In winter red osier dogwood is heavily browsed by ungulates in some areas use exceeds availability and individuals which have not been browsed are rare The shrub is also important for nesting habitat and cover for a great variety of animals 6 Cornus sericea is shade tolerant but prefers intermediate to high light levels It tolerates disturbance well and appears early in both primary and secondary succession throughout its native range but especially in floodplains and riparian zones It thrives in fire disturbed sites sprouting from seeds or damaged shrubs 6 Although its conservation status is overall secure it is considered vulnerable in Iowa and critically imperiled in Kentucky and Virginia 1 Cultivation editCornus sericea is a popular ornamental shrub that is often planted for the red coloring of its twigs in the dormant season The cultivars Bud s Yellow 9 Flaviramea 10 with lime green stems and Hedgerows Gold 11 variegated foliage have gained the Royal Horticultural Society s Award of Garden Merit confirmed 2017 12 Like most dogwood species native to North America C sericea can be parasitized by the dogwood sawfly possibly leaving much of the plant devoid of leaves A variety of pesticides are effective however hand picking the larvae is also an option Uses editCornus sericea is frequently used for waterway bank erosion protection and restoration in the United States and Canada Its root system provides excellent soil retention it is hardy and provides an attractive shrub even when bare in winter and its ability to be reproduced by cuttings makes it a low cost solution for large scale plantings 13 14 Some Plateau Indigenous tribes ate the berries to treat colds and to slow bleeding 15 16 Known as cansasa in Lakota the inner bark was also used by the Lakota and other Native Americans as traditional tobacco either by itself or in a mixture with other plant materials 17 18 Among the Algonquian peoples such as the Ojibwe the smoking mixtures known as kinnikinnick blended the inner bark with tobacco 4 while more western tribes added it to the bearberry leaf to improve the taste 15 19 The Ojibwe used red osier dogwood bark as a dye by taking the inner bark and mixing it with other plants or minerals 3 The withies or osiers are used in basketry Subspecies editIt is a variable species with two subspecies commonly accepted Cornus sericea subsp sericea throughout the range of the species Shoots and leaves hairless or finely pubescent flower petals 2 3 mm Cornus sericea subsp occidentalis Torr amp A Gray Fosberg western North America Shoots and leaves densely pubescent flower petals 3 4 5 mm Distribution editThis section needs expansion You can help by adding to it May 2015 It is native throughout boreal and temperate zones in northern and western North America from Alaska east to Newfoundland south to Durango and Nuevo Leon in the west and Illinois and Virginia in the east Cornus sericea L has been recorded from counties Antrim and Londonderry in Northern Ireland 20 Gallery edit nbsp shrub nbsp shrub fall nbsp shrub winter nbsp twigs nbsp leaf nbsp twig and leaf nbsp flowers nbsp flowers nbsp flowers nbsp Cornus specimen botanicum sistens descriptiones et icones specierum corni minus cognitarum nbsp seedReferences edit a b Cornus sericea NatureServe Explorer NatureServe Retrieved 2021 05 11 BSBI List 2007 xls Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland Archived from the original xls on 2015 06 26 Retrieved 2014 10 17 a b c d e USDA NRCS Plant Guide REDOSIER DOGWOOD May 2006 a b Hilger Inez 1951 repr 1992 Chippewa Child Life and Its Cultural Background page 63 a b Hart Jeff and Jacqueline Moore 1992 Montana native plants and early peoples pages 38 39 Montana Historical Society ISBN 0 917298 29 2 a b c Corey Gucker Fire Effects Information System Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station Fire Sciences Laboratory U S Department of Agriculture Retrieved 5 May 2021 Fertig Walter Plant of the Week Red Osier Dogwood USDA Forest Service Retrieved 5 May 2021 Harrison Lorraine 2012 RHS Latin for gardeners United Kingdom Mitchell Beazley p 224 ISBN 9781845337315 RHS Plantfinder Cornus sericea Bud s Yellow Retrieved 30 January 2018 RHS Plant Selector Cornus sericea Flaviramea Retrieved 1 May 2020 RHS Plantfinder Cornus sericea Hedgerows Gold Retrieved 30 January 2018 AGM Plants Ornamental PDF Royal Horticultural Society July 2017 p 16 Retrieved 24 January 2018 Home Archived from the original on 2012 02 22 Retrieved 2012 02 21 http www northjersey com news 139671573 Boro decides to fund PRC bank stabilization project html bare URL a b Moerman Daniel E 1998 Cornus sericea ssp occidentallis Native American ethnobotany Timber Press Portland Oregon page 178 ISBN 0 88192 453 9 Hunn Eugene S 1990 Nch i Wana The Big River Mid Columbia Indians and Their Land University of Washington Press p 353 ISBN 0 295 97119 3 Herbal lore Red Osier Dogwood Archived from the original on 2012 05 11 Retrieved 2011 04 29 Cutler Charles L 2002 Tracks that speak the legacy of Native American words in North American culture page 176 ISBN 0 618 06510 5 Staff 2009 Bearberry Archived 2010 12 18 at the Wayback Machine Discovering Lewis and Clark The Lewis and Clark Fort Mandan Foundation Hackney P 1992 Stewart amp Corry s Flora of the North east of Ireland Third edition Institute of Irish Studies The Queen s University of Belfast ISBN 0 85389 446 9 HB Blanchan Neltje 2005 Wild Flowers Worth Knowing Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation External links edit nbsp Media related to Cornus sericea at Wikimedia Commons Swida sericea Germplasm Resources Information Network Agricultural Research Service United States Department of Agriculture Jepson Flora of California Cornus sericea subsp sericea subsp occidentalis Cornus sericea ssp sericea images at bioimages vanderbilt edu NRCS USDA Plants Profile Cornus sericea Cornus sericea Plants for a Future Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Cornus sericea amp oldid 1149261767, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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