The Cornaceae are a cosmopolitan family of flowering plants in the order Cornales. The family contains approximately 85 species in two genera,[1]Alangium and Cornus. They are mostly trees and shrubs, which may be deciduous or evergreen, although a few species are perennial herbs. Members of the family usually have opposite or alternate simple leaves, four- or five-parted flowers clustered in inflorescences or pseudanthia, and drupaceous fruits.[2] The family is primarily distributed in northern temperate regions and tropical Asia.[3] In northern temperate areas, Cornaceae are well known from the dogwoods Cornus.
The systematics of Cornaceae has been remarkably unsettled and controversial, and many genera have been added to it and removed from it over time. (One researcher called it a "dustbin".[4]) Molecular phylogenetics have clarified the relatedness of some associated genera, and at least nine genera that were previously included in Cornaceae have been eliminated from the order Cornales entirely,[5] but the circumscription of Cornaceae is still unclear. The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group usually defines Cornaceae as comprising the genera Cornus and Alangium as well as five genera now separated into the family Nyssaceae. However, many of these genera are sometimes split off into their own families (e.g. Alangiaceae), and the usage remains inconsistent.[5][6]
Fossil recordEdit
The oldest fossil that can be related to Cornaceae is †Hironoia fusiformis, an extinct taxon collected from the Futaba Group sediments at Kamitikaba, Japan. Synapomorphies of the fruits of the fossil occur also in extant Cornaceae. The age of the sediments is of early Coniacian to early Santonian (about 88 Ma).[7] Although the mosaic of characters in Hironoia precludes assignment to an extant genus, the fiber rather than sclereid composition of the fruit places it within the Nyssaceae-Mastixiaceae. Other possible Cornaceae from Cretaceous sediments include endocarps resembling Cornus from the Santonian-Campanian mesofossil assemblage of Åsen. In slightly younger Late Cretaceous sediments (Maastrichtian) four genera of fossil mastixioid fruits (Beckettia, Eomastixia, Mastixicarpum and Mastixiopsis) have been described from Germany.[8]
^Christenhusz, M. J. M. & Byng, J. W. (2016). "The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase". Phytotaxa. Magnolia Press. 261 (3): 201–217. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1.
^Kubitzki, K. (2004). Cornaceae. In The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants Volume 6: Flowering Plants: Dicotyledons: Celastrales, Oxidales, Rosales, Cornales, Ericales (Kubitzki, ed.). Springer-Verlag, New York.
^Heywood, V.H.; Brummitt, R.K.; Culham, A.; Seberg; O. (2007). Flowering Plant Families of the World. Buffalo, New York: Firefly Books. p. 112. ISBN9781842461655.
^Eyde, R. H. (1988). Comprehending Cornus - puzzles and progress in the systematics of the dogwoods. Botanical Review54, 233-351.
^ abFan, C. Z., and Xiang, Q. Y. (2003). Phylogenetic analyses of Cornales based on 26S rRNA and combined 26S rDNA-matK-rbcL sequence data. American Journal of Botany90, 1357-1372.
^Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2): 105–121. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-05-25. Retrieved 2013-06-26.
^The Timetree of Life edited by S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, OUP Oxford, 23. apr. 2009 - 576 pages, ISBN0191560154, 9780191560156.
^Hironoia fusiformis gen. et sp. nov.; a cornalean fruit from the Kamikitaba locality (Upper Cretaceous, Lower Coniacian) in northeastern Japan by Masamichi Takahashi,Peter R. Crane and Steven R Manchester, Article · January 2003, DOI: 10.1007/s10265-002-0062-6 · Source: PubMed.
External linksEdit
Cornaceae on the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website of the Missouri Botanical Garden
Media related to Cornaceae at Wikimedia Commons
October 14, 2023
cornaceae, cosmopolitan, family, flowering, plants, order, cornales, family, contains, approximately, species, genera, alangium, cornus, they, mostly, trees, shrubs, which, deciduous, evergreen, although, species, perennial, herbs, members, family, usually, ha. The Cornaceae are a cosmopolitan family of flowering plants in the order Cornales The family contains approximately 85 species in two genera 1 Alangium and Cornus They are mostly trees and shrubs which may be deciduous or evergreen although a few species are perennial herbs Members of the family usually have opposite or alternate simple leaves four or five parted flowers clustered in inflorescences or pseudanthia and drupaceous fruits 2 The family is primarily distributed in northern temperate regions and tropical Asia 3 In northern temperate areas Cornaceae are well known from the dogwoods Cornus CornaceaeCornus suecicaScientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClade AngiospermsClade EudicotsClade AsteridsOrder CornalesFamily CornaceaeBercht amp J PreslGeneraAlangiumCornusThe systematics of Cornaceae has been remarkably unsettled and controversial and many genera have been added to it and removed from it over time One researcher called it a dustbin 4 Molecular phylogenetics have clarified the relatedness of some associated genera and at least nine genera that were previously included in Cornaceae have been eliminated from the order Cornales entirely 5 but the circumscription of Cornaceae is still unclear The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group usually defines Cornaceae as comprising the genera Cornus and Alangium as well as five genera now separated into the family Nyssaceae However many of these genera are sometimes split off into their own families e g Alangiaceae and the usage remains inconsistent 5 6 Fossil record EditThe oldest fossil that can be related to Cornaceae is Hironoia fusiformis an extinct taxon collected from the Futaba Group sediments at Kamitikaba Japan Synapomorphies of the fruits of the fossil occur also in extant Cornaceae The age of the sediments is of early Coniacian to early Santonian about 88 Ma 7 Although the mosaic of characters in Hironoia precludes assignment to an extant genus the fiber rather than sclereid composition of the fruit places it within the Nyssaceae Mastixiaceae Other possible Cornaceae from Cretaceous sediments include endocarps resembling Cornus from the Santonian Campanian mesofossil assemblage of Asen In slightly younger Late Cretaceous sediments Maastrichtian four genera of fossil mastixioid fruits Beckettia Eomastixia Mastixicarpum and Mastixiopsis have been described from Germany 8 References Edit nbsp Cornus sanguinea Christenhusz M J M amp Byng J W 2016 The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase Phytotaxa Magnolia Press 261 3 201 217 doi 10 11646 phytotaxa 261 3 1 Kubitzki K 2004 Cornaceae In The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants Volume 6 Flowering Plants Dicotyledons Celastrales Oxidales Rosales Cornales Ericales Kubitzki ed Springer Verlag New York Heywood V H Brummitt R K Culham A Seberg O 2007 Flowering Plant Families of the World Buffalo New York Firefly Books p 112 ISBN 9781842461655 Eyde R H 1988 Comprehending Cornus puzzles and progress in the systematics of the dogwoods Botanical Review 54 233 351 a b Fan C Z and Xiang Q Y 2003 Phylogenetic analyses of Cornales based on 26S rRNA and combined 26S rDNA matK rbcL sequence data American Journal of Botany 90 1357 1372 Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 2009 An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants APG III Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 161 2 105 121 doi 10 1111 j 1095 8339 2009 00996 x Archived from the original PDF on 2017 05 25 Retrieved 2013 06 26 The Timetree of Life edited by S Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar OUP Oxford 23 apr 2009 576 pages ISBN 0191560154 9780191560156 Hironoia fusiformis gen et sp nov a cornalean fruit from the Kamikitaba locality Upper Cretaceous Lower Coniacian in northeastern Japan by Masamichi Takahashi Peter R Crane and Steven R Manchester Article January 2003 DOI 10 1007 s10265 002 0062 6 Source PubMed External links EditCornaceae on the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website of the Missouri Botanical Garden nbsp Media related to Cornaceae at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Cornaceae amp oldid 1143660971, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
