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Brachychiton rupestris

January 01, 1970

Brachychiton rupestris (commonly known as the narrow-leaved bottle tree or Queensland bottle tree) is a tree in the family Malvaceae,[a] endemic to Queensland, Australia. Described by Sir Thomas Mitchell and John Lindley in 1848, it earned its name from its bulbous trunk, which can be up to 3.5 metres (11 ft) in diameter at breast height (DBH). Reaching around 10–25 metres (33–82 ft) high, the Queensland bottle tree is deciduous, losing its leaves seasonally, between September and December. The leaves are simple or divided, with one or more narrow leaf blades up to 11 centimetres (4 in) long and 2 centimetres (0.8 in) wide. Cream-coloured flowers appear from September to November, and are followed by woody, boat-shaped follicles that ripen from November to May. No subspecies are recognised.

Queensland bottle tree
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malvales
Family: Malvaceae
Genus: Brachychiton
Species:
B. rupestris
Binomial name
Brachychiton rupestris
Synonyms

Delabechea rupestris T.Mitch. ex Lindl.
Brachychiton delabechei F.Muell.
Sterculia rupestris (T.Mitch. ex Lindl.) Benth.
Brachychiton rupestre orth. var. K.A.W.Williams

As a drought deciduous succulent tree, much like the baobab (Adansonia) of Madagascar, B. rupestris adapts readily to cultivation, and is quite tolerant of a range of soils and temperatures. It is a key component and emergent tree in the endangered central semi-evergreen vine thickets (also known as bottletree scrub) of the Queensland Brigalow Belt. Remnant trees are often left by farmers on cleared land for their value as shade and fodder trees, and as homes for various birds and animals.

Description edit

 
Largest bottle tree in Roma, Queensland, where the species is used extensively for street plantings.

Brachychiton rupestris grows as a succulent tree reaching 10–20 metres (33–66 ft) (rarely 25 metres (82 ft)) in height,[3] though plants in cultivation are usually shorter.[4] The thick trunk is 5–15 metres (16–49 ft) tall, with a 1–3.5 metres (3.3–11.5 ft) diameter at breast height (DBH). It has dark grey bark and is marked by shallow tessellation and deeper fissures. Smaller branches are light green or grey, as are the trunks of immature trees. Like those of all members of the genus, the leaves are alternately arranged along the stems.[3]

B. rupestris is deciduous. Trees in their native habitat are typically leafless between September and December; the timing, duration and extent of leaf drop may be affected by extremes of rainfall or drought.[3] Sometimes trees shed leaves from only some branches.[5] On every tree, the leaves vary in shape, ranging from narrow and elliptic to deeply divided.[6] The upper surface is glossy, contrasting with a pale undersurface. The adult leaf blades are 4–11 centimetres (1.6–4.3 in) long and 0.8–2 centimetres (0.3–0.8 in) wide with pointed (acuminate or apiculate) tips. They have a raised midrib on the upper and lower surface, with 12–25 pairs of lateral veins that are more prominent on the upper surface, arising at 50–60 degrees from the midrib. The compound juvenile leaves have 3–9 spear-shaped (lanceolate) or linear lobes. These each measure 4–14 centimetres (1.6–5.5 in) long and 0.3–1 centimetre (0.1–0.4 in) wide.[3]

Panicles of creamy-yellow flowers with red markings[6] appear from September to November in the species' native range. These arise from axillary buds on end branches. Each panicle contains 10–30 flowers and is 3–8 centimetres (1.2–3.1 in) long, and each flower is 0.5–1 centimetre (0.2–0.4 in) long and 1.3–1.8 centimetres (0.5–0.7 in) wide. The length of the lobes of the perianth is more than half the perianth diameter.[3] Like all Brachychiton species, B. rupestris is monoecious—each plant has distinct male and female flowers.[3] Male flowers have 15 stamens, with pale yellow anthers, while female flowers have cream or white stigmas surrounded by rudimentary stellate (star-shaped) carpels, which sit atop the ovaries.[3]

Groups of 3 to 5 woody boat-shaped follicles,[6] each containing 4 to 8 (or occasionally up to 12) seeds, develop from November to May. The follicles, smooth on the outer surface and hairy inside, split along their length to reveal seeds. The seeds, which are ovoid with a smooth surface, and 6–7 millimetres (0.24–0.28 in) long by 3.5–4.5 millimetres (0.14–0.18 in) wide, are covered by a hairy coating known as the exotesta.[3]

The closely related Proserpine bottle tree (Brachychiton compactus) that occurs only in the vicinity of the town of Proserpine can be distinguished by its more oval leaves, more compact flower heads, and longer ellipsoid follicles.[7] The undescribed Ormeau bottle tree has brighter lime-green new foliage and leaves but is otherwise similar to the Proserpine bottle tree.[8]

Taxonomy and naming edit

Leaves
 
Juvenile
 
Adult

The species came to the attention of the scientific community when explorer Sir Thomas Mitchell observed the trees on his expedition through Queensland in 1848 and published an account in Journal of an Expedition into the Interior of Tropical Australia in the same year. He came across them as he ascended Mount Abundance near present-day Roma, remarking that "The trunk bulged out in the middle like a barrel, to nearly twice the diameter at the ground, or of that at the first springing of the branches above. These were small in proportion to their great girth, and the whole tree looked very odd[9] In the same publication, English botanist John Lindley provided the first formal description.[10] Lindley placed it in the genus Delabechea as the sole representative—Delabechea rupestris.[3] The genus name was selected by Mitchell to honour the director of the British Geological Survey, Henry De la Beche, while the Latin specific epithet rupestris (meaning living among rocks) alludes to the rocky hilltop habitat of specimens observed by Mitchell.[11] Ferdinand von Mueller, the Government Botanist in Victoria, renamed it Brachychiton delabechei in 1862,[12] incorporating the genus Delabechea into Brachychiton.[3]

In his landmark Flora Australiensis, English botanist George Bentham published the first key for the nine described species of Brachychiton, and relegated them to a section of Sterculia.[3] Hence the Queensland bottle tree became Sterculia rupestris.[13] Von Mueller maintained his recognition of Brachychiton as a separate genus.[3] German botanist Otto Kuntze challenged the generic name Sterculia in 1891, on the grounds that the name Clompanus took precedence. He republished the Queensland bottle tree as Clompanus rupestris.[14] German botanist Karl Moritz Schumann gave it its current binomial name in 1893,[15] which was accepted by Achille Terraciano of the Orto botanico di Palermo[16] and subsequent authorities, and remains current.[1]

In 1988, Gordon Guymer of the Queensland Herbarium published a taxonomic revision of Brachychiton; he classified B. rupestris in the section Delabechea along with the related and newly described Proserpine bottle tree.[3] A third species, from southeast Queensland, has been recognised but not yet described.[8] Unique to the section, all three species have bulbous trunks and can have large cavities in the vertical wood parenchyma.[7] The genus Brachychiton lies within an Australasian clade within the subfamily Sterculioideae (previously family Sterculiaceae) in a large broadly defined Malvaceae. It is only distantly related to Sterculia, belonging to a different clade within the Sterculioideae.[17]

The name of the genus is derived from the Greek brachys, short, and chiton, tunic, a reference to the loose seed coats. Brachychiton was for many years misconstrued as being of neuter gender—first by the genus describers Heinrich Wilhelm Schott and Stephan Endlicher and later by von Mueller and others—with the specific names then incorrectly amended.[3] Thus the bottle tree's binomial was recorded as Brachychiton rupestre, now regarded as an orthographical variant.[18] Besides "Queensland bottle tree", common names for the species include "narrow-leaved bottle tree" and "bottle tree".[1]

Brachychiton × turgidulus is a naturally occurring hybrid cross of B. rupestris with the kurrajong B. populneus subsp. populneus.[3] It is particularly prevalent east of Boonah.[3]

Distribution and habitat edit

 
Female flower

Brachychiton rupestris is found in central Queensland from latitude 22° S to 28° S, with the western limits of its range defined by the 500 mm rainfall isohyet. It grows on the tops and slopes of hills or ridges in low hilly country, in clay, shale, or basalt soils. It is an emergent tree in forests dominated by brigalow (Acacia harpophylla), hoop pine (Araucaria cunninghamii), or ooline (Cadellia pentastylis).[3] It is always present in the Central semi-evergreen vine thicket—also known as Bottletree Scrub—of the Brigalow Belt. Other common species include broad-leaved bottle tree (Brachychiton australis) and belah (Casuarina cristata). The bottle tree is replaced by the kurrajong in similar communities in New South Wales.[19]

Conservation edit

Although the species status under Queensland's Nature Conservation Act is "least concern",[20] it is an emergent tree species in an endangered ecosystem known as "semi-evergreen vine thickets of the Brigalow Belt (North and South) and Nandewar bioregions", listed under the Commonwealth EPBC Act,[21] and is declining across its range.[5] Furthermore, the health of trees in cleared areas may be compromised.[22] The species is conserved within its natural habitat in a number of National Parks including Auburn River,[23] Benarkin,[22] Bunya Mountains,[24] Coalstoun Lakes,[25] Dipperu,[3] Good Night Scrub,[26] Humboldt,[27] Isla Gorge[28] and Tregole.[29]

Ecology edit

Brachychiton rupestris has been recorded as a host plant for the mistletoe species Dendrophthoe glabrescens.[30] Insects hosted by the species include the pale cotton stainer bug, a pest of cotton crops, and the kurrajong leaf roller caterpillar that chews on the foliage and rolls individual leaves, within which it then pupates.[31][32][33][34] Bottle tree scrub is a key habitat of the near threatened black-breasted buttonquail.[35] Brachychiton rupestris can withstand bushfires and responds by flowering and putting forth new foliage afterwards.[5]

Uses edit

Aboriginal people made use of the trees through eating the roots of young plants and by consuming secretions from the trunk that were induced by wounds.[36] Fibre obtained from the species was used to make nets.[37] The leaves have also been used for fodder,[36] and Queensland farmers often leave bottle trees as a potential food source when land is cleared.[3] During drought conditions, whole trees have been felled to feed stock. The soft edible pulp inside the trunk is exposed by removing the bark.[36] The pulp is energy-rich but protein-poor, and occasional cases of nitrate poisoning have led to cattle deaths.[36]

Cultivation edit

 
Open follicles split longitudinally to reveal seeds inside. The follicle interior is lined with hairs that can irritate skin.

Bottle trees are commonly found planted in streets and parks, on farms, and as features in gardens. An avenue in Roma, Queensland, was planted between 1918 and 1920, each tree representing one of 93 local men killed in World War I.[38] The species has been cultivated as an indoor plant and a bonsai subject.[39][40]

Bottle trees grow best in well-drained, slightly acidic soil, in full sunshine. They are suited to cultivation in regional climates equivalent to USDA hardiness zones 9 to 12.[41] In the first stages of growth, the bottle tree is very slow-growing, and the formation of the unique bottle shape is not visible until the tree is about 5 to 8 years old.[42] Mature trees transplant easily, and can withstand intervals of up to three months between digging and replanting without detriment.[4] Bottle trees grown from seed may take up to 20 years to flower. Flowering takes place after adult leaves have appeared.[43]

Plants are readily propagated from seed. As seed is surrounded by irritating hairs within the pod, extraction requires care.[4] Stem cuttings of semi-mature growth can be taken in late summer and require the application of rooting hormones and bottom heat.[44]

See also edit

  • Adansonia gregorii, the bottle tree or baobab of Western Australia and the Northern Territory.

Notes edit

  1. ^ The genus Brachychiton was traditionally placed in the family Sterculiaceae, but that family, along with Bombacaceae and Tiliaceae, has been found to be polyphyletic and is now sunk into a more broadly-defined Malvaceae[2]

References edit

  1. ^ a b c "Brachychiton rupestris". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
  2. ^ Stevens, Peter F. (29 January 2015). "Angiosperm Phylogeny Website". Retrieved 6 February 2015.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Guymer, Gordon Paul (1988). "A taxonomic revision of Brachychiton (Sterculiaceae)". Australian Systematic Botany. 1 (3): 199–323 [243–45]. doi:10.1071/SB9880199.
  4. ^ a b c Cheung, Puiyee. "Brachychiton rupestris". Growing Native Plants. Australian National Botanic Gardens and Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research, Canberra. Retrieved 2 December 2014.
  5. ^ a b c Kapitany, Attila (2007). Australian Succulent Plants. Boronia, Victoria: Kapitany Concepts. pp. 214–16. ISBN 978-0-646-46381-0.
  6. ^ a b c Rowell, Raymond J. (1980). Ornamental Flowering Trees in Australia. Wellington, New Zealand: AH & AW Reed Pty Ltd. p. 59. ISBN 0-589-50178-X.
  7. ^ a b Rathie 2014, p. 24.
  8. ^ a b Rathie 2014, p. 26.
  9. ^ Mitchell,Thomas Livingstone (1848). Journal of an Expedition into the Interior of Tropical Australia, in Search of a Route from Sydney to the Gulf of Carpentaria. Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans. pp. 153–55.
  10. ^ "Delabechea rupestris". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
  11. ^ Annals of Horticulture. 1850. pp. 154–56. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  12. ^ Von Mueller, Ferdinand (1862). The Plants Indigenous to the Colony of Victoria. Vol. 1. John Ferres, Government Printer. p. 157.
  13. ^ Bentham, George (1863). "Sterculia". Flora Australiensis: Volume 1: Ranunculaceae to Anacardiaceae. Vol. 1. London, United Kingdom: L. Reeve & Co. p. 230.
  14. ^ Kuntze, Otto (1891). Revisio generum plantarum:vascularium omnium atque cellularium multarum secundum leges nomenclaturae internationales cum enumeratione plantarum exoticarum in itinere mundi collectarum. Vol. 1. Leipzig, Germany: A. Felix. p. 78.
  15. ^ Schumann, Karl Moritz (1893). "Brachychiton". Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien (in German). 3 (6): 96.
  16. ^ Terraciano, Achille (1897). "Le Specie del Genere Brachychiton". Bollettino del R. Orto Botanico di Palermo (in Italian). 1: 50–64 [64].
  17. ^ Wilkie, Peter; Clark, Alexandra; Pennington, R. Toby; Cheek, Martin; Bayer, Clemens; Wilcock, Chris C. (2006). "Phylogenetic Relationships within the Subfamily Sterculioideae (Malvaceae/Sterculiaceae-Sterculieae) Using the Chloroplast Gene ndhF". Systematic Botany. 31 (1): 160–70. doi:10.1600/036364406775971714. S2CID 85676723.
  18. ^ "Brachychiton rupestre". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
  19. ^ Department of the Environment (19 February 2014). "Semi-evergreen vine thickets of the Brigalow Belt (North and South) and Nandewar Bioregions". Threatened Species & Ecological Communities. Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
  20. ^ "Brachychiton rupestris". WetlandInfo. Queensland Government. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
  21. ^ "National recovery plan for the "Semi-evergreen vine thickets of the Brigalow Belt (North and South) and Nandewar Bioregions" ecological community". Department of the Environment. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
  22. ^ a b "Benarkin National Park Management Statement 2013" (PDF). The State of Queensland (Department of National Parks, Recreation, Sport and Racing). Retrieved 4 December 2014.
  23. ^ "Auburn River National Park". Queensland Government. 19 October 2009. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
  24. ^ "Bunya Mountains National Park". Queensland Government. 20 October 2009. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
  25. ^ "Wildlife of Coalstoun Lakes National Park". WetlandInfo. Queensland Government. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
  26. ^ "Wildlife of Good Night Scrub National Park". WetlandInfo. Queensland Government. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
  27. ^ "Wildlife of Humboldt National Park". WetlandInfo. Queensland Government. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
  28. ^ Bean, Tony. . Society for Growing Australian Plants (Queensland). Archived from the original on 10 December 2014. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
  29. ^ (PDF). Queensland Government. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 August 2014. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
  30. ^ Downey, Paul O. (1998). (PDF). Cunninghamia. 5 (3): 685–720. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 April 2012.
  31. ^ Cassis, Gerasimos; Gross, Gordon F. (2002). Hemiptera. CSIRO Publishing. p. 681. ISBN 978-0-643-06875-9. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  32. ^ . Cotton Catchment Communities CRC. Archived from the original on 9 March 2015. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
  33. ^ "Brachychiton rupestris". Australian Plant Image Index. Australian National Herbarium. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
  34. ^ McKeown, Keith C. (1942). Australian insects. Sydney, New South Wales: Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales. pp. 253–54.
  35. ^ McGowan, Phil; Madge, Steve (2010) [2002]. Pheasants, Partridges & Grouse: Including buttonquails, sandgrouse and allies. London, United Kingdom: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 429–30. ISBN 978-1-4081-3565-5.
  36. ^ a b c d Anderson, E.R. (2003). Plants of Central Queensland: Their Identification and Uses. Department of Primary Industries. ISBN 978-0-7345-0249-0.
  37. ^ Thozet, A. (1867). List of Some of the Roots, Tubers, Bulbs and Fruits Used as Vegetable Food by the Aboriginals of Northern Queensland, Australia. Blundell & co., printers. p. 259. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  38. ^ "Roma War Memorial Heroes Avenue". Queensland War Memorial Register. The State of Queensland (Department of Environment and Heritage Protection). 23 June 2014. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
  39. ^ Wrigley, John W.; Fagg Murray (1979). Australian Native Plants. William Collins Publishers Sydney, Australia. p. 314. ISBN 0-00-216416-7.
  40. ^ Squire, David (2008). Bonsai Bible. New Holland Publishers, Limited. p. 145. ISBN 978-1-84773-230-9.
  41. ^ . SelecTree. Urban Forest Ecosystems Institute, California Polytechnic State University. Archived from the original on 26 December 2014. Retrieved 3 December 2014.
  42. ^ . Australian Native Plants Society (Australia). Archived from the original on 9 August 2014. Retrieved 2 December 2014.
  43. ^ Rathie 2014, p. 196.
  44. ^ Koenig, Odile (2005). Encyclopédie visuelle des plantes d'intérieur (in French). Editions Artemis. p. 125. ISBN 978-2-84416-268-7.

Cited text edit

  • Rathie, Kerry (2014). Brachychitons: Flame Trees, Kurrajongs and Bottle Trees. Brisbane, Queensland: self-published. ISBN 978-0-646-92681-0.

External links edit

  •   Media related to Brachychiton rupestris at Wikimedia Commons

January 01, 1970
brachychiton, rupestris, commonly, known, narrow, leaved, bottle, tree, queensland, bottle, tree, tree, family, malvaceae, endemic, queensland, australia, described, thomas, mitchell, john, lindley, 1848, earned, name, from, bulbous, trunk, which, metres, diam. Brachychiton rupestris commonly known as the narrow leaved bottle tree or Queensland bottle tree is a tree in the family Malvaceae a endemic to Queensland Australia Described by Sir Thomas Mitchell and John Lindley in 1848 it earned its name from its bulbous trunk which can be up to 3 5 metres 11 ft in diameter at breast height DBH Reaching around 10 25 metres 33 82 ft high the Queensland bottle tree is deciduous losing its leaves seasonally between September and December The leaves are simple or divided with one or more narrow leaf blades up to 11 centimetres 4 in long and 2 centimetres 0 8 in wide Cream coloured flowers appear from September to November and are followed by woody boat shaped follicles that ripen from November to May No subspecies are recognised Queensland bottle tree Conservation status Least Concern IUCN 3 1 Scientific classification Kingdom Plantae Clade Tracheophytes Clade Angiosperms Clade Eudicots Clade Rosids Order Malvales Family Malvaceae Genus Brachychiton Species B rupestris Binomial name Brachychiton rupestris T Mitch ex Lindl K Schum 1 Synonyms Delabechea rupestris T Mitch ex Lindl Brachychiton delabechei F Muell Sterculia rupestris T Mitch ex Lindl Benth Brachychiton rupestre orth var K A W Williams As a drought deciduous succulent tree much like the baobab Adansonia of Madagascar B rupestris adapts readily to cultivation and is quite tolerant of a range of soils and temperatures It is a key component and emergent tree in the endangered central semi evergreen vine thickets also known as bottletree scrub of the Queensland Brigalow Belt Remnant trees are often left by farmers on cleared land for their value as shade and fodder trees and as homes for various birds and animals Contents 1 Description 2 Taxonomy and naming 3 Distribution and habitat 3 1 Conservation 4 Ecology 5 Uses 6 Cultivation 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 9 1 Cited text 10 External linksDescription edit nbsp Largest bottle tree in Roma Queensland where the species is used extensively for street plantings Brachychiton rupestris grows as a succulent tree reaching 10 20 metres 33 66 ft rarely 25 metres 82 ft in height 3 though plants in cultivation are usually shorter 4 The thick trunk is 5 15 metres 16 49 ft tall with a 1 3 5 metres 3 3 11 5 ft diameter at breast height DBH It has dark grey bark and is marked by shallow tessellation and deeper fissures Smaller branches are light green or grey as are the trunks of immature trees Like those of all members of the genus the leaves are alternately arranged along the stems 3 B rupestris is deciduous Trees in their native habitat are typically leafless between September and December the timing duration and extent of leaf drop may be affected by extremes of rainfall or drought 3 Sometimes trees shed leaves from only some branches 5 On every tree the leaves vary in shape ranging from narrow and elliptic to deeply divided 6 The upper surface is glossy contrasting with a pale undersurface The adult leaf blades are 4 11 centimetres 1 6 4 3 in long and 0 8 2 centimetres 0 3 0 8 in wide with pointed acuminate or apiculate tips They have a raised midrib on the upper and lower surface with 12 25 pairs of lateral veins that are more prominent on the upper surface arising at 50 60 degrees from the midrib The compound juvenile leaves have 3 9 spear shaped lanceolate or linear lobes These each measure 4 14 centimetres 1 6 5 5 in long and 0 3 1 centimetre 0 1 0 4 in wide 3 Panicles of creamy yellow flowers with red markings 6 appear from September to November in the species native range These arise from axillary buds on end branches Each panicle contains 10 30 flowers and is 3 8 centimetres 1 2 3 1 in long and each flower is 0 5 1 centimetre 0 2 0 4 in long and 1 3 1 8 centimetres 0 5 0 7 in wide The length of the lobes of the perianth is more than half the perianth diameter 3 Like all Brachychiton species B rupestris is monoecious each plant has distinct male and female flowers 3 Male flowers have 15 stamens with pale yellow anthers while female flowers have cream or white stigmas surrounded by rudimentary stellate star shaped carpels which sit atop the ovaries 3 Groups of 3 to 5 woody boat shaped follicles 6 each containing 4 to 8 or occasionally up to 12 seeds develop from November to May The follicles smooth on the outer surface and hairy inside split along their length to reveal seeds The seeds which are ovoid with a smooth surface and 6 7 millimetres 0 24 0 28 in long by 3 5 4 5 millimetres 0 14 0 18 in wide are covered by a hairy coating known as the exotesta 3 The closely related Proserpine bottle tree Brachychiton compactus that occurs only in the vicinity of the town of Proserpine can be distinguished by its more oval leaves more compact flower heads and longer ellipsoid follicles 7 The undescribed Ormeau bottle tree has brighter lime green new foliage and leaves but is otherwise similar to the Proserpine bottle tree 8 Taxonomy and naming editLeaves nbsp Juvenile nbsp Adult The species came to the attention of the scientific community when explorer Sir Thomas Mitchell observed the trees on his expedition through Queensland in 1848 and published an account in Journal of an Expedition into the Interior of Tropical Australia in the same year He came across them as he ascended Mount Abundance near present day Roma remarking that The trunk bulged out in the middle like a barrel to nearly twice the diameter at the ground or of that at the first springing of the branches above These were small in proportion to their great girth and the whole tree looked very odd 9 In the same publication English botanist John Lindley provided the first formal description 10 Lindley placed it in the genus Delabechea as the sole representative Delabechea rupestris 3 The genus name was selected by Mitchell to honour the director of the British Geological Survey Henry De la Beche while the Latin specific epithet rupestris meaning living among rocks alludes to the rocky hilltop habitat of specimens observed by Mitchell 11 Ferdinand von Mueller the Government Botanist in Victoria renamed it Brachychiton delabechei in 1862 12 incorporating the genus Delabechea into Brachychiton 3 In his landmark Flora Australiensis English botanist George Bentham published the first key for the nine described species of Brachychiton and relegated them to a section of Sterculia 3 Hence the Queensland bottle tree became Sterculia rupestris 13 Von Mueller maintained his recognition of Brachychiton as a separate genus 3 German botanist Otto Kuntze challenged the generic name Sterculia in 1891 on the grounds that the name Clompanus took precedence He republished the Queensland bottle tree as Clompanus rupestris 14 German botanist Karl Moritz Schumann gave it its current binomial name in 1893 15 which was accepted by Achille Terraciano of the Orto botanico di Palermo 16 and subsequent authorities and remains current 1 In 1988 Gordon Guymer of the Queensland Herbarium published a taxonomic revision of Brachychiton he classified B rupestris in the section Delabechea along with the related and newly described Proserpine bottle tree 3 A third species from southeast Queensland has been recognised but not yet described 8 Unique to the section all three species have bulbous trunks and can have large cavities in the vertical wood parenchyma 7 The genus Brachychiton lies within an Australasian clade within the subfamily Sterculioideae previously family Sterculiaceae in a large broadly defined Malvaceae It is only distantly related to Sterculia belonging to a different clade within the Sterculioideae 17 The name of the genus is derived from the Greek brachys short and chiton tunic a reference to the loose seed coats Brachychiton was for many years misconstrued as being of neuter gender first by the genus describers Heinrich Wilhelm Schott and Stephan Endlicher and later by von Mueller and others with the specific names then incorrectly amended 3 Thus the bottle tree s binomial was recorded as Brachychiton rupestre now regarded as an orthographical variant 18 Besides Queensland bottle tree common names for the species include narrow leaved bottle tree and bottle tree 1 Brachychiton turgidulus is a naturally occurring hybrid cross of B rupestris with the kurrajong B populneus subsp populneus 3 It is particularly prevalent east of Boonah 3 Distribution and habitat edit nbsp Female flower Brachychiton rupestris is found in central Queensland from latitude 22 S to 28 S with the western limits of its range defined by the 500 mm rainfall isohyet It grows on the tops and slopes of hills or ridges in low hilly country in clay shale or basalt soils It is an emergent tree in forests dominated by brigalow Acacia harpophylla hoop pine Araucaria cunninghamii or ooline Cadellia pentastylis 3 It is always present in the Central semi evergreen vine thicket also known as Bottletree Scrub of the Brigalow Belt Other common species include broad leaved bottle tree Brachychiton australis and belah Casuarina cristata The bottle tree is replaced by the kurrajong in similar communities in New South Wales 19 Conservation edit Although the species status under Queensland s Nature Conservation Act is least concern 20 it is an emergent tree species in an endangered ecosystem known as semi evergreen vine thickets of the Brigalow Belt North and South and Nandewar bioregions listed under the Commonwealth EPBC Act 21 and is declining across its range 5 Furthermore the health of trees in cleared areas may be compromised 22 The species is conserved within its natural habitat in a number of National Parks including Auburn River 23 Benarkin 22 Bunya Mountains 24 Coalstoun Lakes 25 Dipperu 3 Good Night Scrub 26 Humboldt 27 Isla Gorge 28 and Tregole 29 Ecology editBrachychiton rupestris has been recorded as a host plant for the mistletoe species Dendrophthoe glabrescens 30 Insects hosted by the species include the pale cotton stainer bug a pest of cotton crops and the kurrajong leaf roller caterpillar that chews on the foliage and rolls individual leaves within which it then pupates 31 32 33 34 Bottle tree scrub is a key habitat of the near threatened black breasted buttonquail 35 Brachychiton rupestris can withstand bushfires and responds by flowering and putting forth new foliage afterwards 5 Uses editAboriginal people made use of the trees through eating the roots of young plants and by consuming secretions from the trunk that were induced by wounds 36 Fibre obtained from the species was used to make nets 37 The leaves have also been used for fodder 36 and Queensland farmers often leave bottle trees as a potential food source when land is cleared 3 During drought conditions whole trees have been felled to feed stock The soft edible pulp inside the trunk is exposed by removing the bark 36 The pulp is energy rich but protein poor and occasional cases of nitrate poisoning have led to cattle deaths 36 Cultivation edit nbsp Open follicles split longitudinally to reveal seeds inside The follicle interior is lined with hairs that can irritate skin Bottle trees are commonly found planted in streets and parks on farms and as features in gardens An avenue in Roma Queensland was planted between 1918 and 1920 each tree representing one of 93 local men killed in World War I 38 The species has been cultivated as an indoor plant and a bonsai subject 39 40 Bottle trees grow best in well drained slightly acidic soil in full sunshine They are suited to cultivation in regional climates equivalent to USDA hardiness zones 9 to 12 41 In the first stages of growth the bottle tree is very slow growing and the formation of the unique bottle shape is not visible until the tree is about 5 to 8 years old 42 Mature trees transplant easily and can withstand intervals of up to three months between digging and replanting without detriment 4 Bottle trees grown from seed may take up to 20 years to flower Flowering takes place after adult leaves have appeared 43 Plants are readily propagated from seed As seed is surrounded by irritating hairs within the pod extraction requires care 4 Stem cuttings of semi mature growth can be taken in late summer and require the application of rooting hormones and bottom heat 44 See also editAdansonia gregorii the bottle tree or baobab of Western Australia and the Northern Territory Notes edit The genus Brachychiton was traditionally placed in the family Sterculiaceae but that family along with Bombacaceae and Tiliaceae has been found to be polyphyletic and is now sunk into a more broadly defined Malvaceae 2 References edit a b c Brachychiton rupestris Australian Plant Name Index APNI IBIS database Canberra Australian Capital Territory Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research Australian Government Retrieved 1 December 2014 Stevens Peter F 29 January 2015 Angiosperm Phylogeny Website Retrieved 6 February 2015 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Guymer Gordon Paul 1988 A taxonomic revision of Brachychiton Sterculiaceae Australian Systematic Botany 1 3 199 323 243 45 doi 10 1071 SB9880199 a b c Cheung Puiyee Brachychiton rupestris Growing Native Plants Australian National Botanic Gardens and Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research Canberra Retrieved 2 December 2014 a b c Kapitany Attila 2007 Australian Succulent Plants Boronia Victoria Kapitany Concepts pp 214 16 ISBN 978 0 646 46381 0 a b c Rowell Raymond J 1980 Ornamental Flowering Trees in Australia Wellington New Zealand AH amp AW Reed Pty Ltd p 59 ISBN 0 589 50178 X a b Rathie 2014 p 24 a b Rathie 2014 p 26 Mitchell Thomas Livingstone 1848 Journal of an Expedition into the Interior of Tropical Australia in Search of a Route from Sydney to the Gulf of Carpentaria Longman Brown Green and Longmans pp 153 55 Delabechea rupestris Australian Plant Name Index APNI IBIS database Canberra Australian Capital Territory Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research Australian Government Retrieved 1 December 2014 Annals of Horticulture 1850 pp 154 56 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a work ignored help Von Mueller Ferdinand 1862 The Plants Indigenous to the Colony of Victoria Vol 1 John Ferres Government Printer p 157 Bentham George 1863 Sterculia Flora Australiensis Volume 1 Ranunculaceae to Anacardiaceae Vol 1 London United Kingdom L Reeve amp Co p 230 Kuntze Otto 1891 Revisio generum plantarum vascularium omnium atque cellularium multarum secundum leges nomenclaturae internationales cum enumeratione plantarum exoticarum in itinere mundi collectarum Vol 1 Leipzig Germany A Felix p 78 Schumann Karl Moritz 1893 Brachychiton Die Naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien in German 3 6 96 Terraciano Achille 1897 Le Specie del Genere Brachychiton Bollettino del R Orto Botanico di Palermo in Italian 1 50 64 64 Wilkie Peter Clark Alexandra Pennington R Toby Cheek Martin Bayer Clemens Wilcock Chris C 2006 Phylogenetic Relationships within the Subfamily Sterculioideae Malvaceae Sterculiaceae Sterculieae Using the Chloroplast Gene ndhF Systematic Botany 31 1 160 70 doi 10 1600 036364406775971714 S2CID 85676723 Brachychiton rupestre Australian Plant Name Index APNI IBIS database Canberra Australian Capital Territory Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research Australian Government Retrieved 4 December 2014 Department of the Environment 19 February 2014 Semi evergreen vine thickets of the Brigalow Belt North and South and Nandewar Bioregions Threatened Species amp Ecological Communities Commonwealth of Australia Retrieved 4 December 2014 Brachychiton rupestris WetlandInfo Queensland Government Retrieved 4 December 2014 National recovery plan for the Semi evergreen vine thickets of the Brigalow Belt North and South and Nandewar Bioregions ecological community Department of the Environment Retrieved 4 December 2014 a b Benarkin National Park Management Statement 2013 PDF The State of Queensland Department of National Parks Recreation Sport and Racing Retrieved 4 December 2014 Auburn River National Park Queensland Government 19 October 2009 Retrieved 4 December 2014 Bunya Mountains National Park Queensland Government 20 October 2009 Retrieved 4 December 2014 Wildlife of Coalstoun Lakes National Park WetlandInfo Queensland Government Retrieved 4 December 2014 Wildlife of Good Night Scrub National Park WetlandInfo Queensland Government Retrieved 4 December 2014 Wildlife of Humboldt National Park WetlandInfo Queensland Government Retrieved 4 December 2014 Bean Tony The trees of Isla Gorge Society for Growing Australian Plants Queensland Archived from the original on 10 December 2014 Retrieved 4 December 2014 South West Queensland Visitor Guide PDF Queensland Government Archived from the original PDF on 13 August 2014 Retrieved 4 December 2014 Downey Paul O 1998 An inventory of host species for each aerial mistletoe species Loranthaceae and Viscaceae in Australia PDF Cunninghamia 5 3 685 720 Archived from the original PDF on 26 April 2012 Cassis Gerasimos Gross Gordon F 2002 Hemiptera CSIRO Publishing p 681 ISBN 978 0 643 06875 9 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a work ignored help Pale cotton stainers Cotton Catchment Communities CRC Archived from the original on 9 March 2015 Retrieved 17 January 2015 Brachychiton rupestris Australian Plant Image Index Australian National Herbarium Retrieved 6 December 2014 McKeown Keith C 1942 Australian insects Sydney New South Wales Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales pp 253 54 McGowan Phil Madge Steve 2010 2002 Pheasants Partridges amp Grouse Including buttonquails sandgrouse and allies London United Kingdom Bloomsbury Publishing pp 429 30 ISBN 978 1 4081 3565 5 a b c d Anderson E R 2003 Plants of Central Queensland Their Identification and Uses Department of Primary Industries ISBN 978 0 7345 0249 0 Thozet A 1867 List of Some of the Roots Tubers Bulbs and Fruits Used as Vegetable Food by the Aboriginals of Northern Queensland Australia Blundell amp co printers p 259 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a work ignored help Roma War Memorial Heroes Avenue Queensland War Memorial Register The State of Queensland Department of Environment and Heritage Protection 23 June 2014 Retrieved 1 December 2014 Wrigley John W Fagg Murray 1979 Australian Native Plants William Collins Publishers Sydney Australia p 314 ISBN 0 00 216416 7 Squire David 2008 Bonsai Bible New Holland Publishers Limited p 145 ISBN 978 1 84773 230 9 Queensland bottle tree Brachychition rupestris SelecTree Urban Forest Ecosystems Institute California Polytechnic State University Archived from the original on 26 December 2014 Retrieved 3 December 2014 Brachychiton rupestris Australian Native Plants Society Australia Archived from the original on 9 August 2014 Retrieved 2 December 2014 Rathie 2014 p 196 Koenig Odile 2005 Encyclopedie visuelle des plantes d interieur in French Editions Artemis p 125 ISBN 978 2 84416 268 7 Cited text edit Rathie Kerry 2014 Brachychitons Flame Trees Kurrajongs and Bottle Trees Brisbane Queensland self published ISBN 978 0 646 92681 0 External links edit nbsp Media related to Brachychiton rupestris at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Brachychiton rupestris amp oldid 1196411032, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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