Publishing

"Publisher" redirects here. For other uses, see Publisher (disambiguation).

Publishing is the activity of making information, literature, music, software, and other content available to the public for sale or for free.^[1] Traditionally, the term refers to the creation and distribution of printed works, such as books, comic books, newspapers, and magazines. With the advent of digital information systems, the scope has expanded to include digital publishing such as ebooks, digital magazines, websites, social media, music, and video game publishing.

The Aboriginal Studies Press (ASP) bookshop at the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies

The commercial publishing industry ranges from large multinational conglomerates such as News Corp, Pearson, Penguin Random House, and Thomson Reuters,^[2] to major retail brands and thousands of small independent publishers. It has various divisions such as trade/retail publishing of fiction and non-fiction, educational publishing, and academic and scientific publishing..^[3] Publishing is also undertaken by governments, civil society, and private companies for administrative or compliance requirements, business, research, advocacy, or public interest objectives.^[4] This can include annual reports, research reports, market research, policy briefings, and technical reports. Self-publishing has become very common.

Publishing has evolved from a small, ancient form limited by law or religion to a modern, large-scale industry disseminating all types of information.^[5]

"Publisher" can refer to a publishing company or organization, or to an individual who leads a publishing company, imprint, periodical, or newspaper.

Stages of publishing

The publishing process covering most magazine, journal, and book publishers includes: (Different stages are applicable to different types of publishers)^[6]

1. Commissioning
2. Writing
3. Copy editing
4. Design
5. Copywriting
6. Typesetting
7. Proofreading
8. Correction cycles
9. Indexing
10. Final corrections
11. Web publishing
12. Prepress
13. Printing
14. Post press
15. Distribution
16. Marketing

Types of publishers

Newspaper publishing

Newspapers or news websites are publications of current reports, articles, and features written by journalists and are available for free, sometimes available with a premium edition, or paid for, either individually or through a subscription. They are filled with photographs or other media and are normally subsidized with advertising. Typically they cover local, national, and international news or feature a particular industry. Some organizations charge premium fees if they have the expertise and exclusive knowledge. The news industry is meant to serve the public interest, hold people and businesses to account, and promote freedom of information and expression.^[7] Editors manage the tone of voice of their publication; for example, negative versus positive articles can affect the reader's perspective.^[8]

Journal publishing

A journal is an academic or technical publication also available in digital and/or print format, containing articles written by researchers, professors, and individuals with professional expertise. These publications are specific to a particular field and often push the boundaries established in these fields. They normally have peer review processes before publishing to test the validity and quality of the content.^[9]

Magazine publishing

A magazine is a periodical published at regular intervals with creative layouts, photography, and illustrations that cover a particular subject or interest. They are available in print or digital formats and can be purchased on apps/websites like Readly or accessed for free on apps/websites like Issuu.

Book publishing

The global book publishing industry consists of books that are categorized into either fiction or non-fiction and print, ebook, or audiobook. The market for books is huge with around 1.5 billion people speaking English.^[10] Translation services are also available to make these texts accessible in other languages. Self-publishing makes publishing widely accessible through small print-run digital printing or online self-publishing platforms. E-reader screen technology continues to improve with increased contrast and resolution making them more comfortable to read. Each book has a registered ISBN to identify it.

Directory publishing

Directories contain searchable indexed data about businesses, products, and services. These were, in the past, printed but are now mostly online. Directories are available as searchable lists, on a map, as a sector-specific portal, as a review site (expert or consumer), or as a comparison site. Although some businesses may not consider themselves publishers, the way the data is displayed is published.

Textbook publishing

A textbook is an educational book, or ebook, that contains information on a particular subject and is used by people studying that subject.^[11] The need for textbook publishing continues due to the global need for education.^[12][13] Textbooks from major publishers are being integrated with online learning platforms for expert knowledge and access to a library of books with digital content.^[14] A university press is an academic publisher run by a university. Oxford University Press is the largest in the world and specializes in research, education, and English language teaching internationally.^[15]

Catalog publishing

A catalog (or catalogue) is a visual directory or list of a large range of products that allow you to browse and buy from a particular company.^[16] In print, this is usually in the format of a softback book or directory. Smaller visual catalogs can be known as brochures. With the internet, they have evolved into searchable databases of products known under the term e-commerce. Interactive catalogs and brochures like IKEA^[17] and Avon^[18] allow the customer to browse a full range if they have not decided on their purchase. Responsive web and app design will allow further integration between interactive catalog visuals and searchable product databases.

Web publishing

Until recently, physical books were the main source of recording knowledge. For accessibility and global reach, this content can be repurposed for the web. The British Library, for example, holds more than 170 million items with 3 million new additions each year.^[19] With consent, content can be published online through ebooks, audiobooks, CMS-based websites, online learning platforms, videos, or mobile apps. Online, writers and copy editors are known as content writers and content editors although their roles vary from their print-based counterparts.

Advertising

Advertising can provide income or a subsidized income for publishers. If there is a return on investment (ROI) from the advertising, the publisher can boost income exponentially by increasing the spending. An ROI of up to £10 per £1 invested is possible, as seen in the John Lewis & Partners Christmas campaigns.^[20][21] Likewise, any cost savings that harm the customer/consumer experience can impact a brand in the long term. Multichannel marketing can be more cost-effective in creating an immersive experience that cannot be replicated with one channel. For example, when considering marketing spend, a shop that has a small margin (or none at all) compared to a website is very cost-effective because it acts as a huge billboard which offers a browsing experience that enables consumers to make purchasing decisions; It gives them a feel for the brand, has a presence in the community, and creates jobs. Also, using social media publishing to advertise has a good ROI if trending, high-quality content is created that reflects positively on the brand.

Tie-in publishing

Main article: Tie-in

Film, television, radio, and advertisements publish information to their audiences. Computer games, streaming apps, and social media publish content in various ways that can keep audiences more engaged. Marketing additional products closely related to a major film, such as Star Wars, is an example of tie-in publishing. These products include but are not limited to spin-off books, graphic novels, soundtrack albums, computer games, models and toys, social media posts, and promotional publications. Examples of tie-in publishing based on books are the Harry Potter and James Bond franchises.

See also: Periodical publication

Book publishing sub-divisions

See also: History of books

"Book publishing company" redirects here. For the publisher named Book Publishing Company, see The Farm (Tennessee).

There are four major types of publishers in book publishing:

• Commercial publishers are more rigid and selective as to which books they publish. If accepted, authors pay no cost to publish in exchange for selling rights to their work. They receive in-house editing, design, printing, marketing, and distribution services and are paid royalties on sales.^[22]
• Self-publishers are publishing organizations that authors can use to publish their books and retain full rights to their works. Self-publishing houses are more open than traditional ones, allowing emerging and established authors to publish their work. Several modern or self-publishing houses offer enhanced services (e.g. editing, design) and authors may choose which one to use. Authors shoulder pre-publishing expenses and retain the rights to their works, keep total control, and are paid royalties on sales.^[23]
• Vanity presses portray themselves as traditional publishers but are, in fact, just a self-publishing service. Unlike genuine self-publishing services, with vanity presses, the author is often obliged to use some or all of their additional services and the press will often take rights to the work as part of their contract.^[24]
• Hybrid publishers operate under the same practices as traditional publishing, but they use a different revenue model. There have been attempts to bridge this gap using hybrid models. No one model has been fully proven at this stage.^[25]

In 2013, Penguin (owned by Pearson) and Random House (owned by Bertelsmann) merged, narrowing the industry to a handful of big publishers as it adapted to digital media.^[26] The merger created the largest consumer book publisher globally, with a global market share of more than 25 percent.^[27] Approximately 60 percent^[28] of English-language books are produced through the "Big Five" publishing houses: Penguin Random House, Hachette, HarperCollins, Simon & Schuster, and Macmillan. In November 2020, ViacomCBS agreed to sell Simon & Schuster, the third largest book publisher in the United States, to Penguin Random House in a deal that, if it had gone through, would have formed the largest publishing company in the world.^[26] On November 2, 2021, the United States Department of Justice filed a lawsuit (U.S. v. Bertelsmann SE & CO. KGaA, et al.) to block the merger on antitrust grounds,^[29] and on October 31, 2022, the D.C. District Court ruled in favour of the Department of Justice, filing a permanent injunction on the merger.^[30]

Although newspaper and magazine companies still often own printing presses and binderies, book publishers rarely do.^{[citation needed]} Similarly, the trade usually sells the finished products through a distributor who stores and distributes the publisher's wares for a percentage fee or sells on a sale or return basis.

The advent of the Internet has provided a mode of book distribution that eliminates the need for physical printing, delivery, or storage. The process of preparing a book for ebook publication is the same as print publication, with only minor variations in the process to account for the different publishing mediums; Ebook publication also eliminates some costs like the discount given to retailers (normally around 45 percent).^[31]

Some of the major publishers have entire divisions devoted to a single franchise, e.g., Ballantine Del Rey LucasBooks has the exclusive rights to Star Wars in the United States; Random House UK (Bertelsmann)/Century LucasBooks holds the same rights in the United Kingdom. The video game industry self-publishes through BL Publishing/Black Library (Warhammer) and Wizards of the Coast (Dragonlance, Forgotten Realms, etc.). The BBC has its own publishing division that does very well with long-running series such as Doctor Who. These multimedia works are cross-marketed aggressively and sales frequently outperform the average stand-alone published work, making them a focus of corporate interest.^[32]

Recent developments

Accessible publishing uses the digitization of books to mark them up into XML and from this produce multiple formats to sell to customers, often targeting those who experience difficulty reading. Formats include a variety of larger print sizes, specialized print formats for dyslexia,^[33] eye tracking problems, and macular degeneration, as well as Braille, DAISY, audiobooks, and ebooks.^[34]

Green publishing means adapting the publishing process to minimize environmental impact. One example of this is the concept of on-demand printing, using digital or print-on-demand technology. This cuts down the need to ship books since they are manufactured close to the customer on a just-in-time basis.^[35]

A further development is the growth of online publishing where no physical books are produced. The ebook is created by the author and uploaded to a website from which anyone can download and read.

An increasing number of authors are using niche marketing online to sell more books by engaging with their readers online.^[36]

Standardization

Refer to the ISO divisions of ICS 01.140.40 and 35.240.30 for further information.^[37][38]

Legal issues

Main article: Publication

Publication is the distribution of copies or content to the public.^[39][40] The Berne Convention requires that this can only be done with the consent of the copyright holder, which initially is always the author.^[39] In the Universal Copyright Convention, "publication" is defined in Article VI as "the reproduction in tangible form and the general distribution to the public of copies of a work from which it can be read or otherwise visually perceived."^[40]

Privishing

Privishing (private publishing, but not to be confused with self-publishing) is a modern term for publishing a book but printing so few copies or with such lack of marketing, advertising, or sales support that it effectively does not reach the public.^[41] The book, while nominally published, is almost impossible to obtain through normal channels such as bookshops, often cannot be ordered specially, and has a notable lack of support from its publisher, including refusal to reprint the title. A book that is privished may be referred to as "killed". Depending on the motivation, privishing may constitute breach of contract, censorship,^[42] or good business practice (e.g., not printing more books than the publisher believes will sell in a reasonable length of time).

History

 

Printer working an early Gutenberg letterpress from the 15th century (1877 engraving)

Publishing became possible with the invention of writing, and became more practical upon the introduction of printing. Before printing, distributed works were copied manually by scribes. Due to printing, publishing progressed hand-in-hand with the development of books.

The Chinese inventor Bi Sheng made movable type of earthenware c. 1045, but there are no known surviving examples of his work. The Korean civil servant Choe Yun-ui, who lived during the Goryeo Dynasty, invented the first metal moveable type in 1234–1250 AD.^[43]

Around 1450, in what is commonly regarded as an independent invention, Johannes Gutenberg developed movable type in Europe, along with innovations in casting the type based on a matrix and hand mould. The invention of the printing press gradually made books less expensive to produce and more widely available.

Early printed books, single sheets, and images that were created before 1501 in Europe are known as incunables or incunabula. "A man born in 1453, the year of the fall of Constantinople, could look back from his fiftieth year on a lifetime in which about eight million books had been printed, more perhaps than all the scribes of Europe had produced since Constantine founded his city in A.D. 330."^[44]

Eventually, printing enabled other forms of publishing besides books. The history of modern newspaper publishing started in Germany in 1609 with publishing of magazines following in 1663.

Missionaries brought printing presses to sub-Saharan Africa in the mid-18th century.^[45]

Historically, publishing has been handled by publishers, although some authors self-published.^[46] The establishment of the World Wide Web in 1989 soon propelled the website into a dominant medium of publishing. Wikis and blogs soon developed, followed by online books, online newspapers, and online magazines. This also facilitated the technological convergence of commercial and self-published content along with the convergence of publishing and producing into online production through the development of multimedia content.

A U.S.-based study in 2016 which surveyed 34 publishers found that the publishing industry in the US is overwhelmingly represented by straight, able-bodied, white females.^[47] Salon described the situation as a "lack of diversity behind the scenes in book world."^[48] A survey in 2020 by the same group found there has been no significant statistical change in the lack of diversity since the 2016 survey.^[49] Lack of diversity in the American publishing industry has been an issue for years. Within the industry, the least amount of diversity was in higher-level editorial positions.^[50]

See also: List of women printers and publishers before 1800

See also: History of printing in East Asia

See also

General

• Accessible publishing
• Book series
• Concentration of media ownership
• Editions
• Global spread of the printing press
• Lists of publishing companies
• List of book distributors
• Mass media
• Media proprietor
• Open access publishing
• Open publishing
• Paperback
• Publication
• Self-publishing
• Serials, periodicals and journals
• Small press
• Zines

Publishing on specific contexts

• Academic publishing
• Books published per country per year
• List of best-selling books
• Document management system
• Scientific literature

Publishing tools

• Desktop publishing
• Electronic publishing
• Mobile publishing
• Web publishing tools

References

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2. . Issuu. 28 October 2019. Archived from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 7 February 2020.
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4. Börjesson, Lisa (2016). "Research outside academia? – An analysis of resources in extra-academic report writing". Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology. 53 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1002/pra2.2016.14505301036. S2CID 7212603.
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20. . John Lewis & Partners. Archived from the original on 1 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
21. "John Lewis Christmas Campaigns". from the original on 16 February 2023. Retrieved 16 February 2023. (last checked 2023-02-16).
22. Steven, Daniel. "Self-publishing – In traditional royalty publishing". publishlawyer.com. Daniel N. Steven, LLC. from the original on 1 March 2018. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
23. Steven, Daniel. "What is self-publishing". publishlawyer.com. Daniel N. Steven, LLC. from the original on 1 March 2018. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
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27. Pfanner, Eric; Chozick, Amy (29 October 2012). "Random House and Penguin Merger Creates Global Giant". The New York Times. from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
28. Losowsky, Andrew (20 February 2013). "Indie Bookstores File Lawsuit Against Amazon". Huffington Post. from the original on 12 December 2013. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
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31. "Book Cost Analysis – Cost of Physical Book Publishing – Kindle Review – Kindle Phone Review, Kindle Fire HD Review". Kindle Review. from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 26 March 2015.
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38. International Organization for Standardization. "35.240.30: IT applications in information, documentation and publishing". from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 14 July 2008.
39. WIPO. . Wipo.int. Archived from the original on 11 September 2012. Retrieved 19 November 2012.
40. (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 November 2012. Retrieved 19 November 2012.
41. Winkler, David (11 July 2002). . CommonDreams.org. Archived from the original on 4 August 2007.
42. Sue Curry Jansen; Brian Martin (July 2003). "Making censorship backfire". Counterpoise. 7. from the original on 19 June 2010. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
43. Newman, Sophia (19 June 2019). "So, Gutenberg Didn't Actually Invent Printing As We Know It". Literary Hub. from the original on 21 December 2020. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
44. Clapham, Michael, "Printing" in A History of Technology, Vol 2. From the Renaissance to the Industrial Revolution, eds,. Charles Singer et al. (Oxford 1957), p. 377. Cited from Elizabeth L. Eisenstein, The Printing Press as an Agent of Change (Cambridge University, 1980).
45. Gazemba, Stanley (13 December 2019). "African Publishing Minefields and the Woes of the African Writer". The Elephant. from the original on 11 February 2020. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
46. FitzGerald, Jamie (1 November 2013). "Notable Moments in Self-Publishing History: A Timeline". Poets & Writers. from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
47. Flood, Alison (27 January 2016). "Publishing industry is overwhelmingly white and female, US study finds". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
48. Lee, Paula Young (26 January 2016). "White women of publishing: New survey shows a lack of diversity behind the scenes in book world". Salon. from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
49. Flood, Alison (30 January 2020). "US publishing remains 'as white today as it was four years ago'". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. from the original on 29 November 2020. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
50. Italie, Hillel (11 February 2020). "Missteps lead publishing industry to review diversity effort". Associated Press. from the original on 10 November 2020. Retrieved 10 November 2020.

Publications

• Amory, H., & Hall, D. D. (2005). Bibliography and the book trades : studies in the print culture of early New England. University of Pennsylvania Press.
• Patten, E., McElligott, J. (Eds). (2014). The perils of print culture: book, print and publishing history in theory and practice. Palgrave Macmillan.

External links

• International Publishers' organisation
• Printing and publishing – Law Insider