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Psychokinesis

April 16, 2023

"Telekinesis" redirects here. For other uses, see Telekinesis (disambiguation).
For the film, see Psychokinesis (film).

Psychokinesis (from Ancient Greek: ψυχή, lit. 'soul' and ㅤ: κίνησις, lit. 'movement'[1][2]), or telekinesis[3] (from Ancient Greek: τηλε, lit. 'far off' and ㅤ: κίνησις, lit. 'movement'[4]), is a hypothetical psychic ability allowing a person to influence a physical system without physical interaction.[5][6]

Artist conception of spontaneous psychokinesis from 1810 French magazine La Vie Mysterieuse.

Psychokinesis experiments have historically been criticized for lack of proper controls and repeatability.[7][8][9][10] There is no good evidence that psychokinesis is a real phenomenon, and the topic is generally regarded as pseudoscience.[7][11][12][13]

Etymology

The word psychokinesis was coined in 1914 by American author Henry Holt in his book On the Cosmic Relations.[14][15][16] The term is a compound of the Greek words ψυχή (psyche) – meaning "mind", "soul", "spirit", or "breath" – and κίνησις (kinesis) – meaning "motion" or "movement".[1][2] The American Psychokinesis J. B. Rhine coined the term extra-sensory perception to describe receiving information paranormally from an external source.[17] Following this, he used the term psychokinesis in 1934 to describe mentally influencing external objects or events without the use of physical energy.[17][18] His initial example of psychokinesis was experiments that were conducted to determine whether a person could influence the outcome of falling dice.[17][19]

The word telekinesis, a compound of the Greek τῆλε (tēle) – meaning "distance" – and κίνησις (kinesis) – meaning "motion",[4] was first used in 1890 by Russian psychical researcher Alexander N. Aksakof.[20][21]

In parapsychology, fictional universes and New Age beliefs, psychokinesis and telekinesis are different: psychokinesis refers to the mental influence of physical systems and objects without the use of any physical energy,[5][6] while telekinesis refers to the movement and/or levitation of physical objects by purely mental force without any physical intervention.[22][23]

Reception

Evaluation

There is a broad scientific consensus that psychokinetic research has not produced a reliable demonstration of the phenomenon.[9][10][12][24]: 149–161 [25][26]

A panel commissioned in 1988 by the United States National Research Council to study paranormal claims concluded that "despite a 169-year record of scientific research on such matters, our committee could find no scientific justification for the existence of phenomena such as extrasensory perception, mental telepathy or 'mind over matter' exercises ... Evaluation of a large body of the best available evidence simply does not support the contention that these phenomena exist."[25]

In 1984, the United States National Academy of Sciences, at the request of the US Army Research Institute,[ambiguous] formed a scientific panel to assess the best evidence for psychokinesis. Part of its purpose was to investigate military applications of PK, for example to remotely jam or disrupt enemy weaponry. The panel heard from a variety of military staff who believed in PK and made visits to the PEAR laboratory and two other laboratories that had claimed positive results from micro-PK experiments. The panel criticized macro-PK experiments for being open to deception by conjurors, and said that virtually all micro-PK experiments "depart from good scientific practice in a variety of ways". Their conclusion, published in a 1987 report, was that there was no scientific evidence for the existence of psychokinesis.[24]: 149–161 

Carl Sagan included telekinesis in a long list of "offerings of pseudoscience and superstition" which "it would be foolish to accept ... without solid scientific data".[27] Nobel Prize laureate Richard Feynman advocated a similar position.[28]

Felix Planer, a professor of electrical engineering, has written that if psychokinesis were real then it would be easy to demonstrate by getting subjects to depress a scale on a sensitive balance, raise the temperature of a waterbath which could be measured with an accuracy of a hundredth of a degree centigrade, or affect an element in an electrical circuit such as a resistor, which could be monitored to better than a millionth of an ampere.[29] Planer writes that such experiments are extremely sensitive and easy to monitor but are not utilized by parapsychologists as they "do not hold out the remotest hope of demonstrating even a minute trace of PK" because the alleged phenomenon is non-existent. Planer has written that parapsychologists have to fall back on studies that involve only statistics that are unrepeatable, owing their results to poor experimental methods, recording mistakes and faulty statistical mathematics.[29]

According to Planer, "All research in medicine and other sciences would become illusionary, if the existence of PK had to be taken seriously; for no experiment could be relied upon to furnish objective results, since all measurements would become falsified to a greater or lesser degree, according to his PK ability, by the experimenter's wishes." Planer concluded that the concept of psychokinesis is absurd and has no scientific basis.[30]

PK hypotheses have also been considered in a number of contexts outside parapsychological experiments. C. E. M. Hansel has written that a general objection against the claim for the existence of psychokinesis is that, if it were a real process, its effects would be expected to manifest in situations in everyday life; but no such effects have been observed.[31]

Science writers Martin Gardner and Terence Hines and the philosopher Theodore Schick have written that if psychokinesis were possible, one would expect casino incomes to be affected, but the earnings are exactly as the laws of chance predict.[32][33][34][35][36]: 309 

Psychologist Nicholas Humphrey argues that many experiments in psychology, biology or physics assume that the intentions of the subjects or experimenter do not physically distort the apparatus. Humphrey counts them as implicit replications of PK experiments in which PK fails to appear.[10]

Physics

The ideas of psychokinesis and telekinesis violate several well-established laws of physics, including the inverse square law, the second law of thermodynamics, and the conservation of momentum.[25][37] Because of this, scientists have demanded a high standard of evidence for PK, in line with Marcello Truzzi's dictum "Extraordinary claims require extraordinary proof".[10][38] The Occam's razor law of parsimony in scientific explanations of phenomena suggests that the explanation of PK in terms of ordinary ways—by trickery, special effects or by poor experimental design—is preferable to accepting that the laws of physics should be rewritten.[9][13]

Philosopher and physicist Mario Bunge has written that "psychokinesis, or PK, violates the principle that mind cannot act directly on matter. (If it did, no experimenter could trust his readings of measuring instruments.) It also violates the principles of conservation of energy and momentum. The claim that quantum mechanics allows for the possibility of mental power influencing randomizers—an alleged case of micro-PK—is ludicrous since that theory respects the said conservation principles, and it deals exclusively with physical things."[39]

Physicist John Taylor, who has investigated parapsychological claims, has written that an unknown fifth force causing psychokinesis would have to transmit a great deal of energy. The energy would have to overcome the electromagnetic forces binding the atoms together, because the atoms would need to respond more strongly to the fifth force than to electric forces. Such an additional force between atoms should therefore exist all the time and not during only alleged paranormal occurrences. Taylor wrote there is no scientific trace of such a force in physics, down to many orders of magnitude; thus, if a scientific viewpoint is to be preserved, the idea of any fifth force must be discarded. Taylor concluded that there is no possible physical mechanism for psychokinesis, and it is in complete contradiction to established science.[40]: 27–30 

In 1979, Evan Harris Walker and Richard Mattuck published a parapsychology paper proposing a quantum explanation for psychokinesis. Physicist Victor J. Stenger wrote that their explanation contained assumptions not supported by any scientific evidence. According to Stenger their paper is "filled with impressive looking equations and calculations that give the appearance of placing psychokinesis on a firm scientific footing... Yet look what they have done. They have found the value of one unknown number (wavefunction steps) that gives one measured number (the supposed speed of PK-induced motion). This is numerology, not science."[41]

Physicist Sean M. Carroll has written that spoons, like all matter, are made up of atoms and that any movement of a spoon with the mind would involve the manipulation of those atoms through the four forces of nature: the strong nuclear force, the weak nuclear force, electromagnetism, and gravitation. Psychokinesis would have to be either some form of one of these four forces, or a new force that has a billionth the strength of gravity, for otherwise it would have been captured in experiments already done. This leaves no physical force that could possibly account for psychokinesis.[42]

Physicist Robert L. Park has found it suspicious that a phenomenon should only ever appear at the limits of detectability of questionable statistical techniques. He cites this feature as one of Irving Langmuir's indicators of pathological science.[26] Park pointed out that if mind really could influence matter, it would be easy for parapsychologists to measure such a phenomenon by using the alleged psychokinetic power to deflect a microbalance, which would not require any dubious statistics. "[T]he reason, of course, is that the microbalance stubbornly refuses to budge." He has suggested that the reason statistical studies are so popular in parapsychology is that they introduce opportunities for uncertainty and error, which are used to support the experimenter's biases.[26]

Explanations in terms of bias

Cognitive bias research has suggested that people are susceptible to illusions of PK. These include both the illusion that they themselves have the power, and that the events they witness are real demonstrations of PK.[43] For example, the illusion of control is an illusory correlation between intention and external events, and believers in the paranormal have been shown to be more susceptible to this illusion than others.[44][45] Psychologist Thomas Gilovich explains this as a biased interpretation of personal experience. For example, someone in a dice game wishing for a high score can interpret high numbers as "success" and low numbers as "not enough concentration."[25] Bias towards belief in PK may be an example of the human tendency to see patterns where none exist, called the clustering illusion, which believers are also more susceptible to.[43]

A 1952 study tested for experimenter's bias with respect to psychokinesis. Richard Kaufman of Yale University gave subjects the task of trying to influence eight dice and allowed them to record their own scores. They were secretly filmed, so their records could be checked for errors. Believers in psychokinesis made errors that favored its existence, while disbelievers made opposite errors. A similar pattern of errors was found in J. B. Rhine's dice experiments, which were considered the strongest evidence for PK at that time.[36]: 306 

In 1995, Wiseman and Morris showed subjects an unedited videotape of a magician's performance in which a fork bent and eventually broke. Believers in the paranormal were significantly more likely to misinterpret the tape as a demonstration of PK, and were more likely to misremember crucial details of the presentation. This suggests that confirmation bias affects people's interpretation of PK demonstrations.[46] Psychologist Robert Sternberg cites confirmation bias as an explanation of why belief in psychic phenomena persists, despite the lack of evidence:

Some of the worst examples of confirmation bias are in research on parapsychology (...) Arguably, there is a whole field here with no powerful confirming data at all. But people want to believe, and so they find ways to believe.[47]

Psychologist Daniel Wegner has argued that an introspection illusion contributes to belief in psychokinesis.[48] He observes that in everyday experience, intention (such as wanting to turn on a light) is followed by action (such as flicking a light switch) in a reliable way, but the underlying neural mechanisms are outside awareness. Hence, though subjects may feel that they directly introspect their own free will, the experience of control is actually inferred from relations between the thought and the action. This theory of apparent mental causation acknowledges the influence of David Hume's view of the mind.[48] This process for detecting when one is responsible for an action is not totally reliable, and when it goes wrong there can be an illusion of control. This can happen when an external event follows, and is congruent with, a thought in someone's mind, without an actual causal link.[48] As evidence, Wegner cites a series of experiments on magical thinking in which subjects were induced to think they had influenced external events. In one experiment, subjects watched a basketball player taking a series of free throws. When they were instructed to visualize him making his shots, they felt that they had contributed to his success.[49] Other experiments designed to create an illusion of psychokinesis have demonstrated that this depends, to some extent, on the subject's prior belief in psychokinesis.[44][46][50]

A 2006 meta-analysis of 380 studies found a small positive effect that can be explained by publication bias.[51]

Magic and special effects

 
An advertising poster depicting magician Harry Kellar performing the "Levitation of Princess Karnac" illusion, 1894, U.S. Library of Congress.
See also: Mentalism

Magicians have successfully simulated some of the specialized abilities of psychokinesis, such as object movement, spoon bending, levitation and teleportation.[52] According to Robert Todd Carroll, there are many impressive magic tricks available to amateurs and professionals to simulate psychokinetic powers.[53] Metal objects such as keys or cutlery can be bent using a number of different techniques, even if the performer has not had access to the items beforehand.[54]: 127–131 

According to Richard Wiseman there are a number of ways for faking psychokinetic metal bending (PKMB). These include switching straight objects for pre-bent duplicates, the concealed application of force, and secretly inducing metallic fractures.[55] Research has also suggested that (PKMB) effects can be created by verbal suggestion. On this subject the magician Ben Harris wrote:

If you are doing a really convincing job, then you should be able to put a bent key on the table and comment, ‘Look, it is still bending’, and have your spectators really believe that it is. This may sound the height of boldness; however, the effect is astounding – and combined with suggestion, it does work.[56]

Between 1979 and 1981, the McDonnell Laboratory for Psychical Research at Washington University in St. Louis reported a series of experiments they named Project Alpha, in which two teenaged male subjects had demonstrated PK phenomena (including metal-bending and causing images to appear on film) under less than stringent laboratory conditions. James Randi eventually revealed that the subjects were two of his associates, amateur conjurers Steve Shaw and Michael Edwards. The pair had created the effects by standard trickery, but the researchers, being unfamiliar with magic techniques, interpreted them as proof of PK.[57]

A 2014 study that utilized a magic trick to investigate paranormal belief on eyewitness testimony revealed that believers in psychokinesis were more likely to report a key continued to bend than non-believers.[50]

Prize money for proof of psychokinesis

Main article: List of prizes for evidence of the paranormal

Internationally there are individual skeptics of the paranormal and skeptics' organizations who offer cash prize money for demonstration of the existence of an extraordinary psychic power, such as psychokinesis.[58] Prizes have been offered specifically for PK demonstrations: for example, businessman Gerald Fleming's offer of £250,000 to Uri Geller if he could bend a spoon under controlled conditions.[59] The James Randi Educational Foundation offered the One Million Dollar Paranormal Challenge to any accepted candidate who managed to produce a paranormal event in a controlled, mutually agreed upon experiment.[60][61] Currently, the Center for Inquiry offers a prize of $250,000, the largest in the world, for proof of the paranormal.[62][63]

Belief

In September 2006, a survey on belief in various religious and paranormal topics conducted by phone and mail-in questionnaire polled 1,721 Americans on their belief in telekinesis. Of these participants, 28% of male participants and 31% of female participants selected "agree" or "strongly agree" with the statement, "It is possible to influence the world through the mind alone."[64]

Subsets of psychokinesis

Parapsychologists divide psychokinetic phenomena into two categories: macro-psychokinesis, large-scale psychokinetic effects that can be seen with the naked eye; and micro-psychokinesis, small-scale psychokinetic effects that require the use of statistics to be detected.[6] Some phenomena—such as apports,[6] levitation,[6] materialization,[6] psychic healing,[6] pyrokinesis,[65] retrocausality,[66] telekinesis,[22] and thoughtography[6]—are considered examples of psychokinesis.

In 2016, Caroline Watt stated "Overall, the majority of academic parapsychologists do not find the evidence compelling in favour of macro-PK".[67]

Notable claimants of psychokinetic abilities

 
Eusapia Palladino "levitates" a table while researcher Alexander Aksakof (right) monitors for fraud, Milan, 1892.
 
Spirit photography hoaxer Édouard Isidore Buguet[68] (1840-1901) of France fakes telekinesis in this 1875 cabinet card photograph titled Fluidic Effect.

There have been claimants of psychokinetic ability throughout history. Angelique Cottin (ca. 1846) known as the "Electric Girl" of France was an alleged generator of PK activity. Cottin and her family claimed that she produced electric emanations that allowed her to move pieces of furniture and scissors across a room.[69] Frank Podmore wrote there were many observations which were "suggestive of fraud" such as the contact of the girl's garments to produce any of the alleged phenomena and the observations from several witnesses that noticed there was a double movement on the part of Cottin, a movement in the direction of the object thrown and afterwards away from it, but the movements so rapid they were not usually detected.[69]

Spiritualist mediums have also claimed psychokinetic abilities. Eusapia Palladino, an Italian medium, could allegedly cause objects to move during séances. However, she was caught levitating a table with her foot by magician Joseph Rinn, and using tricks to move objects by psychologist Hugo Münsterberg.[70][71] Other alleged PK mediums exposed as frauds include Anna Rasmussen and Maria Silbert.[72][73]

Polish medium Stanisława Tomczyk, active in the early 20th century, claimed to be able to perform acts of telekinetic levitation by way of an entity she called "Little Stasia".[74] A 1909 photograph of her, showing a pair of scissors "floating" between her hands, is often found in books and other publications as an example of telekinesis.[75][76] Scientists suspected Tomczyk performed her feats by the use of a fine thread or hair between her hands. This was confirmed when psychical researchers who tested Tomczyk occasionally observed the thread.[76][77][78]

Many of India's "godmen" have claimed macro-PK abilities and demonstrated apparently miraculous phenomena in public, although as more controls are put in place to prevent trickery, fewer phenomena are produced.[79]

 
Magician William Marriott reveals the trick of the medium Stanisława Tomczyk's levitation of a glass tumbler. Pearson's Magazine, June 1910

Annemarie Schaberl, a 19-year-old secretary, was said to have telekinetic powers by parapsychologist Hans Bender in the Rosenheim Poltergeist case in the 1960s. Magicians and scientists who investigated the case suspected the phenomena were produced by trickery.[40]: 107–108 [80]

Swami Rama, a yogi skilled in controlling his heart functions, was studied at the Menninger Foundation in the spring and fall of 1970 and was alleged by some observers at the foundation to have telekinetically moved a knitting needle twice from a distance of five feet.[81] Although he wore a face-mask and gown to prevent allegations that he moved the needle with his breath or body movements, and air vents in the room were covered, at least one physician observer who was present was not convinced and expressed the opinion that air movement was somehow the cause.[82]

Psychics

Russian psychic Nina Kulagina came to wide public attention following the publication of Sheila Ostrander and Lynn Schroeder's bestseller Psychic Discoveries Behind The Iron Curtain. The alleged Soviet psychic of the late 1960s and early 1970s was shown apparently performing telekinesis while seated in numerous black-and-white short films,[83] and was also mentioned in the U.S. Defense Intelligence Agency report from 1978.[84][ISBN missing] Magicians and skeptics have argued that Kulagina's feats could easily be performed by one practiced in sleight of hand, or through means such as cleverly concealed or disguised threads, small pieces of magnetic metal, or mirrors.[85][86][87][88]

James Hydrick, an American martial arts expert and psychic, was famous for his alleged psychokinetic ability to turn the pages of books and make pencils spin while placed on the edge of a desk. It was later revealed by magicians that he achieved his feats by air currents.[89] Psychologist Richard Wiseman wrote that Hydrick learnt to move objects by blowing in a "highly deceptive" and skillful way.[90] Hydrick confessed to Dan Korem that his feats were tricks: "My whole idea behind this in the first place was to see how dumb America was. How dumb the world is."[91] In the late 1970s, British psychic Matthew Manning was the subject of laboratory research in the United States and England, and today claims healing powers.[83][92] Magicians John Booth and Henry Gordon have suspected Manning used trickery to perform his feats.[93][94]

In 1971, an American psychic named Felicia Parise allegedly moved a pill bottle across a kitchen counter by psychokinesis. Her feats were endorsed by parapsychologist Charles Honorton. Science writer Martin Gardner wrote that Parise had "bamboozled" Honorton by moving the bottle with an invisible thread stretched between her hands.[88][24]: 163 

Boris Ermolaev, a Russian psychic, was known for levitating small objects. His methods were exposed on the World of Discovery documentary Secrets of the Russian Psychics (1992). He would sit on a chair and allegedly move the objects between his knees; but when filmed, lighting conditions revealed a fine thread fixed between his knees, suspending the objects.[86]

Russian psychic Alla Vinogradova was said to be able to move objects without touching them on transparent acrylic plastic or a plexiglass sheet. Parapsychologist Stanley Krippner observed Vinogradova rub an aluminum tube before moving it allegedly by psychokinesis. He suggested that the effect was produced by an electrostatic charge. Vinogradova was featured in the Nova documentary Secrets of the Psychics (1993) which followed the debunking work of James Randi.[86] She demonstrated her alleged psychokinetic abilities on-camera for Randi and other investigators. Before the experiments, she was observed combing her hair and rubbing the surface of the acrylic plastic. Massimo Polidoro has replicated Vinogradova's feats with acrylic surface, showing how easy it is to move any kind of object on it when it is charged with static electricity by rubbing a towel or hand on it.[86] Physicist John Taylor wrote, "It is very likely that electrostatics is all that is needed to explain Alla Vinogradova's apparently paranormal feats."[40]: 103 

Metal bending

See also: Spoon bending
 
Uri Geller was famous for his spoon bending demonstrations.

Psychics have also claimed the psychokinetic ability to bend metal. Uri Geller was famous for his spoon bending demonstrations, allegedly by PK.[83] He has been caught many times using sleight of hand. According to science writer Terence Hines, all of Geller's effects have been recreated using conjuring tricks.[95][54]: 126–130 

The French psychic Jean-Pierre Girard has claimed he can bend metal bars by PK. He was tested in the 1970s but failed to produce any paranormal effects in scientifically controlled conditions.[96] He was tested on January 19, 1977 during a two-hour experiment in a Paris laboratory, directed by physicist Yves Farge. A magician was also present. Girard failed to make any objects move paranormally. He failed two tests in Grenoble in June 1977 with magician James Randi.[96] He was also tested on September 24, 1977 at a laboratory at the Nuclear Research Centre, and failed to bend any bars or change the metals' structure. Other experiments into spoon-bending were also negative, and witnesses described his feats as fraudulent. Girard later admitted he sometimes cheated to avoid disappointing the public, but insisted he had genuine psychic power.[96] Magicians and scientists have written that he produced all his alleged psychokinetic feats through fraudulent means.[95][97]

Stephen North, a British psychic in the late 1970s, was known for his alleged psychokinetic ability to bend spoons and teleport objects in and out of sealed containers. British physicist John Hasted tested North in a series of experiments which he claimed had demonstrated psychokinesis, though his experiments were criticized for lack of scientific controls.[98][page needed][99] North was tested in Grenoble on 19 December 1977 in scientific conditions and the results were negative.[96] According to James Randi, during a test at Birkbeck College, North was observed to have bent a metal sample with his bare hands. Randi wrote "I find it unfortunate that [Hasted] never had an epiphany in which he was able to recognize just how thoughtless, cruel, and predatory were the acts perpetrated on him by fakers who took advantage of his naivety and trust."[100]

"PK parties" were a cultural fad in the 1980s, begun by Jack Houck,[101] where groups of people were guided through rituals and chants to awaken metal-bending powers. They were encouraged to shout at the items of cutlery they had brought and to jump and scream to create an atmosphere of pandemonium (or what scientific investigators called heightened suggestibility). Critics were excluded and participants were told to avoid looking at their hands. Thousands of people attended these emotionally charged parties, and many were convinced they had bent the objects by paranormal means.[24]: 149–161 

PK parties have been described as a campaign by paranormal believers to convince people of the existence of psychokinesis, on the basis of nonscientific data from personal experience and testimony. The United States National Academy of Sciences has criticized PK parties on the grounds that conditions are not reliable for obtaining scientific results and "are just those which psychologists and others have described as creating states of heightened suggestibility."[24]: 149–161 

Ronnie Marcus, an Israeli psychic and claimant of psychokinetic metal-bending, was tested in 1994 in scientifically controlled conditions and failed to produce any paranormal phenomena.[102] According to magicians, his alleged psychokinetic feats were sleight of hand tricks. Marcus bent a letter opener by the concealed application of force and a frame-by-frame analysis of video showed that he bent a spoon from pressure from his thumb by ordinary, physical means.[103][104]

In popular culture

Psychokinesis and telekinesis have commonly been portrayed as superpowers in comic books, movies, television, video games, literature, and other forms of popular culture.[105][106][107]

Notable portrayals of psychokinetic and/or telekinetic characters include the Teleks in the 1952 novella Telek;[108] Carrie White in the Stephen King novel and its three film adaptations, Carrie;[109] Ellen Burstyn in the 1980 healer-themed film Resurrection;[110] the Jedi and Sith in the Star Wars franchise;[111] the Psychic-type Pokémon in the Pokémon franchise,[citation needed] the Scanners in the 1981 film Scanners;[112] Matilda Wormwood in the 1988 children's novel Matilda and its 1996 film adaptation;[113] three high school seniors in the 2012 film Chronicle;[114] Eleven as well as Vecna and various lab children from the Netflix series Stranger Things;[115] Silver the Hedgehog in the Sonic the Hedgehog game and series franchise;[116] Ness from the Mother franchise[citation needed] and Shin Seok-heon in the 2018 film Psychokinesis.[citation needed]

See also

References

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April 16, 2023
psychokinesis, telekinesis, redirects, here, other, uses, telekinesis, disambiguation, film, film, from, ancient, greek, ψυχή, soul, κίνησις, movement, telekinesis, from, ancient, greek, τηλε, κίνησις, movement, hypothetical, psychic, ability, allowing, person. Telekinesis redirects here For other uses see Telekinesis disambiguation For the film see Psychokinesis film Psychokinesis from Ancient Greek psyxh lit soul and ㅤ kinhsis lit movement 1 2 or telekinesis 3 from Ancient Greek thle lit far off and ㅤ kinhsis lit movement 4 is a hypothetical psychic ability allowing a person to influence a physical system without physical interaction 5 6 Artist conception of spontaneous psychokinesis from 1810 French magazine La Vie Mysterieuse Psychokinesis experiments have historically been criticized for lack of proper controls and repeatability 7 8 9 10 There is no good evidence that psychokinesis is a real phenomenon and the topic is generally regarded as pseudoscience 7 11 12 13 Contents 1 Etymology 2 Reception 2 1 Evaluation 2 2 Physics 2 3 Explanations in terms of bias 2 4 Magic and special effects 2 5 Prize money for proof of psychokinesis 3 Belief 3 1 Subsets of psychokinesis 3 2 Notable claimants of psychokinetic abilities 3 3 Psychics 3 4 Metal bending 4 In popular culture 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External linksEtymology EditThe word psychokinesis was coined in 1914 by American author Henry Holt in his book On the Cosmic Relations 14 15 16 The term is a compound of the Greek words psyxh psyche meaning mind soul spirit or breath and kinhsis kinesis meaning motion or movement 1 2 The American Psychokinesis J B Rhine coined the term extra sensory perception to describe receiving information paranormally from an external source 17 Following this he used the term psychokinesis in 1934 to describe mentally influencing external objects or events without the use of physical energy 17 18 His initial example of psychokinesis was experiments that were conducted to determine whether a person could influence the outcome of falling dice 17 19 The word telekinesis a compound of the Greek tῆle tele meaning distance and kinhsis kinesis meaning motion 4 was first used in 1890 by Russian psychical researcher Alexander N Aksakof 20 21 In parapsychology fictional universes and New Age beliefs psychokinesis and telekinesis are different psychokinesis refers to the mental influence of physical systems and objects without the use of any physical energy 5 6 while telekinesis refers to the movement and or levitation of physical objects by purely mental force without any physical intervention 22 23 Reception EditEvaluation Edit There is a broad scientific consensus that psychokinetic research has not produced a reliable demonstration of the phenomenon 9 10 12 24 149 161 25 26 A panel commissioned in 1988 by the United States National Research Council to study paranormal claims concluded that despite a 169 year record of scientific research on such matters our committee could find no scientific justification for the existence of phenomena such as extrasensory perception mental telepathy or mind over matter exercises Evaluation of a large body of the best available evidence simply does not support the contention that these phenomena exist 25 In 1984 the United States National Academy of Sciences at the request of the US Army Research Institute ambiguous formed a scientific panel to assess the best evidence for psychokinesis Part of its purpose was to investigate military applications of PK for example to remotely jam or disrupt enemy weaponry The panel heard from a variety of military staff who believed in PK and made visits to the PEAR laboratory and two other laboratories that had claimed positive results from micro PK experiments The panel criticized macro PK experiments for being open to deception by conjurors and said that virtually all micro PK experiments depart from good scientific practice in a variety of ways Their conclusion published in a 1987 report was that there was no scientific evidence for the existence of psychokinesis 24 149 161 Carl Sagan included telekinesis in a long list of offerings of pseudoscience and superstition which it would be foolish to accept without solid scientific data 27 Nobel Prize laureate Richard Feynman advocated a similar position 28 Felix Planer a professor of electrical engineering has written that if psychokinesis were real then it would be easy to demonstrate by getting subjects to depress a scale on a sensitive balance raise the temperature of a waterbath which could be measured with an accuracy of a hundredth of a degree centigrade or affect an element in an electrical circuit such as a resistor which could be monitored to better than a millionth of an ampere 29 Planer writes that such experiments are extremely sensitive and easy to monitor but are not utilized by parapsychologists as they do not hold out the remotest hope of demonstrating even a minute trace of PK because the alleged phenomenon is non existent Planer has written that parapsychologists have to fall back on studies that involve only statistics that are unrepeatable owing their results to poor experimental methods recording mistakes and faulty statistical mathematics 29 According to Planer All research in medicine and other sciences would become illusionary if the existence of PK had to be taken seriously for no experiment could be relied upon to furnish objective results since all measurements would become falsified to a greater or lesser degree according to his PK ability by the experimenter s wishes Planer concluded that the concept of psychokinesis is absurd and has no scientific basis 30 PK hypotheses have also been considered in a number of contexts outside parapsychological experiments C E M Hansel has written that a general objection against the claim for the existence of psychokinesis is that if it were a real process its effects would be expected to manifest in situations in everyday life but no such effects have been observed 31 Science writers Martin Gardner and Terence Hines and the philosopher Theodore Schick have written that if psychokinesis were possible one would expect casino incomes to be affected but the earnings are exactly as the laws of chance predict 32 33 34 35 36 309 Psychologist Nicholas Humphrey argues that many experiments in psychology biology or physics assume that the intentions of the subjects or experimenter do not physically distort the apparatus Humphrey counts them as implicit replications of PK experiments in which PK fails to appear 10 Physics Edit The ideas of psychokinesis and telekinesis violate several well established laws of physics including the inverse square law the second law of thermodynamics and the conservation of momentum 25 37 Because of this scientists have demanded a high standard of evidence for PK in line with Marcello Truzzi s dictum Extraordinary claims require extraordinary proof 10 38 The Occam s razor law of parsimony in scientific explanations of phenomena suggests that the explanation of PK in terms of ordinary ways by trickery special effects or by poor experimental design is preferable to accepting that the laws of physics should be rewritten 9 13 Philosopher and physicist Mario Bunge has written that psychokinesis or PK violates the principle that mind cannot act directly on matter If it did no experimenter could trust his readings of measuring instruments It also violates the principles of conservation of energy and momentum The claim that quantum mechanics allows for the possibility of mental power influencing randomizers an alleged case of micro PK is ludicrous since that theory respects the said conservation principles and it deals exclusively with physical things 39 Physicist John Taylor who has investigated parapsychological claims has written that an unknown fifth force causing psychokinesis would have to transmit a great deal of energy The energy would have to overcome the electromagnetic forces binding the atoms together because the atoms would need to respond more strongly to the fifth force than to electric forces Such an additional force between atoms should therefore exist all the time and not during only alleged paranormal occurrences Taylor wrote there is no scientific trace of such a force in physics down to many orders of magnitude thus if a scientific viewpoint is to be preserved the idea of any fifth force must be discarded Taylor concluded that there is no possible physical mechanism for psychokinesis and it is in complete contradiction to established science 40 27 30 In 1979 Evan Harris Walker and Richard Mattuck published a parapsychology paper proposing a quantum explanation for psychokinesis Physicist Victor J Stenger wrote that their explanation contained assumptions not supported by any scientific evidence According to Stenger their paper is filled with impressive looking equations and calculations that give the appearance of placing psychokinesis on a firm scientific footing Yet look what they have done They have found the value of one unknown number wavefunction steps that gives one measured number the supposed speed of PK induced motion This is numerology not science 41 Physicist Sean M Carroll has written that spoons like all matter are made up of atoms and that any movement of a spoon with the mind would involve the manipulation of those atoms through the four forces of nature the strong nuclear force the weak nuclear force electromagnetism and gravitation Psychokinesis would have to be either some form of one of these four forces or a new force that has a billionth the strength of gravity for otherwise it would have been captured in experiments already done This leaves no physical force that could possibly account for psychokinesis 42 Physicist Robert L Park has found it suspicious that a phenomenon should only ever appear at the limits of detectability of questionable statistical techniques He cites this feature as one of Irving Langmuir s indicators of pathological science 26 Park pointed out that if mind really could influence matter it would be easy for parapsychologists to measure such a phenomenon by using the alleged psychokinetic power to deflect a microbalance which would not require any dubious statistics T he reason of course is that the microbalance stubbornly refuses to budge He has suggested that the reason statistical studies are so popular in parapsychology is that they introduce opportunities for uncertainty and error which are used to support the experimenter s biases 26 Explanations in terms of bias Edit Cognitive bias research has suggested that people are susceptible to illusions of PK These include both the illusion that they themselves have the power and that the events they witness are real demonstrations of PK 43 For example the illusion of control is an illusory correlation between intention and external events and believers in the paranormal have been shown to be more susceptible to this illusion than others 44 45 Psychologist Thomas Gilovich explains this as a biased interpretation of personal experience For example someone in a dice game wishing for a high score can interpret high numbers as success and low numbers as not enough concentration 25 Bias towards belief in PK may be an example of the human tendency to see patterns where none exist called the clustering illusion which believers are also more susceptible to 43 A 1952 study tested for experimenter s bias with respect to psychokinesis Richard Kaufman of Yale University gave subjects the task of trying to influence eight dice and allowed them to record their own scores They were secretly filmed so their records could be checked for errors Believers in psychokinesis made errors that favored its existence while disbelievers made opposite errors A similar pattern of errors was found in J B Rhine s dice experiments which were considered the strongest evidence for PK at that time 36 306 In 1995 Wiseman and Morris showed subjects an unedited videotape of a magician s performance in which a fork bent and eventually broke Believers in the paranormal were significantly more likely to misinterpret the tape as a demonstration of PK and were more likely to misremember crucial details of the presentation This suggests that confirmation bias affects people s interpretation of PK demonstrations 46 Psychologist Robert Sternberg cites confirmation bias as an explanation of why belief in psychic phenomena persists despite the lack of evidence Some of the worst examples of confirmation bias are in research on parapsychology Arguably there is a whole field here with no powerful confirming data at all But people want to believe and so they find ways to believe 47 Psychologist Daniel Wegner has argued that an introspection illusion contributes to belief in psychokinesis 48 He observes that in everyday experience intention such as wanting to turn on a light is followed by action such as flicking a light switch in a reliable way but the underlying neural mechanisms are outside awareness Hence though subjects may feel that they directly introspect their own free will the experience of control is actually inferred from relations between the thought and the action This theory of apparent mental causation acknowledges the influence of David Hume s view of the mind 48 This process for detecting when one is responsible for an action is not totally reliable and when it goes wrong there can be an illusion of control This can happen when an external event follows and is congruent with a thought in someone s mind without an actual causal link 48 As evidence Wegner cites a series of experiments on magical thinking in which subjects were induced to think they had influenced external events In one experiment subjects watched a basketball player taking a series of free throws When they were instructed to visualize him making his shots they felt that they had contributed to his success 49 Other experiments designed to create an illusion of psychokinesis have demonstrated that this depends to some extent on the subject s prior belief in psychokinesis 44 46 50 A 2006 meta analysis of 380 studies found a small positive effect that can be explained by publication bias 51 Magic and special effects Edit An advertising poster depicting magician Harry Kellar performing the Levitation of Princess Karnac illusion 1894 U S Library of Congress See also Mentalism Magicians have successfully simulated some of the specialized abilities of psychokinesis such as object movement spoon bending levitation and teleportation 52 According to Robert Todd Carroll there are many impressive magic tricks available to amateurs and professionals to simulate psychokinetic powers 53 Metal objects such as keys or cutlery can be bent using a number of different techniques even if the performer has not had access to the items beforehand 54 127 131 According to Richard Wiseman there are a number of ways for faking psychokinetic metal bending PKMB These include switching straight objects for pre bent duplicates the concealed application of force and secretly inducing metallic fractures 55 Research has also suggested that PKMB effects can be created by verbal suggestion On this subject the magician Ben Harris wrote If you are doing a really convincing job then you should be able to put a bent key on the table and comment Look it is still bending and have your spectators really believe that it is This may sound the height of boldness however the effect is astounding and combined with suggestion it does work 56 Between 1979 and 1981 the McDonnell Laboratory for Psychical Research at Washington University in St Louis reported a series of experiments they named Project Alpha in which two teenaged male subjects had demonstrated PK phenomena including metal bending and causing images to appear on film under less than stringent laboratory conditions James Randi eventually revealed that the subjects were two of his associates amateur conjurers Steve Shaw and Michael Edwards The pair had created the effects by standard trickery but the researchers being unfamiliar with magic techniques interpreted them as proof of PK 57 A 2014 study that utilized a magic trick to investigate paranormal belief on eyewitness testimony revealed that believers in psychokinesis were more likely to report a key continued to bend than non believers 50 Prize money for proof of psychokinesis Edit Main article List of prizes for evidence of the paranormal Internationally there are individual skeptics of the paranormal and skeptics organizations who offer cash prize money for demonstration of the existence of an extraordinary psychic power such as psychokinesis 58 Prizes have been offered specifically for PK demonstrations for example businessman Gerald Fleming s offer of 250 000 to Uri Geller if he could bend a spoon under controlled conditions 59 The James Randi Educational Foundation offered the One Million Dollar Paranormal Challenge to any accepted candidate who managed to produce a paranormal event in a controlled mutually agreed upon experiment 60 61 Currently the Center for Inquiry offers a prize of 250 000 the largest in the world for proof of the paranormal 62 63 Belief EditIn September 2006 a survey on belief in various religious and paranormal topics conducted by phone and mail in questionnaire polled 1 721 Americans on their belief in telekinesis Of these participants 28 of male participants and 31 of female participants selected agree or strongly agree with the statement It is possible to influence the world through the mind alone 64 Subsets of psychokinesis Edit Parapsychologists divide psychokinetic phenomena into two categories macro psychokinesis large scale psychokinetic effects that can be seen with the naked eye and micro psychokinesis small scale psychokinetic effects that require the use of statistics to be detected 6 Some phenomena such as apports 6 levitation 6 materialization 6 psychic healing 6 pyrokinesis 65 retrocausality 66 telekinesis 22 and thoughtography 6 are considered examples of psychokinesis In 2016 Caroline Watt stated Overall the majority of academic parapsychologists do not find the evidence compelling in favour of macro PK 67 Notable claimants of psychokinetic abilities Edit Eusapia Palladino levitates a table while researcher Alexander Aksakof right monitors for fraud Milan 1892 Spirit photography hoaxer Edouard Isidore Buguet 68 1840 1901 of France fakes telekinesis in this 1875 cabinet card photograph titled Fluidic Effect There have been claimants of psychokinetic ability throughout history Angelique Cottin ca 1846 known as the Electric Girl of France was an alleged generator of PK activity Cottin and her family claimed that she produced electric emanations that allowed her to move pieces of furniture and scissors across a room 69 Frank Podmore wrote there were many observations which were suggestive of fraud such as the contact of the girl s garments to produce any of the alleged phenomena and the observations from several witnesses that noticed there was a double movement on the part of Cottin a movement in the direction of the object thrown and afterwards away from it but the movements so rapid they were not usually detected 69 Spiritualist mediums have also claimed psychokinetic abilities Eusapia Palladino an Italian medium could allegedly cause objects to move during seances However she was caught levitating a table with her foot by magician Joseph Rinn and using tricks to move objects by psychologist Hugo Munsterberg 70 71 Other alleged PK mediums exposed as frauds include Anna Rasmussen and Maria Silbert 72 73 Polish medium Stanislawa Tomczyk active in the early 20th century claimed to be able to perform acts of telekinetic levitation by way of an entity she called Little Stasia 74 A 1909 photograph of her showing a pair of scissors floating between her hands is often found in books and other publications as an example of telekinesis 75 76 Scientists suspected Tomczyk performed her feats by the use of a fine thread or hair between her hands This was confirmed when psychical researchers who tested Tomczyk occasionally observed the thread 76 77 78 Many of India s godmen have claimed macro PK abilities and demonstrated apparently miraculous phenomena in public although as more controls are put in place to prevent trickery fewer phenomena are produced 79 Magician William Marriott reveals the trick of the medium Stanislawa Tomczyk s levitation of a glass tumbler Pearson s Magazine June 1910 Annemarie Schaberl a 19 year old secretary was said to have telekinetic powers by parapsychologist Hans Bender in the Rosenheim Poltergeist case in the 1960s Magicians and scientists who investigated the case suspected the phenomena were produced by trickery 40 107 108 80 Swami Rama a yogi skilled in controlling his heart functions was studied at the Menninger Foundation in the spring and fall of 1970 and was alleged by some observers at the foundation to have telekinetically moved a knitting needle twice from a distance of five feet 81 Although he wore a face mask and gown to prevent allegations that he moved the needle with his breath or body movements and air vents in the room were covered at least one physician observer who was present was not convinced and expressed the opinion that air movement was somehow the cause 82 Psychics Edit Russian psychic Nina Kulagina came to wide public attention following the publication of Sheila Ostrander and Lynn Schroeder s bestseller Psychic Discoveries Behind The Iron Curtain The alleged Soviet psychic of the late 1960s and early 1970s was shown apparently performing telekinesis while seated in numerous black and white short films 83 and was also mentioned in the U S Defense Intelligence Agency report from 1978 84 ISBN missing Magicians and skeptics have argued that Kulagina s feats could easily be performed by one practiced in sleight of hand or through means such as cleverly concealed or disguised threads small pieces of magnetic metal or mirrors 85 86 87 88 James Hydrick an American martial arts expert and psychic was famous for his alleged psychokinetic ability to turn the pages of books and make pencils spin while placed on the edge of a desk It was later revealed by magicians that he achieved his feats by air currents 89 Psychologist Richard Wiseman wrote that Hydrick learnt to move objects by blowing in a highly deceptive and skillful way 90 Hydrick confessed to Dan Korem that his feats were tricks My whole idea behind this in the first place was to see how dumb America was How dumb the world is 91 In the late 1970s British psychic Matthew Manning was the subject of laboratory research in the United States and England and today claims healing powers 83 92 Magicians John Booth and Henry Gordon have suspected Manning used trickery to perform his feats 93 94 In 1971 an American psychic named Felicia Parise allegedly moved a pill bottle across a kitchen counter by psychokinesis Her feats were endorsed by parapsychologist Charles Honorton Science writer Martin Gardner wrote that Parise had bamboozled Honorton by moving the bottle with an invisible thread stretched between her hands 88 24 163 Boris Ermolaev a Russian psychic was known for levitating small objects His methods were exposed on the World of Discovery documentary Secrets of the Russian Psychics 1992 He would sit on a chair and allegedly move the objects between his knees but when filmed lighting conditions revealed a fine thread fixed between his knees suspending the objects 86 Russian psychic Alla Vinogradova was said to be able to move objects without touching them on transparent acrylic plastic or a plexiglass sheet Parapsychologist Stanley Krippner observed Vinogradova rub an aluminum tube before moving it allegedly by psychokinesis He suggested that the effect was produced by an electrostatic charge Vinogradova was featured in the Nova documentary Secrets of the Psychics 1993 which followed the debunking work of James Randi 86 She demonstrated her alleged psychokinetic abilities on camera for Randi and other investigators Before the experiments she was observed combing her hair and rubbing the surface of the acrylic plastic Massimo Polidoro has replicated Vinogradova s feats with acrylic surface showing how easy it is to move any kind of object on it when it is charged with static electricity by rubbing a towel or hand on it 86 Physicist John Taylor wrote It is very likely that electrostatics is all that is needed to explain Alla Vinogradova s apparently paranormal feats 40 103 Metal bending Edit See also Spoon bending Uri Geller was famous for his spoon bending demonstrations Psychics have also claimed the psychokinetic ability to bend metal Uri Geller was famous for his spoon bending demonstrations allegedly by PK 83 He has been caught many times using sleight of hand According to science writer Terence Hines all of Geller s effects have been recreated using conjuring tricks 95 54 126 130 The French psychic Jean Pierre Girard has claimed he can bend metal bars by PK He was tested in the 1970s but failed to produce any paranormal effects in scientifically controlled conditions 96 He was tested on January 19 1977 during a two hour experiment in a Paris laboratory directed by physicist Yves Farge A magician was also present Girard failed to make any objects move paranormally He failed two tests in Grenoble in June 1977 with magician James Randi 96 He was also tested on September 24 1977 at a laboratory at the Nuclear Research Centre and failed to bend any bars or change the metals structure Other experiments into spoon bending were also negative and witnesses described his feats as fraudulent Girard later admitted he sometimes cheated to avoid disappointing the public but insisted he had genuine psychic power 96 Magicians and scientists have written that he produced all his alleged psychokinetic feats through fraudulent means 95 97 Stephen North a British psychic in the late 1970s was known for his alleged psychokinetic ability to bend spoons and teleport objects in and out of sealed containers British physicist John Hasted tested North in a series of experiments which he claimed had demonstrated psychokinesis though his experiments were criticized for lack of scientific controls 98 page needed 99 North was tested in Grenoble on 19 December 1977 in scientific conditions and the results were negative 96 According to James Randi during a test at Birkbeck College North was observed to have bent a metal sample with his bare hands Randi wrote I find it unfortunate that Hasted never had an epiphany in which he was able to recognize just how thoughtless cruel and predatory were the acts perpetrated on him by fakers who took advantage of his naivety and trust 100 PK parties were a cultural fad in the 1980s begun by Jack Houck 101 where groups of people were guided through rituals and chants to awaken metal bending powers They were encouraged to shout at the items of cutlery they had brought and to jump and scream to create an atmosphere of pandemonium or what scientific investigators called heightened suggestibility Critics were excluded and participants were told to avoid looking at their hands Thousands of people attended these emotionally charged parties and many were convinced they had bent the objects by paranormal means 24 149 161 PK parties have been described as a campaign by paranormal believers to convince people of the existence of psychokinesis on the basis of nonscientific data from personal experience and testimony The United States National Academy of Sciences has criticized PK parties on the grounds that conditions are not reliable for obtaining scientific results and are just those which psychologists and others have described as creating states of heightened suggestibility 24 149 161 Ronnie Marcus an Israeli psychic and claimant of psychokinetic metal bending was tested in 1994 in scientifically controlled conditions and failed to produce any paranormal phenomena 102 According to magicians his alleged psychokinetic feats were sleight of hand tricks Marcus bent a letter opener by the concealed application of force and a frame by frame analysis of video showed that he bent a spoon from pressure from his thumb by ordinary physical means 103 104 In popular culture EditPsychokinesis and telekinesis have commonly been portrayed as superpowers in comic books movies television video games literature and other forms of popular culture 105 106 107 Notable portrayals of psychokinetic and or telekinetic characters include the Teleks in the 1952 novella Telek 108 Carrie White in the Stephen King novel and its three film adaptations Carrie 109 Ellen Burstyn in the 1980 healer themed film Resurrection 110 the Jedi and Sith in the Star Wars franchise 111 the Psychic type Pokemon in the Pokemon franchise citation needed the Scanners in the 1981 film Scanners 112 Matilda Wormwood in the 1988 children s novel Matilda and its 1996 film adaptation 113 three high school seniors in the 2012 film Chronicle 114 Eleven as well as Vecna and various lab children from the Netflix series Stranger Things 115 Silver the Hedgehog in the Sonic the Hedgehog game and series franchise 116 Ness from the Mother franchise citation needed and Shin Seok heon in the 2018 film Psychokinesis citation needed See also EditClairvoyance Energy esotericism Extrasensory perception Force Force field physics Force field technology Human magnetism List of psychic abilities List of topics characterized as pseudoscience Levitation paranormal Psi parapsychology Spiritism Telepathy Tractor beamReferences Edit a b Random House Webster s Unabridged Dictionary 2nd ed New York Random House 2004 p 1560 ISBN 9780375425998 Retrieved December 11 2015 psycho a combining form representing psyche in compound words Gk comb form of psyche breath spirit soul mind akin to psychein to blow a b McKean Erin 2005 The New Oxford American Dictionary 2nd ed Oxford Oxford University Press p 1367 ISBN 9780195170771 psycho comb form relating to the mind or psychology from Greek psukhe breath soul mind psychokinesis psychology Encyclopaedia Britannica Retrieved April 11 2014 a b telekinesis Oxford Dictionaries Archived from the original on September 22 2017 Retrieved July 18 2014 a b Xiong Jesse Hong 2010 The Outline of Parapsychology Revised ed Lanham University Press of America p 141 ISBN 978 0761849452 Retrieved July 24 2015 a b c d e f g h Irwin Harvey J 2007 An Introduction to Parapsychology McFarland pp 94 112 ISBN 9780786451388 Retrieved July 24 2015 a b Psychokinesis PK The Skeptic s Dictionary January 15 2014 Retrieved February 2 2014 Girden Edward 1962 A review of psychokinesis PK Psychological Bulletin 59 5 353 388 doi 10 1037 h0048209 PMID 13898904 a b c Kurtz Paul 1985 A Skeptic s Handbook of Parapsychology Buffalo New York Prometheus Books pp 129 146 ISBN 978 0879753009 a b c d Humphrey Nicholas K 1995 Soul Searching Human Nature and Supernatural Belief Chatto amp Windus pp 160 217 ISBN 9780701159634 Bunge Mario 1983 Treatise on Basic Philosophy Volume 6 Epistemology amp Methodology II Understanding the World Springer p 226 Despite being several thousand years old and having attracted a large number of researchers over the past hundred years we owe no single firm finding to parapsychology no hard data on telepathy clairvoyance precognition or psychokinesis a b Vyse Stuart 2000 Believing in Magic The Psychology of Superstition 1st ed Oxford Oxford University Press p 129 ISBN 9780195136340 Retrieved December 11 2015 M ost scientists both psychologists and physicists agree that it has yet to be convincingly demonstrated a b Sternberg Robert J Roediger III Henry J Halpern Diane F 2007 Critical Thinking in Psychology 1st ed Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp 216 231 ISBN 9780521608343 Retrieved December 11 2015 Merriam Webster Inc 2005 Merriam Webster s Collegiate Dictionary 11th ed Springfield Massachusetts Merriam Webster Inc p 1004 ISBN 9780877798095 Retrieved December 11 2015 Psychokinesis 1914 Parapsychology Foundation Basic terms in Parapsychology Archived from the original on July 27 2011 Retrieved December 22 2006 Holt Henry 1914 On the Cosmic Relations PDF Cambridge Massachusetts USA Houghton Mifflin Company Riverside Press Retrieved December 13 2007 a b c Sheehy Noel 2002 Biographical Dictionary of Psychology London Routledge pp 476 ISBN 9780415285612 Retrieved February 17 2017 Glossary of Psi Parapsychological Terms L R Parapsychological Association Retrieved April 11 2014 Spence Lewis 2007 Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology 3rd ed Whitefish Montana Kessinger Publishing pp 752 753 879 912 933 ISBN 9780766128170 Retrieved December 12 2015 Muldoon Sylvia 2007 Psychic Experiences of Famous People Reprint ed Kessinger Publishing pp 55 56 ISBN 9780548140529 Online Etymology Dictionary Archived from the original on January 23 2012 Retrieved January 20 2007 Telekinesis 1890 said to have been coined by Alexander N Aksakof 1832 1903 Imperial Councilor to the Czar Translates Ger Fernwirkung a b telekinesis The Skeptic s Dictionary June 6 2013 Retrieved June 11 2014 telekinesis Oxford Dictionaries September 26 2013 Archived from the original on November 17 2017 Retrieved October 2 2013 a b c d e Frazier Kendrick 1991 The Hundredth Monkey and other Paradigms of the Paranormal Buffalo New York Prometheus Books ISBN 9780879756550 Retrieved December 11 2015 a b c d Gilovich Thomas 1993 How We Know What Isn t So 1st ed New York Free Press pp 160 169 174 175 ISBN 9780029117064 Retrieved December 11 2015 a b c Park Robert L 2000 Voodoo Science The Road from Foolishness to Fraud Reprint ed Oxford Oxford University Press pp 198 200 ISBN 9780198604433 Retrieved December 11 2015 Sagan Carl 1996 The Demon Haunted World Science as a Candle in the Dark New York Headline pp 208 212 ISBN 9780747277453 Retrieved December 11 2015 Feynman Richard P 1999 The Meaning of It All Thoughts of a Citizen Scientist London Penguin pp 68 71 ISBN 9780140276350 Retrieved December 11 2015 a b Planer Felix E 1988 Superstition London Cassell p 242 ISBN 978 0304306916 Planer Felix E 1988 Superstition London Cassell p 254 ISBN 978 0304306916 Hansel C E M 1980 ESP and Parapsychology A Critical Reevaluation 1st ed Buffalo New York Prometheus Books pp 196 198 ISBN 978 0879751197 Hurley Patrick J 2012 A Concise Introduction to Logic 11th ed Boston MA Wadsworth Cengage Learning p 635 ISBN 978 0840034175 Schick Theodore Jr 2010 How to Think about Weird Things Critical Thinking for a New Age 6th ed Dubuque Iowa McGraw Hill p 222 ISBN 978 0073535777 Schaff Robert 1968 The Las Vegas Experts Gambling Guide Grosset amp Dunlap p 26 Neher Andrew 1990 The Psychology of Transcendence 2nd ed New York Dover p 171 ISBN 978 0486261676 a b Gardner Martin 1986 Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science 2nd ed New York Dover Publications ISBN 9780486203942 Retrieved December 11 2015 Frazier Kendrick 1981 Paranormal Borderlands of Science Buffalo New York Prometheus Books pp 60 65 ISBN 9780879751487 Retrieved December 11 2015 Sutherland Stuart 1994 Irrationality The Enemy Within London Penguin Books p 309 ISBN 9780140167269 Retrieved December 11 2015 T he movement of objects without the application of physical force would if proven require a complete revision of the laws of physics T he more improbable something is the better the evidence needed to accept it Bunge Mario 2001 Philosophy in Crisis The Need for Reconstruction Amherst New York Prometheus Books p 176 ISBN 978 1573928434 a b c Taylor John 1980 Science and the Supernatural An Investigation of Paranormal Phenomena Including Psychic Healing Clairvoyance Telepathy and Precognition by a Distinguished Physicist and Mathematician London T Smith ISBN 978 0851171913 Stenger Victor J 1990 Physics and Psychics The Search for a World Beyond the Senses Buffalo New York Prometheus Books pp 248 250 ISBN 9780879755751 Telekinesis and Quantum Field Theory Cosmic Variance Discover Magazine February 18 2008 Retrieved March 11 2014 a b Blackmore Susan J 1992 Psychic Experiences Psychic Illusions Skeptical Inquirer 16 367 376 a b Benassi Victor A Sweeney Paul D Drevno Gregg E 1979 Mind over matter Perceived success at psychokinesis Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 37 8 1377 1386 doi 10 1037 0022 3514 37 8 1377 Blackmore Susan Troscianko Tom November 1985 Belief in the paranormal Probability judgements illusory control and the chance baseline shift British Journal of Psychology 76 4 459 468 doi 10 1111 j 2044 8295 1985 tb01969 x a b Wiseman Richard Morris Robert L February 1995 Recalling pseudo psychic demonstrations PDF British Journal of Psychology 86 1 113 125 doi 10 1111 j 2044 8295 1995 tb02549 x hdl 2299 2288 Sternberg Robert J Roediger III Henry J Halpern Diane F 2007 Critical Thinking in Psychology 1st ed Cambridge Cambridge University Press p 292 ISBN 9780521608343 Retrieved December 11 2015 Some of the worst examples of confirmation bias are in research on parapsychology Arguably there is a whole field here with no powerful confirming data at all But people want to believe and so they find ways to believe a b c Baer John Kaufman James C Baumeister Roy F 2008 Are We Free Psychology and Free Will PDF Oxford Oxford University Press p Self is Magic ISBN 9780195189636 Retrieved December 11 2015 Pronin Emily Wegner Daniel M McCarthy Kimberly Rodriguez Sylvia 2006 Everyday magical powers The role of apparent mental causation in the overestimation of personal influence PDF Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 91 2 218 231 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 405 3118 doi 10 1037 0022 3514 91 2 218 ISSN 0022 3514 PMID 16881760 Archived from the original PDF on January 5 2011 Retrieved July 3 2009 a b Wilson Krissy French Christopher C November 13 2014 Magic and memory using conjuring to explore the effects of suggestion social influence and paranormal belief on eyewitness testimony for an ostensibly paranormal event Frontiers in Psychology 5 1289 doi 10 3389 fpsyg 2014 01289 PMC 4230037 PMID 25431565 Bosch Holger Steinkamp Fiona Boller Emil 2006 Examining psychokinesis The interaction of human intention with random number generators A meta analysis Psychological Bulletin 132 4 497 523 doi 10 1037 0033 2909 132 4 497 PMID 16822162 Carruthers Peter 2004 The Nature of the Mind An Introduction Routledge 135 136 Carroll Robert Todd 2003 The Skeptic s Dictionary A Collection of Strange Beliefs Amusing Deceptions and Dangerous Delusions Hoboken New Jersey Wiley p 316 ISBN 9780471272427 Retrieved December 11 2015 a b Hines Terence 2002 Pseudoscience and the Paranormal 2nd ed Amherst New York Prometheus Books ISBN 9781573929790 Retrieved December 11 2015 Wiseman Richard Greening Emma February 2005 It s still bending Verbal suggestion and alleged psychokinetic ability PDF British Journal of Psychology 96 1 115 127 doi 10 1348 000712604x15428 PMID 15826327 Harris Ben 1985 Gellerism Revealed the Psychology and Methodology Behind the Geller Effect Calgary M Hades International pp 195 196 ISBN 9780919230927 Colman Andrew M 1987 Facts Fallacies and Frauds in Psychology London Hutchinson pp 195 185 ISBN 9780091730413 Randi 1 000 000 paranormal challenge The Skeptic s Dictionary Retrieved April 12 2014 Hutchinson Mike 1988 A Thorn in Geller s Side British and Irish Skeptic July August 2 4 James Randi Famed Magician and Paranormal Skeptic Dead at 92 Rolling Stone October 22 2020 Higginbotham Adam November 7 2014 The Unbelievable Skepticism of the Amazing Randi The New York Times Prove Your Paranormal Powers and Win 250 000 from the CFI Investigations Group centerforinquiry org Center For Inquiry June 26 2020 Retrieved June 14 2022 Underdown Jim Hillman Lou April 30 2021 250 000 Remains Unclaimed CFI Investigators Recount a Year of Applicants skepticalinquirer org Skeptical Inquirer Retrieved June 14 2022 American Piety in the 21st Century New Insights to the Depth and Complexity of Religion in the US PDF Retrieved April 21 2014 Study conducted by the Gallup Organization between October 8 2005 and December 12 2005 on behalf of the Baylor Institute for Studies of Religion Baylor University of Waco Texas in the United States Themes Psi Powers Science Fiction Encyclopedia Retrieved March 12 2016 Fire raising alias pyrolysis or pyrokinesis can be considered as a fine tuned variant of Telekinesis feeding kinetic energy to the target s individual molecules to increase its temperature rather than move it as a unit Smith Jonathan C 2010 Pseudoscience and Extraordinary Claims of the Paranormal A Critical Thinker s Toolkit Malden Massachusetts Wiley Blackwell p 246 ISBN 978 1444310139 Watt Caroline 2016 Parapsychology A Beginner s Guide Oneworld Publications p 37 ISBN 9781780748870 New exhibit looks at occult photography East Valley Tribune Retrieved April 18 2014 a b Podmore Frank 2011 Modern Spiritualism A History and a Criticism Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp 41 42 ISBN 978 1108072588 Christopher Milbourne 1979 Search for the Soul 1st ed New York Crowell p 47 ISBN 9780690017601 Hansel C E M 1989 The Search for Psychic Power ESP and Parapsychology Revisited Buffalo New York Prometheus Books p 240 ISBN 9780879755164 Moreman Christopher M 2013 The Spiritualist Movement Speaking with the Dead in America and around the World Santa Barbara Praeger pp 77 78 ISBN 9780313399473 Polidoro Massimo 2001 Final Seance The Strange Friendship Between Houdini and Conan Doyle Amherst New York Prometheus Books p 103 ISBN 9781573928960 Fodor Nandor 1934 These Mysterious People Rider Chapter 21 Stanislawa Tomczyk photo description at Diomedia Archived from the original on January 2 2014 Retrieved November 18 2013 Description page at a stock photo agency representing the Mary Evans Picture Library where the date is also given as 1909 She visited the researcher in 1908 and 1909 hence the exact year is uncertain and reported as 1908 elsewhere a b Jinks Tony 2012 An Introduction to the Psychology of Paranormal Belief and Experience Jefferson North Carolina McFarland p 11 ISBN 9780786465446 Retrieved December 11 2015 Carrington Hereward 1990 The Story of Psychic Science psychical research Kila Montana Kessinger Publishing p 136 ISBN 9781564592590 Wolman Benjamin B 1977 Handbook of Parapsychology New York Van Nostrand Reinhold p 320 ISBN 9780442295769 Wiseman Richard 1997 Deception amp Self deception Investigating Psychics Amherst New York Prometheus Books pp 182 196 ISBN 9781573921213 Retrieved December 11 2015 Kendrick Frazier 1986 Science Confronts the Paranormal Prometheus Books pp 35 ISBN 9781615926190 Green Elmer Green Alyce 1977 Beyond Biofeedback 2nd ed New York Delacorte Press S Lawrence pp 197 218 ISBN 9780440005834 Beyond Biofeedback chapter Swami Rama PDF pp 12 16 Retrieved July 24 2007 Elmer Green s description of Swami Rama s alleged psychokinetic demonstration with illustrations a b c Berger Arthur S Berger Joyce 1991 The Encyclopedia of Parapsychology and Psychical Research 1st ed New York Paragon House pp 326 341 430 ISBN 9781557780430 Paraphysics R amp D Warsaw Pact U Prepared by U S Air Force Air Force Systems Command Foreign Technology Division DST 1810S 202 78 Nr DIA TASK NO PT 1810 18 76 Defense Intelligence Agency March 30 1978 pp 7 8 G A Sergevev is known to have studied Nina Kulagina a well known psychic from Leningrad Although no detailed results are available Sergevev s inferences are that she was successful in repeating psychokinetic phenomena under controlled conditions G A Sergevev is a well respected researcher and has been active in paraphysics research since the early 1960s James Randi Educational Foundation An Encyclopedia of Claims Frauds and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural Randi org Archived from the original on May 3 2006 Retrieved March 17 2014 a b c d Secrets of a Russian Psychic Cicap org Retrieved March 14 2014 Couttie Bob 1988 Forbidden Knowledge The Paranormal Paradox Cambridge Lutterworth p 141 ISBN 9780718826864 a b Stein Gordon 1996 The Encyclopedia of the Paranormal 2nd ed Amherst New York Prometheus Books p 384 ISBN 9781573920216 Regal Brian 2009 Pseudoscience A Critical Encyclopedia Santa Barbara California Greenwood Press p 89 ISBN 9780313355073 Wiseman Richard 2011 Paranormality Why We See What Isn t There London Macmillan pp 81 95 ISBN 9780230752986 Korem Dan 1988 Powers Testing the Psychic amp Supernatural Downers Grove Illinois InterVarsity Press p 149 ISBN 978 0830812776 Cavendish Richard 1995 Man Myth amp Magic The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Mythology Religion and the Unknown New ed New York M Cavendish p 2442 ISBN 9781854357311 Retrieved December 11 2015 Spiritualism aroused violent antagonism and criticism concentrating particularly on the physical phenomena occurring at seances which opponents claimed were faked Booth John 1986 Psychic Paradoxes Buffalo New York Prometheus Books pp 12 57 ISBN 978 0879753580 Gordon Henry 1988 Extrasensory Deception ESP Psychics Shirley MacLaine Ghosts UFOs Canadian ed Toronto Macmillan of Canada pp 101 102 ISBN 978 0771595394 a b Randi James 1982 The Truth About Uri Geller Revised ed Buffalo New York Prometheus Books ISBN 978 0879751999 a b c d Blanc Marcel February 16 1978 Fading spoon bender New Scientist 77 1090 431 ISSN 0262 4079 Retrieved February 17 2017 Jones Warren H Zusne Leonard 1989 Anomalistic Psychology A Study of Magical Thinking 2nd ed Hillsdale New Jersey L Erlbaum ISBN 978 0805805086 Hasted John 1981 The Metal Benders London Routledge amp Paul ISBN 978 0710005977 Gardner Martin 1991 The New Age Notes of a Fringe watcher Buffalo New York Prometheus Books pp 28 29 ISBN 978 0879756444 Randi James 1987 Flim Flam Psychics ESP Unicorns and Other Delusions 9th ed Buffalo New York Prometheus Books ISBN 978 0879751982 George Houck Obituary Los Angeles Times Retrieved April 18 2014 The Song Remains the Same James Randi Educational Foundation Retrieved March 13 2014 Nickell Joe July 2013 Mind Over Metal Committee for Skeptical Inquiry Retrieved March 13 2014 Randi s Geller Hotline for 1994 Ronnie at Berkeley Mindspring com April 5 1994 Retrieved March 13 2014 Twenty Technologies That Can Give You Super Powers Super Power Psychokinesis BusinessWeek Archived from the original on January 11 2014 Retrieved April 11 2014 Gresh Lois Weinberg Robert 2002 The Science of Superheroes Hoboken New Jersey J Wiley p 131 ISBN 9780471024606 Retrieved December 11 2015 Every member of the X Men had a code name that matched his or her super power Thus Archangel Warren Worthington III had wings and could fly Cyclops Scott Summers shot deadly power beams from his eyes Jean Grey Marvel Girl was a telekinetic and also a telepath CellFactor Psychokinetic Wars Playstation January 22 2014 Retrieved April 11 2014 Vance Jack January 1952 Telek Astounding Science Fiction Carrie 1976 Overview MSN Movies Archived from the original on April 10 2013 Retrieved April 11 2014 Resurrection 1980 Awards amp Nominations MSN Movies Archived from the original on January 2 2014 Retrieved April 11 2014 Windham Ryder Wallace Dan 2012 Star Wars The Ultimate Visual Guide Updated and expanded ed London England Dorling Kindersley Publishing pp 19 21 ISBN 9780756692483 Page 19 Object Movement Although such ability is commonly known as a Jedi object movement power it is more accurately described as a manipulation of the Force the energy field that surrounds and binds everything to control the direction of objects through space Jedi utilize this talent not only to push pull and lift objects but also to redirect projectiles and guide their starships through combat Page 21 Sith Powers illustration caption Levitating his adversary and choking him in a telekinetic stranglehold Dooku simultaneously relieves Vos of his lightsaber Scanners Rotten Tomatoes Retrieved April 11 2014 Serena Allott November 26 2010 Waltzing Matilda Dahl s classic dances on to the stage Daily Telegraph Retrieved August 9 2016 Sharkey Betsy February 3 2012 Review Chronicle is smart about its telekinetic teens Los Angeles Times Retrieved April 11 2014 Chaney Jen July 18 2016 Stranger Things Millie Bobby Brown on Playing Eleven Her Love Hate Relationship With Scary Movies and Acting Without Speaking Vulture Retrieved October 16 2016 Amaike Yoshinari September 26 2006 Creating Silver the Hedgehog IGN Retrieved April 4 2021 Further reading EditHenry Gordon 1988 Extrasensory Deception ESP Psychics Shirley MacLaine Ghosts UFOs Canadian ed Toronto Macmillan of Canada ISBN 978 0771595394 David F Marks 2000 The Psychology of the Psychic 2nd ed Amherst New York Prometheus Books ISBN 978 1573927987 Richard Wiseman 1997 Deception amp Self Seception Investigating Psychics Amherst New York Prometheus Books ISBN 9781573921213 Panati Charles 1974 Supersenses Our Potential for Parasensory Experience New York Times Books ISBN 9780385111928 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Psychokinesis Psychokinesis at Curlie Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Psychokinesis amp oldid 1149577174, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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