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Plant anatomy

January 27, 2023

Plant anatomy or phytotomy is the general term for the study of the internal structure of plants. Originally it included plant morphology, the description of the physical form and external structure of plants, but since the mid-20th century plant anatomy has been considered a separate field referring only to internal plant structure.[1][2] Plant anatomy is now frequently investigated at the cellular level, and often involves the sectioning of tissues and microscopy.[3]

Chloroplasts in leaf cells of the moss Mnium stellare

Structural divisions

 
This is a diagram of the anatomy of a plant with labels of structural parts of the plants and the roots. 1. Shoot system. 2. Root system. 3. Hypocotyl. 4. Terminal bud. 5. Leaf blade. 6. Internode. 7. Axillary bud. 8. Petiole. 9. Stem. 10. Node. 11. Tap root. 12. Root hairs. 13. Root tip. 14. Root cap

Some studies of plant anatomy use a systems approach, organized on the basis of the plant's activities, such as nutrient transport, flowering, pollination, embryogenesis or seed development.[4] Others are more classically[5] divided into the following structural categories:

 
Vascular tissue of a gooseberry (left) and a vine branch (right) from Grew's Anatomy of Plants
Flower anatomy, including study of the Calyx, Corolla, Androecium, and Gynoecium
Leaf anatomy, including study of the Epidermis, stomata and Palisade cells
Stem anatomy, including Stem structure and vascular tissues, buds and shoot apex
Fruit/Seed anatomy, including structure of the Ovule, Seed, Pericarp and Accessory fruit
Wood anatomy, including structure of the Bark, Cork, Xylem, Phloem, Vascular cambium, Heartwood and sapwood and branch collar
Root anatomy, including structure of the Root, root tip, endodermis

History

Main article: History of botany

About 300 BC Theophrastus wrote a number of plant treatises, only two of which survive, Enquiry into Plants (Περὶ φυτῶν ἱστορία), and On the Causes of Plants (Περὶ φυτῶν αἰτιῶν). He developed concepts of plant morphology and classification, which did not withstand the scientific scrutiny of the Renaissance.

A Swiss physician and botanist, Gaspard Bauhin, introduced binomial nomenclature into plant taxonomy. He published Pinax theatri botanici in 1596, which was the first to use this convention for naming of species. His criteria for classification included natural relationships, or 'affinities', which in many cases were structural.

It was in the late 1600s that plant anatomy became refined into a modern science. Italian doctor and microscopist, Marcello Malpighi, was one of the two founders of plant anatomy. In 1671 he published his Anatomia Plantarum, the first major advance in plant physiogamy since Aristotle. The other founder was the British doctor Nehemiah Grew. He published An Idea of a Philosophical History of Plants in 1672 and The Anatomy of Plants in 1682. Grew is credited with the recognition of plant cells, although he called them 'vesicles' and 'bladders'. He correctly identified and described the sexual organs of plants (flowers) and their parts.[6]

In the eighteenth century, Carl Linnaeus established taxonomy based on structure, and his early work was with plant anatomy. While the exact structural level which is to be considered to be scientifically valid for comparison and differentiation has changed with the growth of knowledge, the basic principles were established by Linnaeus. He published his master work, Species Plantarum in 1753.

In 1802, French botanist Charles-François Brisseau de Mirbel, published Traité d'anatomie et de physiologie végétale (Treatise on Plant Anatomy and Physiology) establishing the beginnings of the science of plant cytology.

In 1812, Johann Jacob Paul Moldenhawer published Beyträge zur Anatomie der Pflanzen, describing microscopic studies of plant tissues.

In 1813 a Swiss botanist, Augustin Pyrame de Candolle, published Théorie élémentaire de la botanique, in which he argued that plant anatomy, not physiology, ought to be the sole basis for plant classification. Using a scientific basis, he established structural criteria for defining and separating plant genera.

In 1830, Franz Meyen published Phytotomie, the first comprehensive review of plant anatomy.

In 1838 German botanist Matthias Jakob Schleiden, published Contributions to Phytogenesis, stating, "the lower plants all consist of one cell, while the higher plants are composed of (many) individual cells" thus confirming and continuing Mirbel's work.

A German-Polish botanist, Eduard Strasburger, described the mitotic process in plant cells and further demonstrated that new cell nuclei can only arise from the division of other pre-existing nuclei. His Studien über Protoplasma was published in 1876.

Gottlieb Haberlandt, a German botanist, studied plant physiology and classified plant tissue based upon function. On this basis, in 1884 he published Physiologische Pflanzenanatomie (Physiological Plant Anatomy) in which he described twelve types of tissue systems (absorptive, mechanical, photosynthetic, etc.).

 
Nehemiah Grew, Father of Plant Anatomy

British paleobotanists Dunkinfield Henry Scott and William Crawford Williamson described the structures of fossilized plants at the end of the nineteenth century. Scott's Studies in Fossil Botany was published in 1900.

Following Charles Darwin's Origin of Species a Canadian botanist, Edward Charles Jeffrey, who was studying the comparative anatomy and phylogeny of different vascular plant groups, applied the theory to plants using the form and structure of plants to establish a number of evolutionary lines. He published his The Anatomy of Woody Plants in 1917.

The growth of comparative plant anatomy was spearheaded by British botanist Agnes Arber. She published Water Plants: A Study of Aquatic Angiosperms in 1920, Monocotyledons: A Morphological Study in 1925, and The Gramineae: A Study of Cereal, Bamboo and Grass in 1934.[7]

Following World War II, Katherine Esau published, Plant Anatomy (1953), which became the definitive textbook on plant structure in North American universities and elsewhere, it was still in print as of 2006.[8] She followed up with her Anatomy of seed plants in 1960.

See also

References

  1. ^ Raven, P. H.; Evert, R. F. and Eichhorn, S. E. (2005) Biology of Plants (7th edition) W. H. Freeman, New York, page 9, ISBN 0-7167-1007-2
  2. ^ Hagemann, Wolfgang (1992). "The Relationship of Anatomy to Morphology in Plants: A New Theoretical Perspective". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 153 (3(2)): S38–S48. doi:10.1086/297062. JSTOR 2995526. S2CID 84816710.
  3. ^ Evert, Ray Franklin and Esau, Katherine (2006) Esau's Plant anatomy: meristems, cells, and tissues of the plant body - their structure, function and development Wiley, Hoboken, New Jersey, page xv 2013-12-31 at the Wayback Machine, ISBN 0-471-73843-3
  4. ^ Howell, Stephen Herbert (1998). Molecular Genetics of Plant Development. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. xiii. ISBN 978-0-521-58784-6.
  5. ^ See e.g. Craig, Richard & Vassilyev, Andrey. "Plant Anatomy". McGraw-Hill. from the original on 24 July 2010.
  6. ^ Bolam, J. (1973). "The botanical works of Nehemiah Grew, FRS (1641-1712)". Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London. 27 (2): 219–231. doi:10.1098/rsnr.1973.0017. JSTOR 530999. S2CID 143696615.
  7. ^ Thomas, Hanshaw H. (1960). "Agnes Arber, 1879–1960". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 6: 1–11. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1960.0021. JSTOR 769330.
  8. ^ Chaffey, N. (2006). "(Book Review) Esau's Plant Anatomy, Meristems, Cells, and Tissues of the Plant Body: their Structure, Function, and Development. 3rd edn". Annals of Botany. 99 (4): 785–786. doi:10.1093/aob/mcm015. PMC 2802946.

Further reading

General

  • Crang, R.C.; Lyons-Sobaski, S.; Wise, R.R. (2018) Plant Anatomy: A Concept-Based Approach to the Study of Seed Plants. Springer, New York, 725 pp.
  • Eames, Arthur Johnson; MacDaniels, Laurence H. (1947). An Introduction to Plant Anatomy 2nd ed. McGraw-Hill, New York, link (1st ed., 1925, link).
  • Esau, Katherine (1965). Plant Anatomy 2nd ed. Wiley, New York.
  • Meicenheimer, R. History of Plant Anatomy. Miami University, link.

Specialized

  • Cutler, D. F.; Gregory, M.; Rudall, P. (eds.) (1960-2014). Anatomy of the Monocotyledons. 10 vols. Oxford University Press.
  • Goffinet, B.; Buck, W. R.; Shaw, J. (2008). Morphology, anatomy, and classification of the Bryophyta. In: Goffinet, B.; Shaw, J. (eds.). Bryophyte Biology, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, pp. 55–138 (1st ed., 2000, link).
  • Jeffrey, E. C. (1917). The anatomy of woody plants. Chicago, The University of Chicago Press, link.
  • Metcalfe, C.R.; Chalk, L. (1957). Anatomy of the Dicotyledons: Leaves, stem and wood in relation to taxonomy, with notes on economic uses. 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1500 pp., link (2nd ed., 1979-1998, 4 vols.).
  • Schoute, J. C. (1938). Anatomy. In: Verdoorn, F. (ed.). Manual of Pteridology. Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague. pp. 65–104. link.
  • Schweingruber, F. H.; Börner, A.; Schulze, E. (2011-2013). Atlas of Stem Anatomy in Herbs, Shrubs and Trees. Vol. 1, 2011, link. Vol. 2, 2013, link. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg.

External links

  • Plant anatomy glossary- University of Rhode Island

January 27, 2023
plant, anatomy, phytotomy, general, term, study, internal, structure, plants, originally, included, plant, morphology, description, physical, form, external, structure, plants, since, 20th, century, plant, anatomy, been, considered, separate, field, referring,. Plant anatomy or phytotomy is the general term for the study of the internal structure of plants Originally it included plant morphology the description of the physical form and external structure of plants but since the mid 20th century plant anatomy has been considered a separate field referring only to internal plant structure 1 2 Plant anatomy is now frequently investigated at the cellular level and often involves the sectioning of tissues and microscopy 3 Chloroplasts in leaf cells of the moss Mnium stellare Contents 1 Structural divisions 2 History 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 5 1 General 5 2 Specialized 6 External linksStructural divisions Edit This is a diagram of the anatomy of a plant with labels of structural parts of the plants and the roots 1 Shoot system 2 Root system 3 Hypocotyl 4 Terminal bud 5 Leaf blade 6 Internode 7 Axillary bud 8 Petiole 9 Stem 10 Node 11 Tap root 12 Root hairs 13 Root tip 14 Root cap Some studies of plant anatomy use a systems approach organized on the basis of the plant s activities such as nutrient transport flowering pollination embryogenesis or seed development 4 Others are more classically 5 divided into the following structural categories Vascular tissue of a gooseberry left and a vine branch right from Grew s Anatomy of Plants Root tip Flower anatomy including study of the Calyx Corolla Androecium and Gynoecium Leaf anatomy including study of the Epidermis stomata and Palisade cells Stem anatomy including Stem structure and vascular tissues buds and shoot apex Fruit Seed anatomy including structure of the Ovule Seed Pericarp and Accessory fruit Wood anatomy including structure of the Bark Cork Xylem Phloem Vascular cambium Heartwood and sapwood and branch collar Root anatomy including structure of the Root root tip endodermisHistory EditMain article History of botany About 300 BC Theophrastus wrote a number of plant treatises only two of which survive Enquiry into Plants Perὶ fytῶn ἱstoria and On the Causes of Plants Perὶ fytῶn aἰtiῶn He developed concepts of plant morphology and classification which did not withstand the scientific scrutiny of the Renaissance A Swiss physician and botanist Gaspard Bauhin introduced binomial nomenclature into plant taxonomy He published Pinax theatri botanici in 1596 which was the first to use this convention for naming of species His criteria for classification included natural relationships or affinities which in many cases were structural It was in the late 1600s that plant anatomy became refined into a modern science Italian doctor and microscopist Marcello Malpighi was one of the two founders of plant anatomy In 1671 he published his Anatomia Plantarum the first major advance in plant physiogamy since Aristotle The other founder was the British doctor Nehemiah Grew He published An Idea of a Philosophical History of Plants in 1672 and The Anatomy of Plants in 1682 Grew is credited with the recognition of plant cells although he called them vesicles and bladders He correctly identified and described the sexual organs of plants flowers and their parts 6 In the eighteenth century Carl Linnaeus established taxonomy based on structure and his early work was with plant anatomy While the exact structural level which is to be considered to be scientifically valid for comparison and differentiation has changed with the growth of knowledge the basic principles were established by Linnaeus He published his master work Species Plantarum in 1753 In 1802 French botanist Charles Francois Brisseau de Mirbel published Traite d anatomie et de physiologie vegetale Treatise on Plant Anatomy and Physiology establishing the beginnings of the science of plant cytology In 1812 Johann Jacob Paul Moldenhawer published Beytrage zur Anatomie der Pflanzen describing microscopic studies of plant tissues In 1813 a Swiss botanist Augustin Pyrame de Candolle published Theorie elementaire de la botanique in which he argued that plant anatomy not physiology ought to be the sole basis for plant classification Using a scientific basis he established structural criteria for defining and separating plant genera In 1830 Franz Meyen published Phytotomie the first comprehensive review of plant anatomy In 1838 German botanist Matthias Jakob Schleiden published Contributions to Phytogenesis stating the lower plants all consist of one cell while the higher plants are composed of many individual cells thus confirming and continuing Mirbel s work A German Polish botanist Eduard Strasburger described the mitotic process in plant cells and further demonstrated that new cell nuclei can only arise from the division of other pre existing nuclei His Studien uber Protoplasma was published in 1876 Gottlieb Haberlandt a German botanist studied plant physiology and classified plant tissue based upon function On this basis in 1884 he published Physiologische Pflanzenanatomie Physiological Plant Anatomy in which he described twelve types of tissue systems absorptive mechanical photosynthetic etc Nehemiah Grew Father of Plant Anatomy British paleobotanists Dunkinfield Henry Scott and William Crawford Williamson described the structures of fossilized plants at the end of the nineteenth century Scott s Studies in Fossil Botany was published in 1900 Following Charles Darwin s Origin of Species a Canadian botanist Edward Charles Jeffrey who was studying the comparative anatomy and phylogeny of different vascular plant groups applied the theory to plants using the form and structure of plants to establish a number of evolutionary lines He published his The Anatomy of Woody Plants in 1917 The growth of comparative plant anatomy was spearheaded by British botanist Agnes Arber She published Water Plants A Study of Aquatic Angiosperms in 1920 Monocotyledons A Morphological Study in 1925 and The Gramineae A Study of Cereal Bamboo and Grass in 1934 7 Following World War II Katherine Esau published Plant Anatomy 1953 which became the definitive textbook on plant structure in North American universities and elsewhere it was still in print as of 2006 8 She followed up with her Anatomy of seed plants in 1960 See also EditPlant morphology Plant physiology AnatomyReferences Edit Raven P H Evert R F and Eichhorn S E 2005 Biology of Plants 7th edition W H Freeman New York page 9 ISBN 0 7167 1007 2 Hagemann Wolfgang 1992 The Relationship of Anatomy to Morphology in Plants A New Theoretical Perspective International Journal of Plant Sciences 153 3 2 S38 S48 doi 10 1086 297062 JSTOR 2995526 S2CID 84816710 Evert Ray Franklin and Esau Katherine 2006 Esau s Plant anatomy meristems cells and tissues of the plant body their structure function and development Wiley Hoboken New Jersey page xv Archived 2013 12 31 at the Wayback Machine ISBN 0 471 73843 3 Howell Stephen Herbert 1998 Molecular Genetics of Plant Development Cambridge England Cambridge University Press p xiii ISBN 978 0 521 58784 6 See e g Craig Richard amp Vassilyev Andrey Plant Anatomy McGraw Hill Archived from the original on 24 July 2010 Bolam J 1973 The botanical works of Nehemiah Grew FRS 1641 1712 Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 27 2 219 231 doi 10 1098 rsnr 1973 0017 JSTOR 530999 S2CID 143696615 Thomas Hanshaw H 1960 Agnes Arber 1879 1960 Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 6 1 11 doi 10 1098 rsbm 1960 0021 JSTOR 769330 Chaffey N 2006 Book Review Esau s Plant Anatomy Meristems Cells and Tissues of the Plant Body their Structure Function and Development 3rd edn Annals of Botany 99 4 785 786 doi 10 1093 aob mcm015 PMC 2802946 Further reading EditGeneral Edit Crang R C Lyons Sobaski S Wise R R 2018 Plant Anatomy A Concept Based Approach to the Study of Seed Plants Springer New York 725 pp Eames Arthur Johnson MacDaniels Laurence H 1947 An Introduction to Plant Anatomy 2nd ed McGraw Hill New York link 1st ed 1925 link Esau Katherine 1965 Plant Anatomy 2nd ed Wiley New York Meicenheimer R History of Plant Anatomy Miami University link Specialized Edit Cutler D F Gregory M Rudall P eds 1960 2014 Anatomy of the Monocotyledons 10 vols Oxford University Press Goffinet B Buck W R Shaw J 2008 Morphology anatomy and classification of the Bryophyta In Goffinet B Shaw J eds Bryophyte Biology 2nd ed Cambridge University Press pp 55 138 1st ed 2000 link Jeffrey E C 1917 The anatomy of woody plants Chicago The University of Chicago Press link Metcalfe C R Chalk L 1957 Anatomy of the Dicotyledons Leaves stem and wood in relation to taxonomy with notes on economic uses 2 vols Oxford Clarendon Press 1500 pp link 2nd ed 1979 1998 4 vols Schoute J C 1938 Anatomy In Verdoorn F ed Manual of Pteridology Martinus Nijhoff The Hague pp 65 104 link Schweingruber F H Borner A Schulze E 2011 2013 Atlas of Stem Anatomy in Herbs Shrubs and Trees Vol 1 2011 link Vol 2 2013 link Springer Verlag Berlin Heidelberg External links EditFarabee M J 2001 Plants and their structure Estrella Mountain Community College Phoenix Arizona Botanical Visual Glossary Plant anatomy glossary University of Rhode Island Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Plant anatomy amp oldid 1134402437, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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