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Physis

January 09, 2023

For use in anatomy, see Epiphyseal plate.
Not to be confused with Physis (journal) or Physics.

Fusis, Phusis or Physis (/ˈfaɪˈsɪs/; Ancient Greek: φύσις [pʰýsis]) is a Greek philosophical, theological, and scientific term, usually translated into English—according to its Latin translation "natura"—as "nature". The term originated in ancient Greek philosophy, and was later used in Christian theology and Western philosophy. In pre-Socratic usage, physis was contrasted with νόμος, nomos, "law, human convention".[1] Another opposition, particularly well-known from the works of Aristotle, is that of physis and techne – in this case, what is produced and what is artificial are distinguished from beings that arise spontaneously from their own essence, as do agents such as humans.[2] Further, since Aristotle the physical (the subject matter of physics, properly τὰ φυσικά "natural things") has been juxtaposed to the metaphysical.[3]

Linguistics

The Greek word physis can be considered the equivalent of the Latin natura. The abstract term physis is derived from the verb phyesthai/phynai, which means “to grow”, “to develop”, “to become” (Frisk 2006: 1052; Caspers 2010b: 1068). In ancient philosophy one also finds the noun "physis" referring to the growth expressed in the verb phyesthai/phynai and to the origin of development (Plato, Menexenos 237a; Aristotle, Metaphysics 1014b16–17). In terms of linguistic history, this verb is related to forms such as the English “be”, German sein or Latin esse (Lohmann 1960: 174; Pfeifer 1993: 1273; Beekes 2010: 1598). In Greek itself, the aorist (a verbal aspect) of “to be” can be expressed with forms of phynai. With regard to its kinship with “being” and the basic meaning of the verb stem phy- or bhu- (“growing”), there has long been criticism of the conventional translation of the word "physis" with “nature”. With the Latin natura, which for its part goes back to the verb nasci (“to be born”), one transfers the basic word "physis" into a different sphere of association. In this way, the emerging growth (of plants, for instance) is transferred into the realm of being born.[4]

Greek philosophy

 
According to Aristotle, "physis" (nature) is dependent on "techne" (art)
Main articles: Ancient Greek philosophy and Nature (philosophy)

Pre-Socratic usage

The word φύσις is a verbal noun based on φύειν "to grow, to appear" (cognate with English "to be").[5] In Homeric Greek it is used quite literally, of the manner of growth of a particular species of plant.[6]

In pre-Socratic philosophy, beginning with Heraclitus, physis in keeping with its etymology of "growing, becoming" is always used in the sense of the "natural" development, although the focus might lie either with the origin, or the process, or the end result of the process. There is some evidence that by the 6th century BC, beginning with the Ionian School, the word could also be used in the comprehensive sense, as referring to "all things", as it were "Nature" in the sense of "Universe".[7]

In the Sophist tradition, the term stood in opposition to nomos (νόμος), "law" or "custom", in the debate on which parts of human existence are natural, and which are due to convention.[1][8] The contrast of physis vs. nomos could be applied to any subject, much like the modern contrast of "nature vs. nurture".

In Plato's Laws

In book 10 of Laws, Plato criticizes those who write works peri physeōs. The criticism is that such authors tend to focus on a purely "naturalistic" explanation of the world, ignoring the role of "intention" or technē, and thus becoming prone to the error of naive atheism. Plato accuses even Hesiod of this, for the reason that the gods in Hesiod "grow" out of primordial entities after the physical universe had been established.[9]

Because those who use the term mean to say that nature is the first creative power; but if the soul turns out to be the primeval element, and not fire or air, then in the truest sense and beyond other things the soul may be said to exist by nature; and this would be true if you proved that the soul is older than the body, but not otherwise.

— Plato's Laws, Book 10(892c) – translation by Benjamin Jowett

Aristotle

Aristotle sought out the definition of "physis" to prove that there was more than one definition of "physis", and more than one way to interpret nature. "Though Aristotle retains the ancient sense of "physis" as growth, he insists that an adequate definition of "physis" requires the different perspectives of the four causes (aitia): material, efficient, formal, and final."[10] Aristotle believed that nature itself contained its own source of matter (material), power/motion (efficiency), form, and end (final). A unique feature about Aristotle's definition of "physis" was his relationship between art and nature. Aristotle said that "physis" (nature) is dependent on techne (art). "The critical distinction between art and nature concerns their different efficient causes: nature is its own source of motion, whereas techne always requires a source of motion outside itself."[10] What Aristotle was trying to bring to light, was that art does not contain within itself its form or source of motion. Consider the process of an acorn becoming an oak tree. This is a natural process that has its own driving force behind it. There is no external force pushing this acorn to its final state, rather it is progressively developing towards one specific end (telos).

Atomists

Quite different conceptions of "physis" are to be found in other Greek traditions of thought, e.g. the so-called Atomists, whose thinking found a continuation in the writings of Epicurus. For them, the world that appears is the result of an interplay between the void and the eternal movement of the “indivisible”, the atoms. This doctrine, most often associated with the names Democritus and Leucippus, is known mainly from the critical reactions to it in Aristotelian writings. It was supplemented by Epicurus in the light of developments in philosophy, in order to explain phenomena such as freedom of will. This was done by means of the theory of atoms’ “ability to deviate”, the parenklisis.[11]

Christian theology

Main articles: Christian theology and Christology

Though φύσις was often used in Hellenistic philosophy, it is used only 14 times in the New Testament (10 of those in the writings of Paul).[12] Its meaning varies throughout Paul's writings.[13] One usage refers to the established or natural order of things, as in Romans 2:14 where Paul writes "For when Gentiles, who do not have the law, by nature do what the law requires, they are a law to themselves, even though they do not have the law."[14][15] Another use of φύσις in the sense of "natural order" is Romans 1:26 where he writes "the men likewise gave up natural relations with women and were consumed with passion for one another".[16][17] In 1 Corinthians 11:14, Paul asks "Does not nature itself teach you that if a man wears long hair it is a disgrace for him?"[18][19]

This use of φύσις as referring to a "natural order" in Romans 1:26 and 1 Corinthians 11:14 may have been influenced by Stoicism.[19] The Greek philosophers, including Aristotle and the Stoics are credited with distinguishing between man-made laws and a natural law of universal validity,[20] but Gerhard Kittel states that the Stoic philosophers were not able to combine the concepts of νόμος (law) and φύσις (nature) to produce the concept of "natural law" in the sense that was made possible by Judeo-Christian theology.[21]

As part of the Pauline theology of salvation by grace, Paul writes in Ephesians 2:3 that "we all once lived in the passions of our flesh, carrying out the desires of the body and the mind, and were by nature children of wrath, like the rest of mankind. In the next verse he writes, "by grace you have been saved."[22][23]

Usage in patristic theology

Main articles: Monophysitism, Miaphysitism, and Dyophysitism

Theologians of the early Christian period differed in the usage of this term. In Antiochene circles, it connoted the humanity or divinity of Christ conceived as a concrete set of characteristics or attributes. In Alexandrine thinking, it meant a concrete individual or independent existent and approximated to hypostasis without being a synonym.[24] While it refers to much the same thing as ousia it is more empirical and descriptive focussing on function while ousia is metaphysical and focuses more on reality.[25] Although found in the context of the Trinitarian debate, it is chiefly important in the Christology of Cyril of Alexandria.[25]

Modern usage

The Greek adjective physikos is represented in various forms in modern English: As physics "the study of nature", as physical (via Middle Latin physicalis) referring both to physics (the study of nature, the material universe) and to the human body.[26] The term physiology (physiologia) is of 16th-century coinage (Jean Fernel). The term physique, for "the bodily constitution of a person", is a 19th-century loan from French.

In medicine the suffix -physis occurs in such compounds as symphysis, epiphysis, and a few others, in the sense of "a growth". The physis also refers to the "growth plate", or site of growth at the end of long bones.

See also

 
Look up φύσις in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

References

  1. ^ a b Things in, by or according to nature are φύσει (physei; DAT sg of physis). Things in, by or according to law, custom or convention are νόμῳ (nomōi; DAT sg of nomos).
  2. ^ Dunshirn, Alfred (2019): Physis [English version]. In: Kirchhoff, Thomas (ed.): Online Encyclopedia Philosophy of Nature / Online Lexikon Naturphilosophie. Heidelberg University Press. https://doi.org/10.11588/oepn.2019.0.66404: p.3
  3. ^ Discussed in Aristotle's works so titled, Physics and Metaphysics "Physis, translated since the Third Century B.C. usually as "nature" and less frequently as "essence", means one thing for the presocratic philosophers and quite another thing for Plato." Welch, Kathleen Ethel. "Keywords from Classical Rhetoric: The Example of Physis." Rhetoric Society Quarterly 17.2 (1987): 193–204. Print. The Pontifical Academy of Sciences. Evolving Concepts of Nature. Proceedings of the Plenary Session, 24–28 October 2014, Acta 23, Vatican City, 2015. link.
  4. ^ For the whole passage see Dunshirn, Alfred (2019): Physis [English version]. In: Kirchhoff, Thomas (ed.): Online Encyclopedia Philosophy of Nature / Online Lexikon Naturphilosophie. Heidelberg University Press. https://doi.org/10.11588/oepn.2019.0.66404: p.1
  5. ^ Ducarme, Frédéric; Couvet, Denis (2020). "What does 'nature' mean?". Palgrave Communications. Springer Nature. 6 (14). doi:10.1057/s41599-020-0390-y.
  6. ^ Odyssey 10.302-3: ὣς ἄρα φωνήσας πόρε φάρμακον ἀργεϊφόντης ἐκ γαίης ἐρύσας, καί μοι φύσιν αὐτοῦ ἔδειξε. (So saying, Argeiphontes [=Hermes] gave me the herb, drawing it from the ground, and showed me its nature.) Odyssey (ed. A.T. Murray).
  7. ^ Gerard Naddaf, The Greek Concept of Nature, SUNY Press, 2005, p. 3. Guthrie, W. K. C., Presocratic Tradition from Parmenides to Democritus (volume 2 of his History of Greek Philosophy), Cambridge UP, 1965.[page needed]
  8. ^ Dunkie, Roger (1986). "Philosophical background of the 5th Century B.C.". The Classical Origins of Western Culture: The Core Studies 1 Study Guide. Brooklyn College Core Curriculum Series. Brooklyn, NY: Brooklyn College. Retrieved 30 January 2012.
  9. ^ Gerard Naddaf, The Greek Concept of Nature (2005), 1f.
  10. ^ a b Atwill, Janet. "The Interstices of Nature, Spontaneity, and Chance." Rhetoric Reclaimed: Aristotle and the Liberal Arts Tradition. Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP, 1998. N. Print.
  11. ^ Dunshirn, Alfred (2019): Physis [English version]. In: Kirchhoff, Thomas (ed.): Online Encyclopedia Philosophy of Nature / Online Lexikon Naturphilosophie. Heidelberg University Press. https://doi.org/10.11588/oepn.2019.0.66404: p.4
  12. ^ Balz, Horst Robert (2004-01-14). Exegetical dictionary of the New Testament. Michigan1994: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. ISBN 9780802828033.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  13. ^ Verbrugge, Verlyn D. (2000). New International Dictionary of New Testament Theology. Zondervan.
  14. ^ Romans 2:14
  15. ^ Danker, Frederick W. (2014). A Greek-English lexicon of the New Testament and other early Christian literature. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  16. ^ Romans 1:26–1:27
  17. ^ Danker, Frederick W. (2014). A Greek-English lexicon of the New Testament and other early Christian literature. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  18. ^ 1 Corinthians 11:13
  19. ^ a b Balz, Horst Robert (2004-01-14). Exegetical dictionary of the New Testament. Michigan1994: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. ISBN 9780802828033.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  20. ^ Roberts, John (2007). "Law of nature". Oxford Dictionary of the Classical World. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280146-3. from the original on 2017-12-01. Retrieved 2 May 2017.
  21. ^ Kittel, Gerhard. Theological Dictionary of the New Testament. Michigan: Eerdman's Publishing Company.
  22. ^ Ephesians 2:3–2:4
  23. ^ Verbrugge, Verlyn D. (2000). New International Dictionary of New Testament Theology. Zondervan.
  24. ^ Kelly, J.N.D. Early Christian Doctrines A&C Black(1965) p.318
  25. ^ a b Prestige, G.L. God in Patristic Thought, SPCK (1964), p.234
  26. ^ Harper, Douglas. "Physical". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 20 September 2006.

Sources

  • Brock, Sebastian P. (2016). "Miaphysite, not Monophysite!". Cristianesimo Nella Storia. 37 (1): 45–52. ISBN 9788815261687.
  • Loon, Hans van (2009). The Dyophysite Christology of Cyril of Alexandria. Leiden-Boston: Brill. ISBN 978-9004173224.
  • Meyendorff, John (1983) [1974]. Byzantine Theology: Historical Trends and Doctrinal Themes (2nd revised ed.). New York: Fordham University Press. ISBN 9780823209675.
  • Meyendorff, John (1989). Imperial Unity and Christian Divisions: The Church 450–680 A.D. Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. ISBN 9780881410563.
  • Weedman, Mark (2007). The Trinitarian Theology of Hilary of Poitiers. Leiden-Boston: Brill. ISBN 978-9004162242.
  • Winkler, Dietmar W. (1997). "Miaphysitism: A New Term for Use in the History of Dogma and in Ecumenical Theology". The Harp. 10 (3): 33–40.

External links

  • Dunshirn, Alfred 2019: Physis [English version]. In: Kirchhoff, Thomas (ed.): Online Encyclopedia Philosophy of Nature / Online Lexikon Naturphilosophie. Heidelberg University Press. https://doi.org/10.11588/oepn.2019.0.66404


January 09, 2023
physis, anatomy, epiphyseal, plate, confused, with, journal, physics, fusis, phusis, ancient, greek, φύσις, pʰýsis, greek, philosophical, theological, scientific, term, usually, translated, into, english, according, latin, translation, natura, nature, term, or. For use in anatomy see Epiphyseal plate Not to be confused with Physis journal or Physics Fusis Phusis or Physis ˈ f aɪ ˈ s ɪ s Ancient Greek fysis pʰysis is a Greek philosophical theological and scientific term usually translated into English according to its Latin translation natura as nature The term originated in ancient Greek philosophy and was later used in Christian theology and Western philosophy In pre Socratic usage physis was contrasted with nomos nomos law human convention 1 Another opposition particularly well known from the works of Aristotle is that of physis and techne in this case what is produced and what is artificial are distinguished from beings that arise spontaneously from their own essence as do agents such as humans 2 Further since Aristotle the physical the subject matter of physics properly tὰ fysika natural things has been juxtaposed to the metaphysical 3 Contents 1 Linguistics 2 Greek philosophy 2 1 Pre Socratic usage 2 2 In Plato s Laws 2 3 Aristotle 2 4 Atomists 3 Christian theology 3 1 Usage in patristic theology 4 Modern usage 5 See also 6 References 7 Sources 8 External linksLinguistics EditThe Greek word physis can be considered the equivalent of the Latin natura The abstract term physis is derived from the verb phyesthai phynai which means to grow to develop to become Frisk 2006 1052 Caspers 2010b 1068 In ancient philosophy one also finds the noun physis referring to the growth expressed in the verb phyesthai phynai and to the origin of development Plato Menexenos 237a Aristotle Metaphysics 1014b16 17 In terms of linguistic history this verb is related to forms such as the English be German sein or Latin esse Lohmann 1960 174 Pfeifer 1993 1273 Beekes 2010 1598 In Greek itself the aorist a verbal aspect of to be can be expressed with forms of phynai With regard to its kinship with being and the basic meaning of the verb stem phy or bhu growing there has long been criticism of the conventional translation of the word physis with nature With the Latin natura which for its part goes back to the verb nasci to be born one transfers the basic word physis into a different sphere of association In this way the emerging growth of plants for instance is transferred into the realm of being born 4 Greek philosophy Edit According to Aristotle physis nature is dependent on techne art Main articles Ancient Greek philosophy and Nature philosophy Pre Socratic usage Edit The word fysis is a verbal noun based on fyein to grow to appear cognate with English to be 5 In Homeric Greek it is used quite literally of the manner of growth of a particular species of plant 6 In pre Socratic philosophy beginning with Heraclitus physis in keeping with its etymology of growing becoming is always used in the sense of the natural development although the focus might lie either with the origin or the process or the end result of the process There is some evidence that by the 6th century BC beginning with the Ionian School the word could also be used in the comprehensive sense as referring to all things as it were Nature in the sense of Universe 7 In the Sophist tradition the term stood in opposition to nomos nomos law or custom in the debate on which parts of human existence are natural and which are due to convention 1 8 The contrast of physis vs nomos could be applied to any subject much like the modern contrast of nature vs nurture In Plato s Laws Edit In book 10 of Laws Plato criticizes those who write works peri physeōs The criticism is that such authors tend to focus on a purely naturalistic explanation of the world ignoring the role of intention or techne and thus becoming prone to the error of naive atheism Plato accuses even Hesiod of this for the reason that the gods in Hesiod grow out of primordial entities after the physical universe had been established 9 Because those who use the term mean to say that nature is the first creative power but if the soul turns out to be the primeval element and not fire or air then in the truest sense and beyond other things the soul may be said to exist by nature and this would be true if you proved that the soul is older than the body but not otherwise Plato s Laws Book 10 892c translation by Benjamin Jowett dd Aristotle Edit Aristotle sought out the definition of physis to prove that there was more than one definition of physis and more than one way to interpret nature Though Aristotle retains the ancient sense of physis as growth he insists that an adequate definition of physis requires the different perspectives of the four causes aitia material efficient formal and final 10 Aristotle believed that nature itself contained its own source of matter material power motion efficiency form and end final A unique feature about Aristotle s definition of physis was his relationship between art and nature Aristotle said that physis nature is dependent on techne art The critical distinction between art and nature concerns their different efficient causes nature is its own source of motion whereas techne always requires a source of motion outside itself 10 What Aristotle was trying to bring to light was that art does not contain within itself its form or source of motion Consider the process of an acorn becoming an oak tree This is a natural process that has its own driving force behind it There is no external force pushing this acorn to its final state rather it is progressively developing towards one specific end telos Atomists Edit Quite different conceptions of physis are to be found in other Greek traditions of thought e g the so called Atomists whose thinking found a continuation in the writings of Epicurus For them the world that appears is the result of an interplay between the void and the eternal movement of the indivisible the atoms This doctrine most often associated with the names Democritus and Leucippus is known mainly from the critical reactions to it in Aristotelian writings It was supplemented by Epicurus in the light of developments in philosophy in order to explain phenomena such as freedom of will This was done by means of the theory of atoms ability to deviate the parenklisis 11 Christian theology EditMain articles Christian theology and Christology Though fysis was often used in Hellenistic philosophy it is used only 14 times in the New Testament 10 of those in the writings of Paul 12 Its meaning varies throughout Paul s writings 13 One usage refers to the established or natural order of things as in Romans 2 14 where Paul writes For when Gentiles who do not have the law by nature do what the law requires they are a law to themselves even though they do not have the law 14 15 Another use of fysis in the sense of natural order is Romans 1 26 where he writes the men likewise gave up natural relations with women and were consumed with passion for one another 16 17 In 1 Corinthians 11 14 Paul asks Does not nature itself teach you that if a man wears long hair it is a disgrace for him 18 19 This use of fysis as referring to a natural order in Romans 1 26 and 1 Corinthians 11 14 may have been influenced by Stoicism 19 The Greek philosophers including Aristotle and the Stoics are credited with distinguishing between man made laws and a natural law of universal validity 20 but Gerhard Kittel states that the Stoic philosophers were not able to combine the concepts of nomos law and fysis nature to produce the concept of natural law in the sense that was made possible by Judeo Christian theology 21 As part of the Pauline theology of salvation by grace Paul writes in Ephesians 2 3 that we all once lived in the passions of our flesh carrying out the desires of the body and the mind and were by nature children of wrath like the rest of mankind In the next verse he writes by grace you have been saved 22 23 Usage in patristic theology Edit Main articles Monophysitism Miaphysitism and Dyophysitism Theologians of the early Christian period differed in the usage of this term In Antiochene circles it connoted the humanity or divinity of Christ conceived as a concrete set of characteristics or attributes In Alexandrine thinking it meant a concrete individual or independent existent and approximated to hypostasis without being a synonym 24 While it refers to much the same thing as ousia it is more empirical and descriptive focussing on function while ousia is metaphysical and focuses more on reality 25 Although found in the context of the Trinitarian debate it is chiefly important in the Christology of Cyril of Alexandria 25 Modern usage EditThe Greek adjective physikos is represented in various forms in modern English As physics the study of nature as physical via Middle Latin physicalis referring both to physics the study of nature the material universe and to the human body 26 The term physiology physiologia is of 16th century coinage Jean Fernel The term physique for the bodily constitution of a person is a 19th century loan from French In medicine the suffix physis occurs in such compounds as symphysis epiphysis and a few others in the sense of a growth The physis also refers to the growth plate or site of growth at the end of long bones See also Edit Look up fysis in Wiktionary the free dictionary Nature Ontology Essence Ousia Substance theoryReferences Edit a b Things in by or according to nature are fysei physei DAT sg of physis Things in by or according to law custom or convention are nomῳ nomōi DAT sg of nomos Dunshirn Alfred 2019 Physis English version In Kirchhoff Thomas ed Online Encyclopedia Philosophy of Nature Online Lexikon Naturphilosophie Heidelberg University Press https doi org 10 11588 oepn 2019 0 66404 p 3 Discussed in Aristotle s works so titled Physics and Metaphysics Physis translated since the Third Century B C usually as nature and less frequently as essence means one thing for the presocratic philosophers and quite another thing for Plato Welch Kathleen Ethel Keywords from Classical Rhetoric The Example of Physis Rhetoric Society Quarterly 17 2 1987 193 204 Print The Pontifical Academy of Sciences Evolving Concepts of Nature Proceedings of the Plenary Session 24 28 October 2014 Acta 23 Vatican City 2015 link For the whole passage see Dunshirn Alfred 2019 Physis English version In Kirchhoff Thomas ed Online Encyclopedia Philosophy of Nature Online Lexikon Naturphilosophie Heidelberg University Press https doi org 10 11588 oepn 2019 0 66404 p 1 Ducarme Frederic Couvet Denis 2020 What does nature mean Palgrave Communications Springer Nature 6 14 doi 10 1057 s41599 020 0390 y Odyssey 10 302 3 ὣs ἄra fwnhsas pore farmakon ἀrgeifonths ἐk gaihs ἐrysas kai moi fysin aὐtoῦ ἔdei3e So saying Argeiphontes Hermes gave me the herb drawing it from the ground and showed me its nature Odyssey ed A T Murray Gerard Naddaf The Greek Concept of Nature SUNY Press 2005 p 3 Guthrie W K C Presocratic Tradition from Parmenides to Democritus volume 2 of his History of Greek Philosophy Cambridge UP 1965 page needed Dunkie Roger 1986 Philosophical background of the 5th Century B C The Classical Origins of Western Culture The Core Studies 1 Study Guide Brooklyn College Core Curriculum Series Brooklyn NY Brooklyn College Retrieved 30 January 2012 Gerard Naddaf The Greek Concept of Nature 2005 1f a b Atwill Janet The Interstices of Nature Spontaneity and Chance Rhetoric Reclaimed Aristotle and the Liberal Arts Tradition Ithaca NY Cornell UP 1998 N Print Dunshirn Alfred 2019 Physis English version In Kirchhoff Thomas ed Online Encyclopedia Philosophy of Nature Online Lexikon Naturphilosophie Heidelberg University Press https doi org 10 11588 oepn 2019 0 66404 p 4 Balz Horst Robert 2004 01 14 Exegetical dictionary of the New Testament Michigan1994 William B Eerdmans Publishing Company ISBN 9780802828033 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location link Verbrugge Verlyn D 2000 New International Dictionary of New Testament Theology Zondervan Romans 2 14 Danker Frederick W 2014 A Greek English lexicon of the New Testament and other early Christian literature Chicago University of Chicago Press Romans 1 26 1 27 Danker Frederick W 2014 A Greek English lexicon of the New Testament and other early Christian literature Chicago University of Chicago Press 1 Corinthians 11 13 a b Balz Horst Robert 2004 01 14 Exegetical dictionary of the New Testament Michigan1994 William B Eerdmans Publishing Company ISBN 9780802828033 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location link Roberts John 2007 Law of nature Oxford Dictionary of the Classical World Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 280146 3 Archived from the original on 2017 12 01 Retrieved 2 May 2017 Kittel Gerhard Theological Dictionary of the New Testament Michigan Eerdman s Publishing Company Ephesians 2 3 2 4 Verbrugge Verlyn D 2000 New International Dictionary of New Testament Theology Zondervan Kelly J N D Early Christian Doctrines A amp C Black 1965 p 318 a b Prestige G L God in Patristic Thought SPCK 1964 p 234 Harper Douglas Physical Online Etymology Dictionary Retrieved 20 September 2006 Sources EditBrock Sebastian P 2016 Miaphysite not Monophysite Cristianesimo Nella Storia 37 1 45 52 ISBN 9788815261687 Loon Hans van 2009 The Dyophysite Christology of Cyril of Alexandria Leiden Boston Brill ISBN 978 9004173224 Meyendorff John 1983 1974 Byzantine Theology Historical Trends and Doctrinal Themes 2nd revised ed New York Fordham University Press ISBN 9780823209675 Meyendorff John 1989 Imperial Unity and Christian Divisions The Church 450 680 A D Crestwood NY St Vladimir s Seminary Press ISBN 9780881410563 Weedman Mark 2007 The Trinitarian Theology of Hilary of Poitiers Leiden Boston Brill ISBN 978 9004162242 Winkler Dietmar W 1997 Miaphysitism A New Term for Use in the History of Dogma and in Ecumenical Theology The Harp 10 3 33 40 External links EditDunshirn Alfred 2019 Physis English version In Kirchhoff Thomas ed Online Encyclopedia Philosophy of Nature Online Lexikon Naturphilosophie Heidelberg University Press https doi org 10 11588 oepn 2019 0 66404 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Physis amp oldid 1110809052, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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