fbpx
Wikipedia

Outing

March 20, 2023

For other uses, see Outing (disambiguation).

Outing is the act of disclosing an LGBT person's sexual orientation or gender identity without that person's consent. It is often done for political reasons, either to instrumentalize homophobia in order to discredit political opponents or to combat homophobia and heterosexism by revealing that a prominent or respected individual is homosexual. Examples of outing in history include the Krupp affair, Eulenburg affair, and Röhm scandal.

The ethics of outing are highly contested as it can often have a negative effect on the target's personal life or career. Some LGBT activists argue that gay individuals who oppose LGBT rights do not enjoy a right to privacy because of their perceived hypocrisy. In an attempt to pre-empt being outed, an LGBT public figure may decide to come out publicly first, although controlling the conditions under which one's LGBT identity is revealed is only one of numerous motives for coming out.

Terminology

It is hard to pinpoint the first use of outing in the modern sense. In a 1982 issue of Harper's, Taylor Branch predicted that "outage" would become a political tactic in which the closeted would find themselves trapped in a crossfire. The article "Forcing Gays Out of the Closet" by William A. Henry III in Time (January 29, 1990) introduced the term "outing" to the general public.[1]

History

See also: Krupp affair, Eulenburg affair, and Röhm scandal

The Eulenburg affair of 1907–1909 was the first public outing scandal of the twentieth century. Left-wing journalists opposed to Kaiser Wilhelm II's policies outed a number of prominent members of his cabinet and inner circle—and by implication the Kaiser—beginning with Maximilian Harden's indictment of the aristocratic diplomat Prince Eulenburg. Harden's accusations incited other journalists to follow suit, including Adolf Brand, founder of Der Eigene.[citation needed] Many activists of the first homosexual movement denounced outing as "the way over corpses".[2][3] In 1928, Kurt Hiller argued that it would be permissible to out a member of a cabinet preparing an anti-homosexual law, arguing: "Our solidarity with the homosexuals of all classes and political viewpoints extends very far; but it does not include traitors to their own cause."[4]

Left-wing journalists outed Adolf Hitler's closest ally Ernst Röhm in 1931 and 1932. In response, Brand wrote, "when someone — as teacher, priest, representative, or statesman — would like to set in the most damaging way the intimate love contacts of others under degrading control — in that moment his own love-life also ceases to be a private matter and forfeits every claim to remain protected hence-forward from public scrutiny and suspicious oversight."[5] Left-wing journalist Kurt Tucholsky disagreed, writing in Die Weltbühne, "We fight the scandalous §175, everywhere we can, therefore we must not join the choir of those among us who want to banish a man from society because he is homosexual."[6][7]

United States

In the 1950s during the Lavender Scare, tabloid publications like Confidential emerged, specializing in the revelation of scandalous information about entertainment and political celebrities. Among the political figures targeted by the magazine were former Under Secretary of State Sumner Welles[8] and Arthur H. Vandenberg Jr., who had briefly served as President Eisenhower's Appointments Secretary.[9]

Outing may be found to be libel by a court of law. For example, in 1957 American pianist Liberace, successfully sued the Daily Mirror for merely insinuating that he was gay.[10][11] The newspaper responded that columnist William Connor's words (written under his byline 'Cassandra') did not imply that Liberace was gay. Their defence contended that there was no libel as no accusation had been made, rather than arguing that the accusation was true.[12] Following Liberace's death from an AIDS-related illness in 1987, the paper asked for the award to be refunded.[13] In a 2011 interview, actress and close friend Betty White stated that Liberace was gay, and that she often served as a beard to counter rumors of the musician's homosexuality.[14]

I outed Rosie and Ellen, and it's hard to even imagine now that they ever were in the closet. You have to educate the new people and say, 'Guess what, they were in the closet at one point.' It's hard to believe that Rosie was doing this delicate dance on her talk show where she was the 'Queen of Nice' and the single mother who had a crush on Tom Cruise and I was pointing out the absurdity of it.

— Michael Musto, one of the original journalists outing celebrities.[15]

After the Stonewall riots of 1969, swells of gay-libbers came out aggressively in the 1970s, crying out: "Out of the closets, Into the streets!"[16] Some began to demand that all homosexuals come out, and that if they weren't willing to do so, then it was the community's responsibility to do it for them[citation needed]. One example is the outing of Oliver Sipple, who helped save the life of United States President Gerald Ford during an assassination attempt. Sipple was outed by gay activists, most prominently Harvey Milk. The negative impact the outing had on Sipple's life later provoked opposition.[17][18] Some[who?] argued that privacy should prevail, and felt it was better for the movement to protect closeted gays, especially in homophobic religious institutions and the military. Despite their best efforts, many gays and lesbians were still unwilling to come out.[citation needed]

Some political conservatives opposed to increased public acceptance of homosexuality engaged in outing in this period as well, with the goal of embarrassing or discrediting their ideological foes. Conservative commentator Dinesh D'Souza, for example, published the letters of gay fellow students at Dartmouth College in the campus newspaper he edited (The Dartmouth Review) in 1981; a few years later, succeeding Review editor Laura Ingraham had a meeting of a campus gay organization secretly tape-recorded, then published a transcript along with attendees' names as part of an editorial denouncing the group as "cheerleaders for latent campus sodomites."[19]

In the 1980s, the AIDS pandemic led to the outing of several major entertainers, including Rock Hudson.

One of the first outings by an activist in the United States occurred in February 1989. Michael Petrelis, along with a few others, alleged that Mark Hatfield, a Republican Senator from Oregon, was gay.[20] They did this because he supported legislation initiated by Jesse Helms.[citation needed] At a fundraiser in a small town outside of Portland, the group stood up and outed him in front of the crowd. Petrelis later tried to make news by standing on the U.S. Capitol steps and reading the names of "twelve men and women in politics and music who ... are secretly gay." Though the press showed up, no major news organization published the story.[21] Potential libel suits deterred publishers.

OutWeek, which had begun publishing in 1989, was home to activist and outing pioneer Michelangelo Signorile, who stirred the waters when he outed the recently deceased Malcolm Forbes in March 1990.[22] His column "Gossip Watch" became a hot spot for outing the rich and famous. Both praised and lambasted for his behavior, he garnered responses to his actions as wide-ranging as "one of the greater contemporary gay heroes," to "revolting, infantile, cheap name-calling."[23]

Other people who have been outed include Fannie Flagg, Pete Williams, Chaz Bono, and Richard Chamberlain.

In 2004, gay rights activist Michael Rogers outed Edward Schrock, a Republican Congressman from Virginia. Rogers posted a story on his website alleging that Schrock used an interactive phone sex service to meet other men for sex. Schrock did not deny this, and announced on August 30, 2004, that he would not seek re-election.[24] Rogers said that he outed Schrock to punish him for his hypocrisy in voting for the Marriage Protection Act and signing on as a co-sponsor of the Federal Marriage Amendment.

New Jersey Governor Jim McGreevey announced that he was a "gay American" in August 2004. McGreevey had become aware that he was about to be named in a sexual harassment suit by Golan Cipel, his former security advisor, with whom it was alleged McGreevey had a sexual relationship. McGreevey resigned, but unlike Schrock, McGreevey decided not to step out of public life. John McCain's Presidential Campaign removed images of Alabama Attorney General Troy King from its website after he was outed in 2008.[25]

Often outing is used solely to damage the outed person's reputation, and has thus been controversial.[original research?] Some activists argue that outing is appropriate and legitimate in some cases — for example, if the individual is actively working against LGBT rights.[26] United States Congressman Barney Frank argued during the 2006 Mark Foley scandal, "I think there's a right to privacy. But the right to privacy should not be a right to hypocrisy. And people who want to demonize other people shouldn't then be able to go home and close the door and do it themselves."[27]

Outrage film

Main article: Outrage (2009 film)

In 2009, Kirby Dick's documentary Outrage argued that several American political figures have led closeted gay lives while supporting and endorsing legislation that is harmful to the gay community.[28][29][30][31][32] The film was based on the work of Michael Rogers and BlogActive.com. The film focused particular attention on Idaho Senator Larry Craig, an outspoken opponent of gay rights who in 2007 pleaded guilty to disorderly conduct for soliciting sex from an undercover police officer in a public bathroom.[29] Outrage featured interviews with several people who claim that Governor of Florida Charlie Crist has led a private gay life while publicly opposing gay marriage and gay adoption.[33][34]

Other politicians discussed in the film include former Virginia Representative Ed Schrock, California Representative David Dreier, former New York City mayor Ed Koch, and former Louisiana Representative Jim McCrery.[29][30][31][33][34][35]

The film argues that the mass media is reluctant to discuss issues involving gay politicians despite the many comparable news stories about heterosexual politicians and scandals. Outrage describes this behavior as a form of institutionalized homophobia that has resulted in a tacit policy of self-censorship when reporting on these issues.[36][37]

Motives

Gabriel Rotello, once editor of OutWeek, explained outing as "equalizing", stating: "what we have called 'outing' is a primarily journalistic movement to treat homosexuality as equal to heterosexuality in the media...In 1990, many of us in the gay media announced that henceforth we would simply treat homosexuality and heterosexuality as equals. We were not going to wait for the perfect, utopian future to arrive before equalizing the two: We were going to do it now."[38]

Alongside revealing the hypocrisy of those in what Branch termed the "closets of power", Signorile described OutWeek's aim as an awareness raiser of the presence of gay people and political issues. The goal would be that being gay and lesbian is not "so utterly grotesque that it should never be discussed." (Signorile, p. 78) Richard Mohr noted, "some people have compared outing to McCarthyism...And vindictive outing is like McCarthyism: such outing feeds gays to the wolves, who thereby are made stronger....But the sort of outing I have advocated does not invoke, mobilize, or ritualistically confirm anti-gay values; rather it cuts against them, works to undo them... It's point is to avoid degrading oneself." Thus Mohr argues that outing is "both permissible and an expected consequence of living morally."[39]

Signorile posits that outing is not the airing of private details. Signorile asked, "Sex is private. But by outing we do not discuss anyone's sex life. We only say they're gay...[40] If anything, the goal behind outing is to show just how many gay people there are among the most visible people in our society so that when someone outs the milkman or the spinster, everyone will say, 'So what?'"[41]

In the context of Ali Fazeli Monfared’s murder, Tara Far, human rights investigator in Iran and Kuwait has described outing as "dangerous" within societies where the LGBT community is not protected by law, or families that do not accept the individual. Shadi Amin described the military exemption card as a danger to Monfared in her petition to the Iranian government to remove the sexuality information.[42]

There is no widely agreed definition of "fair outing" nor even clear consensus in most organizations on when it can occur. Virtually all who take a position on outing have qualified the limits to which it is permissible for one to go — often quite idiosyncratically. With outing no one or outing everyone as the extremes, at least four intermediate positions have been described to justify outing:[43]

  1. Only the dead;
  2. Hypocrites only, and only when they actively oppose gay rights and interests;
  3. Outing passive accomplices who help run homophobic institutions;
  4. Prominent individuals whose outing would shatter stereotypes and compel the public to reconsider its attitude on homosexuality.

Assessing to which degree the outer goes allows insight into the goal striven towards. Most outers target those who support decisions and further policy, both religious and secular, which discriminate against gay people while they themselves live a clandestine gay existence. A "truism to people active in the gay movement [is] that the greatest impediments to homosexuals' progress often [are] not heterosexuals, but closeted homosexuals," said San Francisco journalist Randy Shilts.[44]

Impact and effectiveness

The effectiveness of outing as a political tactic depends on the willingness of the media to report that a person has been outed. The advent of the internet has made outing public figures much easier. Twenty years ago Michael Rogers would have had to persuade a newspaper or other media outlet to risk legal action by reporting his allegations about Congressman Ed Schrock. Today he can publish them himself on his website and other media will then report that he has done so.

Signorile argues that the outing of journalist Pete Williams "and its aftermath did indeed make a big dent in the military's policy against gays. The publicity generated put the policy on the front burner in 1992, thrusting the issue into the presidential campaign," with every Democratic candidate and independent Ross Perot publicly promising to end the ban.[45]

Outing in the military

Main article: Sexual orientation and military service
See also: Don't ask, don't tell

The military forces of the world have differing approaches to the enlistment of homosexual and bisexual individuals. Some have open policies, others prohibit, and some are ambiguous. The armed forces of most developed countries have now removed policies excluding non-heterosexual individuals (with strict policies on sexual harassment).

Nations that permit gay people to serve openly in the military include 3 of the 5 permanent members of the UN Security Council (United States, United Kingdom and France), the Republic of China (Taiwan), Australia, Israel, Argentina, and all NATO members except Turkey.[46]

In the United Kingdom the Ministry of Defence policy since the year 2000 is to allow gay men, lesbians and transgender personnel to serve openly, and discrimination on a sexual orientation basis is forbidden.[47] It is also forbidden for someone to pressure LGBT people to come out.

In the United States lesbian, gay, and bisexual people are allowed to serve openly in the United States military. As of 2021, transgender individuals are allowed to serve openly, and to transition during their service[48][citation needed] Military policy and legislation had previously entirely prohibited gay individuals from serving, and subsequently from serving openly, but these prohibitions were ended in September 2011 after the United States Congress voted to repeal the policy. The first time homosexuals were differentiated from non-homosexuals in the military literature was in revised army mobilization regulations in 1942. Additional policy revisions in 1944 and 1947 further codified the ban. Throughout the next few decades, homosexuals were routinely discharged, regardless of whether they had engaged in sexual conduct while serving. In response to the gay rights movements of the 1970s and 1980s, the Department of Defense issued a 1982 policy (DOD Directive 1332.14) stating that homosexuality was clearly incompatible with military service. Controversy over this policy created political pressure to amend the policy, with socially liberal efforts seeking a repeal of the ban and socially conservative groups wishing to reinforce it by statute.

Support for outing

Some gay rights activists defend outing as a tactic. The British activist Peter Tatchell says "The lesbian and gay community has a right to defend itself against public figures who abuse their power and influence to support policies which inflict suffering on homosexuals." In 1994 Tatchell's activist group OutRage! alleged that fourteen bishops of the Church of England were homosexual or bisexual and named them, accusing them of hypocrisy for upholding the Church's policy of regarding homosexual acts as sinful while not observing this prohibition in their personal lives. "Outing is queer self-defence," Tatchell said in a 1995 speech to the Lesbian and Gay Christian Movement conference. "Lesbians and gay men have a right, and a duty, to expose hypocrites and homophobes. By not outing gay Bishops who support policies which harm homosexuals, we would be protecting those Bishops and thereby allowing them to continue to inflict suffering on members of our community. Collusion with hypocrisy and homophobia is not ethically defensible for Christians, or for anyone else."[49]

Criticism

Some gay activists, however, continue to disapprove of outing as a political tactic, arguing that even anti-gay conservatives have a right to personal privacy which should be respected. Steven Fisher, a spokesperson for the Human Rights Campaign, the largest advocacy group for gay and lesbian issues in the United States, commenting on the Schrock outing, said he opposed using "sexual orientation as a weapon." Christopher R. Barron, political director of the Log Cabin Republicans, a group representing gay and lesbian Republicans said: "We disagree strongly with the outing campaign, but we also strongly disagree with President Bush's sponsorship of the anti-family Federal Marriage Amendment."

Roger Rosenblatt argued in his January 1993 New York Times Magazine essay "Who Killed Privacy?" that, "The practice of 'outing' homosexuals implies contradictorily that homosexuals have a right to private choice but not to private lives."[40] In March 2002, singer Will Young revealed he was gay, pre-empting a tabloid newspaper (reportedly News of the World) that was preparing to out him.[50]

Other criticism concerning outing centers upon the harm that outing individuals as homosexual, transgender, or transsexual does to them personally and professionally and upon the fact that some individuals have been erroneously outed or have been outed when there is no proof to substantiate the claim that they are gay or transgender.

Christine Jorgensen, Beth Elliott, Renée Richards, Sandy Stone, Billy Tipton, Alan L. Hart, April Ashley, Caroline Cossey ("Tula"), Jahna Steele, were outed as transsexuals by European or American media or, in the case of Billy Tipton, by his coroner. In many cases, being outed had an adverse effect on their personal lives and their careers.

In some cases well-known celebrities have been outed as transgender or intersex when no proof to substantiate the claims was presented, e.g., Jamie Lee Curtis.[51]

See also

  • Doxing, revealing generic personally identifiable information through the internet

References

  1. ^ Johansson & Percy, p. 4
  2. ^ Bösch, Frank (2011). "Homosexualität als Skandalon". Öffentliche Geheimnisse: Skandale, Politik und Medien in Deutschland und Großbritannien 1880-1914. Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag. p. 116. doi:10.1524/9783486707465.43. ISBN 978-3-486-70746-5.
  3. ^ Mancini, Elena (2010). Magnus Hirschfeld and the Quest for Sexual Freedom: A History of the First International Sexual Freedom Movement. Springer. ISBN 978-0-230-11439-5.
  4. ^ Herzer, Manfred (1995). "Communists, Social Democrats, and the Homosexual Movement in the Weimar Republic". Journal of Homosexuality. 29 (2–3): 213. doi:10.1300/J082v29n02_08. PMID 8666755.
  5. ^ Brand, Adolph. Political Criminals: A Word About the Röhm Case (1931) Reprinted in Homosexuality and Male Bonding in Pre-Nazi Germany, edited by Harry Oosterhuis, 235–240. New York, Haworth, 1991.
  6. ^ Tamagne, Florence (2006). A History of Homosexuality in Europe, Vol. I & II: Berlin, London, Paris; 1919-1939. Algora Publishing. p. 289. ISBN 978-0-87586-356-6.
  7. ^ Marhoefer 2015, p. 169.
  8. ^ Benjamin Welles, Sumner Welles: FDR's Global Strategist: A Biography (NY: St. Martin's Press, 1997),370-1
  9. ^ . The Papers of Dwight David Eisenhower, Volume 18. Johns Hopkins University Press. 1966. Archived from the original on May 15, 2007. Retrieved August 16, 2013.
  10. ^ Lovece, Frank (11 October 2011). "Michael Douglas plays pianist Liberace in HBO film". Newsday. Retrieved 28 August 2012. The highly popular Liberace, who died in 1987 at the age of 67 of AIDS-related causes, publicly denied being gay or bisexual.
  11. ^ Connor, William (26 September 1956). "Yearn-Strength Five". Daily Mirror. p. 6.
  12. ^ "High Court Of Justice; Queen's Bench Division, "I Don't Care What My Readers Think", Liberace V. Daily Mirror Newspapers Ltd". The Times. June 12, 1959. p. 16. They all say that this deadly, winking, sniggering, snuggling, chromium-plated, scent-impregnated, luminous, quivering, giggling, fruit-flavoured, mincing, ice-covered heap of mother love has had the biggest reception and impact on London since Charlie Chaplin arrived at the same station, Waterloo, on September 12, 1921.
  13. ^ "How About Refund? Tabloid Says of Liberace Libel Award". Los Angeles Times. Reuters. 1999-10-09. Retrieved 2013-11-02.
  14. ^ "Betty White: Bea Arthur was not fond of me". CNN. Archived from the original on 2021-12-11. Retrieved May 23, 2021.
  15. ^ Interview with Michael Musto, David Shankbone, Wikinews, October 7, 2007.
  16. ^ Howard, Annie (June 28, 2019). ""Out of the Closets and Into the Streets"". Belt Magazine. Retrieved May 23, 2021.
  17. ^ "Radiolab, Oliver Sipple". WBEZ 91.5 Chicago. September 22, 2017. from the original on September 22, 2017.
  18. ^ Ishak, Natasha (April 27, 2020). "Meet Oliver Sipple, The Vietnam Veteran Who Saved President Ford's Life - And Was Punished For It". All That's Interesting. Retrieved May 23, 2021.
  19. ^ O'Connor, Rory (10 June 2008). "Laura Ingraham: Right-Wing Radio's High Priestess of Hate". Huffington Post. Retrieved 11 June 2018.
  20. ^ Signorile, Michelangelo (2003). Queer in America: Sex, the Media, and the Closets of Power. ISBN 9780299193744. Retrieved May 23, 2021.
  21. ^ Gross, p. 85
  22. ^ Signorile, Michelangelo (March 18, 1990), "The Other Side of Malcolm" (PDF), OutWeek, no. 38, pp. 40–45
  23. ^ Johansson & Percy, p. 183
  24. ^ Zremski, Jerry (September 9, 2007). "Ex-Buffalo Activist is D.C.'s 'Most Feared Man' Mike Rogers, a Founder of Gay Men's Chorus, 'Outs' Closeted Conservatives on his Blog". The Buffalo News. Retrieved May 23, 2021.
  25. ^ Ponder, Jon (July 11, 2008). . Pensito Review. Archived from the original on July 14, 2008. Retrieved May 23, 2021.
  26. ^ Doug Ireland (2004-09-23). . Laweekly.com. Archived from the original on 2008-09-07. Retrieved 2013-11-02.
  27. ^ ""Episode Guide – episode 86" HBO's Real Time with Bill Maher". HBO. October 20, 2006. Retrieved 2008-02-26.
  28. ^ Dawson, Nick (May 8, 2009). "Kirby Dick, Outrage". Filmmaker. Retrieved April 12, 2013.
  29. ^ a b c Scott, A. O. (May 7, 2009). "Secret Lives in the Age of Gay Rights". The New York Times. Retrieved April 12, 2013.
  30. ^ a b Foundas, Scott (June 11, 2009). . Dallas Observer. Archived from the original on February 9, 2015. Retrieved April 12, 2009.
  31. ^ a b Anderson, John (April 25, 2009). . Variety. Archived from the original on September 27, 2012. Retrieved April 12, 2013.
  32. ^ Travers, Peter (May 7, 2009). "Outrage". Rolling Stone. Retrieved April 12, 2013.
  33. ^ a b Guthmann, Edward (May 10, 2009). "'Outrage' takes on closeted gay politicians". San Francisco Chronicle. SFGate.com. Retrieved April 12, 2013.
  34. ^ a b Paris, Barry (June 18, 2009). "'Outrage': Documentary opens the closet door on gay politicians". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved April 12, 2013.
  35. ^ Goldstein, Patrick; Rainey, James (April 23, 2009). "'Outrage': Kirby Dick kicks open Washington's closet door". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 23, 2021.
  36. ^ O'Hehir, Andrew (May 7, 2009). "Behind Washington's closet door". Salon. Retrieved April 12, 2013.
  37. ^ Milvy, Erika (April 27, 2009). "Kirby Dick Is Outraged!". Advocate. Here Media. Retrieved April 12, 2013.
  38. ^ Rotello, Gabriel (May 29, 1991). "Why I Oppose Outing". OutWeek.
  39. ^ Mohr, Richard. Gay Ideas: Outing and Other Controversies, Boston: Beacon Press, 1992.
  40. ^ a b Signorile, p. 80
  41. ^ Signorile, p. 82
  42. ^ "Gay Iranian man dead in alleged 'honor killing,' rights group says". NBC News. Retrieved 2023-02-26.
  43. ^ Johansson & Percy, p. 228
  44. ^ Johansson & Percy, p. 226
  45. ^ Signorile, p. 161
  46. ^ Singer, Peter (June 15, 2010). . Brookings. Archived from the original on June 15, 2010. Retrieved May 23, 2021.
  47. ^ "Queer:Argentinien und die Philippinen beenden Homo-Verbot im Militär (German)". Queer.de. Retrieved 2013-11-02.
  48. ^ Laurel Wamsley (31 March 2021). "Pentagon Releases New Policies Enabling Transgender People To Serve In The Military". NPR. NPR.
  49. ^ Tatchell, Peter (28 April 1995). "Outing Is A Catalyst For Social Change". petertatchell.net. Retrieved 15 January 2020.
  50. ^ Boggan, Steve (11 March 2002). "A pop idol, a rumour and why he felt he had to come out". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2022-05-24. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
  51. ^ "Jamie Lee Curtis rumor". snopes.com. 6 April 2001. Retrieved 2013-11-02.

Further reading

  • Cory, Donald Webster. The Homosexual in America: A Subjective Approach. New York: Greenfield, 1951.
  • Gross, Larry. Contested Closets: The Politics and Ethics of Outing. University of Minnesota Press, 1993 ISBN 0-8166-2179-9
  • Johansson, Warren & Percy, William A. Outing: Shattering the Conspiracy of Silence. Harrington Park Press, 1994.
  • Marhoefer, Laurie (2015). Sex and the Weimar Republic: German Homosexual Emancipation and the Rise of the Nazis. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-1-4426-1957-9.
  • Signorile, Michelango (1993). Queer In America: Sex, Media, and the Closets of Power. ISBN 0-299-19374-8.
  • Stramel, James (1996). "Gay Virtue: The Ethics of Disclosure." Dissertation, University of Southern California.

March 20, 2023
outing, other, uses, disambiguation, disclosing, lgbt, person, sexual, orientation, gender, identity, without, that, person, consent, often, done, political, reasons, either, instrumentalize, homophobia, order, discredit, political, opponents, combat, homophob. For other uses see Outing disambiguation Outing is the act of disclosing an LGBT person s sexual orientation or gender identity without that person s consent It is often done for political reasons either to instrumentalize homophobia in order to discredit political opponents or to combat homophobia and heterosexism by revealing that a prominent or respected individual is homosexual Examples of outing in history include the Krupp affair Eulenburg affair and Rohm scandal The ethics of outing are highly contested as it can often have a negative effect on the target s personal life or career Some LGBT activists argue that gay individuals who oppose LGBT rights do not enjoy a right to privacy because of their perceived hypocrisy In an attempt to pre empt being outed an LGBT public figure may decide to come out publicly first although controlling the conditions under which one s LGBT identity is revealed is only one of numerous motives for coming out Contents 1 Terminology 2 History 2 1 United States 2 2 Outrage film 3 Motives 4 Impact and effectiveness 5 Outing in the military 6 Support for outing 7 Criticism 8 See also 9 References 10 Further readingTerminology EditIt is hard to pinpoint the first use of outing in the modern sense In a 1982 issue of Harper s Taylor Branch predicted that outage would become a political tactic in which the closeted would find themselves trapped in a crossfire The article Forcing Gays Out of the Closet by William A Henry III in Time January 29 1990 introduced the term outing to the general public 1 History EditSee also Krupp affair Eulenburg affair and Rohm scandal The Eulenburg affair of 1907 1909 was the first public outing scandal of the twentieth century Left wing journalists opposed to Kaiser Wilhelm II s policies outed a number of prominent members of his cabinet and inner circle and by implication the Kaiser beginning with Maximilian Harden s indictment of the aristocratic diplomat Prince Eulenburg Harden s accusations incited other journalists to follow suit including Adolf Brand founder of Der Eigene citation needed Many activists of the first homosexual movement denounced outing as the way over corpses 2 3 In 1928 Kurt Hiller argued that it would be permissible to out a member of a cabinet preparing an anti homosexual law arguing Our solidarity with the homosexuals of all classes and political viewpoints extends very far but it does not include traitors to their own cause 4 Left wing journalists outed Adolf Hitler s closest ally Ernst Rohm in 1931 and 1932 In response Brand wrote when someone as teacher priest representative or statesman would like to set in the most damaging way the intimate love contacts of others under degrading control in that moment his own love life also ceases to be a private matter and forfeits every claim to remain protected hence forward from public scrutiny and suspicious oversight 5 Left wing journalist Kurt Tucholsky disagreed writing in Die Weltbuhne We fight the scandalous 175 everywhere we can therefore we must not join the choir of those among us who want to banish a man from society because he is homosexual 6 7 United States Edit In the 1950s during the Lavender Scare tabloid publications like Confidential emerged specializing in the revelation of scandalous information about entertainment and political celebrities Among the political figures targeted by the magazine were former Under Secretary of State Sumner Welles 8 and Arthur H Vandenberg Jr who had briefly served as President Eisenhower s Appointments Secretary 9 Outing may be found to be libel by a court of law For example in 1957 American pianist Liberace successfully sued the Daily Mirror for merely insinuating that he was gay 10 11 The newspaper responded that columnist William Connor s words written under his byline Cassandra did not imply that Liberace was gay Their defence contended that there was no libel as no accusation had been made rather than arguing that the accusation was true 12 Following Liberace s death from an AIDS related illness in 1987 the paper asked for the award to be refunded 13 In a 2011 interview actress and close friend Betty White stated that Liberace was gay and that she often served as a beard to counter rumors of the musician s homosexuality 14 I outed Rosie and Ellen and it s hard to even imagine now that they ever were in the closet You have to educate the new people and say Guess what they were in the closet at one point It s hard to believe that Rosie was doing this delicate dance on her talk show where she was the Queen of Nice and the single mother who had a crush on Tom Cruise and I was pointing out the absurdity of it Michael Musto one of the original journalists outing celebrities 15 After the Stonewall riots of 1969 swells of gay libbers came out aggressively in the 1970s crying out Out of the closets Into the streets 16 Some began to demand that all homosexuals come out and that if they weren t willing to do so then it was the community s responsibility to do it for them citation needed One example is the outing of Oliver Sipple who helped save the life of United States President Gerald Ford during an assassination attempt Sipple was outed by gay activists most prominently Harvey Milk The negative impact the outing had on Sipple s life later provoked opposition 17 18 Some who argued that privacy should prevail and felt it was better for the movement to protect closeted gays especially in homophobic religious institutions and the military Despite their best efforts many gays and lesbians were still unwilling to come out citation needed Some political conservatives opposed to increased public acceptance of homosexuality engaged in outing in this period as well with the goal of embarrassing or discrediting their ideological foes Conservative commentator Dinesh D Souza for example published the letters of gay fellow students at Dartmouth College in the campus newspaper he edited The Dartmouth Review in 1981 a few years later succeeding Review editor Laura Ingraham had a meeting of a campus gay organization secretly tape recorded then published a transcript along with attendees names as part of an editorial denouncing the group as cheerleaders for latent campus sodomites 19 In the 1980s the AIDS pandemic led to the outing of several major entertainers including Rock Hudson One of the first outings by an activist in the United States occurred in February 1989 Michael Petrelis along with a few others alleged that Mark Hatfield a Republican Senator from Oregon was gay 20 They did this because he supported legislation initiated by Jesse Helms citation needed At a fundraiser in a small town outside of Portland the group stood up and outed him in front of the crowd Petrelis later tried to make news by standing on the U S Capitol steps and reading the names of twelve men and women in politics and music who are secretly gay Though the press showed up no major news organization published the story 21 Potential libel suits deterred publishers OutWeek which had begun publishing in 1989 was home to activist and outing pioneer Michelangelo Signorile who stirred the waters when he outed the recently deceased Malcolm Forbes in March 1990 22 His column Gossip Watch became a hot spot for outing the rich and famous Both praised and lambasted for his behavior he garnered responses to his actions as wide ranging as one of the greater contemporary gay heroes to revolting infantile cheap name calling 23 Other people who have been outed include Fannie Flagg Pete Williams Chaz Bono and Richard Chamberlain In 2004 gay rights activist Michael Rogers outed Edward Schrock a Republican Congressman from Virginia Rogers posted a story on his website alleging that Schrock used an interactive phone sex service to meet other men for sex Schrock did not deny this and announced on August 30 2004 that he would not seek re election 24 Rogers said that he outed Schrock to punish him for his hypocrisy in voting for the Marriage Protection Act and signing on as a co sponsor of the Federal Marriage Amendment New Jersey Governor Jim McGreevey announced that he was a gay American in August 2004 McGreevey had become aware that he was about to be named in a sexual harassment suit by Golan Cipel his former security advisor with whom it was alleged McGreevey had a sexual relationship McGreevey resigned but unlike Schrock McGreevey decided not to step out of public life John McCain s Presidential Campaign removed images of Alabama Attorney General Troy King from its website after he was outed in 2008 25 Often outing is used solely to damage the outed person s reputation and has thus been controversial original research Some activists argue that outing is appropriate and legitimate in some cases for example if the individual is actively working against LGBT rights 26 United States Congressman Barney Frank argued during the 2006 Mark Foley scandal I think there s a right to privacy But the right to privacy should not be a right to hypocrisy And people who want to demonize other people shouldn t then be able to go home and close the door and do it themselves 27 Outrage film Edit Main article Outrage 2009 film In 2009 Kirby Dick s documentary Outrage argued that several American political figures have led closeted gay lives while supporting and endorsing legislation that is harmful to the gay community 28 29 30 31 32 The film was based on the work of Michael Rogers and BlogActive com The film focused particular attention on Idaho Senator Larry Craig an outspoken opponent of gay rights who in 2007 pleaded guilty to disorderly conduct for soliciting sex from an undercover police officer in a public bathroom 29 Outrage featured interviews with several people who claim that Governor of Florida Charlie Crist has led a private gay life while publicly opposing gay marriage and gay adoption 33 34 Other politicians discussed in the film include former Virginia Representative Ed Schrock California Representative David Dreier former New York City mayor Ed Koch and former Louisiana Representative Jim McCrery 29 30 31 33 34 35 The film argues that the mass media is reluctant to discuss issues involving gay politicians despite the many comparable news stories about heterosexual politicians and scandals Outrage describes this behavior as a form of institutionalized homophobia that has resulted in a tacit policy of self censorship when reporting on these issues 36 37 Motives EditThe neutrality of this article is disputed Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met February 2023 Learn how and when to remove this template message Gabriel Rotello once editor of OutWeek explained outing as equalizing stating what we have called outing is a primarily journalistic movement to treat homosexuality as equal to heterosexuality in the media In 1990 many of us in the gay media announced that henceforth we would simply treat homosexuality and heterosexuality as equals We were not going to wait for the perfect utopian future to arrive before equalizing the two We were going to do it now 38 Alongside revealing the hypocrisy of those in what Branch termed the closets of power Signorile described OutWeek s aim as an awareness raiser of the presence of gay people and political issues The goal would be that being gay and lesbian is not so utterly grotesque that it should never be discussed Signorile p 78 Richard Mohr noted some people have compared outing to McCarthyism And vindictive outing is like McCarthyism such outing feeds gays to the wolves who thereby are made stronger But the sort of outing I have advocated does not invoke mobilize or ritualistically confirm anti gay values rather it cuts against them works to undo them It s point is to avoid degrading oneself Thus Mohr argues that outing is both permissible and an expected consequence of living morally 39 Signorile posits that outing is not the airing of private details Signorile asked Sex is private But by outing we do not discuss anyone s sex life We only say they re gay 40 If anything the goal behind outing is to show just how many gay people there are among the most visible people in our society so that when someone outs the milkman or the spinster everyone will say So what 41 In the context of Ali Fazeli Monfared s murder Tara Far human rights investigator in Iran and Kuwait has described outing as dangerous within societies where the LGBT community is not protected by law or families that do not accept the individual Shadi Amin described the military exemption card as a danger to Monfared in her petition to the Iranian government to remove the sexuality information 42 There is no widely agreed definition of fair outing nor even clear consensus in most organizations on when it can occur Virtually all who take a position on outing have qualified the limits to which it is permissible for one to go often quite idiosyncratically With outing no one or outing everyone as the extremes at least four intermediate positions have been described to justify outing 43 Only the dead Hypocrites only and only when they actively oppose gay rights and interests Outing passive accomplices who help run homophobic institutions Prominent individuals whose outing would shatter stereotypes and compel the public to reconsider its attitude on homosexuality Assessing to which degree the outer goes allows insight into the goal striven towards Most outers target those who support decisions and further policy both religious and secular which discriminate against gay people while they themselves live a clandestine gay existence A truism to people active in the gay movement is that the greatest impediments to homosexuals progress often are not heterosexuals but closeted homosexuals said San Francisco journalist Randy Shilts 44 Impact and effectiveness EditThe effectiveness of outing as a political tactic depends on the willingness of the media to report that a person has been outed The advent of the internet has made outing public figures much easier Twenty years ago Michael Rogers would have had to persuade a newspaper or other media outlet to risk legal action by reporting his allegations about Congressman Ed Schrock Today he can publish them himself on his website and other media will then report that he has done so Signorile argues that the outing of journalist Pete Williams and its aftermath did indeed make a big dent in the military s policy against gays The publicity generated put the policy on the front burner in 1992 thrusting the issue into the presidential campaign with every Democratic candidate and independent Ross Perot publicly promising to end the ban 45 Outing in the military EditMain article Sexual orientation and military service See also Don t ask don t tell The military forces of the world have differing approaches to the enlistment of homosexual and bisexual individuals Some have open policies others prohibit and some are ambiguous The armed forces of most developed countries have now removed policies excluding non heterosexual individuals with strict policies on sexual harassment Nations that permit gay people to serve openly in the military include 3 of the 5 permanent members of the UN Security Council United States United Kingdom and France the Republic of China Taiwan Australia Israel Argentina and all NATO members except Turkey 46 In the United Kingdom the Ministry of Defence policy since the year 2000 is to allow gay men lesbians and transgender personnel to serve openly and discrimination on a sexual orientation basis is forbidden 47 It is also forbidden for someone to pressure LGBT people to come out In the United States lesbian gay and bisexual people are allowed to serve openly in the United States military As of 2021 transgender individuals are allowed to serve openly and to transition during their service 48 citation needed Military policy and legislation had previously entirely prohibited gay individuals from serving and subsequently from serving openly but these prohibitions were ended in September 2011 after the United States Congress voted to repeal the policy The first time homosexuals were differentiated from non homosexuals in the military literature was in revised army mobilization regulations in 1942 Additional policy revisions in 1944 and 1947 further codified the ban Throughout the next few decades homosexuals were routinely discharged regardless of whether they had engaged in sexual conduct while serving In response to the gay rights movements of the 1970s and 1980s the Department of Defense issued a 1982 policy DOD Directive 1332 14 stating that homosexuality was clearly incompatible with military service Controversy over this policy created political pressure to amend the policy with socially liberal efforts seeking a repeal of the ban and socially conservative groups wishing to reinforce it by statute Support for outing EditSome gay rights activists defend outing as a tactic The British activist Peter Tatchell says The lesbian and gay community has a right to defend itself against public figures who abuse their power and influence to support policies which inflict suffering on homosexuals In 1994 Tatchell s activist group OutRage alleged that fourteen bishops of the Church of England were homosexual or bisexual and named them accusing them of hypocrisy for upholding the Church s policy of regarding homosexual acts as sinful while not observing this prohibition in their personal lives Outing is queer self defence Tatchell said in a 1995 speech to the Lesbian and Gay Christian Movement conference Lesbians and gay men have a right and a duty to expose hypocrites and homophobes By not outing gay Bishops who support policies which harm homosexuals we would be protecting those Bishops and thereby allowing them to continue to inflict suffering on members of our community Collusion with hypocrisy and homophobia is not ethically defensible for Christians or for anyone else 49 Criticism EditSome gay activists however continue to disapprove of outing as a political tactic arguing that even anti gay conservatives have a right to personal privacy which should be respected Steven Fisher a spokesperson for the Human Rights Campaign the largest advocacy group for gay and lesbian issues in the United States commenting on the Schrock outing said he opposed using sexual orientation as a weapon Christopher R Barron political director of the Log Cabin Republicans a group representing gay and lesbian Republicans said We disagree strongly with the outing campaign but we also strongly disagree with President Bush s sponsorship of the anti family Federal Marriage Amendment Roger Rosenblatt argued in his January 1993 New York Times Magazine essay Who Killed Privacy that The practice of outing homosexuals implies contradictorily that homosexuals have a right to private choice but not to private lives 40 In March 2002 singer Will Young revealed he was gay pre empting a tabloid newspaper reportedly News of the World that was preparing to out him 50 Other criticism concerning outing centers upon the harm that outing individuals as homosexual transgender or transsexual does to them personally and professionally and upon the fact that some individuals have been erroneously outed or have been outed when there is no proof to substantiate the claim that they are gay or transgender Christine Jorgensen Beth Elliott Renee Richards Sandy Stone Billy Tipton Alan L Hart April Ashley Caroline Cossey Tula Jahna Steele were outed as transsexuals by European or American media or in the case of Billy Tipton by his coroner In many cases being outed had an adverse effect on their personal lives and their careers In some cases well known celebrities have been outed as transgender or intersex when no proof to substantiate the claims was presented e g Jamie Lee Curtis 51 See also EditDoxing revealing generic personally identifiable information through the internetReferences Edit Johansson amp Percy p 4 Bosch Frank 2011 Homosexualitat als Skandalon Offentliche Geheimnisse Skandale Politik und Medien in Deutschland und Grossbritannien 1880 1914 Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag p 116 doi 10 1524 9783486707465 43 ISBN 978 3 486 70746 5 Mancini Elena 2010 Magnus Hirschfeld and the Quest for Sexual Freedom A History of the First International Sexual Freedom Movement Springer ISBN 978 0 230 11439 5 Herzer Manfred 1995 Communists Social Democrats and the Homosexual Movement in the Weimar Republic Journal of Homosexuality 29 2 3 213 doi 10 1300 J082v29n02 08 PMID 8666755 Brand Adolph Political Criminals A Word About the Rohm Case 1931 Reprinted in Homosexuality and Male Bonding in Pre Nazi Germany edited by Harry Oosterhuis 235 240 New York Haworth 1991 Tamagne Florence 2006 A History of Homosexuality in Europe Vol I amp II Berlin London Paris 1919 1939 Algora Publishing p 289 ISBN 978 0 87586 356 6 Marhoefer 2015 p 169 Benjamin Welles Sumner Welles FDR s Global Strategist A Biography NY St Martin s Press 1997 370 1 Document 48 Eisenhower To Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller February 23 1957 The Papers of Dwight David Eisenhower Volume 18 Johns Hopkins University Press 1966 Archived from the original on May 15 2007 Retrieved August 16 2013 Lovece Frank 11 October 2011 Michael Douglas plays pianist Liberace in HBO film Newsday Retrieved 28 August 2012 The highly popular Liberace who died in 1987 at the age of 67 of AIDS related causes publicly denied being gay or bisexual Connor William 26 September 1956 Yearn Strength Five Daily Mirror p 6 High Court Of Justice Queen s Bench Division I Don t Care What My Readers Think Liberace V Daily Mirror Newspapers Ltd The Times June 12 1959 p 16 They all say that this deadly winking sniggering snuggling chromium plated scent impregnated luminous quivering giggling fruit flavoured mincing ice covered heap of mother love has had the biggest reception and impact on London since Charlie Chaplin arrived at the same station Waterloo on September 12 1921 How About Refund Tabloid Says of Liberace Libel Award Los Angeles Times Reuters 1999 10 09 Retrieved 2013 11 02 Betty White Bea Arthur was not fond of me CNN Archived from the original on 2021 12 11 Retrieved May 23 2021 Interview with Michael Musto David Shankbone Wikinews October 7 2007 Howard Annie June 28 2019 Out of the Closets and Into the Streets Belt Magazine Retrieved May 23 2021 Radiolab Oliver Sipple WBEZ 91 5 Chicago September 22 2017 Archived from the original on September 22 2017 Ishak Natasha April 27 2020 Meet Oliver Sipple The Vietnam Veteran Who Saved President Ford s Life And Was Punished For It All That s Interesting Retrieved May 23 2021 O Connor Rory 10 June 2008 Laura Ingraham Right Wing Radio s High Priestess of Hate Huffington Post Retrieved 11 June 2018 Signorile Michelangelo 2003 Queer in America Sex the Media and the Closets of Power ISBN 9780299193744 Retrieved May 23 2021 Gross p 85 Signorile Michelangelo March 18 1990 The Other Side of Malcolm PDF OutWeek no 38 pp 40 45 Johansson amp Percy p 183 Zremski Jerry September 9 2007 Ex Buffalo Activist is D C s Most Feared Man Mike Rogers a Founder of Gay Men s Chorus Outs Closeted Conservatives on his Blog The Buffalo News Retrieved May 23 2021 Ponder Jon July 11 2008 McCain s Alabama Chairman Reportedly Outed Attorney General Troy King Has a Record of Homophobic Rhetoric Pensito Review Archived from the original on July 14 2008 Retrieved May 23 2021 Doug Ireland 2004 09 23 THE OUTING David Dreier and his straight hypocrisy Laweekly com Archived from the original on 2008 09 07 Retrieved 2013 11 02 Episode Guide episode 86 HBO s Real Time with Bill Maher HBO October 20 2006 Retrieved 2008 02 26 Dawson Nick May 8 2009 Kirby Dick Outrage Filmmaker Retrieved April 12 2013 a b c Scott A O May 7 2009 Secret Lives in the Age of Gay Rights The New York Times Retrieved April 12 2013 a b Foundas Scott June 11 2009 Outrage peers behind the closet door at Washington s not so secret gays Dallas Observer Archived from the original on February 9 2015 Retrieved April 12 2009 a b Anderson John April 25 2009 Film Reviews Outrage Documentary Variety Archived from the original on September 27 2012 Retrieved April 12 2013 Travers Peter May 7 2009 Outrage Rolling Stone Retrieved April 12 2013 a b Guthmann Edward May 10 2009 Outrage takes on closeted gay politicians San Francisco Chronicle SFGate com Retrieved April 12 2013 a b Paris Barry June 18 2009 Outrage Documentary opens the closet door on gay politicians Pittsburgh Post Gazette Retrieved April 12 2013 Goldstein Patrick Rainey James April 23 2009 Outrage Kirby Dick kicks open Washington s closet door Los Angeles Times Retrieved May 23 2021 O Hehir Andrew May 7 2009 Behind Washington s closet door Salon Retrieved April 12 2013 Milvy Erika April 27 2009 Kirby Dick Is Outraged Advocate Here Media Retrieved April 12 2013 Rotello Gabriel May 29 1991 Why I Oppose Outing OutWeek Mohr Richard Gay Ideas Outing and Other Controversies Boston Beacon Press 1992 a b Signorile p 80 Signorile p 82 Gay Iranian man dead in alleged honor killing rights group says NBC News Retrieved 2023 02 26 Johansson amp Percy p 228 Johansson amp Percy p 226 Signorile p 161 Singer Peter June 15 2010 What Our Military Allies Can Tell Us About The End of Don t Ask Don t Tell Brookings Archived from the original on June 15 2010 Retrieved May 23 2021 Queer Argentinien und die Philippinen beenden Homo Verbot im Militar German Queer de Retrieved 2013 11 02 Laurel Wamsley 31 March 2021 Pentagon Releases New Policies Enabling Transgender People To Serve In The Military NPR NPR Tatchell Peter 28 April 1995 Outing Is A Catalyst For Social Change petertatchell net Retrieved 15 January 2020 Boggan Steve 11 March 2002 A pop idol a rumour and why he felt he had to come out The Guardian Archived from the original on 2022 05 24 Retrieved 18 March 2018 Jamie Lee Curtis rumor snopes com 6 April 2001 Retrieved 2013 11 02 Further reading EditCory Donald Webster The Homosexual in America A Subjective Approach New York Greenfield 1951 Gross Larry Contested Closets The Politics and Ethics of Outing University of Minnesota Press 1993 ISBN 0 8166 2179 9 Johansson Warren amp Percy William A Outing Shattering the Conspiracy of Silence Harrington Park Press 1994 Marhoefer Laurie 2015 Sex and the Weimar Republic German Homosexual Emancipation and the Rise of the Nazis University of Toronto Press ISBN 978 1 4426 1957 9 Signorile Michelango 1993 Queer In America Sex Media and the Closets of Power ISBN 0 299 19374 8 Stramel James 1996 Gay Virtue The Ethics of Disclosure Dissertation University of Southern California Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Outing amp oldid 1142629767, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.