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Nepenthes mirabilis

April 15, 2023

"Nepenthes phyllamphora" redirects here. For other uses, see Nepenthes phyllamphora (disambiguation).

Nepenthes mirabilis (/nɪˈpɛnθiːz mɪˈræbɪlɪs/; from Latin mirabilis "wonderful"), or the common swamp pitcher-plant[13] and tropical pitcher plant,[14] is a carnivorous plant species. By far the most widespread of all Nepenthes, its range covers continental Southeast Asia and all major islands of the Malay Archipelago (minus the Lesser Sunda Islands and northern Philippines), stretching from China in the north to Australia in the south.[15] The species exhibits great variability throughout its range. One of the more notable varieties, N. mirabilis var. echinostoma, is endemic to Brunei and Sarawak and possesses an extremely wide peristome.[16]

Nepenthes mirabilis
An upper pitcher of Nepenthes mirabilis
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Caryophyllales
Family: Nepenthaceae
Genus: Nepenthes
Species:
N. mirabilis
Binomial name
Nepenthes mirabilis
(Lour.) Rafarin (1869)[a]
Distribution of N. mirabilis.
Synonyms
  • Nepenthes sp. Phanga Nga
    S.McPherson (2009)
  • Nepenthes Viking
    M.Tada (2007)[12]

The conservation status of N. mirabilis is listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List.[1] In Hong Kong, it is a protected species under Forestry Regulations Cap. 96A.

According to Matthew Jebb and Martin Cheek, the pitchers of N. mirabilis are used as toy phallocrypts in New Guinea.

Distribution

Nepenthes mirabilis has by far the widest distribution of any Nepenthes species and is known from the following countries and regions: Australia (Cape York Peninsula), Borneo, Cambodia, Caroline Islands (Palau and Yap), China (Guangdong Province, Hainan,[17][18] Hong Kong, and Macau), D'Entrecasteaux Islands, Java, Laos, Louisiade Archipelago, Maluku Islands, Myanmar, New Guinea, Peninsular Malaysia, Philippines (Dinagat and Mindanao), Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, and Vietnam.[15][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] It has also been recorded from many smaller islands, including Babi, Bangka, Banyak Islands, Batu Islands, Bengkalis, Enggano, Ko Lanta, Ko Tarutao, Langkawi, Mendol, Mentawai Islands (North Pagai, Siberut, Sipura, and South Pagai), Meranti Islands (Padang, Rangsang, and Tebing Tinggi), Nias, Penang, Phuket, Riau Islands (Lingga Islands and Riau Archipelago), Rupat,[26] Tawi-Tawi,[27] and possibly Wowoni.[28]

Taxonomy

Nepenthes mirabilis is closely related to N. rowaniae, N. tenax and N. parvula, the only three Nepenthes species endemic to Australia.

Differences between N. mirabilis and N. rowaniae (Clarke & Kruger, 2005)
Character N. mirabilis N. rowaniae
Morphology of leaf blade Acute to rounded Contracted towards the apex, then continuing along the tendril as a narrow, acute, extension
Insertion of tendril to leaf blade Simple Peltate
Pitcher wings Simple, bearing multicellular fringe elements Often flattened at front, forming a T-shape in XS, multicellular fringe elements often present
Leaf blade texture Usually chartaceous Strongly coriaceous
Leaf blade attachment to stem Simple, or rarely decurrent for ⅓ the length of the internode Decurrent for at least ½ the length of the internode, usually more
Gland density in lower portion of pitcher 1600-2500 / cm2 Approximately 3600 / cm2
Position of pitcher hip in upper pitchers Mid-way, to lower half Upper quarter
Position of pitcher hip in lower pitchers Lower third to quarter Immediately beneath peristome

In his Carnivorous Plant Database, taxonomist Jan Schlauer treats N. kongkandana as a synonym of N. mirabilis.[29]

Infraspecific taxa

Across its range, N. mirabilis exhibits great variability in terms of pitcher morphology and colour, and it has the most synonyms of all Nepenthes species.[30] The following forms and varieties of N. mirabilis have been described. With the exception of N. mirabilis var. echinostoma and N. mirabilis var. globosa, these taxa are not considered valid today.

  • Nepenthes mirabilis f. anamensis (Hort.Weiner) Hort.Westphal (1991)
  • Nepenthes mirabilis var. anamensis Hort.Weiner in sched. (1985) nom.nud.
  • Nepenthes mirabilis var. biflora J.H.Adam & Wilcock (1992)
  • Nepenthes mirabilis var. echinostoma (Hook.f.) Hort.Slack ex J.H.Adam & Wilcock (1992)
  • Nepenthes mirabilis var. globosa M.Catal. (2010)[31]
  • Nepenthes mirabilis f. simensis (Hort.Weiner) Hort.Westphal (1991)
  • Nepenthes mirabilis var. simensis Hort.Weiner in sched. (1985) nom.nud.
  • Nepenthes mirabilis f. smilesii (Hemsl.) Hort.Westphal (2000)
  • Nepenthes mirabilis var. smilesii (Hemsl.) Hort.Weiner in sched. (1985)

N. mirabilis var. echinostoma

 
An upper pitcher of N. mirabilis var. echinostoma

Nepenthes mirabilis var. echinostoma was discovered by Odoardo Beccari in 1865 and described as a species, N. echinostoma, by Joseph Dalton Hooker in 1873.[13] In 1882, Frederick William Burbidge described this unusual variety in The Gardeners' Chronicle as follows:[13][32]

Beccari's singular N. echinostoma (vide Herb. Kew) is a wonderful thing, as yet unintroduced—indeed, I suppose unseen by any save Beccari ! The mouths of the urns remind one of the deflexed teeth of some gigantic moss of the Hypnoid section.

Nepenthes mirabilis var. echinostoma is the only form of this species that occurs in Brunei. It has also been recorded from parts of Sarawak, but appears to be completely absent from Sabah.[13]

N. mirabilis var. globosa

 
A lower pitcher of a cultivated N. mirabilis var. globosa
 
 
Nepenthes mirabilis pitchers being used to cook rice by the Jarai people of Kon Tum Province, Vietnam

Nepenthes mirabilis var. globosa has been recorded from a single undisclosed Andaman Sea island off Phang Nga and from the Thai mainland near the city of Trang.[15][31][33]

This variety was featured on the cover of the January 2006 issue of the Journal of Insectivorous Plant Society, identified as "Nepenthes sp. from Thailand".[34] The name Nepenthes globosa appeared in print in an article by Shigeo Kurata in the July 2007 issue of the Journal of Insectivorous Plant Society.[9] The same issue also featured an article by Masahiro Tada that referred to the plant as "Nepenthes Viking".[12] Prior to its description by Marcello Catalano in 2010, this taxon was also published under the informal name Nepenthes sp. Phanga Nga in Stewart McPherson's 2009 book, Pitcher Plants of the Old World.[15]

In the horticultural trade, this variety is popularly known as both Nepenthes globosa[15] (/nɪˈpɛnθiːz ɡloʊˈboʊzə/; from Latin: globosus, "globular") and Nepenthes sp. Viking,[15][35] after the resemblance the pitchers bear to the prow of a Viking ship.[36]

Pitcher infauna

A great number of infaunal organisms have been found in the pitchers of this species. These include the sarcophagid fly Sarcophaga papuensis and the mite Nepenthacarus warreni, which have both been found in Australian populations of the plant.[37][38] Similarly, the mosquitoes Aedes dybasi and Aedes maehleri reside in the pitchers of N. mirabilis on the islands of Palau and Yap, respectively.[39] Both have unusual life histories and morphological traits associated with this habit.[40][41]

The nematode Baujardia mirabilis has been described from N. mirabilis in Thailand. It is not thought to be an accidental; the pitchers of this species appear to be the nematode's natural habitat. The microecosystems in these pitchers were found to be dominated by mosquito larvae, midges, and B. mirabilis. It is speculated that this nematode might have a phoretic relationship with one or more infaunal insect species.[42]

In southern China, tree frogs have been observed in the pitchers of N. mirabilis. The amphibians do not fall prey to the plant, but rather feed on insects that are caught by the pitchers.[43] They are not affected by the acidic digestive juices (which may have a pH as low as 2), likely due to the mucilaginous outer layer of their skin.[44]

The first record of an aquatic fungus living in the pitcher organ of a carnivorous plant came from a specimen of N. mirabilis growing along the Jardine River in Australia. The mycelial fungus was observerd as both free-living in the trap's fluid and attached to chitinous insect remains.[45][46]

The pitchers of N. mirabilis have also been found to harbour a complex community of bacteria.[47] These bacterial communities appear to be more diverse than those found in the pitcher fluid of N. ampullaria and sympatric N. gracilis in Peninsular Malaysia.[48] In N. mirabilis their composition can also differ significantly according to pitcher type, something not seen in the other two species.[48]

Natural hybrids

Nepenthes mirabilis has the greatest number of known natural hybrids of any species in the genus.[15]

  •  

    N. benstonei × N. mirabilis

  •  

    N. mirabilis × N. northiana

  •  

    N. mirabilis × N. rafflesiana

  •  

    N. mirabilis var. echinostoma × N. rafflesiana

  •  

    N. mirabilis × N. sumatrana

  •  

    ? N. mirabilis × N. tomoriana

  •  

    ? N. mirabilis × N. thorelii

Notes

a.^ Nepenthes mirabilis was first described under the Linnaean taxonomic system as Phyllamphora mirabilis by João de Loureiro in 1790. It was then transferred to the genus Nepenthes under the incorrect combination Nepenthes phyllamphora by Carl Ludwig Willdenow in 1805. Most sources[15][16][51][54][64] attribute the earliest publication of the correct binomial—Nepenthes mirabilis—to George Claridge Druce in 1916,[65] but Jan Schlauer's Carnivorous Plant Database records a much earlier publication by Rafarin in 1869.[66]

References

  1. ^ a b Clarke, C.M. (2014). "Nepenthes mirabilis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T49122515A21844202. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T49122515A21844202.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ Danser, B.H. 1928. 1. Nepenthes alata Blanco. [pp. 258–262] In: The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg, Série III, 9(3–4): 249–438.
  3. ^ Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. Typification and redelimitation of Nepenthes alata with notes on the N. alata group, and N. negros sp. nov. from the Philippines. Nordic Journal of Botany 31(5): 616–622. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.2012.00099.x
  4. ^ Clarke, C. & C.C. Lee 2012. A revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) from Gunung Tahan, Peninsular Malaysia. 2013-10-07 at the Wayback Machine Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 64(1): 33–49.
  5. ^ Schlauer, J. N.d. Nepenthes alata. Carnivorous Plant Database.
  6. ^ Bailey, F.M. 1881. On a new species of Nepenthes. The Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 5: 185–187.
  7. ^ a b (in Latin) Hooker, J.D. 1873. Ordo CLXXV bis. Nepenthaceæ. In: A. de Candolle Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 17: 90–105.
  8. ^ a b c d (in Latin) Blume, C.L. 1852. Ord. Nepenthaceae. In: Museum Botanicum Lugduno-Batavum, sive stirpium exoticarum novarum vel minus cognitarum ex vivis aut siccis brevis expositio. Tom. II. Nr. 1. E.J. Brill, Lugduni-Batavorum. pp. 5–10.
  9. ^ a b (in Japanese) Kurata, S. 2007. ネペンテス ・ ノート （XIV） — Nepenthes globosa のネーミングについて. Journal of Insectivorous Plant Society 58(3): 76.
  10. ^ Macfarlane, J.M. 1908. Nepenthaceae. In: A. Engler. Das Pflanzenreich IV, III, Heft 36: 1–91.
  11. ^ (in French) Teysmann, M.J.E. 1859. Énumération des plantes envoyées de Java au jardin botanique de l'Université de Leide. Annales d'horticulture et de botanique, ou Flore des jardins du royaume des Pays-Bas, et histoire des plantes cultivées les plus intéressantes des possessions néerlandaises aux Indes orientales, de l'Amérique et du Japon 2: 133–142.
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  14. ^ http://florawww.eeb.uconn.edu/200900010.html UConn Plant Biodiversity Conservatory and Research Core
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  18. ^ (in Chinese) Yang G., Huang S., Xu S. & Gao Y. 2006. 海南岛野生猪笼草资源调查及其营养成分分析. [The investigation and study on the germplasm resources and growth of the wild common Nepenthes in Hainan.] Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 22(11): 440–442. Abstract
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  27. ^ Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. Recircumscription of the Nepenthes alata group (Caryophyllales: Nepenthaceae), in the Philippines, with four new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 69: 1–23. doi:10.5852/ejt.2013.69
  28. ^ (in Indonesian) Sunarti, S., A. Hidayat & Rugayah 2008. Keanekaragaman tumbuhan di hutan Pegunungan Waworete, Kecamatan Wawonii Timur, Pulau Wawonii, Sulawesi Tenggara. [Plants diversity at the mountain forest of Waworete, East Wawonii District, Wawonii Island, Southeast Sulawesi.] Biodiversitas 9(3): 194–198.
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  30. ^ Catalano, M. 2009. Nepenthes. In: Growing Carnivores — an Italian perspective. Prague. pp. 50–57.
  31. ^ a b Catalano, M. 2010. "Nepenthes mirabilis var. globosa M. Catal. var. nov" (PDF). In: Nepenthes della Thailandia: Diario di viaggio. Prague. p. 40.
  32. ^ Burbidge, F.W. 1882. Notes on the new Nepenthes. The Gardeners' Chronicle, new series, 17(420): 56.
  33. ^ Mey, F.S. 2014. 'Nepenthes of Indochina', my 2010 ICPS lecture now on Youtube. Strange Fruits: A Garden's Chronicle, February 3, 2014.
  34. ^ (in Japanese) Cover of the January 2006 issue of the Journal of Insectivorous Plant Society. Insectivorous Plant Society.
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  43. ^ Hua, Y. & H. Li 2005. (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-12. Retrieved 2008-08-25. Acta Botanica Gallica 152(2): 165–175.
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  46. ^ Schnell, D.E. 1992. Literature Review. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 21(3): 80–82.
  47. ^ Yogiara, A. Suwanto & M.T. Suhartono 2006. A complex bacterial community living in pitcher plant fluid. Jurnal Mikrobiologi Indonesia 11(1): 9–14.
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  60. ^ a b Mey, F.S., L.H. Truong, D.V. Dai & A.S. Robinson 2011. Nepenthes thorelii, an emended description and novel ecological data resulting from its rediscovery in Tay Ninh, Vietnam. In: McPherson, S.R. New Nepenthes: Volume One. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 104–131.
  61. ^ Bednar, B. 1983. "Nepenthes mirabilis variation" (PDF). (111 KB) Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 12(3): 64.
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Further reading

  • [Anonymous] 1877. Reports of Societies. Royal Horticultural. The Gardeners' Chronicle 8(197): 441.
  • [Anonymous] 2010. Eramet-PT Weda Bay Nickel Exploration and Development ESIA. ERM Indonesia, Jakarta.
  • Adam, J.H. 1997. "Prey spectra of Bornean Nepenthes species (Nepenthaceae) in relation to their habitat" (PDF). Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science 20(2–3): 121–134.
  • Adam, J.H. & C.C. Wilcock 1999. "Palynological study of Bornean Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae)" (PDF). Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science 22(1): 1–7.
  • Adam, J.H., C.C. Wilcock & M.D. Swaine 1989. Ecology and taxonomy of Bornean Nepenthes. University of Aberdeen Tropical Biology Newsletter 56: 2–4.
  • Adam, J.H., C.C. Wilcock & M.D. Swaine 1992. (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-22. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 5(1): 13–25.
  • Adam, J.H., E.M. Nurulhuda, H. Abdul-Halim, O. Abdul-Rahim, A.H. Hafiza, G.K. Gopir, L.M. Pilik, R. Omar, M.B. Qasim, J. Salimon, S. Abdul-Rahim & M.M. Hanafiah 2005. Pitcher plants recorded from BRIS forest in Jambu Bongkok, Kuala Trengganu, Malaysia. Wetland Science 3(3): 183–189.
  • (in Indonesian) Akhriadi, P. 2007. . Working paper, Andalas University, Padang.
  • (in Indonesian) Baloari, G., R. Linda & Mukarlina 2013. Keanekaragaman jenis dan pola distribusi Nepenthes spp di Gunung Semahung Kecamatan Sengah Temila Kabupaten Landak. Protobiont 2(1): 1–6. Abstract
  • Bauer, U., C.J. Clemente, T. Renner & W. Federle 2012. Form follows function: morphological diversification and alternative trapping strategies in carnivorous Nepenthes pitcher plants. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 25(1): 90–102. doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02406.x
  • Beaman, J.H. & C. Anderson 2004. The Plants of Mount Kinabalu: 5. Dicotyledon Families Magnoliaceae to Winteraceae. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
  • Bednar, B.L. 1983. "Nepenthes mirabilis variation" (PDF). (111 KB) Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 12(3): 64.
  • Bednar, B.L. 1985. "An unusual mirabilis plant" (PDF). Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 14(4): 91.
  • Bednar, B.L. 1985. "Nepenthes ✕ dominii and var. intermedia" (PDF). Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 14(4): 105–106.
  • Benz, M.J., E.V. Gorb & S.N. Gorb 2012. Diversity of the slippery zone microstructure in pitchers of nine carnivorous Nepenthes taxa. Arthropod-Plant Interactions 6(1): 147–158. doi:10.1007/s11829-011-9171-2
  • Beveridge, N.G.P., C. Rauch, P.J.A. Keßler, R.R. van Vugt & P.C. van Welzen 2013. A new way to identify living species of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae): more data needed! Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 42(4): 122–128.
  • Bonhomme, V., H. Pelloux-Prayer, E. Jousselin, Y. Forterre, J.-J. Labat & L. Gaume 2011. Slippery or sticky? Functional diversity in the trapping strategy of Nepenthes carnivorous plants. New Phytologist 191(2): 545–554. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03696.x
  • (in French) Brongniart, A. 1824. Observations sur les genres Cytinus et Nepenthes. Annales des Sciences Naturelles 1: 29–52.
  • Buch, F., M. Rott, S. Rottloff, C. Paetz, I. Hilke, M. Raessler & A. Mithöfer 2012. Secreted pitfall-trap fluid of carnivorous Nepenthes plants is unsuitable for microbial growth. Annals of Botany 111(3): 375–383. doi:10.1093/aob/mcs287
  • Buch, F., Y. Pauchet, M. Rott & A. Mithöfer 2014. Characterization and heterologous expression of a PR-1 protein from traps of the carnivorous plant Nepenthes mirabilis. Phytochemistry 100: 43–50. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.01.014
  • Burnett, J.B., M. Davies & G. Taylor (eds.) 2003. P.T. Hatfindo Prima, Bogor.
  • Chaveerach, A., A. Tanomtong, R. Sudmoon & T. Tanee 2006. Genetic diversity among geographically separated populations of Nepenthes mirabilis. Biologia 61(3): 295–298. doi:10.2478/s11756-006-0054-4
  • (in Chinese) Chen, J., P. Gao & Z. Gan 2003. 猪笼草的组织培养和快速繁殖. [Tissue culture and rapid propagation of Nepenthes mirabilis]. Plant Physiology Communications 39(1): 40.
  • Clarke, C. 1995. Nepenthes mirabilis in Hong Kong. Bulletin of the Australian Carnivorous Plant Society, Inc. 14(2): 7–8.
  • Clementi, G. 1843. Sull'aascidio della Nepenthes phyllamphora di Wildenow. Il Cimento 1(13–14): 217–220. doi:10.1007/BF02586236
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  • (in Indonesian) Dinarti, D., U. Sayekti & Y. Alitalia 2009. "Kultur jaringan kantong semar Nepenthes mirabilis" (PDF). Seminar proceedings, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor.
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  • N. mirabilis var. globosa in its natural habitat

April 15, 2023
nepenthes, mirabilis, nepenthes, phyllamphora, redirects, here, other, uses, nepenthes, phyllamphora, disambiguation, from, latin, mirabilis, wonderful, common, swamp, pitcher, plant, tropical, pitcher, plant, carnivorous, plant, species, most, widespread, nep. Nepenthes phyllamphora redirects here For other uses see Nepenthes phyllamphora disambiguation Nepenthes mirabilis n ɪ ˈ p ɛ n 8 iː z m ɪ ˈ r ae b ɪ l ɪ s from Latin mirabilis wonderful or the common swamp pitcher plant 13 and tropical pitcher plant 14 is a carnivorous plant species By far the most widespread of all Nepenthes its range covers continental Southeast Asia and all major islands of the Malay Archipelago minus the Lesser Sunda Islands and northern Philippines stretching from China in the north to Australia in the south 15 The species exhibits great variability throughout its range One of the more notable varieties N mirabilis var echinostoma is endemic to Brunei and Sarawak and possesses an extremely wide peristome 16 Nepenthes mirabilisAn upper pitcher of Nepenthes mirabilisConservation statusLeast Concern IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClade AngiospermsClade EudicotsOrder CaryophyllalesFamily NepenthaceaeGenus NepenthesSpecies N mirabilisBinomial nameNepenthes mirabilis Lour Rafarin 1869 a Distribution of N mirabilis SynonymsSynonyms Nepenthes alataauct non Blanco Danser 1928 2 N abalata N alata N benstonei N copelandii N eustachya N graciliflora N mindanaoensis N mirabilis N negros N philippinensis 3 4 5 Nepenthes albolineataF M Bail 1898 Nepenthes alicaeF M Bail 1898 Nepenthes armbrustaeF M Bail 1905 Nepenthes beauvaisiiA Truffaut 1887 nom nud Nepenthes bernaysiiF M Bail 1881 6 Nepenthes canthariferaJuss ex Raf 1835 Nepenthes cholmondeleyiF M Bail 1900 Nepenthes distillatoriaauct non L Steud 1841 Nepenthes echinostomaHook f 1873 7 Nepenthes fimbriataBlume 1852 8 Nepenthes fimbriata var leptostachyaBlume 1852 8 Nepenthes garrawayaeF M Bail 1905 Nepenthes globosaSh Kurata 2007 9 nom nud Nepenthes hainanensisMetcalfe amp Chalk 1950 sphalm typogr Nepenthes hainanianaMetcalfe amp Chalk 1950 nom nud Nepenthes hainensisHort ex Y Fukatsu 1999 sphalm typogr Nepenthes jardineiF M Bail 1897 Nepenthes kampotianaauct non Lecomte Hort ex Hort Bot Berlin in sched 1996 Nepenthes kennedyanaF Muell 1865 Nepenthes kennedyana var rubraHort Ratcliff 1880 nom nud Nepenthes kennedyiBenth 1873 sphalm typogr Nepenthes macrostachyaBlume 1852 8 Nepenthes moluccensisOken 1841 Nepenthes mooreiF M Bail 1898 Nepenthes obrienianaLinden amp Rodigas 1890 nom ambiguum N gracilis N rafflesiana N hirsuta N distillatoria N gracilis N mirabilis Nepenthes pascoensisF M Bail 1905 Nepenthes phyllamphoraWilld 1805 nom illeg Nepenthes phyllamphoraauct non Willd Regel 1881 N khasiana N mirabilis Nepenthes phyllamphora var macranthaHook f 1873 7 Nepenthes phyllamphora var pediculataLecomte 1909 Nepenthes phyllamphora var platyphyllaBlume 1852 8 Nepenthes phyllamphora var speciosaHort Van Houtte ex Rafarin 1869 Nepenthes scyphusJuss ex Raf 1835 Nepenthes sinensisHort Bot Goettingen in sched 1998 nom nud Nepenthes tubulosaMacfarl 1908 10 Nepenthes vieillardiiauct non Hook f Hort ex Studnicka 1989 Nepenthes viridisHort ex Teijsm 1859 11 nom nud Phyllamphora mirabilisLour 1790 Heterochresonyms Nepenthes mirabilisauct non Lour Rafarin Danser 1928 N mirabilis N rowaniae Informal names Nepenthes sp Phanga NgaS McPherson 2009 Nepenthes VikingM Tada 2007 12 Pre Linnaean names Cantharifera Rumph 1750 The conservation status of N mirabilis is listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List 1 In Hong Kong it is a protected species under Forestry Regulations Cap 96A According to Matthew Jebb and Martin Cheek the pitchers of N mirabilis are used as toy phallocrypts in New Guinea Contents 1 Distribution 2 Taxonomy 3 Infraspecific taxa 3 1 N mirabilis var echinostoma 3 2 N mirabilis var globosa 4 Pitcher infauna 5 Natural hybrids 6 Notes 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External linksDistribution EditNepenthes mirabilis has by far the widest distribution of any Nepenthes species and is known from the following countries and regions Australia Cape York Peninsula Borneo Cambodia Caroline Islands Palau and Yap China Guangdong Province Hainan 17 18 Hong Kong and Macau D Entrecasteaux Islands Java Laos Louisiade Archipelago Maluku Islands Myanmar New Guinea Peninsular Malaysia Philippines Dinagat and Mindanao Sulawesi Sumatra Thailand and Vietnam 15 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 It has also been recorded from many smaller islands including Babi Bangka Banyak Islands Batu Islands Bengkalis Enggano Ko Lanta Ko Tarutao Langkawi Mendol Mentawai Islands North Pagai Siberut Sipura and South Pagai Meranti Islands Padang Rangsang and Tebing Tinggi Nias Penang Phuket Riau Islands Lingga Islands and Riau Archipelago Rupat 26 Tawi Tawi 27 and possibly Wowoni 28 Taxonomy EditNepenthes mirabilis is closely related to N rowaniae N tenax and N parvula the only three Nepenthes species endemic to Australia Differences between N mirabilis and N rowaniae Clarke amp Kruger 2005 Character N mirabilis N rowaniaeMorphology of leaf blade Acute to rounded Contracted towards the apex then continuing along the tendril as a narrow acute extensionInsertion of tendril to leaf blade Simple PeltatePitcher wings Simple bearing multicellular fringe elements Often flattened at front forming a T shape in XS multicellular fringe elements often presentLeaf blade texture Usually chartaceous Strongly coriaceousLeaf blade attachment to stem Simple or rarely decurrent for the length of the internode Decurrent for at least the length of the internode usually moreGland density in lower portion of pitcher 1600 2500 cm2 Approximately 3600 cm2Position of pitcher hip in upper pitchers Mid way to lower half Upper quarterPosition of pitcher hip in lower pitchers Lower third to quarter Immediately beneath peristomeIn his Carnivorous Plant Database taxonomist Jan Schlauer treats N kongkandana as a synonym of N mirabilis 29 Infraspecific taxa EditAcross its range N mirabilis exhibits great variability in terms of pitcher morphology and colour and it has the most synonyms of all Nepenthes species 30 The following forms and varieties of N mirabilis have been described With the exception of N mirabilis var echinostoma and N mirabilis var globosa these taxa are not considered valid today Nepenthes mirabilis f anamensis Hort Weiner Hort Westphal 1991 Nepenthes mirabilis var anamensis Hort Weiner in sched 1985 nom nud Nepenthes mirabilis var biflora J H Adam amp Wilcock 1992 Nepenthes mirabilis var echinostoma Hook f Hort Slack ex J H Adam amp Wilcock 1992 Nepenthes mirabilis var globosa M Catal 2010 31 Nepenthes mirabilis f simensis Hort Weiner Hort Westphal 1991 Nepenthes mirabilis var simensis Hort Weiner in sched 1985 nom nud Nepenthes mirabilis f smilesii Hemsl Hort Westphal 2000 Nepenthes mirabilis var smilesii Hemsl Hort Weiner in sched 1985 N mirabilis var echinostoma Edit An upper pitcher of N mirabilis var echinostoma Nepenthes mirabilis var echinostoma was discovered by Odoardo Beccari in 1865 and described as a species N echinostoma by Joseph Dalton Hooker in 1873 13 In 1882 Frederick William Burbidge described this unusual variety in The Gardeners Chronicle as follows 13 32 Beccari s singular N echinostoma vide Herb Kew is a wonderful thing as yet unintroduced indeed I suppose unseen by any save Beccari The mouths of the urns remind one of the deflexed teeth of some gigantic moss of the Hypnoid section Nepenthes mirabilis var echinostoma is the only form of this species that occurs in Brunei It has also been recorded from parts of Sarawak but appears to be completely absent from Sabah 13 N mirabilis var globosa Edit A lower pitcher of a cultivated N mirabilis var globosa Nepenthes mirabilis pitchers being used to cook rice by the Jarai people of Kon Tum Province Vietnam Nepenthes mirabilis var globosa has been recorded from a single undisclosed Andaman Sea island off Phang Nga and from the Thai mainland near the city of Trang 15 31 33 This variety was featured on the cover of the January 2006 issue of the Journal of Insectivorous Plant Society identified as Nepenthes sp from Thailand 34 The name Nepenthes globosa appeared in print in an article by Shigeo Kurata in the July 2007 issue of the Journal of Insectivorous Plant Society 9 The same issue also featured an article by Masahiro Tada that referred to the plant as Nepenthes Viking 12 Prior to its description by Marcello Catalano in 2010 this taxon was also published under the informal name Nepenthes sp Phanga Nga in Stewart McPherson s 2009 book Pitcher Plants of the Old World 15 In the horticultural trade this variety is popularly known as both Nepenthes globosa 15 n ɪ ˈ p ɛ n 8 iː z ɡ l oʊ ˈ b oʊ z e from Latin globosus globular and Nepenthes sp Viking 15 35 after the resemblance the pitchers bear to the prow of a Viking ship 36 Pitcher infauna EditA great number of infaunal organisms have been found in the pitchers of this species These include the sarcophagid fly Sarcophaga papuensis and the mite Nepenthacarus warreni which have both been found in Australian populations of the plant 37 38 Similarly the mosquitoes Aedes dybasi and Aedes maehleri reside in the pitchers of N mirabilis on the islands of Palau and Yap respectively 39 Both have unusual life histories and morphological traits associated with this habit 40 41 The nematode Baujardia mirabilis has been described from N mirabilis in Thailand It is not thought to be an accidental the pitchers of this species appear to be the nematode s natural habitat The microecosystems in these pitchers were found to be dominated by mosquito larvae midges and B mirabilis It is speculated that this nematode might have a phoretic relationship with one or more infaunal insect species 42 In southern China tree frogs have been observed in the pitchers of N mirabilis The amphibians do not fall prey to the plant but rather feed on insects that are caught by the pitchers 43 They are not affected by the acidic digestive juices which may have a pH as low as 2 likely due to the mucilaginous outer layer of their skin 44 The first record of an aquatic fungus living in the pitcher organ of a carnivorous plant came from a specimen of N mirabilis growing along the Jardine River in Australia The mycelial fungus was observerd as both free living in the trap s fluid and attached to chitinous insect remains 45 46 The pitchers of N mirabilis have also been found to harbour a complex community of bacteria 47 These bacterial communities appear to be more diverse than those found in the pitcher fluid of N ampullaria and sympatric N gracilis in Peninsular Malaysia 48 In N mirabilis their composition can also differ significantly according to pitcher type something not seen in the other two species 48 Natural hybrids EditNepenthes mirabilis has the greatest number of known natural hybrids of any species in the genus 15 N alata N merrilliana N mirabilis N tsangoya 49 N alata N mirabilis N mirabilata 50 51 N ampullaria N mirabilis N kuchingensis Nepenthes cutinensis 16 N ampullaria N rafflesiana N mirabilis N hookeriana N mirabilis 52 N andamana N mirabilis 53 including N andamana N mirabilis var globosa 53 N benstonei N mirabilis 54 N bicalcarata N mirabilis 15 including N bicalcarata N mirabilis var echinostoma 16 N bicalcarata N rafflesiana N mirabilis var echinostoma 16 N gracilis N mirabilis N sharifah hapsahii N ghazallyana N grabilis N neglecta 15 16 55 N insignis N mirabilis 56 N kampotiana N mirabilis 53 N kongkandana N mirabilis 53 N merrilliana N mirabilis 15 N mirabilis N northiana 57 58 N mirabilis N rafflesiana 16 including N mirabilis var echinostoma N rafflesiana 58 N mirabilis N reinwardtiana 58 N mirabilis N rowaniae 59 N mirabilis N smilesii 60 N mirabilis N spathulata 54 N mirabilis N sumatrana 15 N mirabilis N tenax 15 N mirabilis N thorelii 60 61 62 63 N mirabilis N tomoriana 15 N ampullaria N mirabilis N benstonei N mirabilis N gracilis N mirabilis N mirabilis N northiana N mirabilis N rafflesiana N mirabilis var echinostoma N rafflesiana N mirabilis N sumatrana N mirabilis N tomoriana N mirabilis N thoreliiNotes Edita Nepenthes mirabilis was first described under the Linnaean taxonomic system as Phyllamphora mirabilis by Joao de Loureiro in 1790 It was then transferred to the genus Nepenthes under the incorrect combination Nepenthes phyllamphora by Carl Ludwig Willdenow in 1805 Most sources 15 16 51 54 64 attribute the earliest publication of the correct binomial Nepenthes mirabilis to George Claridge Druce in 1916 65 but Jan Schlauer s Carnivorous Plant Database records a much earlier publication by Rafarin in 1869 66 References Edit a b Clarke C M 2014 Nepenthes mirabilis IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014 e T49122515A21844202 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2014 1 RLTS T49122515A21844202 en Retrieved 19 November 2021 Danser B H 1928 1 Nepenthes alata Blanco pp 258 262 In The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg Serie III 9 3 4 249 438 Cheek M amp M Jebb 2013 Typification and redelimitation of Nepenthes alata with notes on the N alata group and N negros sp nov from the Philippines Nordic Journal of Botany 31 5 616 622 doi 10 1111 j 1756 1051 2012 00099 x Clarke C amp C C Lee 2012 A revision of Nepenthes Nepenthaceae from Gunung Tahan Peninsular Malaysia Archived 2013 10 07 at the Wayback Machine Gardens Bulletin Singapore 64 1 33 49 Schlauer J N d Nepenthes alata Carnivorous Plant Database Bailey F M 1881 On a new species of Nepenthes The Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 5 185 187 a b in Latin Hooker J D 1873 Ordo CLXXV bis Nepenthaceae In A de Candolle Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 17 90 105 a b c d in Latin Blume C L 1852 Ord Nepenthaceae In Museum Botanicum Lugduno Batavum sive stirpium exoticarum novarum vel minus cognitarum ex vivis aut siccis brevis expositio Tom II Nr 1 E J Brill Lugduni Batavorum pp 5 10 a b in Japanese Kurata S 2007 ネペンテス ノート XIV Nepenthes globosa のネーミングについて Journal of Insectivorous Plant Society 58 3 76 Macfarlane J M 1908 Nepenthaceae In A Engler Das Pflanzenreich IV III Heft 36 1 91 in French Teysmann M J E 1859 Enumeration des plantes envoyees de Java au jardin botanique de l Universite de Leide Annales d horticulture et de botanique ou Flore des jardins du royaume des Pays Bas et histoire des plantes cultivees les plus interessantes des possessions neerlandaises aux Indes orientales de l Amerique et du Japon 2 133 142 a b in Japanese Tada M 2007 日本における Nepenthes Viking の渡来と現状について Journal of Insectivorous Plant Society 58 3 75 a b c d Phillipps A amp A Lamb 1996 Pitcher Plants of Borneo Natural History Publications Borneo Kota Kinabalu http florawww eeb uconn edu 200900010 html UConn Plant Biodiversity Conservatory and Research Core a b c d e f g h i j k l m n McPherson S R 2009 Pitcher Plants of the Old World 2 volumes Redfern Natural History Productions Poole a b c d e f g Clarke C M 1997 Nepenthes of Borneo Natural History Publications Borneo Kota Kinabalu Nepenthes mirabilis Flora of China in Chinese Yang G Huang S Xu S amp Gao Y 2006 海南岛野生猪笼草资源调查及其营养成分分析 The investigation and study on the germplasm resources and growth of the wild common Nepenthes in Hainan Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 22 11 440 442 Abstract Slack A 1979 Nepenthes mirabilis In Carnivorous Plants Ebury Press London pp 79 80 McPherson S R amp V B Amoroso 2011 Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of the Philippines Redfern Natural History Productions Poole McPherson S R amp A Robinson 2012 Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Borneo Redfern Natural History Productions Poole McPherson S R amp A Robinson 2012 Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Sulawesi Redfern Natural History Productions Poole McPherson S R amp A Robinson 2012 Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Peninsular Malaysia and Indochina Redfern Natural History Productions Poole McPherson S R amp A Robinson 2012 Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Australia and New Guinea Redfern Natural History Productions Poole McPherson S R amp A Robinson 2012 Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Sumatra and Java Redfern Natural History Productions Poole Clarke C M 2001 Appendix C Distribution Maps In Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia Natural History Publications Borneo Kota Kinabalu pp 299 307 Cheek M amp M Jebb 2013 Recircumscription of the Nepenthes alata group Caryophyllales Nepenthaceae in the Philippines with four new species European Journal of Taxonomy 69 1 23 doi 10 5852 ejt 2013 69 in Indonesian Sunarti S A Hidayat amp Rugayah 2008 Keanekaragaman tumbuhan di hutan Pegunungan Waworete Kecamatan Wawonii Timur Pulau Wawonii Sulawesi Tenggara Plants diversity at the mountain forest of Waworete East Wawonii District Wawonii Island Southeast Sulawesi Biodiversitas 9 3 194 198 Schlauer J N d Nepenthes kongkandana Carnivorous Plant Database Catalano M 2009 Nepenthes In Growing Carnivores an Italian perspective Prague pp 50 57 a b Catalano M 2010 Nepenthes mirabilis var globosa M Catal var nov PDF In Nepenthes della Thailandia Diario di viaggio Prague p 40 Burbidge F W 1882 Notes on the new Nepenthes The Gardeners Chronicle new series 17 420 56 Mey F S 2014 Nepenthes of Indochina my 2010 ICPS lecture now on Youtube Strange Fruits A Garden s Chronicle February 3 2014 in Japanese Cover of the January 2006 issue of the Journal of Insectivorous Plant Society Insectivorous Plant Society Mey F S 2011 Nepenthes mirabilis var globosa a popular plant Strange Fruits A Garden s Chronicle December 24 2011 Guerini M 2011 2010 new species of Carnivorous Plants PDF Associazione Italiana Piante Carnivore Yeates D K H de Souza Lopes amp G B Monteith 1989 A commensal sarcophagid Diptera Sarcophagidae in Nepenthes mirabilis Nepenthaceae pitchers in Australia Australian Entomological Magazine 16 33 39 Fashing N J 2002 Nepenthacarus a new genus of Histiostomatidae Acari Astigmata inhabiting the pitchers of Nepenthes mirabilis Lour Druce in Far North Queensland Australia PDF 1 64 MB Australian Journal of Entomology 41 1 7 17 doi 10 1046 j 1440 6055 2002 00263 x Sota T amp M Mogi 2006 Origin of pitcher plant mosquitoes in Aedes Stegomyia a molecular phylogenetic analysis using mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences Journal of Medical Entomology 43 5 795 800 doi 10 1603 0022 2585 2006 43 795 OOPPMI2 0 CO 2 Bohart R M 1956 Insects of Micronesia Diptera Culicidae PDF Insects Micronesia 12 1 1 85 Mogi M 2010 Unusual life history traits of Aedes Stegomyia mosquitoes Diptera Culicidae inhabiting Nepenthes pitchers Annals of the Entomological Society of America 103 4 618 624 doi 10 1603 AN10028 Bert W I T De Ley R Van Driessche H Segers amp P De Ley 2003 Baujardia mirabilis gen n sp n from pitcher plants and its phylogenetic position within Panagrolaimidae Nematoda Rhabditida PDF permanent dead link Nematology 5 3 405 420 doi 10 1163 156854103769224395 Hua Y amp H Li 2005 Food web and fluid in pitchers of Nepenthes mirabilis in Zhuhai China PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2010 06 12 Retrieved 2008 08 25 Acta Botanica Gallica 152 2 165 175 Hua Y amp L Kuizheng 2004 The Special Relationship Between Nepenthes and Tree Frogs PDF Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 33 1 23 24 Cribbs A B 1987 An aquatic fungus from pitchers of Nepenthes mirabilis Queensland Naturalist 28 72 73 Schnell D E 1992 Literature Review Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 21 3 80 82 Yogiara A Suwanto amp M T Suhartono 2006 A complex bacterial community living in pitcher plant fluid Jurnal Mikrobiologi Indonesia 11 1 9 14 a b Chou L Y C M Clarke amp G A Dykes 2014 Bacterial communities associated with the pitcher fluids of three Nepenthes Nepenthaceae pitcher plant species growing in the wild Archives of Microbiology 196 10 709 717 doi 10 1007 s00203 014 1011 1 Lauffenburger A 1995 Guide to Nepenthes Hybrids OmnisTerra Kurata S amp M Toyoshima 1972 Philippine species of Nepenthes The Gardens Bulletin Singapore 26 1 155 158 Abstract Archived 2011 07 22 at the Wayback Machine a b Cheek M R amp M H P Jebb 2001 Nepenthaceae Flora Malesiana 15 1 157 Lowrie A 1983 Sabah Nepenthes Expeditions 1982 amp 1983 PDF 1 25 MB Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 12 4 88 95 a b c d in Italian Catalano M 2010 Nepenthes della Thailandia Diario di viaggio Prague a b c Clarke C M 2001 Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia Natural History Publications Borneo Kota Kinabalu Fretwell S 2013 Back in Borneo to see giant Nepenthes Part 2 Mt Tambuyukon and Poring Victorian Carnivorous Plant Society Journal 108 6 15 Rischer H 1995 Observations on the Nepenthes species of Irian Jaya Part I Nepenthes insignis Danser PDF 461 KB Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 24 3 75 77 Lee C C 2007 Re The most accessible limestone hill of Bau Archived 2013 12 28 at the Wayback Machine Carnivorous Plants in the tropics a b c Phillipps A A Lamb amp C C Lee 2008 Pitcher Plants of Borneo Second Edition Natural History Publications Borneo Kota Kinabalu Clarke C M amp R Kruger 2005 Nepenthes rowanae Nepenthaceae a remarkable species from Cape York Australia Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 34 2 36 41 a b Mey F S L H Truong D V Dai amp A S Robinson 2011 Nepenthes thorelii an emended description and novel ecological data resulting from its rediscovery in Tay Ninh Vietnam In McPherson S R New Nepenthes Volume One Redfern Natural History Productions Poole pp 104 131 Bednar B 1983 Nepenthes mirabilis variation PDF 111 KB Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 12 3 64 N thorelii rediscovered Carnivorous Plants in the tropics Mey F S 2012 Virtual Nepenthes herbarium on Europeana Strange Fruits A Garden s Chronicle December 19 2012 Danser B H 1928 The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg Serie III 9 3 4 249 438 Druce G 1916 Nepenthes mirabilis In Botanical Exchange Club of the British Isles Report 4 637 Schlauer J N d Nepenthes mirabilis Carnivorous Plant Database Adam J H amp C C Wilcock 1992 Nepenthes mirabilis Loureiro Druce from Borneo Malayan Nature Journal 46 2 75 84 Bourke G amp R Nunn 2012 Nepenthes In Australian Carnivorous Plants Redfern Natural History Productions Poole pp 148 167 Clarke C M 2001 A Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Sabah Natural History Publications Borneo Kota Kinabalu Clarke C M 2006 Introduction In Danser B H The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies Natural History Publications Borneo Kota Kinabalu pp 1 15 Co L amp W Suarez 2012 Nepenthaceae Co s Digital Flora of the Philippines in German Gronemeyer T 2008 Nepenthes auf den Philippinen Ein Reisebericht Das Taublatt 60 1 15 27 Hernawati amp P Akhriadi 2006 A Field Guide to the Nepenthes of Sumatra PILI NGO Movement Bogor Korthals P W 1839 Over het geslacht Nepenthes In C J Temminck 1839 1842 Verhandelingen over de Natuurlijke Geschiedenis der Nederlandsche overzeesche bezittingen Kruidkunde Leiden pp 1 44 t 1 4 13 15 20 22 Lowrie A 1998 Nepenthes mirabilis In Carnivorous Plants of Australia Volume 3 University of Western Australia Press Nedlands pp 276 279 Lowrie A 2013 Nepenthes mirabilis Lour Druce In Carnivorous Plants of Australia Magnum Opus Volume Three Redfern Natural History Productions Poole pp 902 905 Macfarlane J M 1927 The Philippine species of Nepenthes The Philippine Journal of Science 33 2 127 140 in German McPherson S amp T Gronemeyer 2008 Die Nepenthesarten der Philippinen Eine Fotodokumentation Das Taublatt 60 1 34 78 Nunn R amp C N A Vu 2016 An account of the Nepenthes species of Vietnam Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 45 3 93 101 in Japanese Oikawa T 1992 Nepenthes mirabilis Druce In Muyu kusa Nepenthes 無憂草 Nepenthes The Grief Vanishing Parco Co Japan pp 26 29 Shivas R G 1984 Pitcher Plants of Peninsular Malaysia amp Singapore Maruzen Asia Kuala Lumpur Thorogood C 2010 The Malaysian Nepenthes Evolutionary and Taxonomic Perspectives Nova Science Publishers New York Nepenthes of Australia permanent dead link by Stewart McPhersonFurther reading Edit Anonymous 1877 Reports of Societies Royal Horticultural The Gardeners Chronicle 8 197 441 Anonymous 2010 Eramet PT Weda Bay Nickel Exploration and Development ESIA ERM Indonesia Jakarta Adam J H 1997 Prey spectra of Bornean Nepenthes species Nepenthaceae in relation to their habitat PDF Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science 20 2 3 121 134 Adam J H amp C C Wilcock 1999 Palynological study of Bornean Nepenthes Nepenthaceae PDF Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science 22 1 1 7 Adam J H C C Wilcock amp M D Swaine 1989 Ecology and taxonomy of Bornean Nepenthes University of Aberdeen Tropical Biology Newsletter 56 2 4 Adam J H C C Wilcock amp M D Swaine 1992 The ecology and distribution of Bornean Nepenthes PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2011 07 22 Journal of Tropical Forest Science 5 1 13 25 Adam J H E M Nurulhuda H Abdul Halim O Abdul Rahim A H Hafiza G K Gopir L M Pilik R Omar M B Qasim J Salimon S Abdul Rahim amp M M Hanafiah 2005 Pitcher plants recorded from BRIS forest in Jambu Bongkok Kuala Trengganu Malaysia Wetland Science 3 3 183 189 in Indonesian Akhriadi P 2007 Kajian taksonomi hibrid alami Nepenthes Nepenthaceae di Kerinci Working paper Andalas University Padang Abstract in Indonesian Baloari G R Linda amp Mukarlina 2013 Keanekaragaman jenis dan pola distribusi Nepenthes spp di Gunung Semahung Kecamatan Sengah Temila Kabupaten Landak Protobiont 2 1 1 6 Abstract Bauer U C J Clemente T Renner amp W Federle 2012 Form follows function morphological diversification and alternative trapping strategies in carnivorous Nepenthes pitcher plants Journal of Evolutionary Biology 25 1 90 102 doi 10 1111 j 1420 9101 2011 02406 x Beaman J H amp C Anderson 2004 The Plants of Mount Kinabalu 5 Dicotyledon Families Magnoliaceae to Winteraceae Natural History Publications Borneo Kota Kinabalu Bednar B L 1983 Nepenthes mirabilis variation PDF 111 KB Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 12 3 64 Bednar B L 1985 An unusual mirabilis plant PDF Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 14 4 91 Bednar B L 1985 Nepenthes dominii and var intermedia PDF Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 14 4 105 106 Benz M J E V Gorb amp S N Gorb 2012 Diversity of the slippery zone microstructure in pitchers of nine carnivorous Nepenthes taxa Arthropod Plant Interactions 6 1 147 158 doi 10 1007 s11829 011 9171 2 Beveridge N G P C Rauch P J A Kessler R R van Vugt amp P C van Welzen 2013 A new way to identify living species of Nepenthes Nepenthaceae more data needed Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 42 4 122 128 Bonhomme V H Pelloux Prayer E Jousselin Y Forterre J J Labat amp L Gaume 2011 Slippery or sticky Functional diversity in the trapping strategy of Nepenthes carnivorous plants New Phytologist 191 2 545 554 doi 10 1111 j 1469 8137 2011 03696 x in French Brongniart A 1824 Observations sur les genres Cytinus et Nepenthes Annales des Sciences Naturelles 1 29 52 Buch F M Rott S Rottloff C Paetz I Hilke M Raessler amp A Mithofer 2012 Secreted pitfall trap fluid of carnivorous Nepenthes plants is unsuitable for microbial growth Annals of Botany 111 3 375 383 doi 10 1093 aob mcs287 Buch F Y Pauchet M Rott amp A Mithofer 2014 Characterization and heterologous expression of a PR 1 protein from traps of the carnivorous plant Nepenthes mirabilis Phytochemistry 100 43 50 doi 10 1016 j phytochem 2014 01 014 Burnett J B M Davies amp G Taylor eds 2003 Flora and Fauna Survey of the Tangguh LNG Site Papua Province Indonesia P T Hatfindo Prima Bogor Chaveerach A A Tanomtong R Sudmoon amp T Tanee 2006 Genetic diversity among geographically separated populations of Nepenthes mirabilis Biologia 61 3 295 298 doi 10 2478 s11756 006 0054 4 in Chinese Chen J P Gao amp Z Gan 2003 猪笼草的组织培养和快速繁殖 Tissue culture and rapid propagation of Nepenthes mirabilis Plant Physiology Communications 39 1 40 Clarke C 1995 Nepenthes mirabilis in Hong Kong Bulletin of the Australian Carnivorous Plant Society Inc 14 2 7 8 Clementi G 1843 Sull aascidio della Nepenthes phyllamphora di Wildenow Il Cimento 1 13 14 217 220 doi 10 1007 BF02586236 in French Corker B 1991 Germination et viabilite des graines de Nepenthes mirabilis Dionee 24 in Indonesian Dinarti D U Sayekti amp Y Alitalia 2009 Kultur jaringan kantong semar Nepenthes mirabilis PDF Seminar proceedings Bogor Agricultural University Bogor Dixon W E 1889 Nepenthes The Gardeners Chronicle series 3 6 144 354 in Indonesian Enjelina W 2012 Analisis hibrid alam kantung semar Nepenthes di Bukit Taratak Kabupaten Pesisir Selatan Sumatera Barat dengan teknik RAPD M Sc thesis Andalas University Padang Fashing N J 2010 Two novel adaptations for dispersal in the mite family Histiostomatidae Astigmata PDF In M W Sabelis amp J Bruin eds Trends in Acarology Proceedings of the 12th International Congress Springer Science Dordrecht pp 81 84 doi 10 1007 978 90 481 9837 5 in Chinese Feng F H Li amp J Xie 2002 猪笼草的组织培养 Rapid propagation of Nepenthes mirabilis by tissue culture Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops 23 2 62 65 in Chinese Feng F H Li amp J Xie 2002 猪笼草的组织培养 Tissue culture and rapid propagation of Nepenthes mirabilis Journal of Southwest Agricultural University 24 3 268 270 Fretwell S 2008 Carnivorous plants in Thailand Victorian Carnivorous Plant Society Inc 90 10 13 Fretwell S 2013 Rarely seen Cp s from the north Victorian Carnivorous Plant Society Inc 110 6 9 Grigg S 1995 Nepenthes mirabilis Bulletin of the Australian Carnivorous Plant Society Inc 14 3 4 in Indonesian Handayani T 1999 Konservasi Nepenthes di kebun raya Indonesia PDF Conservation of Nepenthes in Indonesian botanic gardens In A Mardiastuti I Sudirman K G Wiryawan L I Sudirman M P Tampubolon R Megia amp Y Lestari eds Prosiding II Seminar Hasil Hasil Penelitian Bidang Ilmu Hayat Pusat Antar Universitas Ilmu Hayat IPB Bogor pp 365 372 Handayani T D Latifah amp Dodo 2005 Diversity and growth behaviour of Nepenthes pitcher plants in Tanjung Puting National Park Central Kalimantan Province Biodiversitas 6 4 248 252 Cover Hooker J D 1859 XXXV On the origin and development of the pitchers of Nepenthes with an account of some new Bornean plants of that genus The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 22 4 415 424 doi 10 1111 j 1096 3642 1856 tb00113 x Jala A 2011 Effects of different light treatments on the germination of Nepenthes mirabilis PDF International Transaction Journal of Engineering Management amp Applied Sciences amp Technologies 2 1 83 91 Kato M M Hotta R Tamin amp T Itino 1993 Inter and intra specific variation in prey assemblages and inhabitant communities in Nepenthes pitchers in Sumatra Tropical Zoology 6 1 11 25 Abstract Kitching R L 2000 Food Webs and Container Habitats The natural history and ecology of phytotelmata Cambridge University Press Cambridge Kruger R 2001 Nepenthes of Cape York part 1 Bulletin of the Australian Carnivorous Plant Society 20 3 13 17 Kruger R 2001 Nepenthes of Cape York part 2 Bulletin of the Australian Carnivorous Plant Society 20 4 6 9 Kurup R A J Johnson S Sankar A A Hussain C S Kumar amp S Baby 2013 Fluorescent prey traps in carnivorous plants Plant Biology 15 3 611 615 doi 10 1111 j 1438 8677 2012 00709 x Lavarack P S 1977 Notes on Nepenthes mirabilis and other carnivorous plants in Queensland PDF Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 6 3 49 50 Lavarack P S 1981 Nepenthes mirabilis in Australia PDF Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 10 3 69 72 74 76 Lee C C 2000 Recent Nepenthes Discoveries video The 3rd Conference of the International Carnivorous Plant Society San Francisco USA in Chinese Liang R J Xie X Chen Shui S Wu amp Y Liu 2005 猪笼草组织培养育苗技术的研究 Study on the tissue culture and breeding technology of Nepenthes mirabilis Journal of Guangdong Landscape Architecture 28 2 35 37 in Chinese Liang J Z Lu W Wang C Lin Q Guo amp G Liang 2008 猪笼草离体培养及植株再生研究 Studies on in vitro culture and plant regeneration in Nepenthes mirabilis Journal of Southwest China Normal University Natural Science 33 3 95 98 in Indonesian Lisawati Y 2005 Uji aktivitas immunomodulator tumbuhan kantong semar Nepenthes mirablis L Working paper Andalas University Padang Abstract in Chinese Lvqing Q F Feng amp H Li 2003 猪笼草组培快繁技术的研究 Tissue culture and rapid propagation of Nepenthes mirabilis Journal of Southwest Agricultural University 25 1 11 13 Macfarlane J M 1914 Family XCVI Nepenthaceae pp 279 288 In J S Gamble Materials for a flora of the Malayan Peninsula No 24 Journal amp Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 75 3 279 391 in Indonesian Mansur M 2001 Koleksi Nepenthes di Herbarium Bogoriense prospeknya sebagai tanaman hias PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2012 03 19 In Prosiding Seminar Hari Cinta Puspa dan Satwa Nasional Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia Bogor pp 244 253 in Indonesian Mansur M 2007 Keanekaragaman jenis Nepenthes kantong semar dataran rendah di Kalimantan Tengah Diversity of lowland Nepenthes kantong semar in Central Kalimantan Berita Biologi 8 5 335 341 Abstract in Indonesian Mardhiana Y Parto R Hayati amp D P Priadi 2012 Karakteristik dan kemelimpahan Nepenthes di habitat miskin unsur hara The characteristics and abundance of Nepenthes of nutrient poor habitats Jurnal Lahan Suboptimal 1 1 50 56 Abstract Masters M T 1872 The cultivated species of Nepenthes The Gardeners Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette 1872 16 540 542 Masters M T 1882 New garden plants Nepenthes Kennedyana The Gardeners Chronicle new series 17 426 257 Meimberg H A Wistuba P Dittrich amp G Heubl 2001 Molecular phylogeny of Nepenthaceae based on cladistic analysis of plastid trnK intron sequence data Plant Biology 3 2 164 175 doi 10 1055 s 2001 12897 in German Meimberg H 2002 Molekular systematische Untersuchungen an den Familien Nepenthaceae und Ancistrocladaceae sowie verwandter Taxa aus der Unterklasse Caryophyllidae s l PDF Ph D thesis Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich Munich Meimberg H amp G Heubl 2006 Introduction of a nuclear marker for phylogenetic analysis of Nepenthaceae Plant Biology 8 6 831 840 doi 10 1055 s 2006 924676 Meimberg H S Thalhammer A Brachmann amp G Heubl 2006 Comparative analysis of a translocated copy of the trnK intron in carnivorous family Nepenthaceae Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 39 2 478 490 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2005 11 023 Merbach M A G Zizka B Fiala U Maschwitz amp W E Booth 2001 Patterns of nectar secretion in five Nepenthes species from Brunei Darussalam Northwest Borneo and implications for ant plant relationships Flora 196 153 160 Mey F S 2010 Introduction to the pitcher plants Nepenthes of Cambodia PDF Cambodian Journal of Natural History 2010 2 106 117 Mey F S 2012 Under a blazing sun in Vietnam Strange Fruits A Garden s Chronicle December 22 2012 Mithofer A 2011 Carnivorous pitcher plants insights in an old topic Phytochemistry 72 13 1678 1682 doi 10 1016 j phytochem 2010 11 024 Moore D 1872 On the culture of Nepenthes at Glasnevin The Gardeners Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette 1872 11 359 360 Moran J A W E Booth amp J K Charles 1999 Aspects of pitcher morphology and spectral characteristics of six Bornean Nepenthes pitcher plant species implications for prey capture PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2007 10 25 Annals of Botany 83 521 528 Mullins J amp M Jebb 2009 Phylogeny and biogeography of the genus Nepenthes National Botanic Gardens Glasnevin in Indonesian Murniati Syamswisna amp A Nurdini 2013 Pembuatan flash card dari hasil inventarisasi Nepenthes di hutan adat desa Teluk Bakung Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pembelajaran 2 1 unpaginated 14 pp Abstract Normawati Y 2002 The effect of stem length on pitcher and inflorescence production in Nepenthes gracilis and Nepenthes mirabilis at Serendah Selangor B Sc Thesis Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Osunkoya O O S D Daud amp F L Wimmer 2008 Longevity lignin content and construction cost of the assimilatory organs of Nepenthes species Annals of Botany 102 5 845 853 doi 10 1093 aob mcn162 Pavlovic A E Masarovicova amp J Hudak 2007 Carnivorous syndrome in Asian pitcher plants of the genus Nepenthes Annals of Botany 100 3 527 536 doi 10 1093 aob mcm145 Renner T amp C D Specht 2011 A sticky situation assessing adaptations for plant carnivory in the Caryophyllales by means of stochastic character mapping International Journal of Plant Sciences 172 7 889 901 doi 10 1086 660882 Renner T amp C D Specht 2012 Molecular and functional evolution of class I chitinases for plant carnivory in the Caryophyllales Molecular Biology and Evolution 29 10 2971 2985 doi 10 1093 molbev mss106 Rice B 2007 Carnivorous plants with hybrid trapping strategies Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 36 1 23 27 Ridley H N 1916 Nepenthaceae pp 139 141 In I Report on the botany of the Wollaston Expedition to Dutch New Guinea 1912 13 The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London series 2 botany 9 1 1 269 doi 10 1111 j 1095 8339 1916 tb00009 x Rottloff S R Stieber H Maischak F G Turini G Heubl amp A Mithofer 2011 Functional characterization of a class III acid endochitinase from the traps of the carnivorous pitcher plant genus Nepenthes Journal of Experimental Botany 62 13 4639 4647 doi 10 1093 jxb err173 Schulze W E D Schulze J S Pate A N Gillison 1997 The nitrogen supply from soils and insects during growth of the pitcher plants Nepenthes mirabilis Cephalotus follicularis and Darlingtonia californica Oecologia 112 4 464 471 doi 10 1007 s004420050333 Som R M 1988 Systematic studies on Nepenthes species and hybrids in the Malay Peninsula Ph D thesis Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia in Indonesian Syamsuardi amp R Tamin 1994 Kajian kekerabatan jenis jenis Nepenthes di Sumatera Barat Project report Andalas University Padang Abstract in Indonesian Syamsuardi 1995 Klasifikasi numerik kantong semar Nepenthes di Sumatera Barat Numerical classification of pitcher plants Nepenthes in West Sumatra Journal Matematika dan Pengetahuan Alam 4 1 48 57 Abstract in Chinese Tang L Ji K Wang Y amp Chen J 2010 猪笼草消化液中蛋白酶的活性初探 Preliminary study on the activities of protease in digestive juice of pitcher plant Genomics and Applied Biology 29 2 293 297 Abstract in Indonesian Uji T 2003 Keanekaragaman dan potensi flora di Cagar Alam Muara Kendawangan Kalimantan Barat Flora diversity and its potential in Muara Kendawangan Nature Reserve West Kalimantan Biodiversitas 4 1 112 117 Wilson G W F Venter R F Wilson amp D Crayn 2011 Chasing Nepenthes on Cape York Queensland Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 40 4 122 128 in Chinese Wu T amp Ye C 2000 雷州半岛野生猪笼草资源及其栽培利用的研究 Research on the resources and its culture amp utility available of wild Nepenthes mirabilis Lour Druce in Leizhou Peninsular Journal of Zhanjiang Normal College 21 2 15 16 Abstract in Chinese Wu T Ye C amp Zhang X 2000 猪笼草叶的形态解剖结构研究 Studies on the anatomical structures of the leaf of Nepenthes mirabilis Lour Druce Guihaia 20 2 153 155 Abstract in Chinese Xie Y X Xie L Qiu amp Y Huang 2007 猪笼草组培快繁技术研究 Tissue culture and rapid propagation of Nepenthes mirabilis Guangxi Agricultural Sciences 38 2 131 132 in Chinese Xu C 2003 猪笼草 A review in research of Nepenthes Chinese Journal of Tropical Agriculture 23 5 53 59 Abstract in Indonesian Yogiara 2004 Analisis komunitas bakteri cairan kantung semar Nepenthes spp menggunakan teknik terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism T RFLP dan amplified ribosomul DNA restriction analysis ARDRA PDF M Sc thesis Bogor Agricultural University Bogor Ziemer R R 1988 Carnivorous plants in Micronesia PDF Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 17 3 70 73 in Thai sngkhla khnmhmxkhawhmxaekngling khnmithyphumipyyachawban video 77 NationChannel External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nepenthes mirabilis Hong Kong Herbarium Nepenthes mirabilis N mirabilis var globosa in its natural habitat Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Nepenthes mirabilis amp oldid 1118574256, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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