fbpx
Wikipedia

Neman

March 25, 2023

For other uses, see Neman (disambiguation).
"Nieman" redirects here. For the surname, see Nieman (surname).
"Niemen" redirects here. For other uses, see Niemen (disambiguation).

The Neman, Niemen, Nioman, Nemunas or Memel[nb 1] is a river in Europe that rises in central Belarus and flows through Lithuania then forms the northern border of Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia's western exclave, which specifically follows its southern channel. It drains into the Curonian Lagoon, narrowly connected to the Baltic Sea. It flows about 937 km (582 mi), so is considered a major Eastern European river. It flows generally west to Grodno within 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) of the Polish border, north to Kaunas, then westward again to the sea.

Neman
Nioman (in Belarusian); Nemunas (in Lithuanian); Niemen (in Polish)
The Neman near Alytus
Map highlighting Neman
Etymologypossible Slavic word for monster
Location
CountryBelarus, Lithuania, Russia
CitiesGrodno, Kaunas, Sovetsk
Physical characteristics
Source 
 • locationSouthwest of Minsk, Belarus
 • coordinates53°15′10″N 27°18′21″E / 53.25278°N 27.30583°E / 53.25278; 27.30583
 • elevation176 m (577 ft)
MouthCuronian Lagoon
 • location
West of Šilutė, Lithuania
 • coordinates
55°20′12″N 21°14′50″E / 55.33667°N 21.24722°E / 55.33667; 21.24722Coordinates: 55°20′12″N 21°14′50″E / 55.33667°N 21.24722°E / 55.33667; 21.24722
 • elevation
0 m (0 ft)
Length937 km (582 mi)
Basin size98,200 km2 (37,900 sq mi)
Discharge 
 • locationCuronian Lagoon, linked to the Baltic Sea

The largest river in Lithuania, and the third-largest in Belarus, it is navigable for most of its length. It starts from two small headwaters merging about 15 kilometers (9 mi) southwest of the town of Uzda – about 55 km (34 mi) southwest of capital city Minsk. Only 17 kilometres (11 mi), an eastward meander, contributes to the Belarus–Lithuania border. Thereafter the river includes notable loops along a minor tectonic fault.

Its drainage basin settled in the late Quaternary to be roughly along the edge of the last glacial sheet so dates to about 25,000 to 22,000 years BC. Its depth varies from 1 meter (3 ft 3 in) in its upper courses to 5 meters (16 ft) in the lower basin.

Numbers

 
Neman near Grodno
  • The total length of the Nioman/Nemunas/Neman is 937 km (582 mi).[1] It is the 4th longest river in the Baltic Sea basin. Over its entire length, 436 km (271 mi) flows in Belarus[1] and 359 km (223 mi) in Lithuania. A 116 km (72 mi) stretch is the border between Lithuania and Russia's Kaliningrad oblast.
  • Its greatest depth is 5 m (16 ft), and at its widest it extends about 500 m (1,600 ft).
  • The Nioman/Nemunas/Neman is a slow river; it flows at about 1 to 2 m/s (3.3 to 6.6 ft/s).
  • During floods, water discharge can increase up to 11-fold, to more than 6,800 m3/s (240,000 cu ft/s). Severe floods occur on the lower reaches of the river about every 12 – 15 years, which sometimes wash out bridges.[2]
 
Neman opposite Kaliningrad Oblast (Russian exclave)
  • The Nioman/Nemunas/Neman is an old river, dating back to the last glacial period. Its valley is now up to 60 meters (200 ft) deep and 5 km (3 mi) broad.
  • It has about 105 first-class tributaries, the largest being the rivers Neris (Viliya) (510 km (320 mi)), Shchara (325 km (202 mi)), and Šešupė (298 km (185 mi)). Fifteen of the tributaries are longer than 100 km (62 mi).
  • In the complete Nioman/Nemunas/Neman basin, there are tributaries extending to the 11th order.
  • The Nemunas basin in Lithuania drains more than 20,000 rivers and rivulets and covers 72% of Lithuania's territory.
  • The total area of the Nioman/Nemunas/Neman basin is 98,200 km2 (37,900 sq mi),[1] 34,610 km2 (13,360 sq mi) of which are within Belarus,[1] the Lithuanian portion of this basin is 46,695 km2 (268 sq mi).
  • Valley of Neman in Grodno Region is the lowest point above sea level in Belarus at 80 to 90 m (260 to 300 ft).[3]

River course

Nemunas loops

 
Nemunas bend in Liškiava
 
500 litas banknote featuring Nemunas loops

Due to their location, "The Nemunas loops" are often described using the Lithuanian name for the river. In 1992 Nemunas Loops Regional Park was founded. Its goal is to preserve the loops (Lithuanian: vingis) that the river makes in the Punia forest. Near Prienai, the Nemunas makes a 17-kilometer-long (11 mi) loop (like a teardrop) coming within 1.2 km (3⁄4 mi) of completing the loop. The Nemunas flows along the double bend between Balbieriškis and Birštonas for 48 km (30 mi) and then moves in a northerly direction for only 4.5 km (2+3⁄4 mi). The loops are not conventional river meanders; they follow underlying tectonic structures. The faults are the source of local mineral springs.[4] The area is historically and culturally significant. Its castles served as the first line of defense against forays by the Teutonic knights.

Delta

Main article: Nemunas Delta

At its delta the Nemunas splits into a maze of river branches and canals mixing with polders and wetlands and is a very attractive destination for eco-tourism. The four main distributaries are Atmata, Pakalnė, Skirvytė (the southern mouth, marking the international border) and Gilija. The river plays a crucial part in the ecosystem of the Curonian Lagoon. It provides the main water inflow to the lagoon and keeps the water almost fresh. This allows fresh water and brackish water animals to survive there. As the delta extends north the lagoon opposite narrows. Since the delta is in Lithuania, it is often referred to as Nemunas Delta. Nemunas Delta Regional Park was created in the delta in 1992.

Tributaries

The following rivers are tributaries to the river Neman/Nemunas (from source to mouth):

Largest settlements on the river

From west to east, the largest settlements are Sovetsk/Tilsit, Neman, Kaunas, Alytus, Druskininkai, Grodno, and Masty.

Significance in culture

Ptolemy referred to Neman as Chronos (although competing theories suppose Chronos was in fact Pregolya).

The river has lent its name to the Neman Culture, a Neolithic archaeological subculture.[5]

 
Napoleon and his army crossing the Neman in June 1812

In German, the part of the river flowing through historic Prussia has been called die Memel at least since about 1250, when Teutonic Knights built Memelburg castle and the town of Memel at the mouth of the Curonian Lagoon, naming it after the indigenous name of the river, Memel. The city of Memel, now in Lithuania, is known today as Klaipėda (confusingly, another city of Memel was on the Dange River, now called the Danė). In German road maps and lexika, only the 112-kilometer (70 mi) section within Prussia (starting at Schmalleningken) was named Memel; the bulk of the river was the Niemen.

The border between the State of the Teutonic Order and Lithuania was fixed in 1422 by the Treaty of Lake Melno and remained stable for centuries. The Treaty of Tilsit between Napoleon and Tsar Alexander I was signed on a raft in the river in 1807.[6] Napoleon's crossing at the outset of the 1812 French invasion of Russia is described in War and Peace[7] and also mentioned in Pan Tadeusz. In 1919, the Treaty of Versailles made the river the border separating the Memel Territory from German East Prussia as of 1920. At that time, Germany's Weimar Republic adopted the Deutschlandlied as its official national anthem. In the first stanza of the song, written in 1841, the river is mentioned as the eastern border of a (then politically yet-to-be united) Germany:

 
The Nemunas in Druskininkai
German lyrics Approximate English translation
Von der Maas bis an die Memel,
Von der Etsch bis an den Belt 		From the Meuse to the Memel,
From the Adige to the Belt

Lithuanians refer to the Nemunas as "the father of rivers" (Nemunas is a masculine noun in Lithuania). Countless companies and organizations in Lithuania have "Nemunas" in their name, including a folklore ensemble, a weekly magazine about art and culture, a sanatorium, and numerous guest houses and hotels. Lithuanian and Polish literature often mention the Nemunas. One of the most famous poems by Maironis starts:

Lithuanian lyrics Approximate English translation
Kur bėga Šešupė, kur Nemunas teka Where the Šešupė runs, where the Nemunas flows
Tai mūsų tėvynė, graži Lietuva That's our fatherland, beautiful Lithuania

Almost every Lithuanian can recite these words by heart.

Smaller rivers and rivulets in Lithuania with names morphologically derived or cognate are the Nemunykštis, Nemuniukas, Nemunynas, Nemunėlis and Nemunaitis.

The etymology is disputed: some say that "Nemunas" is an old word meaning "a damp place",[8] while others that it is "mute, soundless river" (from nemti, nėmti "to become silent", also memelis, mimelis, mėmė "slow, worthless person").[9] The name is possibly derived from the Finnic word niemi "cape".[10]

Art critics praised its depiction in the paintings by Michał Kulesza.[11][12]

Economic significance

 
Schematic map of Kaunas Reservoir area

Much of the river is used for fishing, hydropower generation, water supply, industry, agriculture, recreation, tourism, and water transport.

Lithuania has tabled local plans to dredge it, below Kaunas, to make it more consistently usable.[13]

The largest cities on the river are Grodno in Belarus, Alytus and Kaunas in Lithuania, and Sovetsk in the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia. The river basin has a population of 5.4 million inhabitants. Industrial activities in the Belarusian section include metal processing, chemical industries, pulp and paper production, and manufacturing of building materials, as well as food-processing plants. In Lithuania, the city of Kaunas, with about 400,000 inhabitants, is the country's principal user of the river; the local industries that impact the river are hydropower generation, machinery, chemical, wood processing and paper production, furniture production, textile and food-processing. In Kaliningrad, industrial centers near the river include Sovetsk and Neman, which have large pulp and paper production facilities.

Above Kaunas a dam was built in 1959 to serve the Kaunas Hydroelectric Power Plant. The resulting Kaunas Reservoir (Lithuanian: Kauno marios) is the largest such lake in Lithuania. It occupies 63.5 km2 (24+1⁄2 sq mi); its length is 93 km (58 mi); its greatest depth is 22 m (72 ft). The reservoir is a popular destination for Lithuanian yachting.

The Augustów Canal, built in the 19th century, connects the Neman to the Vistula River.

Biological communities

Fish found include the: perch, pike, zander, roach, tench, bream, rudd, ruffe, and bleak.

Its tributaries have borne stone loach, three-spined stickleback, minnows, trout, sculpins, gudgeon, dace and chub.

Atlantic salmon migrated upstream to spawn; however, dams on the river, most of them built in the 20th century, have depleted them. The dam at Kaunas does not provide fish ladders. The spawning season took place in the fall. Ethnographic studies, from before the dams, state night fishing, using torches and harpoons, was a common technique.

Environmental issues

 
Neman sunset

A report by the Swedish EPA (Environmental Protection Administration) rates the river's quality in Lithuania as moderately polluted to polluted. High concentrations of organic pollutants, nitrates and phosphates occur in parts of the river. Environmental issues include water quality (eutrophication and pollutants largely due to outdated technology sewage treatment works), changes in the hydrological regime, and flooding control. The environmental problems in each of the countries that make up the basin are slightly different. In Belarus, the main problems are oil products as well as nitrogen and BOD (biological oxygen demand). The environmental issues in the Kaliningrad section include high concentrations of BOD, lignosulphates, and nitrogen. In Lithuania, the Kaunas Hydroelectric Power Plant barrage affects the riparian ecosystem.[14]

Co-operation which would be beneficial is complicated by the geographical split between three nations but water quality improvement initiatives are underway.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ To bankside nations of the present: Lithuanian: Belarusian: Нёман, Nioman, [ˈnʲoman]; Russian: Неман, Neman; past: German: Memel (where touching Prussia only, otherwise Nieman); Latvian: Nemuna; Estonian: Neemen; Polish: Niemen; Yiddish: נעמאן, romanized: Neman; Ukrainian: Німан, Niman

References

  1. ^ a b c d . Land of Ancestors. Data of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection of the Republic of Belarus. 2011. Archived from the original on 15 January 2014. Retrieved 27 September 2013.
  2. ^ Floods and fires in Lithuania
  3. ^ . Land of Ancestors. The Scientific and Production State Republican Unitary Enterprise “National Cadastre Agency” of the State Property Committee of the Republic of Belarus. 2011. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 20 September 2013.
  4. ^ . Nemunas Loops Regional Park. Archived from the original on February 26, 2008. Retrieved 2009-01-10.
  5. ^ Rimantienė, Rimutė (March 1992). "The Neolithic of the eastern Baltic". Journal of World Prehistory. Springer Netherlands. 6: 97–143. doi:10.1007/BF00997586. S2CID 162896841.
  6. ^ McLynn, Frank (1998). Napoleon: A Biography. Pimlico.[page needed]
  7. ^ Leo Tolstoy (1915). War and Peace. J.M. Dent. p. 200. niemen river war and peace.
  8. ^ Aleksandras Vanagas. Lietuvių hidronimų etimologinis žodynas. 227 psl., – Vilnius: Mokslas, 1981.
  9. ^ Petronytė, Jurga (2016-08-02). "Mėmelis ar Klaipėda?". Vakarų ekspresas. Archived from the original on 2016-08-04.
  10. ^ Tadeusz Lehr-Spławiński. O pochodzeniu i praojczyźnie Słowian. – Poznań, 1946.
  11. ^ Kraszewski, Józef Ignacy (1847). "Pejzaż, Michał Kulesza". Tygodnik Petersburski. 18.
  12. ^ Gr..., M...; [Michał Grabowski, pseud. of Edward Tarsza] (1849). "5". Projekta Artystyczne w Litwie. Artykuły literackie, krytyczne, artystyczne (Dalszy Ciąg Literatury, Krytyki, Korespondencyi i t.d.). Warsaw: S. Orgelbrand.
  13. ^ . Archived from the original on 2006-09-25. Retrieved 2006-12-02.
  14. ^ Report on the Neman basin issued by the Swedish EPA February 18, 2006, at the Wayback Machine

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Neman.

March 25, 2023
neman, other, uses, disambiguation, nieman, redirects, here, surname, nieman, surname, niemen, redirects, here, other, uses, niemen, disambiguation, niemen, nioman, nemunas, memel, river, europe, that, rises, central, belarus, flows, through, lithuania, then, . For other uses see Neman disambiguation Nieman redirects here For the surname see Nieman surname Niemen redirects here For other uses see Niemen disambiguation The Neman Niemen Nioman Nemunas or Memel nb 1 is a river in Europe that rises in central Belarus and flows through Lithuania then forms the northern border of Kaliningrad Oblast Russia s western exclave which specifically follows its southern channel It drains into the Curonian Lagoon narrowly connected to the Baltic Sea It flows about 937 km 582 mi so is considered a major Eastern European river It flows generally west to Grodno within 12 kilometres 7 5 mi of the Polish border north to Kaunas then westward again to the sea NemanNioman in Belarusian Nemunas in Lithuanian Niemen in Polish The Neman near AlytusMap highlighting NemanEtymologypossible Slavic word for monsterLocationCountryBelarus Lithuania RussiaCitiesGrodno Kaunas SovetskPhysical characteristicsSource locationSouthwest of Minsk Belarus coordinates53 15 10 N 27 18 21 E 53 25278 N 27 30583 E 53 25278 27 30583 elevation176 m 577 ft MouthCuronian Lagoon locationWest of Silute Lithuania coordinates55 20 12 N 21 14 50 E 55 33667 N 21 24722 E 55 33667 21 24722 Coordinates 55 20 12 N 21 14 50 E 55 33667 N 21 24722 E 55 33667 21 24722 elevation0 m 0 ft Length937 km 582 mi Basin size98 200 km2 37 900 sq mi Discharge locationCuronian Lagoon linked to the Baltic SeaThe largest river in Lithuania and the third largest in Belarus it is navigable for most of its length It starts from two small headwaters merging about 15 kilometers 9 mi southwest of the town of Uzda about 55 km 34 mi southwest of capital city Minsk Only 17 kilometres 11 mi an eastward meander contributes to the Belarus Lithuania border Thereafter the river includes notable loops along a minor tectonic fault Its drainage basin settled in the late Quaternary to be roughly along the edge of the last glacial sheet so dates to about 25 000 to 22 000 years BC Its depth varies from 1 meter 3 ft 3 in in its upper courses to 5 meters 16 ft in the lower basin Contents 1 Numbers 2 River course 2 1 Nemunas loops 2 2 Delta 2 3 Tributaries 2 4 Largest settlements on the river 3 Significance in culture 4 Economic significance 5 Biological communities 6 Environmental issues 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External linksNumbers Edit Neman near Grodno The total length of the Nioman Nemunas Neman is 937 km 582 mi 1 It is the 4th longest river in the Baltic Sea basin Over its entire length 436 km 271 mi flows in Belarus 1 and 359 km 223 mi in Lithuania A 116 km 72 mi stretch is the border between Lithuania and Russia s Kaliningrad oblast Its greatest depth is 5 m 16 ft and at its widest it extends about 500 m 1 600 ft The Nioman Nemunas Neman is a slow river it flows at about 1 to 2 m s 3 3 to 6 6 ft s During floods water discharge can increase up to 11 fold to more than 6 800 m3 s 240 000 cu ft s Severe floods occur on the lower reaches of the river about every 12 15 years which sometimes wash out bridges 2 Neman opposite Kaliningrad Oblast Russian exclave The Nioman Nemunas Neman is an old river dating back to the last glacial period Its valley is now up to 60 meters 200 ft deep and 5 km 3 mi broad It has about 105 first class tributaries the largest being the rivers Neris Viliya 510 km 320 mi Shchara 325 km 202 mi and Sesupe 298 km 185 mi Fifteen of the tributaries are longer than 100 km 62 mi In the complete Nioman Nemunas Neman basin there are tributaries extending to the 11th order The Nemunas basin in Lithuania drains more than 20 000 rivers and rivulets and covers 72 of Lithuania s territory The total area of the Nioman Nemunas Neman basin is 98 200 km2 37 900 sq mi 1 34 610 km2 13 360 sq mi of which are within Belarus 1 the Lithuanian portion of this basin is 46 695 km2 268 sq mi Valley of Neman in Grodno Region is the lowest point above sea level in Belarus at 80 to 90 m 260 to 300 ft 3 River course EditNemunas loops Edit Nemunas bend in Liskiava 500 litas banknote featuring Nemunas loops Due to their location The Nemunas loops are often described using the Lithuanian name for the river In 1992 Nemunas Loops Regional Park was founded Its goal is to preserve the loops Lithuanian vingis that the river makes in the Punia forest Near Prienai the Nemunas makes a 17 kilometer long 11 mi loop like a teardrop coming within 1 2 km 3 4 mi of completing the loop The Nemunas flows along the double bend between Balbieriskis and Birstonas for 48 km 30 mi and then moves in a northerly direction for only 4 5 km 2 3 4 mi The loops are not conventional river meanders they follow underlying tectonic structures The faults are the source of local mineral springs 4 The area is historically and culturally significant Its castles served as the first line of defense against forays by the Teutonic knights Delta Edit Main article Nemunas Delta At its delta the Nemunas splits into a maze of river branches and canals mixing with polders and wetlands and is a very attractive destination for eco tourism The four main distributaries are Atmata Pakalne Skirvyte the southern mouth marking the international border and Gilija The river plays a crucial part in the ecosystem of the Curonian Lagoon It provides the main water inflow to the lagoon and keeps the water almost fresh This allows fresh water and brackish water animals to survive there As the delta extends north the lagoon opposite narrows Since the delta is in Lithuania it is often referred to as Nemunas Delta Nemunas Delta Regional Park was created in the delta in 1992 Tributaries Edit The following rivers are tributaries to the river Neman Nemunas from source to mouth Left Servach Mowchadz Shchara Zelvyanka Svislach Lasosna Czarna Hancza Zembre Perseke Sesupe Tylzha Right Western Berezina Gauja Kotra Haradnichanka Merkys Verkne Streva Neris Nevezis Dubysa Mituva Jura MinijaLargest settlements on the river Edit From west to east the largest settlements are Sovetsk Tilsit Neman Kaunas Alytus Druskininkai Grodno and Masty Significance in culture EditPtolemy referred to Neman as Chronos although competing theories suppose Chronos was in fact Pregolya The river has lent its name to the Neman Culture a Neolithic archaeological subculture 5 Napoleon and his army crossing the Neman in June 1812 In German the part of the river flowing through historic Prussia has been called die Memel at least since about 1250 when Teutonic Knights built Memelburg castle and the town of Memel at the mouth of the Curonian Lagoon naming it after the indigenous name of the river Memel The city of Memel now in Lithuania is known today as Klaipeda confusingly another city of Memel was on the Dange River now called the Dane In German road maps and lexika only the 112 kilometer 70 mi section within Prussia starting at Schmalleningken was named Memel the bulk of the river was the Niemen The border between the State of the Teutonic Order and Lithuania was fixed in 1422 by the Treaty of Lake Melno and remained stable for centuries The Treaty of Tilsit between Napoleon and Tsar Alexander I was signed on a raft in the river in 1807 6 Napoleon s crossing at the outset of the 1812 French invasion of Russia is described in War and Peace 7 and also mentioned in Pan Tadeusz In 1919 the Treaty of Versailles made the river the border separating the Memel Territory from German East Prussia as of 1920 At that time Germany s Weimar Republic adopted the Deutschlandlied as its official national anthem In the first stanza of the song written in 1841 the river is mentioned as the eastern border of a then politically yet to be united Germany The Nemunas in Druskininkai German lyrics Approximate English translationVon der Maas bis an die Memel Von der Etsch bis an den Belt From the Meuse to the Memel From the Adige to the BeltLithuanians refer to the Nemunas as the father of rivers Nemunas is a masculine noun in Lithuania Countless companies and organizations in Lithuania have Nemunas in their name including a folklore ensemble a weekly magazine about art and culture a sanatorium and numerous guest houses and hotels Lithuanian and Polish literature often mention the Nemunas One of the most famous poems by Maironis starts Lithuanian lyrics Approximate English translationKur bega Sesupe kur Nemunas teka Where the Sesupe runs where the Nemunas flowsTai musu tevyne grazi Lietuva That s our fatherland beautiful LithuaniaAlmost every Lithuanian can recite these words by heart Smaller rivers and rivulets in Lithuania with names morphologically derived or cognate are the Nemunykstis Nemuniukas Nemunynas Nemunelis and Nemunaitis The etymology is disputed some say that Nemunas is an old word meaning a damp place 8 while others that it is mute soundless river from nemti nemti to become silent also memelis mimelis meme slow worthless person 9 The name is possibly derived from the Finnic word niemi cape 10 Art critics praised its depiction in the paintings by Michal Kulesza 11 12 Economic significance Edit Schematic map of Kaunas Reservoir area Much of the river is used for fishing hydropower generation water supply industry agriculture recreation tourism and water transport Lithuania has tabled local plans to dredge it below Kaunas to make it more consistently usable 13 The largest cities on the river are Grodno in Belarus Alytus and Kaunas in Lithuania and Sovetsk in the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia The river basin has a population of 5 4 million inhabitants Industrial activities in the Belarusian section include metal processing chemical industries pulp and paper production and manufacturing of building materials as well as food processing plants In Lithuania the city of Kaunas with about 400 000 inhabitants is the country s principal user of the river the local industries that impact the river are hydropower generation machinery chemical wood processing and paper production furniture production textile and food processing In Kaliningrad industrial centers near the river include Sovetsk and Neman which have large pulp and paper production facilities Above Kaunas a dam was built in 1959 to serve the Kaunas Hydroelectric Power Plant The resulting Kaunas Reservoir Lithuanian Kauno marios is the largest such lake in Lithuania It occupies 63 5 km2 24 1 2 sq mi its length is 93 km 58 mi its greatest depth is 22 m 72 ft The reservoir is a popular destination for Lithuanian yachting The Augustow Canal built in the 19th century connects the Neman to the Vistula River Biological communities EditFish found include the perch pike zander roach tench bream rudd ruffe and bleak Its tributaries have borne stone loach three spined stickleback minnows trout sculpins gudgeon dace and chub Atlantic salmon migrated upstream to spawn however dams on the river most of them built in the 20th century have depleted them The dam at Kaunas does not provide fish ladders The spawning season took place in the fall Ethnographic studies from before the dams state night fishing using torches and harpoons was a common technique Environmental issues Edit Neman sunset A report by the Swedish EPA Environmental Protection Administration rates the river s quality in Lithuania as moderately polluted to polluted High concentrations of organic pollutants nitrates and phosphates occur in parts of the river Environmental issues include water quality eutrophication and pollutants largely due to outdated technology sewage treatment works changes in the hydrological regime and flooding control The environmental problems in each of the countries that make up the basin are slightly different In Belarus the main problems are oil products as well as nitrogen and BOD biological oxygen demand The environmental issues in the Kaliningrad section include high concentrations of BOD lignosulphates and nitrogen In Lithuania the Kaunas Hydroelectric Power Plant barrage affects the riparian ecosystem 14 Co operation which would be beneficial is complicated by the geographical split between three nations but water quality improvement initiatives are underway See also EditList of rivers of Europe Normandie Niemen a fighter squadron later regiment of three squadrons of the French Air Force Memelland East PrussiaNotes Edit To bankside nations of the present Lithuanian Belarusian Nyoman Nioman ˈnʲoman Russian Neman Neman past German Memel where touching Prussia only otherwise Nieman Latvian Nemuna Estonian Neemen Polish Niemen Yiddish נעמאן romanized Neman Ukrainian Niman NimanReferences Edit a b c d Main Geographic Characteristics of the Republic of Belarus Main characteristics of the largest rivers of Belarus Land of Ancestors Data of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection of the Republic of Belarus 2011 Archived from the original on 15 January 2014 Retrieved 27 September 2013 Floods and fires in Lithuania Main Geographic Characteristics of the Republic of Belarus Land of Ancestors The Scientific and Production State Republican Unitary Enterprise National Cadastre Agency of the State Property Committee of the Republic of Belarus 2011 Archived from the original on 21 September 2013 Retrieved 20 September 2013 The Great Nemunas Loops Nemunas Loops Regional Park Archived from the original on February 26 2008 Retrieved 2009 01 10 Rimantiene Rimute March 1992 The Neolithic of the eastern Baltic Journal of World Prehistory Springer Netherlands 6 97 143 doi 10 1007 BF00997586 S2CID 162896841 McLynn Frank 1998 Napoleon A Biography Pimlico page needed Leo Tolstoy 1915 War and Peace J M Dent p 200 niemen river war and peace Aleksandras Vanagas Lietuviu hidronimu etimologinis zodynas 227 psl Vilnius Mokslas 1981 Petronyte Jurga 2016 08 02 Memelis ar Klaipeda Vakaru ekspresas Archived from the original on 2016 08 04 Tadeusz Lehr Splawinski O pochodzeniu i praojczyznie Slowian Poznan 1946 Kraszewski Jozef Ignacy 1847 Pejzaz Michal Kulesza Tygodnik Petersburski 18 Gr M Michal Grabowski pseud of Edward Tarsza 1849 5 Projekta Artystyczne w Litwie Artykuly literackie krytyczne artystyczne Dalszy Ciag Literatury Krytyki Korespondencyi i t d Warsaw S Orgelbrand Transportation initiatives in the Baltic states Archived from the original on 2006 09 25 Retrieved 2006 12 02 Report on the Neman basin issued by the Swedish EPA Archived February 18 2006 at the Wayback MachineExternal links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Neman in Polish Niemen the Neman in the Geographical Dictionary of the Kingdom of Poland 1886 in English Glaciation in Lithuania in English Biotopes in the Neman and its tributaries in English Atlantic salmon in the Neman River Agata Lewandowski Lososna the Unknown Valley Not the Last Arrival for Pucilki Znad Wilii nr 3 79 z 2019 r p 58 64 in Polish http www znadwiliiwilno lt wp content uploads 2019 10 Znad Wilii 3 79m 1 pdf Helena i Leonard Drozdzewiczowie Antologia Doliny Lososny in Polish http 193 0 118 54 search query term 1 Antologia Doliny C5 81oso C5 9Bny amp theme nukat Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Neman amp oldid 1141310214, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.