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Theodor Nöldeke

January 01, 1970

Theodor Nöldeke (German: [ˈteːodoːɐ̯ ˈnœldəkə]; born 2 March 1836 – 25 December 1930) was a German orientalist and scholar, originally a student of Heinrich Ewald. He is one of the founders of the field of Quranic studies. His research interests ranged over Old Testament studies, Semitic languages and Arabic, Persian and Syriac literature. Nöldeke translated several important works of oriental literature and during his lifetime was considered an important orientalist. He wrote numerous studies (including on the Qur’ān) and contributed articles to the Encyclopædia Britannica.[1]

Theodor Nöldeke
Nöldeke, before 1907
Born2 March 1836
Hamburg, Free City of Hamburg, German Confederation
Died25 December 1930 (aged 94)
Karlsruhe, Baden-Württemberg, Weimar Germany
OccupationGerman Orientalist
Notable worksGeschichte Qorâns, Das Leben Mohammeds
Nöldeke's handwriting on a postcard, 1905

Among the projects Nöldeke collaborated on was Michael Jan de Goeje’s published edition of al-Tabari's Tarikh ("Universal History"), for which he translated the Sassanid-era section. This translation remains of great value, particularly for the extensive supplementary commentary. His numerous students included Charles Cutler Torrey, Louis Ginzberg and Friedrich Zacharias Schwally. He entrusted Schwally with the continuation of his standard work "The History of the Qur’ān".

Biography edit

Nöldeke was born in Harburg, (Hamburg today). In 1853 he graduated from the Gymnasium Georgianum Lingen, Emsland, and went on to study at the University of Göttingen under Heinrich Ewald, and later at the University of Vienna, the University of Leiden and the Humboldt University of Berlin.

In 1864 he became a professor at the University of Kiel and from 1872 at the University of Strasbourg until he retired aged 70.

Nöldeke had ten children, six of whom predeceased him. His son Arnold Nöldeke became a judge and was a Hamburg senator during the Weimar period.

He died in Karlsruhe in 1930.

Research edit

Geschichte des Qorâns edit

The Geschichte, a primarily philological work written in German, emerged out of his dissertation he began during his university studies, which was completed in 1856 and titled De origine et compositione surarum qoranicarum ipsiusque Qorani.[2] Compared to earlier works studying the Quran by Western writers, Nöldeke uncoupled the study of the text from inquiries into the life of Muhammad and, unlike predecessors of his such as William Muir, did not have a missionary zeal. Instead, Nöldeke studied the Quran for its own sake. One of the most important aspects of Nöldeke's argument was his periodisation of the Quranic surahs into a tripartite Meccan phase followed by a Medinan phase (an idea already conceived by his predecessor, Gustav Weil). In this, Nöldeke, though he did not follow the traditional chronological division of surahs exactly, did follow it in some detail. At the same time, Nöldeke also considered his division to be malleable and tentative to a degree as opposed to absolute and deciding.[3][4]

Though Nöldeke's work has been followed closely by some and rejected by others,[5] it has been so influential that at least one scholar has referred to his work as "the rock of our church".[6] In 2013, a complete translation of the volume into English was published.[7]

Chronology edit

The Nöldeke Chronology is a "canonical ordering" of the 114 surahs of the Qur'an according to the sequence of revelation. Intended to aid theological, literary, and historical scholarship of Qur'anic exegesis by enhancing structural coherence.[8] The Nöldeke Chronology has been adopted for general guidance by some schools of current scholarship.[9] Nöldeke considered the surahs from the perspective of content and stylistic development and linguistic origination to rearrange them in historical sequence of revelation. According to his system Sura 21: “The Prophets,” – 21st of 114 surahs in the Qur'an – is renumbered '65'. His chronology further divided the surahs into two periods: The Meccan (in three phases), and the Medina.

The Nöldeke Chronology of the Qur'an: Four groups of the 114 Surahs:

Mandaeism edit

In 1875, near the very beginning of the academic study of the religion of Mandaeism, Nöldeke published the Mandäische grammatik,[10] a monumental work of Mandaean grammar that was of such philological depth that it remains the standard work on the subject to this day. It was also the basis of the subsequent Mandadic Dictionary by E. S. Drower.[11]

Alexander the Great edit

In 1890, Nöldeke initiated the study of Alexander legends in the Arabic tradition with the publication of his Beiträge zur geschichte des Alexanderromans.[12]

Distinctions edit

Selected works edit

  • Encyclopædia Britannica, several early essays and article on the Qur'an, with others, republished in the journal Oriental Sketches.
  • Geschichte des Qorâns (1860; Leipzig, Dieterich, 2nd rev. ed., 1909–38, pt. 1, pt.2, ; English translation by Wolfgang H. Behn: The History of the Qurʾān, Leiden: Brill 2013)
  • Das Leben Mohammeds ("Life of Muḥammad", German text; Hanover, Rümpler, 1863)
  • Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Poesie der alten Araber. (Hanover, Carl Rümpler, 1864)
  • Die alttestamentliche Literatur (1868)
  • Untersuchungen zur Kritik des Alten Testaments (1869)
  • Nöldeke, Theodor (1871). "Ασσύριος Σύριος Σύρος". Hermes. 5 (3): 443–468. JSTOR 4471183.
  • Nöldeke, Theodor (1871). "Die Namen der aramäischen Nation und Sprache". Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft. 25 (1–2): 113–131. JSTOR 43366019.
  • Histoire Littéraire de L'ancien Testament; French (Paris, Sandoz et Fischbacher, 1873)
  • Geschichte der Perser und Araber zur Zeit der Sasaniden. Aus der arabischen Chronik des Tabari übersetzt (1879)
  • Nöldeke, Theodor (1880). Kurzgefasste syrische Grammatik (1st German ed.). Leipzig: Weigel.
    • Nöldeke, Theodor (1898) [1880]. Kurzgefasste syrische Grammatik (2nd German ed.). Leipzig: Tauchnitz.
      • Nöldeke, Theodor (1904). Compendious Syriac Grammar (1st English ed.). London: Williams & Norgate.
  • Nöldeke, Theodor (1883). "Untersuchungen zur semitischen Grammatik". Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft. 37 (4): 525–540. JSTOR 43361632.
  • Nöldeke, Theodor (1886). "Semitic Languages". The Encyclopaedia Britannica. Vol. 21 (9th ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 641–656.
  • Review of Julius Wellhausen's Reste Arabischen Heidentums (1887) in ZDMG, Vol. 41 (1887), pp. 707–26.
  • Aufsätze zur persischen Geschichte (Leipzig, 1887); articles on Persia.
  • Beiträge zur geschichte des Alexanderromans (1890)
  • Sketches from Eastern History (London & Edinburgh, Adam And Charles Black, 1892)
  • A Servile War in the East [The Zanj Slave Uprising in 9th Century Mesopotamia] (English transl., John Sutherland Black; appeared as Chap. 5 in Sketches from Eastern History; 1892)
  • Nöldeke, Theodor (1893). "Bemerkungen zu den aramäischen Inschriften von Sendschirli". Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft. 47 (1): 96–105. JSTOR 43362292.
  • Das Iranische Nationalepos (Strassburg: Trübner, 1896).
  • Zur Grammatik des klassischen Arabisch (1896)
  • Fünf Mo'allaqat, übersetzt und erklärt (1899–1901)
  • Articles in the Encyclopaedia Biblica (1903)
  • Beiträge zur semitischen Sprachwissenschaft (1904)
  • Kalila wa Dimna (Strassburg, Trübner, 1912)
  • Israel und die Völker nach jüdischer Lehre co-authored by August Wünsche; ed., Joseph S Bloch; (Berlin, Wien, 1922)

He contributed frequently to the Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, the Göttingische gelehrte Anzeigen and the Expositor.

References edit

Citations edit

  1. ^ Arjomand, Said Amir. (2022). Messianism and sociopolitical revolution in medieval Islam. Oakland, California: University of California Press. p. 16. ISBN 9780520387591. Google Books website Retrieved 21 December 2023.
  2. ^ Nöldeke, Theodor (1856). De origine et compositione surarum Qoranicarum ipsiusque Qorani (in Latin). Officina academica Dieterichiana.
  3. ^ Stefanidis, Emmanuelle; ‮ستفانيدس‬, ‮إيمانيويل‬ (2008). "The Qur'an Made Linear: A Study of the Geschichte des Qorâns' Chronological Reordering / ‮دراسة لإعادة الترتيب التاريخي لنزول القرآن في کتاب نولدکة "تاريخ القرآن"". Journal of Qur'anic Studies. 10 (2): 1–22. ISSN 1465-3591. JSTOR 25728286.
  4. ^ Reynolds, Gabriel Said (2011-01-01). "Le problème de la chronologie du Coran1". Arabica. 58 (6): 477–502. doi:10.1163/157005811X587903. ISSN 1570-0585.
  5. ^ Shoemaker, Stephen (2022). "Method and Theory in the Study of Early Islam". In Dye, Guillaume (ed.). Early Islam: the sectarian milieu of late antiquity?. Problèmes d'histoire des religions. Brussels: Éditions de l'Université de Bruxelles. ISBN 978-2-8004-1815-5.
  6. ^ Higgins, Andrew. "The Lost Archive". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2024-03-21.
  7. ^ Nöldeke, Theodor; Schwally, Friedrich; Bergsträsser, Gotthelf; Pretzl, O.; Behn, Wolfgang (2013). The history of the Qur'an. Texts and studies on the Qur'an. Leiden ; Boston: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-21234-3.
  8. ^ Ernst 2011, p. 43.
  9. ^ Böwering 2008, p. 73.
  10. ^ Nöldeke, Theodor; Nöldeke, Theodor (2005). Mandaean grammar / Mandäische Grammatik. Ancient language resources (Repr. ed.). Eugene, Or: Wipf & Stock. ISBN 978-1-59752-238-0.
  11. ^ Meeks, Wayne (2017). The Prophet-King: Moses Traditions and the Johannine Christology. Wipf & Stock Publishers. pp. 258–259.
  12. ^ Doufikar-Aerts 2010, p. 3.
  13. ^ "Th. Nöldeke (1836–1930)". Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 13 July 2020.
  14. ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 2024-01-17.

Sources edit

  • Böwering, Gerhard (2008). "Recent research on the construction of the Qur'ān". In Reynolds, Gabriel Said (ed.). The Qur'ān in Its Historical Context. Routledge. pp. 70–87. ISBN 978-0-203-93960-4.
  • Doufikar-Aerts, Faustina Clara Wilhelmina (2010). Alexander Magnus Arabicus: A Survey of the Alexander Tradition Through Seven Centuries : from Pseudo-Callisthenes to Ṣūrī. Mediaevalia Groningana (new series) vol. 13. Peeters. ISBN 978-90-429-2183-2.
  • Ernst, Carl W. (2011). How to Read the Qur'an: A New Guide, with Select Translations. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-6907-9.
  •   This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Nöldeke, Theodor". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Theodor Nöldeke.
 
Wikiquote has quotations related to Theodor Nöldeke.
 
Wikisource has original works by or about:
Theodor Nöldeke
  • Works by Theodor Nöldeke at Project Gutenberg
  • Works by Theodor Nöldeke at Faded Page (Canada)
  • Marco Frenschkowski (1993). "Nöldeke, Theodor". In Bautz, Traugott (ed.). Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) (in German). Vol. 6. Herzberg: Bautz. cols. 979–983. ISBN 3-88309-044-1.
  • History of Sasanian's State
  • Newspaper clippings about Theodor Nöldeke in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW

January 01, 1970
theodor, nöldeke, german, ˈteːodoːɐ, ˈnœldəkə, born, march, 1836, december, 1930, german, orientalist, scholar, originally, student, heinrich, ewald, founders, field, quranic, studies, research, interests, ranged, over, testament, studies, semitic, languages, . Theodor Noldeke German ˈteːodoːɐ ˈnœldeke born 2 March 1836 25 December 1930 was a German orientalist and scholar originally a student of Heinrich Ewald He is one of the founders of the field of Quranic studies His research interests ranged over Old Testament studies Semitic languages and Arabic Persian and Syriac literature Noldeke translated several important works of oriental literature and during his lifetime was considered an important orientalist He wrote numerous studies including on the Qur an and contributed articles to the Encyclopaedia Britannica 1 Theodor NoldekeNoldeke before 1907Born2 March 1836Hamburg Free City of Hamburg German ConfederationDied25 December 1930 aged 94 Karlsruhe Baden Wurttemberg Weimar GermanyOccupationGerman OrientalistNotable worksGeschichte Qorans Das Leben Mohammeds Noldeke s handwriting on a postcard 1905 Among the projects Noldeke collaborated on was Michael Jan de Goeje s published edition of al Tabari s Tarikh Universal History for which he translated the Sassanid era section This translation remains of great value particularly for the extensive supplementary commentary His numerous students included Charles Cutler Torrey Louis Ginzberg and Friedrich Zacharias Schwally He entrusted Schwally with the continuation of his standard work The History of the Qur an Contents 1 Biography 2 Research 2 1 Geschichte des Qorans 2 2 Chronology 2 3 Mandaeism 2 4 Alexander the Great 3 Distinctions 4 Selected works 5 References 5 1 Citations 5 2 Sources 6 External linksBiography editNoldeke was born in Harburg Hamburg today In 1853 he graduated from the Gymnasium Georgianum Lingen Emsland and went on to study at the University of Gottingen under Heinrich Ewald and later at the University of Vienna the University of Leiden and the Humboldt University of Berlin In 1864 he became a professor at the University of Kiel and from 1872 at the University of Strasbourg until he retired aged 70 Noldeke had ten children six of whom predeceased him His son Arnold Noldeke became a judge and was a Hamburg senator during the Weimar period He died in Karlsruhe in 1930 Research editGeschichte des Qorans edit The Geschichte a primarily philological work written in German emerged out of his dissertation he began during his university studies which was completed in 1856 and titled De origine et compositione surarum qoranicarum ipsiusque Qorani 2 Compared to earlier works studying the Quran by Western writers Noldeke uncoupled the study of the text from inquiries into the life of Muhammad and unlike predecessors of his such as William Muir did not have a missionary zeal Instead Noldeke studied the Quran for its own sake One of the most important aspects of Noldeke s argument was his periodisation of the Quranic surahs into a tripartite Meccan phase followed by a Medinan phase an idea already conceived by his predecessor Gustav Weil In this Noldeke though he did not follow the traditional chronological division of surahs exactly did follow it in some detail At the same time Noldeke also considered his division to be malleable and tentative to a degree as opposed to absolute and deciding 3 4 Though Noldeke s work has been followed closely by some and rejected by others 5 it has been so influential that at least one scholar has referred to his work as the rock of our church 6 In 2013 a complete translation of the volume into English was published 7 Chronology edit The Noldeke Chronology is a canonical ordering of the 114 surahs of the Qur an according to the sequence of revelation Intended to aid theological literary and historical scholarship of Qur anic exegesis by enhancing structural coherence 8 The Noldeke Chronology has been adopted for general guidance by some schools of current scholarship 9 Noldeke considered the surahs from the perspective of content and stylistic development and linguistic origination to rearrange them in historical sequence of revelation According to his system Sura 21 The Prophets 21st of 114 surahs in the Qur an is renumbered 65 His chronology further divided the surahs into two periods The Meccan in three phases and the Medina The Noldeke Chronology of the Qur an Four groups of the 114 Surahs Group 1 First Meccan Period 48 Surahs Surahs 96 74 111 106 108 104 107 102 105 92 90 94 93 97 86 91 80 68 87 95 103 85 73 101 99 82 81 53 84 100 79 77 78 88 89 75 83 69 51 52 56 70 55 112 109 113 114 1 Group 2 Second Meccan Period 21 Surahs 54 37 71 76 44 50 20 26 15 19 38 36 43 72 67 23 21 25 17 27 18 Group 3 Third Meccan Period 21 Surahs 32 41 45 16 30 11 14 12 40 28 39 29 31 42 10 34 35 7 46 6 13 Group 4 Medinan Period 24 Surahs 2 98 64 62 8 47 3 61 57 4 65 59 33 63 24 58 22 48 66 60 110 49 9 5 Mandaeism edit In 1875 near the very beginning of the academic study of the religion of Mandaeism Noldeke published the Mandaische grammatik 10 a monumental work of Mandaean grammar that was of such philological depth that it remains the standard work on the subject to this day It was also the basis of the subsequent Mandadic Dictionary by E S Drower 11 Alexander the Great edit In 1890 Noldeke initiated the study of Alexander legends in the Arabic tradition with the publication of his Beitrage zur geschichte des Alexanderromans 12 Distinctions edit1859 won the French Academie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres prize for his Histoire du Coran and Semitic languages and the history and civilization of Islam 1860 Geschichte des Qorans German edition published with additions at Gottingen 1861 lectures at the university of Gottingen 1864 extraordinary professor at the university of Gottingen 1868 ordinary professor at Kiel Grammatik der neusyrischen Sprache published 1872 chair of Oriental Languages at Strassburg resigns in 1906 1874 Mandaische Grammatik published 1878 Foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences 13 1879 external member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences 1881 1882 translates Tabari Arabic German 1888 member of the Order Pour le Merite for Sciences and Arts 1892 awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Edinburgh 1893 appointed external member of the Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei in Rome 1906 International Member of the American Philosophical Society 14 1920 associate member of the Heidelberg Academy of Sciences 1926 awarded honorary membership of the Russian Academy of Sciences he had been a corresponding member since 1885 Honorary citizen of the city of Harburg now part of Hamburg Selected works editEncyclopaedia Britannica several early essays and article on the Qur an with others republished in the journal Oriental Sketches Geschichte des Qorans 1860 Leipzig Dieterich 2nd rev ed 1909 38 pt 1 pt 2 English translation by Wolfgang H Behn The History of the Qurʾan Leiden Brill 2013 Das Leben Mohammeds Life of Muḥammad German text Hanover Rumpler 1863 Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Poesie der alten Araber Hanover Carl Rumpler 1864 Die alttestamentliche Literatur 1868 Untersuchungen zur Kritik des Alten Testaments 1869 Noldeke Theodor 1871 Assyrios Syrios Syros Hermes 5 3 443 468 JSTOR 4471183 Noldeke Theodor 1871 Die Namen der aramaischen Nation und Sprache Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenlandischen Gesellschaft 25 1 2 113 131 JSTOR 43366019 Histoire Litteraire de L ancien Testament French Paris Sandoz et Fischbacher 1873 Geschichte der Perser und Araber zur Zeit der Sasaniden Aus der arabischen Chronik des Tabari ubersetzt 1879 Noldeke Theodor 1880 Kurzgefasste syrische Grammatik 1st German ed Leipzig Weigel Noldeke Theodor 1898 1880 Kurzgefasste syrische Grammatik 2nd German ed Leipzig Tauchnitz Noldeke Theodor 1904 Compendious Syriac Grammar 1st English ed London Williams amp Norgate Noldeke Theodor 1883 Untersuchungen zur semitischen Grammatik Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenlandischen Gesellschaft 37 4 525 540 JSTOR 43361632 Noldeke Theodor 1886 Semitic Languages The Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 21 9th ed New York Charles Scribner s Sons pp 641 656 Review of Julius Wellhausen s Reste Arabischen Heidentums 1887 in ZDMG Vol 41 1887 pp 707 26 Aufsatze zur persischen Geschichte Leipzig 1887 articles on Persia Beitrage zur geschichte des Alexanderromans 1890 Sketches from Eastern History London amp Edinburgh Adam And Charles Black 1892 A Servile War in the East The Zanj Slave Uprising in 9th Century Mesopotamia English transl John Sutherland Black appeared as Chap 5 in Sketches from Eastern History 1892 Noldeke Theodor 1893 Bemerkungen zu den aramaischen Inschriften von Sendschirli Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenlandischen Gesellschaft 47 1 96 105 JSTOR 43362292 Das Iranische Nationalepos Strassburg Trubner 1896 Zur Grammatik des klassischen Arabisch 1896 Funf Mo allaqat ubersetzt und erklart 1899 1901 Articles in the Encyclopaedia Biblica 1903 Beitrage zur semitischen Sprachwissenschaft 1904 Kalila wa Dimna Strassburg Trubner 1912 Israel und die Volker nach judischer Lehre co authored by August Wunsche ed Joseph S Bloch Berlin Wien 1922 He contributed frequently to the Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenlandischen Gesellschaft the Gottingische gelehrte Anzeigen and the Expositor References editCitations edit Arjomand Said Amir 2022 Messianism and sociopolitical revolution in medieval Islam Oakland California University of California Press p 16 ISBN 9780520387591 Google Books website Retrieved 21 December 2023 Noldeke Theodor 1856 De origine et compositione surarum Qoranicarum ipsiusque Qorani in Latin Officina academica Dieterichiana Stefanidis Emmanuelle ستفانيدس إيمانيويل 2008 The Qur an Made Linear A Study of the Geschichte des Qorans Chronological Reordering دراسة لإعادة الترتيب التاريخي لنزول القرآن في کتاب نولدکة تاريخ القرآن Journal of Qur anic Studies 10 2 1 22 ISSN 1465 3591 JSTOR 25728286 Reynolds Gabriel Said 2011 01 01 Le probleme de la chronologie du Coran1 Arabica 58 6 477 502 doi 10 1163 157005811X587903 ISSN 1570 0585 Shoemaker Stephen 2022 Method and Theory in the Study of Early Islam In Dye Guillaume ed Early Islam the sectarian milieu of late antiquity Problemes d histoire des religions Brussels Editions de l Universite de Bruxelles ISBN 978 2 8004 1815 5 Higgins Andrew The Lost Archive Wall Street Journal Retrieved 2024 03 21 Noldeke Theodor Schwally Friedrich Bergstrasser Gotthelf Pretzl O Behn Wolfgang 2013 The history of the Qur an Texts and studies on the Qur an Leiden Boston Brill ISBN 978 90 04 21234 3 Ernst 2011 p 43 Bowering 2008 p 73 Noldeke Theodor Noldeke Theodor 2005 Mandaean grammar Mandaische Grammatik Ancient language resources Repr ed Eugene Or Wipf amp Stock ISBN 978 1 59752 238 0 Meeks Wayne 2017 The Prophet King Moses Traditions and the Johannine Christology Wipf amp Stock Publishers pp 258 259 Doufikar Aerts 2010 p 3 Th Noldeke 1836 1930 Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences Retrieved 13 July 2020 APS Member History search amphilsoc org Retrieved 2024 01 17 Sources edit Bowering Gerhard 2008 Recent research on the construction of the Qur an In Reynolds Gabriel Said ed The Qur an in Its Historical Context Routledge pp 70 87 ISBN 978 0 203 93960 4 Doufikar Aerts Faustina Clara Wilhelmina 2010 Alexander Magnus Arabicus A Survey of the Alexander Tradition Through Seven Centuries from Pseudo Callisthenes to Ṣuri Mediaevalia Groningana new series vol 13 Peeters ISBN 978 90 429 2183 2 Ernst Carl W 2011 How to Read the Qur an A New Guide with Select Translations Chapel Hill University of North Carolina Press ISBN 978 0 8078 6907 9 nbsp This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Noldeke Theodor Encyclopaedia Britannica 11th ed Cambridge University Press External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Theodor Noldeke nbsp Wikiquote has quotations related to Theodor Noldeke nbsp Wikisource has original works by or about Theodor Noldeke Works by Theodor Noldeke at Project Gutenberg Works by Theodor Noldeke at Faded Page Canada Marco Frenschkowski 1993 Noldeke Theodor In Bautz Traugott ed Biographisch Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon BBKL in German Vol 6 Herzberg Bautz cols 979 983 ISBN 3 88309 044 1 History of Sasanian s State Newspaper clippings about Theodor Noldeke in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Theodor Noldeke amp oldid 1220997940 Noldeke Chronology, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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