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Wikipedia

Inositol

January 01, 1970

Inositol, primarily the isomer myo-inositol, is a carbocyclic sugar that is abundant in the brain and other mammalian tissues; it mediates cell signal transduction in response to a variety of hormones, neurotransmitters, and growth factors and participates in osmoregulation.[3] Concerning regulation of osmosis, in most mammalian cells the intracellular concentrations of myo-inositol are 5 to 500 times greater than the extracellular concentrations.[4]

myo-Inositol[1]
Names
IUPAC name
myo-Inositol
Systematic IUPAC name
(1R,2S,3r,4R,5S,6s)-Cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol
Other names
cis-1,2,3,5-trans-4,6-Cyclohexanehexol
Cyclohexanehexol
Mouse antialopecia factor
Nucite
Phaseomannite
Phaseomannitol
Rat antispectacled eye factor
Scyllite (for the isomer scyllo-inositol)
Vitamin B8
Identifiers
  • 87-89-8 Y
3D model (JSmol)
  • Interactive image
ChEBI
  • CHEBI:17268 Y
ChEMBL
  • ChEMBL1222251 Y
ChemSpider
  • 10239179 Y
ECHA InfoCard 100.027.295
  • 4495
KEGG
  • D08079 Y
  • 892
UNII
  • 4L6452S749 Y
  • DTXSID30110000
  • InChI=1S/C6H12O6/c7-1-2(8)4(10)6(12)5(11)3(1)9/h1-12H/t1-,2-,3-,4+,5-,6- Y
    Key: CDAISMWEOUEBRE-GPIVLXJGSA-N Y
  • InChI=1/C6H12O6/c7-1-2(8)4(10)6(12)5(11)3(1)9/h1-12H/t1-,2-,3-,4+,5-,6-
    Key: CDAISMWEOUEBRE-GPIVLXJGBG
  • O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O
Properties
C6H12O6
Molar mass 180.16 g/mol
Density 1.752 g/cm3
Melting point 225 to 227 °C (437 to 441 °F; 498 to 500 K)
Thermochemistry[2]
−1329.3 kJ/mol
−2747 kJ/mol
Pharmacology
A11HA07 (WHO)
Hazards
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
Health 1: Exposure would cause irritation but only minor residual injury. E.g. turpentineFlammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. waterInstability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogenSpecial hazards (white): no code
1
0
0
Flash point 143 °C (289 °F; 416 K)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
Y verify (what is YN ?)

It is a sugar alcohol with half the sweetness of sucrose (table sugar). Inositol was once considered to be a B8 vitamin[5] before the discovery that it is made naturally in the human body from glucose, and therefore cannot be a vitamin. A human kidney makes about two grams per day. Other tissues synthesize it too, and the highest concentration is in the brain, where it plays an important role in making other neurotransmitters and some steroid hormones bind to their receptors.[6]

Inositol is promoted as a dietary supplement in the management of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). However, there is only evidence of very low quality for its efficacy in increasing fertility for IVF in women with PCOS.[7]

Overview edit

myo-Inositol plays an important role as the structural basis for a number of secondary messengers in eukaryotic cells, the various inositol phosphates. In addition, inositol serves as an important component of the structural lipids phosphatidylinositol (PI) and its various phosphates, the phosphatidylinositol phosphate (PIP) lipids.

Inositol or its phosphates and associated lipids are found in many foods, in particular fruit, especially cantaloupe and oranges.[8] In plants, the hexaphosphate of inositol, phytic acid or its salts, the phytates, serve as phosphate stores in seed, for example in nuts and beans.[9] Phytic acid also occurs in cereals with high bran content. Phytate is, however, not directly bioavailable to humans in the diet, since it is not digestible. Some food preparation techniques partly break down phytates to change this. However, inositol in the form of glycerophospholipids, as found in certain plant-derived substances such as lecithins, is well absorbed and relatively bioavailable.

myo-Inositol (free of phosphate) was once considered a member of the vitamin B complex, called vitamin B8 in this context. However, because it is produced by the human body from glucose, it is not an essential nutrient.[10]

Isomers and structure edit

myo-Inositol is the biologically important form of cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol. It is a meso compound, meaning it is optically inactive because it has a plane of symmetry. It was formerly called meso-inositol, but because there are other meso isomers, myo-inositol is now the preferred name. Besides myo-inositol, the other naturally occurring stereoisomers are scyllo-, muco-, D-chiro-, L-chiro-, and neo-inositol, although they occur in minimal quantities in nature. The other possible isomers are allo-, epi-, and cis-inositol. As their names denote, L- and D-chiro inositol are the only pair of enantiomers (mirror-image forms). All the others are meso compounds.[11]

       
myo- scyllo- muco- chiro-
     
 
neo- allo- epi- cis-

In its most stable conformation, the myo-inositol isomer assumes the chair conformation, which moves the maximum number of hydroxyls to the equatorial position, where they are farthest apart from each other. In this conformation, the natural myo isomer has a structure in which five of the six hydroxyls (the first, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth) are equatorial, whereas the second hydroxyl group is axial.[12]

Biosynthesis edit

In humans, myo-Inositol is synthesized de novo but D-chiro-inositol is not.[4] myo-Inositol is synthesized from glucose 6-phosphate (G6P) in two steps. First, G6P is isomerised by an inositol-3-phosphate synthase enzyme (for example, ISYNA1) to myo-inositol 1-phosphate, which is then dephosphorylated by an inositol monophosphatase enzyme (for example, IMPA1) to give free myo-inositol. In humans, most inositol is synthesized in the kidneys, followed by testicles, typically in amounts of a few grams per day.[3]

At the peripheral level, myo-inositol is converted to D-chiro-inositol by a specific epimerase. Only a minor fraction of myo-inositol is converted into D-chiro-inositol.[4] The activity of this epimerase is insulin dependent, causing a reduction of D-chiro-inositol in muscle, fat, and liver when there is insulin resistance.[13][4] D-chiro-inositol reduces the conversion of testosterone to estrogen, thereby increases the levels of testosterone and worsening PCOS.[4]

Phytic acid in plants edit

 
Inositolhexaphosphate, or phytic acid

Inositol hexaphosphate, also called phytic acid or IP6, is a phytochemical and the principal storage form of phosphorus in many plant tissues, especially bran and seed.[14] Phosphorus and inositol in phytate form are not generally bioavailable to non-ruminant animals because these animals lack the digestive enzyme phytase required to remove the phosphate groups. Ruminants are readily able to digest phytate because of the phytase produced by microorganisms in the rumen.[15] Moreover, phytic acid also chelates important minerals such as calcium, magnesium, iron, and zinc, making them unabsorbable, and contributing to mineral deficiencies in people whose diets rely highly on bran and seeds for their mineral intake, such as occurs in developing countries.[16][17]

Inositol penta- (IP5), tetra- (IP4), and triphosphate (IP3) are also called "phytates".

Biological function edit

Inositol, phosphatidylinositol and some of their mono- and polyphosphates function as secondary messengers in a number of intracellular signal transduction pathways. They are involved in a number of biological processes, including:

In one important family of pathways, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) is stored in cellular membranes until it is released by any of a number of signalling proteins and transformed into various secondary messengers, for example diacylglycerol and inositol triphosphate.[24]

Industrial uses edit

Explosives industry edit

At the 1936 meeting of the American Chemical Society, professor Edward Bartow of the University of Iowa presented a commercially viable means of extracting large amounts of inositol from the phytic acid naturally present in waste corn. As a possible use for the chemical, he suggested 'inositol nitrate' as a more stable alternative to nitroglycerin.[25] Today, inositol nitrate is used to gelatinize nitrocellulose in many modern explosives and solid rocket propellants.[26]

Road salt edit

When plants are exposed to increasing concentrations of road salt, the plant cells become dysfunctional and undergo apoptosis, leading to inhibited growth. Inositol pretreatment could reverse these effects.[27]

Research and clinical applications edit

Psychiatry edit

Depression edit

Large doses of inositol have been studied for treatment of depression, but further study is needed to determine whether this is an effective treatment.[28]

Panic disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder edit

Inositol has been found to have modest to moderate effects in patients with panic disorder or obsessive-compulsive disorder.[29][30]

Trichotillomania edit

High doses of inositol are sometimes used to treat trichotillomania (compulsive hair-pulling) and related disorders,[31] but a small (N=38) double-blinded placebo-controlled trial did not find a statistically significant improvement with inositol.[32]

Other illnesses edit

D-chiro-inositol is an important messenger molecule in insulin signaling.[33] Inositol supplementation has been shown to significantly decrease triglycerides and LDL cholesterol in patients with metabolic diseases.[33]

myo-Inositol is important for thyroid hormone synthesis.[34] Depletion of myo-inositol may predispose to development of hypothyroidism.[34] Patients with hypothyroidism have a higher demand for myo-inositol than healthy subjects.[34]

Inositol should not be routinely implemented for the management of preterm babies who have or are at a risk of infant respiratory distress syndrome (RDS).[35] Myo-inositol helps prevent neural tube defects with particular efficacy in combination with folic acid.[36]

Inositol is considered a safe and effective treatment for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).[37] It works by increasing insulin sensitivity, which helps to improve ovarian function and reduce hyperandrogenism.[38] It is also shown to reduce the risk of metabolic disease in women with PCOS.[39] In addition, thanks to its role as FSH second messenger, myo-inositol is effective in restoring FSH/LH ratio and menstrual cycle regularization.[40] myo-Inositol's role as FSH second messenger leads to a correct ovarian follicle maturation and consequently to a higher oocyte quality. Improving the oocyte quality in both women with or without PCOS, myo-inositol can be considered as a possible approach for increasing the chance of success in assisted reproductive technologies.[41][42] In contrast, D-chiro-inositol can impair oocyte quality in a dose-dependent manner.[43] The high level of DCI seems to be related to elevated insulin levels retrieved in about 70% of PCOS women.[44] In this regard, insulin stimulates the irreversible conversion of myo-inositol to D-chiro-inositol causing a drastic reduction of myo-inositol. myo-Inositol depletion is particularly damaging to ovarian follicles because it is involved in FSH signaling, which is impaired due to myo-inositol depletion.[13] Recent evidence reports a faster improvement of the metabolic and hormonal parameters when these two isomers are administered in their physiological ratio. The plasmatic ratio of myo-inositol and D-chiro-inositol in healthy subjects is 40:1 of myo- and D-chiro-inositol respectively.[45] The use of the 40:1 ratio shows the same efficacy of myo-inositol alone but in a shorter time. In addition, the physiological ratio does not impair oocyte quality.[46]

The use of inositols in PCOS is gaining more importance, and an efficacy higher than 70% with a strong safety profile is reported. On the other hand, about 30% of patients could show as inositol-resistant.[47] New evidence regarding PCOS aetiopathogenesis describes an alteration in the species and the quantity of each strain characterizing the normal gastrointestinal flora. This alteration could lead to chronic, low-level inflammation and malabsorption.[48] A possible solution could be represented by the combination of myo-inositol and α-lactalbumin. This combination shows a synergic effect in increasing myo-inositol absorption.[49] A recent study reported that the myo-inositol and α-lactalbumin combination is able to increase myo-inositol plasmatic content in inositol-resistant patients with a relative improvement of hormonal and metabolic parameters.[50]

Despite its antinutrient effect, phytic acid has potential uses in endodontics, adhesive, preventive, and regenerative dentistry, and in improving the characteristics and performance of dental materials.[51]

Use as a cutting agent edit

Inositol has been used as an adulterant or cutting agent for many illegal drugs, such as cocaine, methamphetamine, and sometimes heroin,[52] probably because of its solubility, powdery texture, or reduced sweetness (50%) compared to more common sugars.

Inositol is also used as a stand-in film prop for cocaine in filmmaking.[53][54]

Nutritional sources edit

myo-Inositol is naturally present in a variety of foods, although tables of food composition do not always distinguish between lecithin, the relatively bioavailable lipid form and the biounavailable phytate/phosphate form.[8] Foods containing the highest concentrations of myo-inositol and its compounds include fruits, beans, grains, and nuts.[8] Fruits in particular, especially oranges and cantaloupe, contain the highest amounts of myo-inositol.[55] It is also present in beans, nuts, and grains, however, these contain large amounts of myo-inositol in the phytate form, which is not bioavailable without transformation by phytase enzymes. Bacillus subtilis, the microorganism which produces the fermented food natto, produces phytase enzymes that may convert phytic acid to a more bioavailable form of inositol polyphosphate in the gut.[56] Additionally, Bacteroides species in the gut secrete vesicles containing an active enzyme which converts the phytate molecule into bioavailable phosphorus and inositol polyphosphate, which is an important signaling molecule in the human body.[57]

myo-Inositol can also be found as an ingredient in energy drinks,[58] either in conjunction with or as a substitute for glucose.[59]

In humans, myo-inositol is naturally made from glucose-6-phosphate through enzymatic dephosphorylation.[55]

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  50. ^ Oliva, M. M.; et al. (2018). "Effects of myo-inositol plus alpha-lactalbumin in myo-inositol-resistant PCOS women". Journal of Ovarian Research. 11 (1): 38. doi:10.1186/s13048-018-0411-2. PMC 5944130. PMID 29747700.
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  53. ^ Golianopoulos, T. (2012-05-12). "Drug doubles: What actors actually toke, smoke and snort on camera". Wired. from the original on 2012-05-14. Retrieved 2012-05-14.
  54. ^ How Fake Drugs Are Made For Movies | Movies Insider, retrieved 2022-09-26
  55. ^ a b Awuchi, Chinaza (2017). "Sugar Alcohols: Chemistry, Production, Health Concerns and Nutritional Importance of Mannitol, Sorbitol, Xylitol, and Erythritol". International Journal of Advanced Academic Research. 5 (11): 1954–1967.
  56. ^ Borgi MA, Boudebbouze S, Mkaouar H, Maguin E, Rhimi M (2015). "Bacillus phytases: Current status and future prospects". Bioengineered. 5 (4): 233–236. doi:10.1080/21655979.2015.1048050. PMC 4601277. PMID 25946551.
  57. ^ Stentz R, Osborne S, Horn N, Li AW, Hautefort I, Bongaerts R, Rouyer M, Bailey P, Shears SB, Hemmings AM, Brearley CA, Carding SR (27 February 2014). "A Bacterial Homolog of a Eukaryotic Inositol Phosphate Signaling Enzyme Mediates Cross-kingdom Dialog in the Mammalian Gut". Cell Reports. 6 (4): 646–656. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2014.01.021. PMC 3969271. PMID 24529702.
  58. ^ Ehlers, Anke; Marakis, Georgios; Lampen, Alfonso; Hirsch-Ernst, Karen Ildico (2019-08-01). "Risk assessment of energy drinks with focus on cardiovascular parameters and energy drink consumption in Europe". Food and Chemical Toxicology. 130: 109–121. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2019.05.028. ISSN 0278-6915. PMID 31112702.
  59. ^ DiSalvo, David. "We Know About Caffeine in Energy Drinks Like Monster, But What About the Other Ingredients?". Forbes. Retrieved 2020-12-22.

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  • Inositol MS Spectrum
  • Inositol bound to proteins in the PDB

January 01, 1970
inositol, primarily, isomer, inositol, carbocyclic, sugar, that, abundant, brain, other, mammalian, tissues, mediates, cell, signal, transduction, response, variety, hormones, neurotransmitters, growth, factors, participates, osmoregulation, concerning, regula. Inositol primarily the isomer myo inositol is a carbocyclic sugar that is abundant in the brain and other mammalian tissues it mediates cell signal transduction in response to a variety of hormones neurotransmitters and growth factors and participates in osmoregulation 3 Concerning regulation of osmosis in most mammalian cells the intracellular concentrations of myo inositol are 5 to 500 times greater than the extracellular concentrations 4 myo Inositol 1 Names IUPAC name myo Inositol Systematic IUPAC name 1R 2S 3r 4R 5S 6s Cyclohexane 1 2 3 4 5 6 hexol Other names cis 1 2 3 5 trans 4 6 CyclohexanehexolCyclohexanehexolMouse antialopecia factorNucitePhaseomannitePhaseomannitolRat antispectacled eye factorScyllite for the isomer scyllo inositol Vitamin B8 Identifiers CAS Number 87 89 8 Y 3D model JSmol Interactive image ChEBI CHEBI 17268 Y ChEMBL ChEMBL1222251 Y ChemSpider 10239179 Y ECHA InfoCard 100 027 295 IUPHAR BPS 4495 KEGG D08079 Y PubChem CID 892 UNII 4L6452S749 Y CompTox Dashboard EPA DTXSID30110000 InChI InChI 1S C6H12O6 c7 1 2 8 4 10 6 12 5 11 3 1 9 h1 12H t1 2 3 4 5 6 YKey CDAISMWEOUEBRE GPIVLXJGSA N YInChI 1 C6H12O6 c7 1 2 8 4 10 6 12 5 11 3 1 9 h1 12H t1 2 3 4 5 6 Key CDAISMWEOUEBRE GPIVLXJGBG SMILES O C H 1 C H O C H O C H O C H O C H 1O Properties Chemical formula C 6H 12O 6 Molar mass 180 16 g mol Density 1 752 g cm3 Melting point 225 to 227 C 437 to 441 F 498 to 500 K Thermochemistry 2 Std enthalpy offormation DfH 298 1329 3 kJ mol Std enthalpy ofcombustion DcH 298 2747 kJ mol Pharmacology ATC code A11HA07 WHO Hazards NFPA 704 fire diamond 100 Flash point 143 C 289 F 416 K Except where otherwise noted data are given for materials in their standard state at 25 C 77 F 100 kPa Y verify what is Y N Infobox references It is a sugar alcohol with half the sweetness of sucrose table sugar Inositol was once considered to be a B8 vitamin 5 before the discovery that it is made naturally in the human body from glucose and therefore cannot be a vitamin A human kidney makes about two grams per day Other tissues synthesize it too and the highest concentration is in the brain where it plays an important role in making other neurotransmitters and some steroid hormones bind to their receptors 6 Inositol is promoted as a dietary supplement in the management of polycystic ovary syndrome PCOS However there is only evidence of very low quality for its efficacy in increasing fertility for IVF in women with PCOS 7 Contents 1 Overview 2 Isomers and structure 3 Biosynthesis 3 1 Phytic acid in plants 4 Biological function 5 Industrial uses 5 1 Explosives industry 5 2 Road salt 6 Research and clinical applications 6 1 Psychiatry 6 1 1 Depression 6 1 2 Panic disorder and obsessive compulsive disorder 6 1 3 Trichotillomania 6 2 Other illnesses 7 Use as a cutting agent 8 Nutritional sources 9 References 10 External linksOverview editmyo Inositol plays an important role as the structural basis for a number of secondary messengers in eukaryotic cells the various inositol phosphates In addition inositol serves as an important component of the structural lipids phosphatidylinositol PI and its various phosphates the phosphatidylinositol phosphate PIP lipids Inositol or its phosphates and associated lipids are found in many foods in particular fruit especially cantaloupe and oranges 8 In plants the hexaphosphate of inositol phytic acid or its salts the phytates serve as phosphate stores in seed for example in nuts and beans 9 Phytic acid also occurs in cereals with high bran content Phytate is however not directly bioavailable to humans in the diet since it is not digestible Some food preparation techniques partly break down phytates to change this However inositol in the form of glycerophospholipids as found in certain plant derived substances such as lecithins is well absorbed and relatively bioavailable myo Inositol free of phosphate was once considered a member of the vitamin B complex called vitamin B8 in this context However because it is produced by the human body from glucose it is not an essential nutrient 10 Isomers and structure editmyo Inositol is the biologically important form of cyclohexane 1 2 3 4 5 6 hexol It is a meso compound meaning it is optically inactive because it has a plane of symmetry It was formerly called meso inositol but because there are other meso isomers myo inositol is now the preferred name Besides myo inositol the other naturally occurring stereoisomers are scyllo muco D chiro L chiro and neo inositol although they occur in minimal quantities in nature The other possible isomers are allo epi and cis inositol As their names denote L and D chiro inositol are the only pair of enantiomers mirror image forms All the others are meso compounds 11 nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp myo scyllo muco chiro nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp neo allo epi cis In its most stable conformation the myo inositol isomer assumes the chair conformation which moves the maximum number of hydroxyls to the equatorial position where they are farthest apart from each other In this conformation the natural myo isomer has a structure in which five of the six hydroxyls the first third fourth fifth and sixth are equatorial whereas the second hydroxyl group is axial 12 Biosynthesis editIn humans myo Inositol is synthesized de novo but D chiro inositol is not 4 myo Inositol is synthesized from glucose 6 phosphate G6P in two steps First G6P is isomerised by an inositol 3 phosphate synthase enzyme for example ISYNA1 to myo inositol 1 phosphate which is then dephosphorylated by an inositol monophosphatase enzyme for example IMPA1 to give free myo inositol In humans most inositol is synthesized in the kidneys followed by testicles typically in amounts of a few grams per day 3 At the peripheral level myo inositol is converted to D chiro inositol by a specific epimerase Only a minor fraction of myo inositol is converted into D chiro inositol 4 The activity of this epimerase is insulin dependent causing a reduction of D chiro inositol in muscle fat and liver when there is insulin resistance 13 4 D chiro inositol reduces the conversion of testosterone to estrogen thereby increases the levels of testosterone and worsening PCOS 4 Phytic acid in plants edit nbsp Inositolhexaphosphate or phytic acid Inositol hexaphosphate also called phytic acid or IP6 is a phytochemical and the principal storage form of phosphorus in many plant tissues especially bran and seed 14 Phosphorus and inositol in phytate form are not generally bioavailable to non ruminant animals because these animals lack the digestive enzyme phytase required to remove the phosphate groups Ruminants are readily able to digest phytate because of the phytase produced by microorganisms in the rumen 15 Moreover phytic acid also chelates important minerals such as calcium magnesium iron and zinc making them unabsorbable and contributing to mineral deficiencies in people whose diets rely highly on bran and seeds for their mineral intake such as occurs in developing countries 16 17 Inositol penta IP5 tetra IP4 and triphosphate IP3 are also called phytates Biological function editInositol phosphatidylinositol and some of their mono and polyphosphates function as secondary messengers in a number of intracellular signal transduction pathways They are involved in a number of biological processes including Insulin signal transduction 18 Cytoskeleton assembly Nerve guidance epsin Intracellular calcium Ca2 concentration control 19 Cell membrane potential maintenance 20 Breakdown of fats 21 Gene expression 22 23 In one important family of pathways phosphatidylinositol 4 5 bisphosphate PIP2 is stored in cellular membranes until it is released by any of a number of signalling proteins and transformed into various secondary messengers for example diacylglycerol and inositol triphosphate 24 Industrial uses editExplosives industry edit At the 1936 meeting of the American Chemical Society professor Edward Bartow of the University of Iowa presented a commercially viable means of extracting large amounts of inositol from the phytic acid naturally present in waste corn As a possible use for the chemical he suggested inositol nitrate as a more stable alternative to nitroglycerin 25 Today inositol nitrate is used to gelatinize nitrocellulose in many modern explosives and solid rocket propellants 26 Road salt edit When plants are exposed to increasing concentrations of road salt the plant cells become dysfunctional and undergo apoptosis leading to inhibited growth Inositol pretreatment could reverse these effects 27 Research and clinical applications editPsychiatry edit Depression edit Large doses of inositol have been studied for treatment of depression but further study is needed to determine whether this is an effective treatment 28 Panic disorder and obsessive compulsive disorder edit Inositol has been found to have modest to moderate effects in patients with panic disorder or obsessive compulsive disorder 29 30 Trichotillomania edit High doses of inositol are sometimes used to treat trichotillomania compulsive hair pulling and related disorders 31 but a small N 38 double blinded placebo controlled trial did not find a statistically significant improvement with inositol 32 Other illnesses edit D chiro inositol is an important messenger molecule in insulin signaling 33 Inositol supplementation has been shown to significantly decrease triglycerides and LDL cholesterol in patients with metabolic diseases 33 myo Inositol is important for thyroid hormone synthesis 34 Depletion of myo inositol may predispose to development of hypothyroidism 34 Patients with hypothyroidism have a higher demand for myo inositol than healthy subjects 34 Inositol should not be routinely implemented for the management of preterm babies who have or are at a risk of infant respiratory distress syndrome RDS 35 Myo inositol helps prevent neural tube defects with particular efficacy in combination with folic acid 36 Inositol is considered a safe and effective treatment for polycystic ovary syndrome PCOS 37 It works by increasing insulin sensitivity which helps to improve ovarian function and reduce hyperandrogenism 38 It is also shown to reduce the risk of metabolic disease in women with PCOS 39 In addition thanks to its role as FSH second messenger myo inositol is effective in restoring FSH LH ratio and menstrual cycle regularization 40 myo Inositol s role as FSH second messenger leads to a correct ovarian follicle maturation and consequently to a higher oocyte quality Improving the oocyte quality in both women with or without PCOS myo inositol can be considered as a possible approach for increasing the chance of success in assisted reproductive technologies 41 42 In contrast D chiro inositol can impair oocyte quality in a dose dependent manner 43 The high level of DCI seems to be related to elevated insulin levels retrieved in about 70 of PCOS women 44 In this regard insulin stimulates the irreversible conversion of myo inositol to D chiro inositol causing a drastic reduction of myo inositol myo Inositol depletion is particularly damaging to ovarian follicles because it is involved in FSH signaling which is impaired due to myo inositol depletion 13 Recent evidence reports a faster improvement of the metabolic and hormonal parameters when these two isomers are administered in their physiological ratio The plasmatic ratio of myo inositol and D chiro inositol in healthy subjects is 40 1 of myo and D chiro inositol respectively 45 The use of the 40 1 ratio shows the same efficacy of myo inositol alone but in a shorter time In addition the physiological ratio does not impair oocyte quality 46 The use of inositols in PCOS is gaining more importance and an efficacy higher than 70 with a strong safety profile is reported On the other hand about 30 of patients could show as inositol resistant 47 New evidence regarding PCOS aetiopathogenesis describes an alteration in the species and the quantity of each strain characterizing the normal gastrointestinal flora This alteration could lead to chronic low level inflammation and malabsorption 48 A possible solution could be represented by the combination of myo inositol and a lactalbumin This combination shows a synergic effect in increasing myo inositol absorption 49 A recent study reported that the myo inositol and a lactalbumin combination is able to increase myo inositol plasmatic content in inositol resistant patients with a relative improvement of hormonal and metabolic parameters 50 Despite its antinutrient effect phytic acid has potential uses in endodontics adhesive preventive and regenerative dentistry and in improving the characteristics and performance of dental materials 51 Use as a cutting agent editInositol has been used as an adulterant or cutting agent for many illegal drugs such as cocaine methamphetamine and sometimes heroin 52 probably because of its solubility powdery texture or reduced sweetness 50 compared to more common sugars Inositol is also used as a stand in film prop for cocaine in filmmaking 53 54 Nutritional sources editmyo Inositol is naturally present in a variety of foods although tables of food composition do not always distinguish between lecithin the relatively bioavailable lipid form and the biounavailable phytate phosphate form 8 Foods containing the highest concentrations of myo inositol and its compounds include fruits beans grains and nuts 8 Fruits in particular especially oranges and cantaloupe contain the highest amounts of myo inositol 55 It is also present in beans nuts and grains however these contain large amounts of myo inositol in the phytate form which is not bioavailable without transformation by phytase enzymes Bacillus subtilis the microorganism which produces the fermented food natto produces phytase enzymes that may convert phytic acid to a more bioavailable form of inositol polyphosphate in the gut 56 Additionally Bacteroides species in the gut secrete vesicles containing an active enzyme which converts the phytate molecule into bioavailable phosphorus and inositol polyphosphate which is an important signaling molecule in the human body 57 myo Inositol can also be found as an ingredient in energy drinks 58 either in conjunction with or as a substitute for glucose 59 In humans myo inositol is naturally made from glucose 6 phosphate through enzymatic dephosphorylation 55 References edit Merck Index 11th ed p 4883 Knyazev A V Emel yanenko V N Shipilova A S Zaitsau D H Lelet M I Knyazeva S S Gusarova E V Varfolomeev M A 2018 Thermodynamic properties of myo inositol The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics 116 76 84 doi 10 1016 j jct 2017 08 028 ISSN 0021 9614 a b Parthasarathy L K Seelan R S Tobias C Casanova M F Parthasarathy R N 2006 Mammalian inositol 3 phosphate synthase its role in the biosynthesis of brain inositol and its clinical use as a psychoactive agent Subcellular Biochemistry Vol 39 pp 293 314 doi 10 1007 0 387 27600 9 12 ISBN 978 0 387 27599 4 PMID 17121280 a b c d e Kiani AK Paolacci S Bertelli M 2021 From Myo inositol to D chiro inositol molecular pathways European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 25 5 2390 2402 doi 10 26355 eurrev 202103 25279 PMID 33755975 What Is Inositol Cleveland Clinic Retrieved 2024 04 10 Croze M L Soulage C O October 2013 Potential role and therapeutic interests of myo inositol in metabolic diseases Biochimie 95 10 1811 1827 doi 10 1016 j biochi 2013 05 011 PMID 23764390 Showell M G Mackenzie Proctor R Jordan V Hodgson R Farquhar C 2018 Inositol for subfertile women with polycystic ovary syndrome The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2018 12 CD012378 doi 10 1002 14651858 CD012378 pub2 PMC 6516980 PMID 30570133 a b c Clements R S Darnell B September 1980 myo Inositol content of common foods development of a high myo inositol diet The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 33 9 1954 1967 doi 10 1093 ajcn 33 9 1954 PMID 7416064 S2CID 4442333 Phytic acid www phytochemicals info Archived from the original on 2017 08 06 Retrieved 2017 10 02 Reynolds J E F 1993 Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia Vol 30 Pennsylvania Rittenhouse Book Distributors p 1379 ISBN 978 0 85369 300 0 An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin has not been identified in man Majumder A L Biswas B B 2006 10 03 Biology of Inositols and Phosphoinositides Springer Science amp Business Media ISBN 9780387276007 Brady S Siegel G Albers R W Price D 2005 Basic Neurochemistry Molecular Cellular and Medical Aspects Academic Press p 348 ISBN 9780080472072 a b Carlomagno G Unfer V Roseff S 2011 The D chiro inositol paradox in the ovary Fertility and Sterility 95 8 2515 6 doi 10 1016 j fertnstert 2011 05 027 PMID 21641593 Phytic acid www phytochemicals info Archived from the original on 7 March 2018 Retrieved 2018 05 02 Klopfenstein T J Angel R Cromwell G Erickson G E Fox D G Parsons C Satter L D Sutton A L Baker D H July 2002 Animal diet modification to decrease the potential for nitrogen and phosphorus pollution Council for Agricultural Science and Technology 21 Archived from the original on 2011 06 11 Hurrell R F September 2003 Influence of vegetable protein sources on trace element and mineral bioavailability The Journal of Nutrition 133 9 2973S 2977S doi 10 1093 jn 133 9 2973S PMID 12949395 Committee on Food Protection Food and Nutrition Board National Research Council 1973 Phytates Toxicants Occurring Naturally in Foods National Academy of Sciences pp 363 371 ISBN 978 0 309 02117 3 Larner J 2002 D chiro Inositol its functional role in insulin action and its deficit in insulin resistance International Journal of Experimental Diabetes Research 3 1 47 60 doi 10 1080 15604280212528 PMC 2478565 PMID 11900279 Gerasimenko J V Flowerdew S E Voronina S G Sukhomlin T K Tepikin A V Petersen O H Gerasimenko O V December 2006 Bile acids induce Ca2 release from both the endoplasmic reticulum and acidic intracellular calcium stores through activation of inositol trisphosphate receptors and ryanodine receptors The Journal of Biological Chemistry 281 52 40154 40163 doi 10 1074 jbc M606402200 PMID 17074764 Kukuljan M Vergara L Stojilkovic S S February 1997 Modulation of the kinetics of inositol 1 4 5 trisphosphate induced Ca2 i oscillations by calcium entry in pituitary gonadotrophs Biophysical Journal 72 2 Pt 1 698 707 Bibcode 1997BpJ 72 698K doi 10 1016 S0006 3495 97 78706 X PMC 1185595 PMID 9017197 Rapiejko P J Northup J K Evans T Brown J E Malbon C C November 1986 G proteins of fat cells Role in hormonal regulation of intracellular inositol 1 4 5 trisphosphate The Biochemical Journal 240 1 35 40 doi 10 1042 bj2400035 PMC 1147372 PMID 3103610 Shen X Xiao H Ranallo R Wu W H Wu C January 2003 Modulation of ATP dependent chromatin remodeling complexes by inositol polyphosphates Science 299 5603 112 114 Bibcode 2003Sci 299 112S doi 10 1126 science 1078068 PMID 12434013 S2CID 8381889 Steger D J Haswell E S Miller A L Wente S R O Shea E K January 2003 Regulation of chromatin remodeling by inositol polyphosphates Science 299 5603 114 116 Bibcode 2003Sci 299 114S doi 10 1126 science 1078062 PMC 1458531 PMID 12434012 Mathews C K Van Holde K E Ahern K G 2000 Biochemistry 3rd ed San Francisco CA Benjamin Cummings p 855 ISBN 978 0805330663 OCLC 42290721 Laurence W L April 17 1936 Corn by product yields explosive The New York Times p 7 Archived from the original on 2013 05 12 Ledgard J 2007 The Preparatory Manual of Explosives Ledgard p 366 ISBN 9780615142906 Chatterjee J Majumder A L September 2010 Salt induced abnormalities on root tip mitotic cells of Allium cepa prevention by inositol pretreatment Protoplasma 245 1 4 165 172 doi 10 1007 s00709 010 0170 4 PMID 20559853 S2CID 9128286 Taylor M J Wilder H Bhagwagar Z Geddes J 2004 Inositol for depressive disorders The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2004 2 CD004049 doi 10 1002 14651858 CD004049 pub2 PMC 6984679 PMID 15106232 Benjamin J July 1995 Double blind placebo controlled crossover trial of inositol treatment for panic disorder Am J Psychiatry 152 7 1084 6 doi 10 1176 ajp 152 7 1084 PMID 7793450 Fux J 1996 Inositol treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder Am J Psychiatry 153 9 1219 21 doi 10 1176 ajp 153 9 1219 PMID 8780431 Sani Gabriele Gualtieri Ida Paolini Marco Bonanni Luca Spinazzola Edoardo Maggiora Matteo Pinzone Vito Brugnoli Roberto Angeletti Gloria Girardi Paolo Rapinesi Chiara Kotzalidis Georgios D 25 July 2019 Drug Treatment of Trichotillomania Hair Pulling Disorder Excoriation Skin picking Disorder and Nail biting Onychophagia Current Neuropharmacology 17 8 775 786 doi 10 2174 1570159X17666190320164223 PMC 7059154 PMID 30892151 Leppink Eric W Redden Sarah A Grant Jon E March 2017 A double blind placebo controlled study of inositol in trichotillomania International Clinical Psychopharmacology 32 2 107 114 doi 10 1097 YIC 0000000000000156 PMID 27824633 S2CID 3273619 a b Tabrizi R Ostadmohammadi V Asemi Z 2018 The effects of inositol supplementation on lipid profiles among patients with metabolic diseases a systematic review and meta analysis of randomized controlled trials Lipids in Health and Disease 17 1 123 doi 10 1186 s12944 018 0779 4 PMC 5968598 PMID 29793496 a b c Benvenga S Nordio M Lagana AS Unfer V 2021 The Role of Inositol in Thyroid Physiology and in Subclinical Hypothyroidism Management Frontiers in Endocrinology 12 662582 doi 10 3389 fendo 2021 662582 PMC 8143049 PMID 34040582 Howlett Alexandra Ohlsson Arne Plakkal Nishad 8 July 2019 Inositol in preterm infants at risk for or having respiratory distress syndrome The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 7 7 CD000366 doi 10 1002 14651858 CD000366 pub4 ISSN 1469 493X PMC 6613728 PMID 31283839 Cavalli P Ronda E 2017 Myoinositol the bridge PONTI to reach a healthy pregnancy International Journal of Endocrinology 2017 5846286 doi 10 1155 2017 5846286 PMC 5274721 PMID 28243254 Greff Dorina Juhasz Anna E Vancsa Szilard Varadi Alex Sipos Zoltan Szinte Julia Park Sunjune Hegyi Peter Nyirady Peter Acs Nandor Varbiro Szabolcs Horvath Eszter M 2023 Inositol is an effective and safe treatment in polycystic ovary syndrome A systematic review and meta analysis of randomized controlled trials Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology 21 1 10 doi 10 1186 s12958 023 01055 z PMC 9878965 PMID 36703143 Monastra G Unfer V Harrath A H Bizzarri M January 2017 Combining treatment with myo inositol and D chiro inositol 40 1 is effective in restoring ovary function and metabolic balance in PCOS patients Gynecological Endocrinology 33 1 1 9 doi 10 1080 09513590 2016 1247797 hdl 11573 944617 PMID 27898267 S2CID 24836559 Nordio M Proietti E May 2012 The combined therapy with myo inositol and D chiro inositol reduces the risk of metabolic disease in PCOS overweight patients compared to myo inositol supplementation alone European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 16 5 575 581 PMID 22774396 Unfer V et al 2012 Effects of myo inositol in women with PCOS a systematic review of randomized controlled trials Gynecological Endocrinology 28 7 509 15 doi 10 3109 09513590 2011 650660 PMID 22296306 S2CID 24582338 Ciotta L et al 2011 Effects of myo inositol supplementation on oocyte s quality in PCOS patients a double blind trial European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 15 5 509 14 PMID 21744744 Papaleo E et al 2009 Contribution of myo inositol to reproduction European Journal of Obstetrics amp Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 147 2 120 3 doi 10 1016 j ejogrb 2009 09 008 PMID 19800728 Isabella R Raffone E 2012 Does ovary need D chiro inositol Journal of Ovarian Research 5 1 14 doi 10 1186 1757 2215 5 14 PMC 3447676 PMID 22587479 Moghetti P 2016 Insulin resistance and polycystic ovary syndrome Current Pharmaceutical Design 22 36 5526 5534 doi 10 2174 1381612822666160720155855 PMID 27510482 Facchinetti F et al 2015 Results from the International Consensus Conference on myo Inositol and D chiro Inositol in Obstetrics and Gynecology the link between metabolic syndrome and PCOS European Journal of Obstetrics amp Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 195 72 6 doi 10 1016 j ejogrb 2015 09 024 PMID 26479434 Colazingari S et al 2013 The combined therapy myo inositol plus D chiro inositol rather than D chiro inositol is able to improve IVF outcomes results from a randomized controlled trial Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 288 6 1405 11 doi 10 1007 s00404 013 2855 3 PMID 23708322 S2CID 45611717 Kamenov Z et al 2015 Ovulation induction with myo inositol alone and in combination with clomiphene citrate in polycystic ovarian syndrome patients with insulin resistance Gynecological Endocrinology 31 2 131 5 doi 10 3109 09513590 2014 964640 PMID 25259724 S2CID 24469378 Gonzalez F 2012 Inflammation in polycystic ovary syndrome underpinning of insulin resistance and ovarian dysfunction Steroids 77 4 300 5 doi 10 1016 j steroids 2011 12 003 PMC 3309040 PMID 22178787 Monastra G et al 2018 alpha Lactalbumin effect on myo inositol intestinal absorption in vivo and in vitro Current Drug Delivery 15 9 1305 1311 doi 10 2174 1567201815666180509102641 PMID 29745333 S2CID 13691602 Oliva M M et al 2018 Effects of myo inositol plus alpha lactalbumin in myo inositol resistant PCOS women Journal of Ovarian Research 11 1 38 doi 10 1186 s13048 018 0411 2 PMC 5944130 PMID 29747700 Nassar M Nassar R Maki H Al Yagoob A Hachim M Senok A Williams D Hiraishi N March 2021 Phytic Acid Properties and Potential Applications in Dentistry Frontiers in Materials 8 29 Bibcode 2021FrMat 8 29N doi 10 3389 fmats 2021 638909 Inositol Nerve guidance Cutting agent manufacturer Tianyu Feed Additive Archived from the original on 2014 09 08 Retrieved 2013 07 21 Golianopoulos T 2012 05 12 Drug doubles What actors actually toke smoke and snort on camera Wired Archived from the original on 2012 05 14 Retrieved 2012 05 14 How Fake Drugs Are Made For Movies Movies Insider retrieved 2022 09 26 a b Awuchi Chinaza 2017 Sugar Alcohols Chemistry Production Health Concerns and Nutritional Importance of Mannitol Sorbitol Xylitol and Erythritol International Journal of Advanced Academic Research 5 11 1954 1967 Borgi MA Boudebbouze S Mkaouar H Maguin E Rhimi M 2015 Bacillus phytases Current status and future prospects Bioengineered 5 4 233 236 doi 10 1080 21655979 2015 1048050 PMC 4601277 PMID 25946551 Stentz R Osborne S Horn N Li AW Hautefort I Bongaerts R Rouyer M Bailey P Shears SB Hemmings AM Brearley CA Carding SR 27 February 2014 A Bacterial Homolog of a Eukaryotic Inositol Phosphate Signaling Enzyme Mediates Cross kingdom Dialog in the Mammalian Gut Cell Reports 6 4 646 656 doi 10 1016 j celrep 2014 01 021 PMC 3969271 PMID 24529702 Ehlers Anke Marakis Georgios Lampen Alfonso Hirsch Ernst Karen Ildico 2019 08 01 Risk assessment of energy drinks with focus on cardiovascular parameters and energy drink consumption in Europe Food and Chemical Toxicology 130 109 121 doi 10 1016 j fct 2019 05 028 ISSN 0278 6915 PMID 31112702 DiSalvo David We Know About Caffeine in Energy Drinks Like Monster But What About the Other Ingredients Forbes Retrieved 2020 12 22 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Inositol Inositol MS Spectrum Inositol bound to proteins in the PDB Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Inositol amp oldid 1223194170, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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