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Meenakshi

December 07, 2023

This article is about the goddess. For other uses, see Meenakshi (disambiguation).

Meenakshi (Sanskrit: Mīnākṣī; Tamil: Mīṉāṭci; sometimes spelled as Minakshi; also known as Aṅgayaṟkaṇṇi,[2][3] Mīnāṭci and Taḍādakai)[4] is a Hindu goddess. She is the tutelary deity of Madurai and is considered an avatar of the goddess Parvati.[5] She is the divine consort of Sundareśvarar, a form of Shiva.[6] She finds mention in literature as the queen of the ancient Madurai-based Pandya kingdom, and is later deified.[7] The goddess is also extolled by Adi Shankara as Shri Vidya.[8]

Meenakshi
Patron and Guardian Goddess of Madurai[1]
Goddess Meenakshi
Other namesAṅgayaṟkaṇṇi, Taḍādakai, Mīnāṭci, Mantriṇi, Mangayakarasi, Maduraidevi
AffiliationParvati, Devi
AbodeMadurai
AnimalsRose-ringed parakeet
Personal information
Parents
SiblingsAḻagar (Vishnu)
ConsortSundareśvarar (Shiva)
DynastyPandya dynasty[2]

She is mainly worshipped in India where she has a major temple devoted to her known as the Meenakshi Temple in Madurai, Tamil Nadu. Meenakshi, Kamakshi, and Visalakshi are considered the three Shakti forms of the goddess Parvati.[9]

Etymology edit

Mīnākṣī is a Sanskrit term meaning 'fish-eyed',[10] derived from the words mīna 'fish' and akṣī 'eye'.[11] She was also known by the Tamil name Taḍādakai 'fish-eyed one', mentioned in early historical account as a fierce, unmarried goddess as Meenakshi.[12] She is also known by the Tamil name Aṅgayaṟkaṇṇi or Aṅgayaṟkaṇṇammai (lit. 'the mother with the beautiful fish eyes').[2][3] According to another theory, the name of the goddess literally means 'rule of the fish', derived from the Tamil words mīn 'fish' and āṭci 'rule'.[13][14]

Various meanings of this appellation have been suggested, including that she was originally a goddess of the fisher-folk, that her eyes are "large and brilliant" like that of a fish, or that she has "long and slender" eyes shaped like the body of a fish. Another interpretation is that the name is based on the belief that the fish never close their eyes: the goddess similarly never stops watching over her devotees.[15] Yet another interpretation states that the name is based on the ancient belief that the fish feed their young by merely looking at them; the goddess supposedly supports here devotees by merely glancing at them.[16] There are the three Avatar of Adi Shakti (Kamakshi),[17] Vishalakshi in the north,[18] and Meenakshi in the south.[2]

Texts edit

Several great hymns on the goddess were composed in the early modern period by many saints and scholars, including the famous Neelakanta Dikshitar. The stotram Meenakshi Pancharatnam (Five Jewels of Meenakshi), composed by Adi Sankaracharya (8th century CE), is an incantation to her.[8] Meenakshi does not directly appear in the stotram Lalita Sahasranama, though there is a reference to her in the line Vaktralakṣmī parīvāha calan mīnābha ocanā (She who has the face of Lakshmi and has fish-like eyes in the river of her face).[19]

One Tamil poem/song (Tamilpillai) portrays Meenakshi as the intersection of domesticity and divinity:[20]

The great Shiva with the metel flower / Wanders through the courtyard of space / Destroying your work again and again / And then he comes before you. // You never get angry. / Every day you just pick up the vessels.[21]

Legend edit

The 13th century Tamil Shaiva text Tiruvilaiyadal Puranam mentions king Malayadhwaja Pandya and his wife Kanchanamalai, who performed a yajna seeking a son for an heir. Instead, a daughter is born, who is already three-years old, and has three breasts. Shiva intervenes and informs the parents to treat her like a son, telling them that when she meets her husband, she would lose the third breast. They follow this advice. The girl grows up, the king crowns her as his heir. When she meets Shiva, his words come true, she takes her true form of Meenakshi.[22][23] According to Harman, this may reflect the matrilineal traditions in South India and the regional belief that "penultimate [spiritual] powers rest with the women", gods listen to their spouse, and that the fate of kingdoms rest with the women.[22] According to Susan Bayly, the reverence for Meenakshi is a part of the Hindu goddess tradition that integrates with the Hindu society where the "woman is the lynchpin of the system" of social relationships.[24] Her eyes are fabled to bring life to the unborn.[citation needed]

Meenakshi Temple edit

 
A Gopuram of Meenakshi Temple at Madurai

The temple complex in Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India is dedicated to Meenakshi who is worshipped as the primary deity. It is also referred to as Meenakshi Amman or Meenakshi-Sundareśvarar Temple.[25][26] Meenakshi's shrine is next to that of her consort Sundareśvarar, a form of Shiva.[6][27]

Though the temple has historic roots dating back to 2000 BCE, most of the present campus structure was rebuilt after the 14th century CE, further repaired, renovated and expanded in the 17th century by Tirumala Nayaka.[28][29] In early 14th century, the armies of Delhi Sultanate led by Muslim Commander Malik Kafur plundered the temple, looted it of its valuables and destroyed the Madurai temple town along with many other temple towns of South India.[25][30][31] The contemporary temple is the result of rebuilding efforts started by the Vijayanagara Empire rulers who rebuilt the core and reopened the temple.[25][32] In the 16th century, the temple complex was further expanded and fortified. The restored complex houses 14 gopurams (gateway towers), each above 45 metres (148 ft) in height. The complex has numerous sculpted pillared halls such as Ayirakkal (1,000 pillar hall), Kilikoondu-mandapam, Golu-mandapam and Pudu-mandapam. Its shrines are dedicated to Hindu deities and Shaivism scholars, with the vimanas above the garbhagrihas (sanctums) of Meenakshi and Sundareśvarar gilded with gold.[32][33][34]

The temple is a major pilgrimage destination within the Shaivism tradition, dedicated to Meenakshi and Shiva. However, the temple includes Vishnu in many narratives, sculptures and rituals as he is considered to be Meenakshi's brother.[35] This has made this temple and Madurai as the "southern Mathura", one included in Vaishnava texts.[36][37] The large temple complex is the most prominent landmark in Madurai and attracts tens of thousands visitors a day.[38] The temple attracts over a million pilgrims and visitors during the annual 10-day Meenakshi Tirukalyanam festival, celebrated with much festivities and a ratha (chariot) procession during the Tamil month of Chittirai (overlaps with April–May in Georgian calendar, Chaitra in North India).[39]

References edit

  1. ^ The Great Temple of Madurai: English Version of the Book Koilmanagar. Sri Meenakshisundareswarar Temple Renovation Committee. 1963.
  2. ^ a b c d e f William P. Harman (1992). The Sacred Marriage of a Hindu Goddess. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 24. ISBN 978-81-208-0810-2.
  3. ^ a b Proceedings of the First International Conference Seminar of Tamil Studies, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, April, 1966. International Association of Tamil Research. 1968. p. 543.
  4. ^ Menon, A. Sreedhara (1978). Cultural Heritage of Kerala: An Introduction. East-West Publications. p. 250.
  5. ^ Howes, Jennifer (2 September 2003). The Courts of Pre-Colonial South India: Material Culture and Kingship. Routledge. p. 27. ISBN 9781135789961.
  6. ^ a b Rajarajan, R. K. K. (1 January 2005). "Minaksi or Sundaresvara: Who is the first principle?". South Indian History Congress Annual Proceedings. Madurai: Madurai Kamaraj University. XXV: 551–553. from the original on 30 March 2019.
  7. ^ Fiedler, Amanda (2006). Where does Meenakshi take her turmeric bath?: a multiply-constructed religious history and deity in Tamilnadu. University of Wisconsin--Madison. p. 1.
  8. ^ a b Journal of Kerala Studies. Vol. 36. University of Kerala. 2009. p. 97.
  9. ^ Nelson, Louis P. (2006). American Sanctuary: Understanding Sacred Spaces. Indiana University Press. p. 121. ISBN 9780253218223.
  10. ^ William P. Harman (1992). The Sacred Marriage of a Hindu Goddess. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 24. ISBN 978-81-208-0810-2. from the original on 12 October 2020. Retrieved 5 June 2018.
  11. ^ Manly Palmer Hall, ed. (1949). Horizon, Volume 9, Issue 3. Philosophical Research Society. p. 33.
  12. ^ Fisher, Michael H. (18 October 2018). An Environmental History of India: From Earliest Times to the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge University Press. p. 74. ISBN 9781107111622.
  13. ^ Journal of Indian History. Department of History, University of Kerala. 2002. p. 96.
  14. ^ Excerpt for the etymology of Meenatchi from "A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the Tamil Language, Vol. VII, PART - II", page 68: மீனாட்சி ,Mīṉāṭci, பெ. (n. ) மதுரையை உறைவிடமாகக் கொண்ட தெய்வம்; Umā, the tutelary Goddess of Madurai. [மீன் + ஆட்சி. மீனைக் கொடியில் சின்னமாகக் கொண்டவள்.] Translation: [ Meen + Aatchi. Her who put the fish as symbol for the flag.] (மீன் - Mīṉ which means "fish", ஆட்சி- āṭci which means "rule")
  15. ^ William Norman Brown (1978). "The Name of the Goddess Mīnākṣī "Fish-Eye"". India and Indology: Selected Articles. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 84–86. OCLC 871468571. from the original on 12 October 2020. Retrieved 5 June 2018.
  16. ^ Klaus K. Klostermaier (2014). A Concise Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Oneworld. p. 153. ISBN 978-1-78074-672-2. from the original on 12 October 2020. Retrieved 5 June 2018.
  17. ^ Harshananda, Swami (2012). Hindu Pilgrimage Centres (second ed.). Bangalore: Ramakrishna Math. p. 61. ISBN 978-81-7907-053-6.
  18. ^ Bangala Bhasar Abhidhaan ( Dictioanary of the Bengali Language), Shishu Sahitya Samsad Pvt Ltd., 32A, APC Road, Kolkata – 700009, Volume 2, p.1600. (ed. 1988)
  19. ^ Rupenaguntla, Satya Narayana Sarma (29 May 2018). Hidden meanings of Lalita Sahasranama. Panchawati Spiritual Foundation. p. 21.
  20. ^ Chawla, Janet, ed. (2006). Birth and birthgivers : the power behind the shame. New Delhi: Shakti Books. ISBN 8124109389. OCLC 181090767.
  21. ^ Richman, Paula (1997). Extraordinary Child: Poems from a South Asian devotional genre. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.
  22. ^ a b Harman 1992, p. 44-47.
  23. ^ Brockman 2011, pp. 326–327.
  24. ^ Susan Bayly (1989). Saints, Goddesses and Kings: Muslims and Christians in South Indian Society, 1700-1900. Cambridge University Press. pp. 29–30. ISBN 978-0-521-89103-5. from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 25 November 2017.
  25. ^ a b c "Madurai". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
  26. ^ Vijaya Ramaswamy (2017). Historical Dictionary of the Tamils. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 9–10, 103, 210, 363–364. ISBN 978-1-5381-0686-0. from the original on 19 September 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2017.
  27. ^ Bharne, Vinayak; Krusche, Krupali (18 September 2014). Rediscovering the Hindu Temple: The Sacred Architecture and Urbanism of India. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 9781443867344. from the original on 12 October 2020. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
  28. ^ King 2005, pp. 72–74.
  29. ^ D. Uma 2015, pp. 39–40.
  30. ^ Michell 1995, pp. 9-10
  31. ^ Tara Boland-Crewe; David Lea (2003). The Territories and States of India. Routledge. p. 401. ISBN 1-135-35624-6., Quote: "By the beginning of the 14th century south India was exposed to the depredations of Muslim raiders from the north, and even Madurai was destroyed in 1310, by Malik Kafur, briefly becoming the seat of a sultanate thereafter."
  32. ^ a b Christopher Fuller (2003). "Madurai". In George Michell (ed.). Temple Towns of Tamil Nadu. Marg. pp. 94–113. ISBN 978-81-85026-213.
  33. ^ Brian A. Hatcher (2015). Hinduism in the Modern World. Routledge. pp. 20–21. ISBN 978-1-135-04631-6.
  34. ^ D. Uma 2015, pp. 34–47.
  35. ^ V. K. Subramanian (2003). Art Shrines of Ancient India. Abhinav Publications. pp. 95–96. ISBN 978-81-7017-431-8.
  36. ^ Edwin Francis Bryant (2007). Krishna: A Sourcebook. Oxford University Press. pp. 546 with note 45. ISBN 978-0-19-803400-1.
  37. ^ T. Padmaja (2002). Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: History, Art, and Traditions in Tamilnāḍu. Abhinav Publications. pp. 97–99. ISBN 978-81-7017-398-4.
  38. ^ Gopal 1990, p. 181.
  39. ^ Diana L. Eck (2013). India: A Sacred Geography. Random House. pp. 277–279. ISBN 978-0-385-53192-4.

Bibliography edit

  • Rajarajan, R.K.K. (2013). "* Mīnākṣī-Sundareśvara - 'Tiruviḷaiyāṭaṟ Purāṇam' in Letters, Design and Art". New Delhi: Sharada Publishing House. from the original on 12 October 2020.
  • . Arulmigu Meenakshi Sundareswarar Thirukoil. 2012. Archived from the original on 28 March 2012. Retrieved 6 October 2012.
  • Campantar (2004). (PDF). Online: Project Madurai. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2018.
  • Campantar (2004). (PDF). Online: Project Madurai. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2018.
  • Thirunavukkarasar (2004), (PDF), Online: Project Madurai, archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2018, retrieved 25 November 2017
  • Gopal, Madan (1990). K.S. Gautam (ed.). India through the ages. Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India.
  • Brockman, Norbert C. (2011), Encyclopedia of Sacred Places, California: ABC-CLIO, LLC, ISBN 978-1-59884-655-3, from the original on 23 December 2016, retrieved 25 November 2017.
  • Compiled (2008), Symbolism In Hinduism, Mumbai: Central Chinmaya Mission Trust, ISBN 978-81-7597-149-3.
  • Cotterell, Arthur (2011), Asia: A Concise History, Delhi: John Wiley & Sons(Asia) Pte. Ltd., ISBN 978-0-470-82958-5.
  • Datta, Amaresh (2005), The Encyclopaedia Of Indian Literature (Volume Two) (Devraj To Jyoti), Volume 2, New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi, ISBN 81-260-1194-7.
  • Fuller, Christopher John (2004), The camphor flame: popular Hinduism and society in India, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-12048-5.
  • Harman, William P. (1992), The sacred marriage of a Hindu goddess, Delhi: Indiana University Press, ISBN 978-1-59884-655-3.
  • King, Anthony D. (2005), Buildings and Society: Essays on the Social Development of the Built Environment, Taylor & Francis e-library, ISBN 0-203-48075-9.
  • Kinsley, David (1998), Hindu goddesses: visions of the divine feminine in the Hindu religious tradition By David Kinsley, Delhi: The Regents of the University of California, ISBN 81-208-0394-9.
  • Knott, Kim (2000), Hinduism: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0192853872.
  • Michell, George (1995), Architecture and art of southern India: Vijayanagara and, Volume 1, Issue 6, New York: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-44110-2.
  • National Geographic (2008), Sacred Places of a Lifetime: 500 of the World's Most Peaceful and Powerful Destinations, United States: National Geographic Society, ISBN 978-1-4262-0336-7.
  • Nicholson, Louise (1997), National Geographic Traveler: India, 3rd Edition, USA: National Geographic Society, ISBN 978-1-4262-0595-8.
  • Pal, Pratapaditya (1988), Indian Sculpture, Volume 2, Los Angeles: Museum Associates, Los Angeles County Museum of Art, ISBN 0-87587-129-1.
  • Prentiss, Karen Pechilis (1999), The embodiment of bhakti, New York: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-512813-3.
  • Ramaswamy, Vijaya (2007), Historical dictionary of the Tamils, United States: Scarecrow Press, INC., ISBN 978-0-470-82958-5, from the original on 12 October 2020, retrieved 3 October 2020.
  • Selby, Martha Ann; Peterson, Indira Viswanathan (2008), Tamil geographies: cultural constructions of space and place in South India, New York: State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0-7914-7245-3, from the original on 12 October 2020, retrieved 3 October 2020.
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  • D. Uma (2015), Festivals of Meenakshi Sundareswarar temple, Madurai a historical and cultural perspective, Madurai Kamraj University, hdl:10603/135484
  • V., Vriddhagirisan (1995), Nayaks of Tanjore, New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, ISBN 81-206-0996-4.

External links edit

  •   Media related to Minakshi at Wikimedia Commons

December 07, 2023
meenakshi, this, article, about, goddess, other, uses, disambiguation, sanskrit, mīnākṣī, tamil, mīṉāṭci, sometimes, spelled, minakshi, also, known, aṅgayaṟkaṇṇi, mīnāṭci, taḍādakai, hindu, goddess, tutelary, deity, madurai, considered, avatar, goddess, parvat. This article is about the goddess For other uses see Meenakshi disambiguation Meenakshi Sanskrit Minakṣi Tamil Miṉaṭci sometimes spelled as Minakshi also known as Aṅgayaṟkaṇṇi 2 3 Minaṭci and Taḍadakai 4 is a Hindu goddess She is the tutelary deity of Madurai and is considered an avatar of the goddess Parvati 5 She is the divine consort of Sundaresvarar a form of Shiva 6 She finds mention in literature as the queen of the ancient Madurai based Pandya kingdom and is later deified 7 The goddess is also extolled by Adi Shankara as Shri Vidya 8 MeenakshiPatron and Guardian Goddess of Madurai 1 Goddess MeenakshiOther namesAṅgayaṟkaṇṇi Taḍadakai Minaṭci Mantriṇi Mangayakarasi MaduraideviAffiliationParvati DeviAbodeMaduraiAnimalsRose ringed parakeetPersonal informationParentsMalayadhwaja Pandya 2 father Kanchanamalai 2 mother SiblingsAḻagar Vishnu ConsortSundaresvarar Shiva DynastyPandya dynasty 2 She is mainly worshipped in India where she has a major temple devoted to her known as the Meenakshi Temple in Madurai Tamil Nadu Meenakshi Kamakshi and Visalakshi are considered the three Shakti forms of the goddess Parvati 9 Contents 1 Etymology 2 Texts 3 Legend 4 Meenakshi Temple 5 References 5 1 Bibliography 6 External linksEtymology editMinakṣi is a Sanskrit term meaning fish eyed 10 derived from the words mina fish and akṣi eye 11 She was also known by the Tamil name Taḍadakai fish eyed one mentioned in early historical account as a fierce unmarried goddess as Meenakshi 12 She is also known by the Tamil name Aṅgayaṟkaṇṇi or Aṅgayaṟkaṇṇammai lit the mother with the beautiful fish eyes 2 3 According to another theory the name of the goddess literally means rule of the fish derived from the Tamil words min fish and aṭci rule 13 14 Various meanings of this appellation have been suggested including that she was originally a goddess of the fisher folk that her eyes are large and brilliant like that of a fish or that she has long and slender eyes shaped like the body of a fish Another interpretation is that the name is based on the belief that the fish never close their eyes the goddess similarly never stops watching over her devotees 15 Yet another interpretation states that the name is based on the ancient belief that the fish feed their young by merely looking at them the goddess supposedly supports here devotees by merely glancing at them 16 There are the three Avatar of Adi Shakti Kamakshi 17 Vishalakshi in the north 18 and Meenakshi in the south 2 Texts editSeveral great hymns on the goddess were composed in the early modern period by many saints and scholars including the famous Neelakanta Dikshitar The stotram Meenakshi Pancharatnam Five Jewels of Meenakshi composed by Adi Sankaracharya 8th century CE is an incantation to her 8 Meenakshi does not directly appear in the stotram Lalita Sahasranama though there is a reference to her in the line Vaktralakṣmi parivaha calan minabha ocana She who has the face of Lakshmi and has fish like eyes in the river of her face 19 One Tamil poem song Tamilpillai portrays Meenakshi as the intersection of domesticity and divinity 20 The great Shiva with the metel flower Wanders through the courtyard of space Destroying your work again and again And then he comes before you You never get angry Every day you just pick up the vessels 21 Legend editThe 13th century Tamil Shaiva text Tiruvilaiyadal Puranam mentions king Malayadhwaja Pandya and his wife Kanchanamalai who performed a yajna seeking a son for an heir Instead a daughter is born who is already three years old and has three breasts Shiva intervenes and informs the parents to treat her like a son telling them that when she meets her husband she would lose the third breast They follow this advice The girl grows up the king crowns her as his heir When she meets Shiva his words come true she takes her true form of Meenakshi 22 23 According to Harman this may reflect the matrilineal traditions in South India and the regional belief that penultimate spiritual powers rest with the women gods listen to their spouse and that the fate of kingdoms rest with the women 22 According to Susan Bayly the reverence for Meenakshi is a part of the Hindu goddess tradition that integrates with the Hindu society where the woman is the lynchpin of the system of social relationships 24 Her eyes are fabled to bring life to the unborn citation needed Meenakshi Temple edit nbsp A Gopuram of Meenakshi Temple at MaduraiThe temple complex in Madurai Tamil Nadu India is dedicated to Meenakshi who is worshipped as the primary deity It is also referred to as Meenakshi Amman or Meenakshi Sundaresvarar Temple 25 26 Meenakshi s shrine is next to that of her consort Sundaresvarar a form of Shiva 6 27 Though the temple has historic roots dating back to 2000 BCE most of the present campus structure was rebuilt after the 14th century CE further repaired renovated and expanded in the 17th century by Tirumala Nayaka 28 29 In early 14th century the armies of Delhi Sultanate led by Muslim Commander Malik Kafur plundered the temple looted it of its valuables and destroyed the Madurai temple town along with many other temple towns of South India 25 30 31 The contemporary temple is the result of rebuilding efforts started by the Vijayanagara Empire rulers who rebuilt the core and reopened the temple 25 32 In the 16th century the temple complex was further expanded and fortified The restored complex houses 14 gopurams gateway towers each above 45 metres 148 ft in height The complex has numerous sculpted pillared halls such as Ayirakkal 1 000 pillar hall Kilikoondu mandapam Golu mandapam and Pudu mandapam Its shrines are dedicated to Hindu deities and Shaivism scholars with the vimanas above the garbhagrihas sanctums of Meenakshi and Sundaresvarar gilded with gold 32 33 34 The temple is a major pilgrimage destination within the Shaivism tradition dedicated to Meenakshi and Shiva However the temple includes Vishnu in many narratives sculptures and rituals as he is considered to be Meenakshi s brother 35 This has made this temple and Madurai as the southern Mathura one included in Vaishnava texts 36 37 The large temple complex is the most prominent landmark in Madurai and attracts tens of thousands visitors a day 38 The temple attracts over a million pilgrims and visitors during the annual 10 day Meenakshi Tirukalyanam festival celebrated with much festivities and a ratha chariot procession during the Tamil month of Chittirai overlaps with April May in Georgian calendar Chaitra in North India 39 References edit The Great Temple of Madurai English Version of the Book Koilmanagar Sri Meenakshisundareswarar Temple Renovation Committee 1963 a b c d e f William P Harman 1992 The Sacred Marriage of a Hindu Goddess Motilal Banarsidass p 24 ISBN 978 81 208 0810 2 a b Proceedings of the First International Conference Seminar of Tamil Studies Kuala Lumpur Malaysia April 1966 International Association of Tamil Research 1968 p 543 Menon A Sreedhara 1978 Cultural Heritage of Kerala An Introduction East West Publications p 250 Howes Jennifer 2 September 2003 The Courts of Pre Colonial South India Material Culture and Kingship Routledge p 27 ISBN 9781135789961 a b Rajarajan R K K 1 January 2005 Minaksi or Sundaresvara Who is the first principle South Indian History Congress Annual Proceedings Madurai Madurai Kamaraj University XXV 551 553 Archived from the original on 30 March 2019 Fiedler Amanda 2006 Where does Meenakshi take her turmeric bath a multiply constructed religious history and deity in Tamilnadu University of Wisconsin Madison p 1 a b Journal of Kerala Studies Vol 36 University of Kerala 2009 p 97 Nelson Louis P 2006 American Sanctuary Understanding Sacred Spaces Indiana University Press p 121 ISBN 9780253218223 William P Harman 1992 The Sacred Marriage of a Hindu Goddess Motilal Banarsidass p 24 ISBN 978 81 208 0810 2 Archived from the original on 12 October 2020 Retrieved 5 June 2018 Manly Palmer Hall ed 1949 Horizon Volume 9 Issue 3 Philosophical Research Society p 33 Fisher Michael H 18 October 2018 An Environmental History of India From Earliest Times to the Twenty First Century Cambridge University Press p 74 ISBN 9781107111622 Journal of Indian History Department of History University of Kerala 2002 p 96 Excerpt for the etymology of Meenatchi from A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the Tamil Language Vol VII PART II page 68 ம ன ட ச Miṉaṭci ப n மத ர ய உற வ டம கக க ண ட த ய வம Uma the tutelary Goddess of Madurai ம ன ஆட ச ம ன க க ட ய ல ச ன னம கக க ண டவள Translation Meen Aatchi Her who put the fish as symbol for the flag ம ன Miṉ which means fish ஆட ச aṭci which means rule William Norman Brown 1978 The Name of the Goddess Minakṣi Fish Eye India and Indology Selected Articles Motilal Banarsidass pp 84 86 OCLC 871468571 Archived from the original on 12 October 2020 Retrieved 5 June 2018 Klaus K Klostermaier 2014 A Concise Encyclopedia of Hinduism Oneworld p 153 ISBN 978 1 78074 672 2 Archived from the original on 12 October 2020 Retrieved 5 June 2018 Harshananda Swami 2012 Hindu Pilgrimage Centres second ed Bangalore Ramakrishna Math p 61 ISBN 978 81 7907 053 6 Bangala Bhasar Abhidhaan Dictioanary of the Bengali Language Shishu Sahitya Samsad Pvt Ltd 32A APC Road Kolkata 700009 Volume 2 p 1600 ed 1988 Rupenaguntla Satya Narayana Sarma 29 May 2018 Hidden meanings of Lalita Sahasranama Panchawati Spiritual Foundation p 21 Chawla Janet ed 2006 Birth and birthgivers the power behind the shame New Delhi Shakti Books ISBN 8124109389 OCLC 181090767 Richman Paula 1997 Extraordinary Child Poems from a South Asian devotional genre Honolulu University of Hawai i Press a b Harman 1992 p 44 47 Brockman 2011 pp 326 327 Susan Bayly 1989 Saints Goddesses and Kings Muslims and Christians in South Indian Society 1700 1900 Cambridge University Press pp 29 30 ISBN 978 0 521 89103 5 Archived from the original on 25 December 2018 Retrieved 25 November 2017 a b c Madurai www britannica com Retrieved 1 January 2023 Vijaya Ramaswamy 2017 Historical Dictionary of the Tamils Rowman amp Littlefield Publishers pp 9 10 103 210 363 364 ISBN 978 1 5381 0686 0 Archived from the original on 19 September 2020 Retrieved 25 November 2017 Bharne Vinayak Krusche Krupali 18 September 2014 Rediscovering the Hindu Temple The Sacred Architecture and Urbanism of India Cambridge Scholars Publishing ISBN 9781443867344 Archived from the original on 12 October 2020 Retrieved 3 October 2020 King 2005 pp 72 74 D Uma 2015 pp 39 40 Michell 1995 pp 9 10 Tara Boland Crewe David Lea 2003 The Territories and States of India Routledge p 401 ISBN 1 135 35624 6 Quote By the beginning of the 14th century south India was exposed to the depredations of Muslim raiders from the north and even Madurai was destroyed in 1310 by Malik Kafur briefly becoming the seat of a sultanate thereafter a b Christopher Fuller 2003 Madurai In George Michell ed Temple Towns of Tamil Nadu Marg pp 94 113 ISBN 978 81 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