Malik

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Malik (Phoenician: 𐤌𐤋𐤊; Hebrew: מֶלֶךְ; Arabic: ملك; variously Romanized Mallik, Melik, Malka, Malek, Maleek, Malick, Mallick, Melekh) is the Semitic term translating to "king", recorded in East Semitic and Arabic, and as mlk in Northwest Semitic during the Late Bronze Age (e.g. Aramaic, Canaanite, Hebrew).

Page from a Rosh Hashanah prayerbook with Hebrew מלך‎ (melekh) in large red text.

Although the early forms of the name were to be found among the pre-Arab and pre-Islamic Semitic speakers of the Levant, Canaan, and Mesopotamia, it has since been adopted in various other, mainly but not exclusively Islamized or Arabized non-Semitic Asian languages for their ruling princes and to render kings elsewhere. It is also sometimes used in derived meanings.

The female version of Malik is Malikah (Arabic: ملكة; or its various spellings such as Malekeh or Melike), meaning "queen".

The name Malik was originally found among various pre-Arab and non-Muslim Semitic speakers such as the indigenous ethnic Assyrians of Iraq, Amorites, Jews, Arameans, Mandeans, Syriacs, and pre-Islamic Arabs. It has since been spread among various predominantly Muslim and non-Semitic peoples in Central Asia, the Middle East, and South Asia. Malik is also an angel in the Quran, who never smiled since the day the hellfire was created.

Etymology edit

The earliest form of the name Maloka was used to denote a prince or chieftain in the East Semitic Akkadian language of the Mesopotamian states of Akkad, Assyria, Babylonia and Chaldea.^[1]^{[full citation needed]} The Northwest Semitic mlk was the title of the rulers of the primarily Amorite, Sutean, Canaanite, Phoenician and Aramean city-states of the Levant and Canaan from the Late Bronze Age. Eventual derivatives include the Aramaic, Neo-Assyrian, Mandic and Arabic forms: Malik, Malek, Mallick, Malkha, Malka, Malkai and the Hebrew form Melek.

Moloch has traditionally been interpreted as the epithet of a god, known as "the king" like Baal was an epithet "the master" and Adon an epithet "the lord", but in the case of Moloch purposely mispronounced as Moleḵ instead of Meleḵ using the vowels of Hebrew bosheth "shame".^[2]

Political edit

Primarily a malik is the ruling monarch of a kingdom, called mamlaka; that term is however also used in a broader sense, like realm, for rulers with another, generally lower titles, as in Sahib al-Mamlaka. Malik is also used for tribal leaders, e.g. among the Pashtuns.

Some Arab kingdoms are currently ruled by a Malik:

Bahrain, formerly under a hakim, or "ruler", until 16 August 1971, then under an emir, or "prince", and since 14 February 2002 under a malik.
Jordan, formerly the Emirate of Transjordan;
Morocco, formerly a Sultanate;
Saudi Arabia. On 10 June 1916, the Grand Sharif of Mecca assumed the title of King of the Hejaz; from 29 October 1916 "King of the Arabs and Commander of the Faithful"; from 6 November 1916 recognized by the allied powers only as King of the Hejaz, Commander of the Faithful, Grand Sharif and emir of Mecca; also assumed the title of Caliph on 11 March 1924; from 3 October 1924: King of the Hejaz and Grand Sharif of Mecca. In 1925 Nejd conquered Hijaz, so the Sultan of Nejd added the title "King of Hijaz". On 22 September 1932 Nejd and Hejaz were renamed as Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, full style: Malik al-Mamlaka al-'Arabiyya as-Sa'udiyya ("King of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"); from 1986 prefixed to the name: Khadim al-Haramayn ash-Sharifayn ("Servant (i.e. Protector) of the Two Exalted Holy Places [Mecca and Medina]").

Other historic realms under a Malik include:

Egypt – the former khedivate and subsequently independent sultanate was ruled by Malik Misr ("King of Egypt") from 1922 to 1951; and Malik Misr wa's Sudan ("King of Egypt and the Sudan") from 16 October 1951 until the proclamation of the republic on 18 June 1953
Iraq – between 23 August 1921 and 2 May 1958, Iraq was ruled by a Hashemite Malik al-'Iraq ("King of Iraq"). Among the indigenous Assyrians and Kurdish Jews, the term has been (and still is) used since pre-Arab and pre-Islamic times for the title of tribal chief, for example Malik Khoshaba of the Bit-Tyareh tribe.
Libya – Idris I (1890–1983) (Sayyid Muhammad Idris as-Sanusi, heir of a Muslim sect's dynasty) reigned as Malik al-Mamlaka al-Libiyya al-Muttahida ("King of the United Libyan Kingdom") from 24 December 1951 through 25 April 1963 and Malik al-Mamlaka al-Libiyya ("King of the Libyan Kingdom") until 1 September 1969.
Maldives – between 1965 and 1968, Muhammad Fareed Didi ruled the Maldives as Jala'ala ul-Malik ("King" and the style of "His Majesty"); previous rulers were styled Sultan of Land and Sea and Lord of the twelve-thousand islands, holding both the Arabic title of Sultan and the more ancient Divehi title of Maha Radun or Ras Kilege.
Oman – the Nabhani dynasty ruled Oman between 1154 and 1470; later it was an imamate / Sultanate.
Tunisia was formerly ruled by maliks (1 year).
Yemen – between 1918 and 27 September 1962, and in dissidence to March 1970, the imamate of Yemen was ruled by Imam al-Muslimin, Amir al-Mu'minin, Malik al-Mamlaka al-Mutawakkiliyya al-Yamaniyya ("Imam of the Muslims, Commander of the Faithful, King of the Mutawakkilite Yemeni Kingdom").
Afghanistan, Pakistan, Bangladesh, India – The Muslim rulers bestowed the title of Malik on loyal tribal leaders and chieftains in South Asia. The Mughal and colonial India, the princely state of Zainabad, Vanod was ruled by a Malek Shri (Shri is an emphatical honorific).

Malik has also been used in languages which adopted Arabic loanwords (mainly, not exclusively, in Muslim cultures), for various princely or lower ranks and functions.

In Armenia, the title of Melik was bestowed upon princes who ruled various principalities, often referred to as Melikdoms.
In Georgia, among the numerous Grandees, often related to Armenia:
- In the fourth class, (Sul-didibuli-tavadi) of the Kingdom of Kartli, commanders of banners (sadrosho), sixth and last in that class, the Malik of Somkhiti (Somkhiti is the name of Armenia in Georgian).
- In the sixth class, Grandees of the second class (mtavari) of the Kingdom of Kartli, ranking first of the second subclass, Grandees under the Prince of Sabaratiano: the Malik of Lori (Lori – a region in Armenia), head of the house of Melikishvili.

The word Malik is sometimes used in Arabic to render roughly equivalent titles of foreign rulers, for instance the chronicler Baha al-Din Ibn Shaddad refers to King Richard I of England as Malik al-Inkitar.

Religious edit

The sacrament of Holy Leaven in the Assyrian Church of the East^[3]
It is also one of the Names of God in Islam, and is then al-Malik (الملك) or The King, Lord of the Worlds in the absolute sense (denoted by the definite article), meaning the King of Kings, above all earthly rulers.
- Hence, Abdelmelik ("servant of [Allah] the King") is an Arabic male name.
In Biblical Hebrew, Moloch is either the name of a god or a particular kind of sacrifice associated historically with Phoenician and related cultures in North Africa and the Levant.
Melqart ("king of the city") was a Phoenician and Punic god.
The Melkites (from Syriac malkāyâ, ܡܠܟܝܐ, "imperial") are the members of several Christian churches of the Middle East, originally those who sided with the Byzantine emperor.

Compound and derived titles edit

Malika is the female derivation, a term of Arabic origin used in Persia as the title for a Queen consort. Frequently also used as part of a lady's name, e.g. Malika-i-Jahan 'Queen of the World'.
Sahib us-Sumuw al-Malik (female Sahibat us-Sumuw al-Malik) is an Arabic title for His/Her Royal Highness, notably for Princes in the dynasty of the Malik of Egypt.

The following components are frequently part of titles, notably in Persian (also used elsewhere, e.g. in India's Moghol tradition):

- ul-Mulk (or ul-Molk): - of the kingdom; e.g. Malik Usman Khan, who served the Sultan of Gujarat as Governor of Lahore, received the title of Zubdat ul-Mulk 'best of the kingdom' as a hereditary distinction, which was retained as part of the style of his heirs, the ruling Diwans (only since 1910 promoted to Nawab) of Palanpur.
- ul-Mamaluk (plural of ul-mulk): - of the kingdoms.

In the great Indian Muslim salute state of Hyderabad, a first rank- vassal of the Mughal padshah (emperor) imitating his lofty Persian court protocol, the word Molk became on itself one of the titles used for ennobled Muslim retainers of the ruling Nizam's court, in fact the third in rank, only below Jah (the highest) and Umara, but above Daula, Jang, Nawab, Khan Bahadur and Khan; for the Nizam's Hindu retainers different titles were used, the equivalent of Molk being Vant.

Usage in South Asia edit

Pashtun usage edit

The Arabic term came to be adopted as a term for "tribal chieftain" in the tribal areas of northwestern Pakistan. In tribal Pashtun society in Pakistan, the Maliks serve as de facto arbiters in local conflicts, interlocutors in state policy-making, tax-collectors, heads of village and town councils and delegates to provincial and national jirgas and Parliament.

Punjabi usage edit

In the Punjab, "Malik", literally meaning "King" or "tribal chieftain" is a title used by some well-reputed specific Punjabi aristocrat bloodlines with special lineage, more formally known as Zamindars. The Actual clans to hold and originate this esteemed title are the "Awan" Tribe & Muslim Rajputs, They are Martial Warrior Tribes which are also associated with different aspects throughout different generations and periods of history, It is believed that they originated as a clan of warriors who later on settled as wealthy landlords. Malik Awans in Punjabi Ethnology are considered to be Honourable Warriors.

The Muslim Malik community is settled all over Pakistan, and the Sikh Malik are settled in India. The Malik are also known as the Gathwala. The Gathwala are now designating themselves as Maliks. Due to the popularity of the Malik title, many Punjabi sub-castes, such as Gujarati⠀Punjabis and many others, have adopted title to gain acceptance in the Punjabi caste system.

General usage edit

Malik or Malek is a common element in first and family names, usually without any aristocratic meaning.

Given name edit

A edit

Malik Ambar, Ethiopian military leader for the Ahmadnagar Sultanate
Malik Al Nasir, British author and poet
Malik Shakeel Awan, Pakistani politician

B edit

Malik Basit or Malik B (1972–2020), American rapper
Malik Beasley (born 1996), American basketball player
Malik Bendjelloul, Swedish Academy Award-winning documentary filmmaker, journalist, and child actor

C edit

Malik Carney (born 1995), American football player
Malik Clements (born 1996), American football player
Malik Cunningham (born 1998), American football player

D edit

Malik Davis (born 1998), American football player
Malik Dixon (born 1975), American basketball player

E edit

Malik Ellison (born 1996), American basketball player
Malik Evans (born 1980), American politician

F edit

Malik Fitts (born 1997), American basketball player

G edit

Malik Gabdullin, Kazakh writer
Malik Gaines (born 1973), American artist
Malik Gaisin (born 1959), Russian businessman
Malik Golden (born 1993), American football player

H edit

Malik Hairston (born 1987), American basketball player
Malik Hamm (born 2000), American football player
Malik Harris (born 1997), German singer
Malik Harrison (born 1998), American football player
Malik Heath (born 2000), American football player
Malik Henry (born 1997), American football player
Malik Herring (born 1997), American football player
Malik Hooker (born 1996), American football player

J edit

Malik Jackson (disambiguation), multiple people
Malik Jefferson (born 1996), American football player
Malik Johnson (born 1998), Canadian soccer player

K edit

Malik Ata Muhammad Khan, Chieftain of Malik-Awan Clan, A Renowned feudal lords and states man
Nawab Malik Amir Mohammad Khan, Nawab of Kalabagh, Patriarch of Malik-Awan Tribe
Malik Feroz Khan Noon, former Prime Minister of Pakistan
Malik Khizar Hayat Tiwana, Punjab Unionist party Premier of the Punjab
Malik Khoshaba, Assyrian tribal leader of the Tyareh tribe
Malik Knowles (born 2000), American football player

M edit

Malik McDowell (born 1996), American football player
Malik Monk (born 1998), American basketball player
Malik Mothersille (born 2003), English footballer

N edit

Malik Nabers (born 2003), American football player
Malik Newman (born 1997), American basketball player

O edit

Malik Obama (born 1958), Kenyan-American businessman
Malik Osborne (born 1998), American basketball player

P edit

Malik Peiris, Sri Lankan scientist
Malik Pinto (born 2002), American soccer player
Malik Pope (born 1996), American basketball player

R edit

Malik Rahim (born 1948), American activist
Malik Reaves (born 1995), American football player
Malik Reed (born 1996), American football player
Malik Reneau (born 2003), American basketball player
Malik Riaz, Pakistani businessman and a real estate investor
Malik Rose (born 1974), American basketball player
Malik Rosier (born 1995), American football player

S edit

Malik Scott (born 1980), American boxer
Malik Sealy (1970–2000), American basketball player
Malik Sekou (born 1964), American lawyer
Malik Shabazz (1925–1965), also known as Malcolm X, an American Muslim leader and human rights activist
Malik Stanley (born 1996), American football player

T edit

Malik Taylor (born 1995), American football player
Malik Tchokounté (born 1988), French footballer
Malik Tillman (born 2002), American soccer player
Malik Turner, American rapper
Malik Turner (American football) (born 1996), American football player

W edit

Malik Washington (born 2001), American football player
Malik Williams (born 1998), American basketball player
Malik Willis (born 1999), American football player

Y edit

Malik Yoba (born 1967), American actor and occasional singer

Z edit

Malik Zaire (born 1995), American football player

Surname edit

Abdul Malik, Brigadier (rtd.), first Pakistani cardiologist, founder of National Heart Foundation
Anu Malik, Indian singer and music director
Armaan Malik, Indian singer
Art Malik, Pakistan-born British actor
Humaima Malik, Pakistan-born Pakistani actress
Feroze Malik , Pakistan-born Pakistani actor, originally known as Feroze Khan
Kenan Malik (born 1960), Indian-born British science writer
Nikunj Malik, Indian actress
Rami Malek, American actor
Shoaib Malik, Pakistani cricket player
Steve Malik (born c. 1965), American businessman and sports team owner
Tashfeen Malik, Pakistani American terrorist
Terrence Malick (born 1943), American film director, screenwriter, producer
Veena Malik, Pakistani actress, TV host and model
Wendie Malick, American actress, former model
Yakov Malik, Soviet diplomat
Yasin Malik, Kashmiri politician
Zayn Malik (born 1993), English singer

References edit

^ F.Leo Oppenheim – Ancient Mesopotamia
^ "Molech". Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2008. Retrieved 22 March 2008.
^ Bowker, John (2003). "Malka or Malca". The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780191727221. Retrieved 30 July 2016 – via Oxford Reference.
^ Lutfy, Mohamed Ibrahim. Thaareekhuge therein Lakshadheebu

External links edit

Malik Family History at 'ancestry.com'

[1] F.Leo Oppenheim – Ancient Mesopotamia

[2] "Molech". Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2008. Retrieved 22 March 2008.

[3] Bowker, John (2003). "Malka or Malca". The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780191727221. Retrieved 30 July 2016 – via Oxford Reference.

[4] Lutfy, Mohamed Ibrahim. Thaareekhuge therein Lakshadheebu

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