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M1 carbine

March 17, 2024

The M1 carbine (formally the United States Carbine, Caliber .30, M1) is a lightweight semi-automatic carbine that was issued to the U.S. military during World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War.[11] The M1 carbine was produced in several variants and was widely used by paramilitary and police forces around the world after World War II.

Carbine, Caliber .30, M1
M1 carbine
TypeSemi-automatic carbine (M1)
Selective-fire carbine (M2/M3)
Place of originUnited States
Service history
In service
  • 1942–1973 (United States)
  • 1942–present (other countries)
Used bySee Users
Wars
Production history
Designer
Designed1941
Manufacturer
Unit costAbout $45 (WWII) (equivalent to $760 in 2022)
Produced
  • July 1942 – August 1945 (U.S. military)
  • 1945–present (commercial)
No. built6,121,309 (WWII)[9]
VariantsSee Variants
Specifications
Mass5.2 lb (2.4 kg) empty 5.8 lb (2.6 kg) loaded w/sling
Length35.6 in (900 mm)
Barrel length17.75 in (451 mm)
Cartridge.30 Carbine
ActionGas-operated (short-stroke piston), rotating bolt
Rate of fire
  • 60–70 aimed rounds/min (M1/A1)
  • 750 rounds/min (M2)[9]
Muzzle velocity1,990 ft/s (607 m/s)
Effective firing range219–328 yd (200–300 m)[10]
Feed system15- or 30-round detachable box magazine
Sights
  • Rear sight: aperture; L-type flip or adjustable
  • Front sight: wing-protected post

The M2 carbine is the selective-fire version of the M1 carbine, capable of firing in both semi-automatic and full-automatic. The M3 carbine was an M2 carbine with an active infrared scope system.[12]

Despite having a similar name and physical outward appearance, the M1 carbine is not a carbine version of the M1 Garand rifle. On July 1, 1925, the U.S. Army began using the current naming convention where the "M" is the designation for "Model" and the number represents the sequential development of equipment and weapons.[13] Therefore, the "M1 carbine" was the first carbine developed under this system. The "M2 carbine" was the second carbine developed under the system, etc.

Development history edit

Limitations of weapons in the U.S. arsenal edit

 
The M1 rifle and M1 carbine share only a buttplate screw and use different-sized .30 caliber ammunition.
 
Briefing for staff personnel. Folding stock M1A1 carbine on the table
 
81 mm mortar crew in action at Camp Carson, Colorado, April 24, 1943. The soldier on the left has a slung M1 carbine.
 
A U.S. anti-tank crew in combat in the Netherlands, November 4, 1944. The soldier on the far right is holding an M1 carbine

Prior to World War II, the U.S. Army Ordnance Department received reports that the full-size M1 rifle was too heavy and cumbersome for most support troops (staff, artillerymen, radiomen, etc.) to carry. During pre-war and early war field exercises, it was found that the M1 Garand impeded these soldiers' mobility, as a slung rifle would frequently catch on brush or hit the back of the helmet and tilt it over the eyes. Many soldiers found the rifle slid off the shoulder unless slung diagonally across the back, where it prevented the wearing of standard field packs and haversacks.[14]

Additionally, Germany's use of glider-borne and paratrooper forces to launch surprise blitzkrieg attacks behind the front lines generated a request for a new compact infantry weapon to equip support troops.[15][16] This request called for a compact, lightweight defensive weapon with greater range, accuracy and firepower than a handgun, while weighing half as much as the Thompson submachine gun or the M1 rifle.[15] The U.S. Army decided that a carbine-type weapon would adequately fulfill all of these requirements, and specified that the new arm should weigh no more than 5 pounds (2.3 kg) and have an effective range of 300 yards (270 m).[17][18] Paratroopers were also added to the list of intended users and a folding-stock version would also be developed.[19]

Design edit

In 1938, the chief of infantry requested that the ordnance department develop a "light rifle" or carbine, though the formal requirement for the weapon type was not approved until 1940.

Winchester developed the .30 Carbine cartridge for the ordnance department. Winchester at first did not submit a carbine design, as it was occupied in developing the Winchester G30 rifle. The G30 rifle originated as a design by Jonathan "Ed" Browning, half-brother of the famous firearm designer John Moses Browning. A couple of months after Ed Browning's death in May 1939, Winchester hired David Marshall "Carbine" Williams who had begun work on a short-stroke gas piston design while serving a prison sentence at a North Carolina minimum-security work farm. Winchester, after Williams' release, had hired Williams on the strength of recommendations of firearms industry leaders and hoped Williams would be able to complete various designs left unfinished by Ed Browning, including the Winchester G30 rifle. Williams incorporated his short-stroke piston in the existing design as the G30M. After the Marine Corps' semi-automatic rifle trials in 1940, Browning's rear-locking tilting bolt design proved unreliable in sandy conditions. As a result, Williams redesigned the G30M to incorporate a Garand-style rotating bolt and operating slide, retaining the short-stroke piston as the .30 M2 Winchester Military Rifle. By May 1941, Williams had shaved the M2 rifle prototype from about 9.5 lb (4.3 kg) to a 7.5 lb (3.4 kg).

Ordnance found unsatisfactory the first series of prototype carbines submitted by several firearms companies and some independent designers.[18] Winchester had contacted the ordnance department to examine their rifle M2 design. Major René Studler of ordnance believed the rifle design could be scaled down to a carbine which would weigh 4.5 to 4.75 lb (2.04 to 2.15 kg) and demanded a prototype as soon as possible. The first model was developed at Winchester in 13 days by William C. Roemer, Fred Humeston and three other Winchester engineers under the supervision of Edwin Pugsley and was essentially Williams' last version of the .30-06 M2 scaled down to the .30 SL cartridge.[20] This patchwork prototype was cobbled together using the trigger housing and lockwork of a Winchester M1905 rifle and a modified Garand operating rod. The prototype was an immediate hit with army observers.[21]

After the initial Army testing in August 1941, the Winchester design team set out to develop a more refined version. Williams participated in the finishing of this prototype. The second prototype competed successfully against all remaining carbine candidates in September 1941, and Winchester was notified of their success the next month. Standardization as the M1 carbine was approved on October 22, 1941. This story was the loose basis for the 1952 movie Carbine Williams starring James Stewart. Contrary to the movie, Williams had little to do with the carbine's development, with the exception of his short-stroke gas piston design. Williams worked on his own design apart from the other Winchester staff, but it was not ready for testing until December 1941, two months after the Winchester M1 carbine had been adopted and type-classified. Winchester supervisor Edwin Pugsley conceded that Williams' final design was "an advance on the one that was accepted" but noted that Williams' decision to go it alone was a distinct impediment to the project,[20] and Williams' additional design features were not incorporated into M1 production. In a 1951 memo written in fear of a patent infringement lawsuit by Williams, Winchester noted his patent for the short-stroke piston may have been improperly granted as a previous patent covering the same principle of operation was overlooked by the patent office.[20]

In 1973, the senior technical editor at the NRA contacted Edwin Pugsley for "a technical last testament" on M1 carbine history shortly before his death on November 19, 1975. According to Pugsley, "The carbine was invented by no single man," but was the result of a team effort including: William C. Roemer, David Marshall Williams, Fred Humeston, Cliff Warner, at least three other Winchester engineers, and Pugsley himself. Ideas were taken and modified from the Winchester M2 Browning rifle (Williams' gas system), the Winchester Model 1905 rifle (fire control group and magazine), M1 Garand (buttstock dimensions, and bolt and operating slide principles), and a percussion shotgun in Pugsley's collection (hook breech and barrel band assembly/disassembly).[22]

Features edit

 
.30 Carbine cartridge
 
WW II M1 carbine with a magazine pouch mounted on the stock that held two spare 15-round magazines.
 
Closeup of M1 carbine receiver with original flip sight and push button safety
 
Comparison of M1 carbine magazines. Original 15-round magazine on left and 30-round on right.
 
U.S. Army Rangers resting in the vicinity of Pointe du Hoc, which they assaulted in support of "Omaha" Beach landings on "D-Day", June 6, 1944. Ranger in right center is apparently using his middle finger to push cartridges into an M1 carbine magazine. The carbine and a backpack frame are nearby.
 
Paratrooper armed with a folding stock M1A1 carbine fires a bazooka at an enemy pillbox on Greary Point, Corregidor
 
A marine armed with an M1 carbine and M8 grenade launcher attached to the muzzle, during the Battle of Iwo Jima

Ammunition edit

The .30 Carbine cartridge is essentially a rimless version of the obsolete .32 Winchester Self-Loading cartridge introduced for the Winchester Model 1905 rifle.[23] The propellant was much newer, though, taking advantage of chemistry advances. As a result, the .30 Carbine cartridge is approximately 27% more powerful than its parent cartridge. A standard .30 Carbine ball bullet weighs 110 grains (7.1 g), a complete loaded round weighs 195 grains (12.6 g) and has a muzzle velocity of 1,990 ft/s (610 m/s) giving it 967 ft·lbf (1,311 joules) of energy, when fired from the M1 carbine's 17.75 in (451 mm) barrel.

In comparison, the .30-06 Springfield ball round used by the M1 Garand is almost three times as powerful as the .30 Carbine, while the carbine round is twice as powerful as the .45 ACP-caliber Thompson submachine gun in common use at the time. As a result, the carbine offers much better range, accuracy and penetration than those submachine guns. The M1 is also half the weight of the Thompson and fires a lighter cartridge. Therefore, soldiers armed with the carbine can carry much more ammunition than those armed with a Thompson.[15]

Categorizing the M1 carbine series has been the subject of much debate. Although commonly compared to the later German StG 44 and Russian AK-47, the M1 and M2 carbines are under-powered and outclassed.[24] Instead, the carbine falls somewhere between the submachine gun and assault rifle and could be called a precursor of the personal defense weapon since it fulfilled a similar role.[15]

One characteristic of .30 caliber Carbine ammunition is that from the beginning of production, non-corrosive primers were specified. This was the first major use of this type of primer in a military firearm. Because the rifle had a closed gas system, not normally disassembled in the field, corrosive primers would have led to a rapid deterioration of the function of the gas system.[25] The use of non-corrosive primers was a novelty in service ammunition at this time.[26] Some failures to fire were reported in early lots of .30 caliber Carbine ammunition, attributed to moisture ingress of the non-corrosive primer compound.[27]

Sights, range and accuracy edit

The M1 carbine entered service with a simple flip sight, which had two settings: 150 and 300 yd (140 and 270 m).[28] However, field reports indicated that this sight was inadequate, and in 1944, it was replaced by a sliding ramp-type adjustable sight with four settings: 100 yd (91 m), 200 yd (180 m), 250 yd (230 m), and 300 yd (270 m). This new rear sight was also adjustable for windage.[9]

At 100 yards (91 m), the M1 carbine can deliver groups between 3 and 5 in (76 and 127 mm), sufficient for its intended purpose as a close-range defensive weapon. The M1 carbine has a maximum effective range of 300 yards (270 m). However, bullet drop is significant past 200 yards (180 m).[23] Therefore, the M1 has a practical effective range of about 200 yd (180 m).[29]

Magazines edit

The M1 carbine entered service with a standard straight 15-round box magazine. The introduction of the select-fire M2 carbine in October 1944[30] also brought into service the curved 30-round box magazine or "Banana Clip".[31] After WWII, the 30-round magazine quickly became the standard magazine for both the M1 and M2 carbines, although the 15-round magazine remained in service until the end of the Vietnam War.[24]

Perhaps the most common accessory used on the M1 carbine was a standard magazine belt pouch that was slid over the stock and held two extra 15-round magazines. This field adaptation was never officially approved but proved an efficient method to supply extra ammunition in combat. After the introduction of the 30-round magazine, it was common for troops to tape two 30-round magazines together, a practice that became known as "jungle style". This led the military to introduce the "Holder, Magazine T3-A1" also called the "jungle clip", a metal clamp that held two magazines together without the need for tape.[32]

The 30-round magazines introduced for use with the selective-fire M2 carbine would not be reliably retained by the magazine catch made for the original M1 carbine which was designed to retain a 15-round magazine, so the much heavier 30-round magazine would not be properly seated in the M1 carbine magazine well. The loaded 30-round magazine would typically slant (impairing feed reliability) or even fall out, which contributed to the poor reliability record of the 30-round magazines. Because of their thin steel construction, they were also more prone to damage due to their added length and weight when loaded. In response to these issues, early production M1 carbines had to be fitted with the type IV magazine catch used on the M2 carbine (and late production M1 carbines) if they were to be used with 30-round magazines in order to ensure reliable loading and feeding. The type IV magazine catch has a leg on the left side to correspond with the additional nub on the 30-round magazines.[33]

Initial combat reports noted that the M1 carbine's magazine release button was often mistaken for the safety button while under fire.[9] When this occurred, pressing the magazine release caused the loaded magazine to drop, while the safety remained in the off position. As a result, the push-button safety was redesigned using a rotating lever.[9][34]

Accessories edit

Originally the M1 carbine did not have a bayonet lug, but personnel equipped with it were often issued with an M3 fighting knife. Due to requests from the field, the carbine was modified to incorporate a bayonet lug attached to the barrel band starting in 1945.[35] However, very few carbines with bayonet lugs reached the front lines before the end of World War II. After the war, the bayonet lug was added to many M1 carbines during the arsenal refurbishing process. By the start of the Korean War, the bayonet lug-equipped M1 was standard issue. It is now rare to find an original M1 carbine without the bayonet lug. The M1 carbine mounts the M4 bayonet, which was based on the earlier M3 fighting knife and formed the basis for the later M5, M6 and M7 bayonet-knives.

A folding-stock version of the carbine, the M1A1, was also developed after a request for a compact and light infantry arm for airborne troops. The Inland Division of General Motors manufactured 140,000 of them in two product runs in late 1942.[30] They were originally issued to the 82nd and 101st airborne divisions but were later issued to all U.S. Army Airborne units and the U.S. Marine Corps.[30] The folding-stock M1A1 is an unusual design in that the stock is not locked in the open or closed position, but is instead held in place by a spring-loaded cam.

As carbines were reconditioned, parts such as the magazine catch, rear sight, barrel band without bayonet lug, and stock were upgraded with current standard-issue parts. Also, both during and after World War II, many semi-automatic M1 carbines were converted to select-fire M2 carbines by using the T17 and T18 conversion kits.[36] The conversion included a modified sear, slide, and trigger housing, and added a disconnector, disconnector lever, and selector switch that could be set for semi-auto or full-automatic fire.

During World War II, the T23 (M3) flash hider was designed to reduce the muzzle flash from the carbine, but was not introduced into service until the advent of the M3 carbine.[37] With the exception of T23 hiders mounted on M3 carbines, few if any T23 flash-hider attachments saw service during the war, though unit armorers occasionally hand-built improvised compensator-flash-hiders of their own design.[37][26]

Combat tests of the M2 carbine resulted in an Army Ground Forces request that led to development of the T13 recoil check adopted September 1945.[38]

The M1 carbine was used with the M8 grenade launcher (see M7 grenade launcher), which was developed in early 1944. It was fired with the .30 caliber Carbine M6 grenade blank cartridge to launch 22 mm rifle grenades. However, the stress from firing rifle grenades could eventually crack the carbine's stock, and it also could not use the launcher with the M7 auxiliary "booster" charge to extend its range without breaking the stock. This made the M1 carbine with M8 grenade launcher a type of emergency-use weapon.

Production edit

 
American infantrymen of the 290th Regiment fight in fresh snowfall near Amonines, Belgium. Soldier in foreground is armed with an M1 carbine.

A total of over 6.1 million M1 carbines of various models were manufactured, making it the most produced small arm for the American military during World War II (compared with about 5.4 million M1 rifles and about 1.3 million Thompson submachine guns). Despite being designed by Winchester, the great majority of these were made by other companies (see § Military contractors below). The largest producer was the Inland division of General Motors, but many others were made by contractors as diverse as IBM, the Underwood Typewriter Company, and Rock-Ola Manufacturing Corporation. Few contractors made all the parts for carbines bearing their names: some makers bought parts from other major contractors or sub-contracted minor parts to companies like Marlin Firearms or Auto-Ordnance. Parts by all makers were required to be interchangeable. Often one company would get ahead or behind in production and parts would be shipped from one company to the other to help them catch up on their quota. When receivers were shipped for this purpose, the manufacturers would often mark them for both companies. Some of the strangest combinations were the M1s made by the combined efforts of Underwood and Quality Hardware, resulting in the manufacturer mark "Un-quality".[39] The receiver was subcontracted from Union Switch and Signal, not Underwood. Many carbines were refurbished at several arsenals after the war, with many parts interchanged from original maker carbines. True untouched war production carbines, therefore, are the most desirable for collectors.[40]

The M1 carbine was also one of the most cost-effective weapons used by the United States military during World War II. At the beginning of World War II, the average production cost for an M1 carbine was approximately $45, about half the cost of an M1 rifle at approximately $85 and about a fifth of the cost of a Thompson submachine gun at approximately $225. The .30 caliber Carbine ammunition was also far cheaper to produce than the standard .30-06 ammunition; used fewer resources, was smaller, lighter and easier to make. These were major factors in the United States military decision to adopt the M1 carbine, especially when considering the vast numbers of weapons and ammunition manufactured and transported by the United States during World War II.[citation needed]

U.S. combat use edit

World War II edit

 
U.S. marine in combat at Guam
 
M1 carbine at first Iwo Jima flag raising

The M1 carbine with its reduced-power .30 cartridge was not originally intended to serve as a primary weapon for combat infantrymen, nor was it comparable to more powerful assault rifles developed late in the war. However, it was markedly superior to the .45 caliber submachineguns in use at the time in both accuracy and penetration,[15] and its lighter .30 caliber cartridge allowed soldiers to carry more ammunition. As a result, the carbine was soon widely issued to infantry officers, American paratroopers, non-commissioned officers, ammunition bearers, forward artillery observers, and other frontline troops.[41] The first M1 carbines were delivered in mid-1942, with initial priority given to troops in the European Theater of Operations (ETO).[15]

During World War II a standard U.S. Army infantry company was issued a total of 28 M1 carbines.[42] The company headquarters was issued nine carbines (for the company commander, executive officer, first sergeant, mess sergeant, supply sergeant, bugler, and three messengers), the weapons platoon was issued sixteen carbines (for the platoon leader, platoon sergeant, two platoon messengers in the platoon headquarters, one messenger in each of the two mortar and machine gun section headquarters, and ten for the mortar and machine gun ammunition bearers), and the three rifle platoons were issued one each (for the platoon leader).[42]

The M1 carbine gained generally high praise for its small size, light weight and firepower, especially by those troops who were unable to use a full-size rifle as their primary weapon.[27][43] However, its reputation in front-line combat was mixed and negative reports began to surface with airborne operations in Sicily in 1943,[44] and increased during the fall and winter of 1944.[45]

In the Asiatic-Pacific Theater, soldiers and guerrilla forces operating in heavy jungle with only occasional enemy contact praised the carbine for its small size, light weight, and firepower.[46] However, soldiers and marines engaged in frequent daily firefights (particularly those serving in the Philippines) found the weapon to have insufficient penetration and stopping power.[26][47] While carbine bullets would easily penetrate the front and back of steel helmets, as well as the body armor used by Japanese forces of the era,[48][49] reports of the carbine's failure to stop enemy soldiers, sometimes after multiple hits, appeared in individual after-action reports, postwar evaluations, and service histories of both the U.S. Army and the U.S. Marine Corps.[26][47]

The carbine's exclusive use of non-corrosive-primer ammunition was found to be ideal by troops and ordnance personnel serving in the Pacific, where barrel corrosion was a significant issue with the corrosive primers used in .30-06 caliber weapons.[26] However, in the European theatre, some soldiers reported misfires attributed to moisture ingress of the non-corrosive primer compound.[27]

Selective-fire version edit

 
U.S. Marines fighting in the streets of Seoul, South Korea. September 20, 1950. The M1 carbine in the foreground has a bayonet mounted.

Initially, the M1 carbine was intended to have a select-fire capability, but the requirement for rapid production of the new carbine resulted in the omission of this feature from the Light Rifle Program. On 26 October 1944, in response to the Germans' widespread use of automatic weapons, especially the Sturmgewehr 44 assault rifle, the select-fire M2 carbine was introduced, along with a new 30-round magazine. The M2 had a fully automatic rate-of-fire of 750-775 rounds-per-minute. Although actual M2 production began late in the war (April 1945), U.S. Ordnance issued conversion-part kits to allow field conversion of semi-auto M1 carbines to the selective-fire M2 configuration. These converted M1/M2 select-fire carbines saw limited combat service in Europe, primarily during the final Allied advance into Germany. In the Pacific, both converted and original M2 carbines saw limited use in the last days of the fighting in the Philippines.[26]

Infrared sight versions edit

The M3 carbine was an M2 carbine with the M2 infrared night sight or sniperscope.[12] The M3 did not have iron sights.[12] It was first used in combat by Army units during the invasion of Okinawa, where about 150 M3 carbines were used. For the first time, U.S. soldiers had a weapon that allowed them to visually detect Japanese infiltrating into American lines at night, even during complete darkness. A team of two or three soldiers was used to operate the weapon and provide support.[41] At night, the scope would be used to detect Japanese patrols and assault units moving forward. At that point, the operator would fire a burst of automatic fire at the greenish images of enemy soldiers.[41] The M3 carbine had an effective range of about 70 yards (64 meters), limited by the visual capabilities of the sight.[50] Fog and rain further reduced the weapon's effective range.[41][50] However, it is estimated that 30% of Japanese casualties inflicted by rifle and carbine fire during the Okinawan campaign were caused by the M3 carbine.[41]

The system was refined over time, and by the Korean War the improved M3 infrared night sight was in service. The M3 sight has a longer effective range than its predecessor, about 125 yards (114 meters). However, it still required the user to carry a heavy backpack-mounted battery pack to power the scope and infrared light. They were used primarily in static defensive positions in Korea to locate troops attempting to infiltrate in darkness. M3 operators would not only use their carbines to dispatch individual targets, but also used tracer ammo to identify troop concentrations for machine gunners to decimate.[9] In total, about 20,000 sets were made before they became obsolete, and were given to the public as surplus.[citation needed]

Korean War edit

 
M1 carbine in action during Korean War with 30-round magazine, stock pouch for two 15-round Magazine and grenade launcher near a captured Soviet DP-27 machine gun
 
U.S. Marines with M1 carbine with mounted bayonet holding captured Chinese soldiers during fighting on the central Korean front

By the Korean War, the select fire M2 carbine had largely replaced the submachine-gun in U.S. service[51] and was the most widely used carbine variant.[9][52] However, the semi-auto M1 carbine was also widely used- especially by support troops. However, in Korea, all versions of the carbine soon acquired a widespread reputation for jamming in extremely cold weather,[53][52][54] this being eventually traced to weak return springs, freezing of parts due to overly viscous lubricants and inadequate cartridge recoil impulse as the result of subzero temperatures.[55][56]

There were also many complaints from individual soldiers that the carbine bullets failed to stop heavily clothed[57][56][58][59] or gear-laden[60][59][61] North Korean and Chinese (PVA) troops even at close range and after multiple hits.[52][55][62] Marines of the 1st Marine Division also reported instances of carbine bullets failing to stop enemy soldiers, and some units issued standing orders for carbine users to aim for the head.[56][57] PVA infantry forces who had been issued captured U.S. small arms disliked the carbine for the same reason.[63]

A 1951 official U.S. Army evaluation reported that ..."There are practically no data bearing on the accuracy of the carbine at ranges in excess of 50 yd (46 m). The record contains a few examples of carbine-aimed fire felling an enemy soldier at this distance or perhaps a little more. But they are so few in number that no general conclusion can be drawn from them. Where carbine fire had proved killing effect, approximately 95 percent of the time the target was dropped at less than 50 yd (46 m)."[55] The evaluation also reported that ..."Commanders noted that it took two to three engagements at least to settle their men to the automatic feature of the carbine so that they would not greatly waste ammunition under the first impulse of engagement. By experience, they would come to handle it semi-automatically, but it took prolonged battle hardening to bring about this adjustment in the human equation."[55]

Despite its mixed reputation, the M2 carbine's firepower often made it the weapon of choice, when it came to night patrols in Korea.[55] The M3 carbine with its infrared sniper scope was also used against night infiltrators, especially during the static stages of the conflict.[citation needed]

Vietnam War edit

 
ARVN soldiers with M1 carbines and U.S. Special Forces with M16s

The M1 and M2 carbines issued to U.S. forces were first given to American military advisors in Vietnam beginning in 1956,[64] and later, the United States Air Force Security Police and United States Army Special Forces. These weapons began to be replaced by the M16 in 1964, and they were generally out of service by the 1970s. By the war's end, it was estimated that a total of 1.5 million M1 and M2 carbines were left in Vietnam.[64]

At least 793,994 M1 and M2 carbines were given to the South Vietnamese and were widely used throughout the Vietnam War.[65] A number were captured during the war by Viet Cong,[66] with some made compact by shortening the barrel and/or stock.[9] "While the carbine's lighter weight and high rate of fire made it an excellent weapon for small-statured Asians, these guns lacked sufficient hitting power and penetration, and they were eventually outclassed by the AK-47 assault rifle."[24] The M1/M2/M3 carbines were the most heavily produced family of U.S. military weapons for several decades. They were used by every branch of the U.S. Armed Forces.[citation needed]

Foreign usage edit

 
Winston Churchill fires an American M1 carbine during a visit to the U.S. 2nd Armored Division on Salisbury Plain, 23 March 1944.
 
British officers: Brigadier "Mad" Mike Calvert (left) gives orders to Lieutenant-Colonel Shaw, while Major James Lumley stands with M1 carbine under his arm, after the capture of Mogaung in Burma during the second Chindit expedition, June 1944.

After World War II, the M1 and M2 carbines were widely exported to U.S. allies and client states (1,015,568 to South Korea, 793,994 to South Vietnam, 269,644 to France, etc.),[65] they were used as a frontline weapon well into the Vietnam War era, and they continue to be used by military, police, and security forces around the world to this day.

British Army edit

During World War II, the British SAS used the M1 and M1A1 carbines after 1943. The weapon was taken into use simply because a decision had been taken by Allied authorities to supply .30 caliber weapons from U.S. stocks in the weapons containers dropped to Resistance groups sponsored by an SOE, or later also Office of Strategic Services (OSS), organizer, on the assumption the groups so supplied would be operating in areas within the operational boundaries of U.S. forces committed to Operation Overlord.[citation needed] They were found to be suited to the kind of operation the two British, two French, and one Belgian Regiment carried out. It was handy enough to parachute with, and, in addition, could be easily stowed in an operational Jeep. Other specialist intelligence collection units, such as 30 Assault Unit sponsored by the Naval Intelligence Division of the British Admiralty, which operated across the entire Allied area of operations, also made use of this weapon.[citation needed]. The carbine continued to be utilized as late as the Malayan Emergency, by the Police Field Force of the Royal Malaysian Police, along with other units of the British Army, were issued the M2 carbine for both jungle patrols and outpost defense.[67][68][69] The Royal Ulster Constabulary also used the M1 carbine.[70]

German Army edit

Small numbers of captured M1 carbines were used by German forces in World War II, particularly after D-Day.[71] The German designation for captured carbines was Selbstladekarabiner 455(a). The "a" came from the country name in German; in this case, Amerika. It was also used by German police and border guards in Bavaria after World War II and into the 1950s. The carbines were stamped according to the branch they were in service with; for instance, those used by the border guard were stamped "Bundesgrenzschutz". Some of these weapons were modified with different sights, finishes, and sometimes new barrels.

Japanese GSDF edit

A variant was produced shortly after World War II by Japanese manufacturer Howa Machinery, under U.S. supervision. These were issued to all branches of the Japan Self-Defense Forces, and large numbers of them found their way to Southeast Asia during the Vietnam War. Howa also made replacement parts for US-made M1 carbines issued to Japanese police and military.[citation needed]

Israel Defense Forces edit

The M1 carbine was also used by the Israeli Palmach-based special forces in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. And, because of their compact size and semi-automatic capabilities, they continued to be used by Israeli Defence Forces after the creation of Israel. The Israeli police still use the M1 carbine as a standard long gun for non-combat elements and Mash'az volunteers.

French Army edit

The U.S. provided France with 269,644 M1 and M2 carbines from World War II to 1963.[65] The carbines were used by the French Paratroopers and Legionnaires, as well as specialists (e.g., drivers, radio operators, engineers), during the First Indochina War,[72] the Algerian War[73] and the Suez Crisis.

 
South Vietnamese Popular Force members on patrol with M1 carbines
 
Che Guevara atop a mule in Las Villas province, Cuba, in November 1958, with an M2 Carbine

South Vietnam edit

The U.S. provided the Army of the Republic of Vietnam with 793,994 M1 and M2 carbines from 1963 to 1973.[65] Along with tens of thousands of carbines left behind by the French after the First Indochina War, the M1 and M2 carbines were the most widely issued small arm during the early stages in the Vietnam War and remained in service in large numbers until the fall of Saigon. The South Vietnamese would also receive 220,300 M1 Garands and 520 M1C/M1D rifles,[74] and 640,000 M16 rifles.

The Viet Minh and the Viet Cong also used large numbers of M1 and M2 carbines, captured from the French, ARVN and local militia forces of South Vietnam, as well as receiving many thousands of carbines from the North Vietnamese Army (NVA), China and North Korea. Over time, the SKS and eventually the AK-47 would replace the carbine to become the dominant weapons used by the Viet Cong.

South Korea edit

The Republic of Korea Armed Forces received 1,015,568 M1 and M2 carbines from 1963 to 1972.[65] Along with hundreds of thousands of Carbines and M1 Garands provided by the United States Army before, during and shortly after the Korean war, South Korea would become the largest single recipient of American M1 and M2 carbines.

The Republic of Korea Armed Forces in Vietnam used M1 and M2 carbines in the early years of participation of the Vietnam War until the forces received the M16 rifle from the United States.[75]

Philippines edit

The government of the Philippines still issues M1 carbines to the infantrymen of the Philippine Army's 2nd Infantry Division[citation needed] assigned in Luzon Island (some units are issued just M14 automatic rifles and M1 carbines) and the Civilian Auxiliary Forces Geographical Unit (CAFGU) and Civilian Volunteer Organizations (CVO) spread throughout the Philippines. Certain provincial police units of the Philippine National Police (PNP) still use government-issued M1 carbines as well as some operating units of the National Bureau of Investigation (NBI). In many provinces in the Philippines, M1 carbines are still a highly valued light small arm. Elements of the New People's Army and Islamic secessionist movements value the carbine as a lightweight weapon and preferred choice for mountain and ambush operations.

The M1 carbine has become one of the most recognized firearms in Philippine society, with the Marikina-based company ARMSCOR Philippines still continues to manufacture .30 caliber ammunition for the Philippine market.

Latin America edit

The M1 and M2 carbines were widely used by military, police, and security forces and their opponents during the many guerrilla and civil wars throughout Latin America until the 1990s, when they were mostly replaced by more modern designs. A notable user was Che Guevara who used them during the Cuban Revolution and in Bolivia where he was executed by a Bolivian soldier armed with an M2 carbine.[76] Guevara's fellow revolutionary Camilo Cienfuegos also used an M2 carbine that he modified with the pistol grip and foregrip from a Thompson submachine gun. Cienfuegos' carbine is on display in the Museum of the Revolution (Cuba).

In Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, a police battalion named Batalhão de Operações Policiais Especiais (BOPE, or "Special Police Operations Battalion") still uses the M1 carbine.[citation needed]

Users edit

 
A map with users of the M1 Carbine in blue and former users in red

The unit data provided below refers to original U.S. Ordnance contract carbines the United States provided these countries. Many countries sold, traded, destroyed, and/or donated these carbines to other countries and/or private gun brokers.[65]

Current users edit

Former users edit

 
Ethiopian soldiers deployed with U.S.-made weapons somewhere in Korea, 1953. The M1 carbine has two 30-round magazines taped together "jungle style".
 
Dutch police officer shoots teargas ammunition from the muzzle of an M1 carbine, during a blockade and demonstration against the nuclear power plant Dodewaard. September 18, 1981
  •   Netherlands: 84,523 units[65](1940s–1970s, Army, Korps Mariniers[1] and Police)
  •   Nicaragua: 121 units[65]
  •   Nigeria: 100 units[65]
  •   Norway: 98,267 units[65](Norwegian Army 1951–1970, with some Norwegian police units until the 1990s)
  •   Pakistan: 45 units[65]
  •   Panama: 917 units[65]
  •   Peru: 821 units[65]
  •   Philippines: 8,831 units[65]
  •   South Korea: The Armed Forces was equipped with 19,402 M1/M2 carbines before the Korean War, and received 219,700 more carbines throughout the war. By the end of the war, 159,393 carbines were in service with the Army.[102][103] 1,015,558 additional M1/M2 carbines also received from the U.S. between 1963 and 1972.,[65] and these guns were provided to the Reserve Forces in 1968.[104][105] Carbines were used in the early years of the Vietnam War until XM16E1 (1966) or M16A1 (1968) became available to Korean troops. The carbines were replaced by license produced M16A1 rifles, and were removed from active service in 1978.[103] Some of these M1 carbines were sold back to the United States: 100,000 carbines in 1986 to 1989 via Blue Sky, and 100,000 carbines in 1991 to 1993 via Century Arms.[106][107] In 2005, the Reserve Forces began replacing carbines with 850,000 M16A1s that are decommissioning from active service.[108][109] Since 2006, South Korea attempted to sell 770,160 M1 carbines back to the United States, but was rejected by the Obama Administration in 2013.[110][111][112] The replacement for carbine was completed in 2016.[113]
  •   Thailand: 73,012 units from 1963 to 1976[65]
  •   Tunisia: 771 units[65]
  •   Turkey: 450 units.[65]
  •   United Kingdom: 200,766 units[65]
  •   United States: 6,110,730 units[65] (1940s–1960s/1970s, Armed Forces and 1940s-present, various law enforcement agencies, and the Tennessee Valley Authority)
  •   Uruguay: 32,346 units[65]
  •   Soviet Union: 7 units[65]
  •   Vietnam: Largely captured and/or inherited from now-defunct Army of the Republic of Vietnam.[65][114] Some used by the Viet Cong and the Viet Minh, taken from American, French and South Vietnamese forces/armories with a few modified to make them compact.[9]

Variants edit

The standard-issue versions of the carbine officially listed and supported were the M1, M1A1, M2 and M3.[115]

 
M1A1 carbine. Paratrooper model with folding buttstock and late issue adjustable sight and bayonet lug.

Carbine, Cal .30, M1A1 edit

The M1A1 was designed in May 1942 for paratrooper units, and came with a folding stock, but was otherwise identical to a standard M1.[116] M1A1 carbines were made by Inland, a division of General Motors and originally came with the early "L" nonadjustable sight and barrel band without bayonet lug. Inland production of M1A1 carbines was interspersed with Inland production of M1 carbines with the standard stock. Stocks were often swapped out as carbines were refurbished at arsenals.

Carbine, Cal .30, M1A2 edit

  • Proposed variant with improved sight adjustable for windage and elevation
  • Produced only as an "overstamped" model (an arsenal-refurbished M1 with new rear sight and other late M1 improvements)

Carbine, Cal .30, M1A3 edit

  • Underside-folding pantograph stock, 15-round magazine
  • Type standardized to replace the M1A1 but may not have been issued
  • Pantograph stock was more rigid than the M1A1's folding stock and folded flush under the fore end. A more common name for this type of stock is an "underfolder".

Carbine, Cal .30, M2 edit

 
M2 carbine with the selector lever on the left side, opposite the bolt handle
 
Exploded view of the M2 carbine
  • Mid to Late 1944[117][118]
  • Selective fire (capable of semi-automatic or fully automatic fire)
  • 15-round magazine or 30-round magazine
  • About 600,000 produced

Initially, the M1 carbine was intended to have a selective-fire capability, but the decision was made to put the M1 into production without this feature. Fully automatic capability was incorporated into the design of the M2 (an improved, selective-fire version of the M1), introduced in 1944. The M2 featured the late M1 improvements to the rear sight, addition of a bayonet lug, and other minor changes.

Research into a conversion kit for selective fire began May 1944; the first kit was developed by Inland engineers, and known as the T4. Inland was awarded a contract for 500 T4 carbines in September 1944. Although the conversion was seen as satisfactory, the heavier 30-round magazine put greater strain on the magazine catch, necessitating the development of a sturdier catch. The slide, sear, and stock design also had to be modified. On fully automatic fire, the T4 model could fire about 750 rounds per minute, and generated a manageable recoil.[9]

Although some carbines were marked at the factory as M2, the only significant difference between an M1 and M2 carbine is in the fire control group. The military issued field conversion kits (T17 and T18) to convert an M1 to an M2. Legally a carbine marked M2 is always a machine gun for national firearms registry purposes.[119]

These M2 parts including the heavier M2 stock were standardized for arsenal rebuild of M1 and M1A1 carbines.

A modified round bolt replaced the original flat top bolt to save machining steps in manufacture. Many sources erroneously refer to this round bolt as an "M2 bolt" but it was developed as a standard part for new manufacture M1 and later M2 carbines and as a replacement part, with priority given to use on M1A1 and M2 carbines.[18] The slightly heavier round bolt did moderate the cyclic rate of the M2 on full automatic.[120]

Despite being in demand, very few M2 carbines saw use during World War II, and then mostly in the closing days against Japan.[9] The M2 carbine was logistically compatible with the millions of M1 carbines in U.S. service, and offered longer range, better accuracy and better penetration than (pistol caliber) submachine guns like the M1 Thompsons and M3 Grease Guns.[121] Therefore, after World War II, the M2 carbine largely replaced the submachine-guns in U.S. service, until it was itself replaced by the M16 rifle.[51]

The M2 model was the most widely used carbine variant during the Korean War.[9] A detailed study of the effectiveness of the M2 in the war was assembled by S.L.A. Marshall. He found that many troops complained on the lack of effective range of the gun, which allowed the enemy to get close enough to throw hand grenades. A more detailed analysis showed however that most troops who complained actually tended to run low on ammo, because they fired their M2 on fully automatic too soon. Troops who fired their guns on semi-automatic at distance generally complained less about the M2's effectiveness. Generally, the more seasoned troops used the latter approach. The carbine was usually given to second line troops (administrative, support, etc.), who had little combat experience and also did not have much training in small-unit tactics, but who usually had to engage the enemy at some critical moment, like a breakthrough or ambush. Marshall noted that almost all killing shots with carbines in Korea were at ranges of 50 yd (46 m) or less. The M2 was a preferred weapon for night patrols. The M2 was also used in the early stages of the Vietnam War by special forces, ARVN advisers, and air crews.[9]

Contemporary authors have struggled to categorize the M2 carbine. While it did introduce select-fire capability and an intermediate cartridge, its stopping power and weight was far below that of the StG 44. As such, it is considered by some to be an early predecessor to the assault rifle or personal defense weapon.[9]

Carbine, Cal .30, M2A1 edit

  • M2 with an M1A1 folding stock. Like the M1A1, it was made for paratroopers.

Carbine, Cal .30, M2A2 edit

  • Arsenal-refurbished (over stamped M2) model

Carbine, Cal .30, M3 edit

  • M2 with mounting (T3 mount) for an early active (infrared) night vision sight
  • About 3,000 produced
  • Three versions of night sight (M1, M2, M3)
 
Original Korean War era USMC M3 night vision scope

The M3 carbine was an M2 carbine fitted with a mount designed to accept an infrared sight for use at night. It was initially used with the M1 sniperscope, and an active infrared sight, and saw action in 1945 with the Army during the invasion of Okinawa. Before the M3 carbine and M1 sniperscope were type-classified, they were known as the T3 and T120, respectively. The system continued to be developed, and by the time of the Korean War, the M3 carbine was used with the M3 sniperscope.

The M2 sniper scope extended the effective nighttime range of the M3 carbine to 100 yd (91 m). In the later stages of the Korean War, an improved version of the M3 carbine, with a revised mount, a forward pistol grip, and a new M3 sniperscope design was used in the latter stages of Korea and briefly in Vietnam. The M3 sniperscope had a large active infrared spotlight mounted on top of the scope body itself, allowing use in the prone position. The revised M3/M3 had an effective range of around 125 yd (114 m).[50] Eventually, the M3 carbine and its M3 sniperscope would be superseded by passive-design night vision scopes with extended visible ranges; the improved scopes in turn required the use of rifle-caliber weapons with flatter trajectories and increased hit probability.

Military contractors edit

  • Inland Division, General Motors (production: 2,632,097). Receiver marked "Inland Div." Sole producer of the M1A1 carbine.
  • Winchester Repeating Arms (production: 828,059). Receiver marked "Winchester"[122]
  • Underwood Elliot Fisher (production: 545,616). Receiver marked "Underwood"
  • Saginaw Steering Gear Division, General Motors (production: 517,213 ). Receivers marked "Saginaw S.G." (370,490), "Saginaw S'G'" (for weapons manufactured in Grand Rapids) and "Irwin-Pedersen" (146,723 )
  • Irwin-Pedersen (operated by Saginaw Steering Gear and production included with Saginaw total)
  • National Postal Meter (production: 413,017). Receiver marked "National Postal Meter"
  • Quality Hardware Manufacturing Corp. (production: 359,666). Receiver marked "Quality H.M.C." or "Un-quality" (receivers subcontracted to Union Switch & Signal).
  • International Business Machines (production: 346,500). Receiver marked "I.B.M. Corp." Also barrel marked "IBM Corp"
  • Standard Products (production: 247,100). Receiver marked "Std. Pro."
  • Rock-Ola Manufacturing Corporation (production: 228,500). Receiver marked "Rock-Ola"[123]
  • Commercial Controls Corporation (production: 239). Receiver marked "Commercial Controls". Formerly National Postal Meter.

Derivatives, conversions, and commercial copies edit

Several companies manufactured copies of the M1 carbine after World War II, which varied in quality. Some companies used a combination of original USGI and new commercial parts, while others manufactured entire firearms from new parts, which may or may not be of the same quality as the originals. These copies were marketed to the general public and police agencies but were not made for or used by the U.S. military.[124][page needed]

In 1963, firearms designer Col. Melvin M. Johnson developer of the M1941 Johnson rifle offered the US Military a conversion of original US Military M1 carbines to his new 5.7mm MMJ cartridge, while also introducing a newly manufactured version of the M1 carbine called the "Spitfire" made by his Johnson Arms, Inc. business that was designed and built specifically for this new 5.7 mm (.22 in) wildcat cartridge (also known as the 5.7 mm MMJ or .22 Spitfire).[23] The Spitfire was advertised firing a 40-grain (2.6 g) bullet with a muzzle velocity of 3050 ft/s (930 m/s), though handloaders with careful selection of modern powders and appropriate bullets consistently safely exceed those numbers while remaining within the M1 carbine's maximum pressure rating of 38,500 psi (265 MPa).[23] In comparison, the "standard" load for the .30 Carbine has a .30 Carbine ball bullet weighing 110 grains (7.1 g); a complete loaded round weighs 195 grains (12.6 g) and has a muzzle velocity of 1,990 ft/s (610 m/s), giving it 967 ft⋅lbf (1,311 joules) of energy when fired from the M1 carbine's 17.75 in (451 mm) barrel.[23]

Johnson advertised the smaller caliber and the modified carbine as a survival rifle for use in jungles or other remote areas. It provided for light, easily carried ammunition in a light, fast handling carbine with negligible recoil. While the concept had some military application when used for this role in the selective-fire M2 carbine, it was not pursued, and few Spitfire carbines were made.

 
An Auto-Ordnance AOM-130 carbine manufactured in 2007

More recently, the Auto-Ordnance division of Kahr Arms began production of an M1 carbine replica in 2005 based on the typical M1 carbine as issued in 1944, without the later adjustable sight or barrel band with bayonet lug. The original Auto-Ordnance had produced various parts for IBM carbine production during World War II but did not manufacture complete carbines until the introduction of this replica. The AOM110 and AOM120 models (no longer produced) featured birch stocks and handguards, Parkerized receivers, flip-style rear sights and barrel bands without bayonet lugs. The current AOM130 and AOM140 models are identical except for American walnut stocks and handguards.[125][126]

In 2014, Inland Manufacturing, LLC in Dayton, Ohio introduced the reproduction of the "Inland M1 carbine". Inland Manufacturing, LLC is a private entity that is producing reproductions of the M1 carbine and M1A1 paratrooper models that were built by the original Inland Division of General Motors from 1941 to 1945. The new Inland M1 carbines feature many of the same characteristics of the original Inland carbines and are manufactured in the US. The M1 carbine is modeled after the last production model that Inland manufactured in 1945 and features a Type 3 bayonet lug and barrel band, adjustable rear sights, push button safety, round bolt, and "low wood" walnut stock, and a 15-round magazine. A 30-round mag catch was utilized to allow high-capacity magazines. A "1944" M1 carbine is also available that has the same features as the 1945 only with a Type 2 barrel Band and 10-round magazine and is available for sale in most states with magazine capacity and bayonet lug restrictions. The M1A1 is modeled after a late production 1944 M1A1 paratrooper model with a folding "low wood" walnut stock, Type two barrel band, and includes the same adjustable sights which were actually introduced in 1944.[127]

An Israeli arms company (Advanced Combat Systems) offers a modernized bullpup variant called the Hezi SM-1. The company claims accuracy of 1.5 MOA at 100 yards (91 m).[128]

Commercial manufacturers edit

  • Alpine of Azusa, Calif.[129]
  • AMAC of Jacksonville, Ark. (acquired Iver Johnson Arms)[130]
  • AMPCO of Miami, Fla.[131]
  • Auto-Ordnance
  • Bullseye Gun Works of Miami, Fla.[132]
  • ERMA's Firearms Manufacturing of Steelville, MO.[133]
  • Erma Werke of Dachau, Bavaria serviced carbines used by the West German police post World War II. Manufactured replacement parts for the same carbines. Manufactured .22 replica carbines for use as training rifles for police in West Germany and Austria and for commercial export worldwide.[134][135]
  • Federal Ordnance of South El Monte, Calif.[136]
  • Fulton Armory of Savage, MD[137]
  • Global Arms[138]
  • H&S of Plainfield, NJ (Haas & Storck, predecessor of Plainfield Machine)[139]
  • Howa of Nagoya, Japan, made carbines and parts for the post-World War II Japanese and Thai militaries, and limited numbers of a hunting rifle version[140]
  • Inland Manufacturing of Dayton, Ohio[141]
  • Israel Arms International (IAI) of Houston, Texas assembled carbines from parts from other sources[142]
  • The Iver Johnson Arms of Plainfield, NJ and later Jacksonville, Ark., (acquired M1 carbine operations of Plainfield Machine) and followed the lead of Universal in producing a pistol version called the "Enforcer".[143]
  • Johnston-Tucker of St. Louis, Mo.[144]
  • Millvile Ordnance (MOCO) of Union, N.J. (predecessor of H&S)[145]
  • National Ordnance of Azusa, Calif. and later South El Monte, Calif.[146]
  • NATO of Atlanta, GA[147]
  • Plainfield Machine Company of Plainfield, N.J. and later Middlesex, N.J. (P.O. Box in Dunellen, N.J.), M1 Carbine manufacture later purchased and operated by Iver Johnson[148]
  • Rock Island Armory of Geneseo, Ill.[149]
  • Rowen, Becker Company of Waterville, Ohio[150]
  • Springfield Armory of Geneseo, Ill.[151]
  • Texas Armament Co. of Brownwood, Tex.[152]
  • Tiroler Sportwaffenfabrik und Apparatenbau GmbH of Kugstein, Austria manufactured an air rifle that looked and operated like the M1 carbine for use in training by Austria and West Germany.[153]
  • Universal Firearms of Hialeah, Fla. – Early Universal guns were, like other manufacturers, assembled from USGI parts. However, beginning in 1968, the company began producing the "new carbine", which externally resembled the M1 but was in fact a completely new firearm internally, using a different receiver, bolt carrier, bolt, recoil spring assembly, etc. with almost no interchangeability with GI-issue carbines.[154]
    Universal was acquired by Iver Johnson in 1983 and moved to Jacksonville, Ark. in 1985.
  • Williams Gun Sight of Davison, Mich. produced a series of 50 sporterized M1 carbines[155]

Derivatives edit

  • Ingram SAM

The Ingram SAM rifles are M1 carbine derivatives in 5.56×45mm NATO (SAM-1), 7.62×39mm (SAM-2) and 7.62×51mm NATO (SAM-3). The 5.56×45mm versions accept M16 magazines, the 7.62×39mm accept AK magazines and the 7.62×51mm versions use FN FAL magazines. They did not catch on in competition against the Ruger Mini-14 in both the police and civilian markets. The Ingram SAM rifles are occasionally found on auction sites for collectors.[156][157]

  • 9×19mm Parabellum

Iver Johnson's 9×19mm Parabellum carbine was introduced in 1985 until 1986 using modified Browning High Power 20-round magazines.[158]

Chiappa Firearms produces a 9mm M1 carbine derivative called the M1-9 which uses Beretta M9/92FS magazines. The Chiappa is not gas operated and instead relies on blowback operation.[159]

Competitors edit

Designs that ultimately lost to Winchesters attempt are the M1944 Hyde Carbine, Thompson Light Rifle, Woodhull light rifle, H&R Reising light rifle

Hunting and civilian use edit

 
Patty Hearst holding a M1 "Enforcer" carbine during her infamous bank robbery attempt

Some U.S. states prohibit use of the .30 Carbine cartridge for hunting deer and larger animals due to a lessened chance of killing an animal in a single shot, even with expanding bullets. The M1 carbine is also prohibited for hunting in several states such as Pennsylvania[160] because of the semi-automatic function, and Illinois[161] which prohibits all non-muzzleloading rifles for big game hunting. Five-round magazines are commercially made for use in states that limit the capacity of semi-automatic hunting rifles.

After World War II, the USA decommissioned surplus M1 carbines for sale to the general public. The last batch came from Blue Sky and Arlington Ordinance in 1963 and was sold to NRA members for $20 each. Inland Mfg continues to make new M1 carbine replicas.[162]

The M1 carbine was also used by various law enforcement agencies and prison guards and was prominently carried by riot police during the civil unrest of the late 1960s and early 1970s; until it was replaced in those roles by more modern .223 caliber semi-automatic rifles such as the Ruger Mini-14 and the Colt AR-15-type rifles in the late 1970s and early 1980s.

The ease of use and great adaptability of the weapon led to it being used by Malcolm X and Patty Hearst. Both were featured in famous news photographs carrying a version the carbine. One of these firearms was also the weapon used in the 1947 assassination of notorious American mobster Benjamin "Bugsy" Siegel.

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ a b Bloomfield & Leiss 1967, pp. 80–81.
  2. ^ a b de Quesada, Alejandro (10 January 2009). The Bay of Pigs: Cuba 1961. Elite 166. Osprey Publishing. p. 60. ISBN 978-1-84603-323-0.
  3. ^ . Archived from the original on December 4, 2022.
  4. ^ Katz, Sam (24 Mar 1988). Arab Armies of the Middle East Wars (2). Men-at-Arms 128. Osprey Publishing. pp. 40–41. ISBN 978-0-85045-800-8.
  5. ^ . gorontalo.antaranews.com (in Indonesian). 3 January 2019. Archived from the original on November 20, 2022. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
  6. ^ . Borderland Beat. Archived from the original on August 2, 2019.
  7. ^ Brian Wood; Johan Peleman (1999). (Report). PRIO. p. 40. Archived from the original on May 13, 2023. Retrieved May 13, 2023. At the busiest US port, Long Beach in California, an average of 8,400 cargo containers in the port area could be checked every day – but US Customs has fewer than 135 inspectors there. It was therefore almost by accident that, in March 1997, federal agents at the US–Mexico border opened two suspect sealed containers from Long Beach, and this led them to the largest illicit arms shipment ever intercepted en route from the USA to Mexico.2 The arms, including M-2 automatic rifles, had originally been left behind in Vietnam by the US armed forces.
  8. ^ . Aug 7, 2018. Archived from the original on April 7, 2023. Retrieved Jun 20, 2020.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Thompson, Leroy (22 November 2011). The M1 Carbine. Osprey Publishing. pp. 25–30, 32, 41–56, 57–70. ISBN 978-1-84908-619-6.
  10. ^ . 2022-11-26. Archived from the original on 2022-11-26. Retrieved 2024-01-18.
  11. ^ Meche, W. Derek (6 June 2013). . Guns.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
  12. ^ a b c Hogg, Ian V.; Weeks, John S. (10 February 2000). Military Small Arms of the 20th Century (7th ed.). Krause Publications. p. 290. ISBN 978-0-87341-824-9.
  13. ^ International Encyclopedia of Military History. James C. Bradford. Routledge, Dec 1, 2004. p. 886
  14. ^ Dabbs, Will (21 January 2019). . Archived from the original on February 8, 2023.
  15. ^ a b c d e f George, John (1981). Shots Fired In Anger (2nd Revised & Enlarged ed.). Washington, D.C.: National Rifle Association of America. p. 394. ISBN 978-0-935998-42-9.
  16. ^ Weeks, John S. (1 May 1989). World War II Small Arms. Chartwell House. p. 130. ISBN 978-0-88365-403-3.
  17. ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the : "M1 Carbine at 300 Yards" (Video). YouTube. 2 October 2012.
  18. ^ a b c Ruth, Larry L. (1988). M1 Carbine: Design, Development & Production. The Gun Room Press. ISBN 0-88227-020-6. contains many Ordnance documents related to the "Light Rifle" specification that led to the M1 carbine
  19. ^ Herbert, Terril. . Archived from the original on December 1, 2022.
  20. ^ a b c Canfield, Bruce N. (7 April 2016). . The American Rifleman. NRA Publications. Archived from the original (February 2009 Reprint) on March 5, 2018.
  21. ^ Bishop, Chris (1998). The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II. New York: Orbis Publishing Ltd. ISBN 0-7607-1022-8..
  22. ^ E.H. Harrison, "Who Designed the M1 Carbine?", in U.S. Caliber .30 Carbine, NRA American Rifleman Reprint.
  23. ^ a b c d e Barnes, Frank C. (1997). Cartridges of the World (6th ed.). Iola, WI: DBI Books Inc. pp. 52, 127. ISBN 978-0-87349-033-7.
  24. ^ a b c Rottman, Gordon L. (20 June 2012). Green Beret in Vietnam: 1957–73. Osprey Publishing. p. 41. ISBN 978-1-78200-051-8.
  25. ^ Roberts, Joseph B. (1992). The American rifleman goes to war: The guns, troops, and training of World War II as reported in NRA's magazine (First ed.). National Rifle Association of America. p. 20. ISBN 0-935998-63-2.
  26. ^ a b c d e f Dunlap, Roy F. (1993). Ordnance Went Up Front (1st ed.). R&R Books. pp. 240, 293–297.
  27. ^ a b c Shore, C. (Capt) (1988). With British Snipers To The Reich. Lancer Militaria. pp. 191–195. Small-statured men such as Capt. Shore and Sgt. Audie Murphy liked the carbine, as its small stock dimensions fit them particularly well.
  28. ^ (PDF). War Department. 20 May 1942. Archived from the original (FM 23-7) on April 5, 2023.
  29. ^ Hogg, Ian; Gander, Terry (20 September 2005). Jane's Gun Recognition Guide. Harper Collins Publishers. p. 330. ISBN 978-0-00-718328-9.
  30. ^ a b c d e . RJ Militaria. Archived from the original on April 25, 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2015.
  31. ^ Rottman, Gordon L. (15 May 1995). US Marine Corps 1941–45. Osprey Publishing. p. 14.
  32. ^ Leroy Thompson (2011). The M1 Carbine. Bloomsbury USA. p. 57. ISBN 978-1-84908-619-6.
  33. ^ "Carbine magazine catches". Civilian Marksmanship Program. January 2010. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
  34. ^ James, Garry (6 October 2014). . Guns & Ammo. Archived from the original on January 9, 2023. The M1 carbine (M1A1 shown) was one of America's most widely used arms in three major conflicts and a popular lend/lease item to Allied countries.
  35. ^ . RJ Militaria. Archived from the original on January 28, 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2015.
  36. ^ Walker, Robert E. (2012-11-26). Cartridges and Firearm Identification (1st ed.). CRC Press. p. 254. ISBN 978-1-4665-0206-2.
  37. ^ a b Ruth, Larry L. (1992). War Baby: The U.S. Caliber .30 Carbine, Vol. 1 (1st Limited ed.). Collector Grade Publications. pp. 621–623. ISBN 978-0-88935-117-2.
  38. ^ Larry L. Ruth, M1 Carbine: Design, Development & Production, The Gun Room Press, 1979, ISBN 088227-020-6, p.193
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Further reading edit

  • Barnes, Frank C., Cartridges of the World, Iola, WI: DBI Books Inc., ISBN 0-87349-033-9, ISBN 978-0-87349-033-7, (6th ed., 1989).
  • Canfield, Bruce N. (June 2007). "A New Lease on Life: The Post-World War II M1 Carbine". American Rifleman.
  • Dunlap, Roy F. Ordnance Up Front, Plantersville, SC: Small-Arms Technical Pub. Co., The Samworth Press, ISBN 1-884849-09-1 (1948).
  • George, John (Lt. Col.), Shots Fired In Anger, (Second Edition, enlarged), Washington, D.C.: NRA Press, ISBN 0-935998-42-X, 9780935998429 (1981).
  • Hufnagl, Wolfdieter. U.S.Karabiner M1 Waffe und Zubehör, Motorbuchverlag, 1994.
  • Korean War cold weather malfunctions 2009-02-14 at the Wayback Machine
  • Laemlein, Tom., The M1 Carbine. Stamford, CT: Historical Archive Press, 2006. ISBN 0-9748389-2-6 OCLC 82494967
  • Marshall, S.L.A., Commentary on Infantry and Weapons in Korea 1950–51, 1st Report ORO-R-13, Project Doughboy, Report ORO-R-13 of 27 October 1951 [Restricted], Operations Research Office (ORO), U.S. Army (1951).ISBN 0-935856-02-1, ISBN 978-0-935856-02-6 (1988).
  • United States Government. Departments of the Army and Air Force. TM 9-1305-200/TO 11A13-1-101 Small-Arms Ammunition. Washington, DC: Departments of the Army and Air Force, 1961.
  • U.S. Army Catalog of Standard Ordnance Items. Second Edition 1944, Volume III, p. 419
  • Weeks, John, World War II Small Arms, London: Orbis Publishing Ltd. and New York: Galahad Books, ISBN 0-88365-403-2, ISBN 978-0-88365-403-3 (1979).
  • Riesch, Craig, U.S. M1 Carbines, Wartime Production (8th Edition), North Cape Publications, 2019. ISBN 1882391543

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to M1 Carbine.
  • The Carbine Club - .30 cal. Carbine History & all things carbine
  • The Carbine Club - Commercial M1 Carbine Manufacturers since WWII
  • The Carbine Club - U.S. Carbines used by Austria & Germany post WWII
  • Bonnier Corporation (June 1942). "Lightweight Carbine Increases Firepower". Popular Science. Bonnier Corporation. pp. 79–80.

March 17, 2024
carbine, formally, united, states, carbine, caliber, lightweight, semi, automatic, carbine, that, issued, military, during, world, korean, vietnam, produced, several, variants, widely, used, paramilitary, police, forces, around, world, after, world, carbine, c. The M1 carbine formally the United States Carbine Caliber 30 M1 is a lightweight semi automatic carbine that was issued to the U S military during World War II the Korean War and the Vietnam War 11 The M1 carbine was produced in several variants and was widely used by paramilitary and police forces around the world after World War II Carbine Caliber 30 M1M1 carbineTypeSemi automatic carbine M1 Selective fire carbine M2 M3 Place of originUnited StatesService historyIn service1942 1973 United States 1942 present other countries Used bySee UsersWarsWorld War II Hukbalahap Rebellion Chinese Civil War limited First Indochina War Indonesian National Revolution 1 Korean War Malayan Emergency Second Taiwan Strait Crisis Algerian War Suez Crisis Cuban Revolution Vietnam War Laotian Civil War Bay of Pigs Invasion 2 Indonesia Malaysia confrontation Nancahuazu Guerrilla 3 Six Day War Cambodian Civil War The Troubles Angolan Civil War Black September 4 Lebanese Civil War Insurgency in Aceh 5 Mexican Drug War 6 7 Syrian Civil War 8 Production historyDesignerFred Humeston William C Roemer David Marshall WilliamsDesigned1941ManufacturerMilitary contractors Commercial copiesUnit costAbout 45 WWII equivalent to 760 in 2022 ProducedJuly 1942 August 1945 U S military 1945 present commercial No built6 121 309 WWII 9 VariantsSee VariantsSpecificationsMass5 2 lb 2 4 kg empty 5 8 lb 2 6 kg loaded w slingLength35 6 in 900 mm Barrel length17 75 in 451 mm Cartridge 30 CarbineActionGas operated short stroke piston rotating boltRate of fire60 70 aimed rounds min M1 A1 750 rounds min M2 9 Muzzle velocity1 990 ft s 607 m s Effective firing range219 328 yd 200 300 m 10 Feed system15 or 30 round detachable box magazineSightsRear sight aperture L type flip or adjustable Front sight wing protected postThe M2 carbine is the selective fire version of the M1 carbine capable of firing in both semi automatic and full automatic The M3 carbine was an M2 carbine with an active infrared scope system 12 Despite having a similar name and physical outward appearance the M1 carbine is not a carbine version of the M1 Garand rifle On July 1 1925 the U S Army began using the current naming convention where the M is the designation for Model and the number represents the sequential development of equipment and weapons 13 Therefore the M1 carbine was the first carbine developed under this system The M2 carbine was the second carbine developed under the system etc Contents 1 Development history 1 1 Limitations of weapons in the U S arsenal 1 2 Design 2 Features 2 1 Ammunition 2 2 Sights range and accuracy 2 3 Magazines 2 4 Accessories 3 Production 4 U S combat use 4 1 World War II 4 1 1 Selective fire version 4 1 2 Infrared sight versions 4 2 Korean War 4 3 Vietnam War 5 Foreign usage 5 1 British Army 5 2 German Army 5 3 Japanese GSDF 5 4 Israel Defense Forces 5 5 French Army 5 6 South Vietnam 5 7 South Korea 5 8 Philippines 5 9 Latin America 6 Users 6 1 Current users 6 2 Former users 7 Variants 7 1 Carbine Cal 30 M1A1 7 2 Carbine Cal 30 M1A2 7 3 Carbine Cal 30 M1A3 7 4 Carbine Cal 30 M2 7 5 Carbine Cal 30 M2A1 7 6 Carbine Cal 30 M2A2 7 7 Carbine Cal 30 M3 8 Military contractors 9 Derivatives conversions and commercial copies 9 1 Commercial manufacturers 9 2 Derivatives 10 Competitors 11 Hunting and civilian use 12 See also 13 Notes 14 Further reading 15 External linksDevelopment history editLimitations of weapons in the U S arsenal edit nbsp The M1 rifle and M1 carbine share only a buttplate screw and use different sized 30 caliber ammunition nbsp Briefing for staff personnel Folding stock M1A1 carbine on the table nbsp 81 mm mortar crew in action at Camp Carson Colorado April 24 1943 The soldier on the left has a slung M1 carbine nbsp A U S anti tank crew in combat in the Netherlands November 4 1944 The soldier on the far right is holding an M1 carbinePrior to World War II the U S Army Ordnance Department received reports that the full size M1 rifle was too heavy and cumbersome for most support troops staff artillerymen radiomen etc to carry During pre war and early war field exercises it was found that the M1 Garand impeded these soldiers mobility as a slung rifle would frequently catch on brush or hit the back of the helmet and tilt it over the eyes Many soldiers found the rifle slid off the shoulder unless slung diagonally across the back where it prevented the wearing of standard field packs and haversacks 14 Additionally Germany s use of glider borne and paratrooper forces to launch surprise blitzkrieg attacks behind the front lines generated a request for a new compact infantry weapon to equip support troops 15 16 This request called for a compact lightweight defensive weapon with greater range accuracy and firepower than a handgun while weighing half as much as the Thompson submachine gun or the M1 rifle 15 The U S Army decided that a carbine type weapon would adequately fulfill all of these requirements and specified that the new arm should weigh no more than 5 pounds 2 3 kg and have an effective range of 300 yards 270 m 17 18 Paratroopers were also added to the list of intended users and a folding stock version would also be developed 19 Design edit In 1938 the chief of infantry requested that the ordnance department develop a light rifle or carbine though the formal requirement for the weapon type was not approved until 1940 Winchester developed the 30 Carbine cartridge for the ordnance department Winchester at first did not submit a carbine design as it was occupied in developing the Winchester G30 rifle The G30 rifle originated as a design by Jonathan Ed Browning half brother of the famous firearm designer John Moses Browning A couple of months after Ed Browning s death in May 1939 Winchester hired David Marshall Carbine Williams who had begun work on a short stroke gas piston design while serving a prison sentence at a North Carolina minimum security work farm Winchester after Williams release had hired Williams on the strength of recommendations of firearms industry leaders and hoped Williams would be able to complete various designs left unfinished by Ed Browning including the Winchester G30 rifle Williams incorporated his short stroke piston in the existing design as the G30M After the Marine Corps semi automatic rifle trials in 1940 Browning s rear locking tilting bolt design proved unreliable in sandy conditions As a result Williams redesigned the G30M to incorporate a Garand style rotating bolt and operating slide retaining the short stroke piston as the 30 M2 Winchester Military Rifle By May 1941 Williams had shaved the M2 rifle prototype from about 9 5 lb 4 3 kg to a 7 5 lb 3 4 kg Ordnance found unsatisfactory the first series of prototype carbines submitted by several firearms companies and some independent designers 18 Winchester had contacted the ordnance department to examine their rifle M2 design Major Rene Studler of ordnance believed the rifle design could be scaled down to a carbine which would weigh 4 5 to 4 75 lb 2 04 to 2 15 kg and demanded a prototype as soon as possible The first model was developed at Winchester in 13 days by William C Roemer Fred Humeston and three other Winchester engineers under the supervision of Edwin Pugsley and was essentially Williams last version of the 30 06 M2 scaled down to the 30 SL cartridge 20 This patchwork prototype was cobbled together using the trigger housing and lockwork of a Winchester M1905 rifle and a modified Garand operating rod The prototype was an immediate hit with army observers 21 After the initial Army testing in August 1941 the Winchester design team set out to develop a more refined version Williams participated in the finishing of this prototype The second prototype competed successfully against all remaining carbine candidates in September 1941 and Winchester was notified of their success the next month Standardization as the M1 carbine was approved on October 22 1941 This story was the loose basis for the 1952 movie Carbine Williams starring James Stewart Contrary to the movie Williams had little to do with the carbine s development with the exception of his short stroke gas piston design Williams worked on his own design apart from the other Winchester staff but it was not ready for testing until December 1941 two months after the Winchester M1 carbine had been adopted and type classified Winchester supervisor Edwin Pugsley conceded that Williams final design was an advance on the one that was accepted but noted that Williams decision to go it alone was a distinct impediment to the project 20 and Williams additional design features were not incorporated into M1 production In a 1951 memo written in fear of a patent infringement lawsuit by Williams Winchester noted his patent for the short stroke piston may have been improperly granted as a previous patent covering the same principle of operation was overlooked by the patent office 20 In 1973 the senior technical editor at the NRA contacted Edwin Pugsley for a technical last testament on M1 carbine history shortly before his death on November 19 1975 According to Pugsley The carbine was invented by no single man but was the result of a team effort including William C Roemer David Marshall Williams Fred Humeston Cliff Warner at least three other Winchester engineers and Pugsley himself Ideas were taken and modified from the Winchester M2 Browning rifle Williams gas system the Winchester Model 1905 rifle fire control group and magazine M1 Garand buttstock dimensions and bolt and operating slide principles and a percussion shotgun in Pugsley s collection hook breech and barrel band assembly disassembly 22 Features edit nbsp 30 Carbine cartridge nbsp WW II M1 carbine with a magazine pouch mounted on the stock that held two spare 15 round magazines nbsp Closeup of M1 carbine receiver with original flip sight and push button safety nbsp Comparison of M1 carbine magazines Original 15 round magazine on left and 30 round on right nbsp U S Army Rangers resting in the vicinity of Pointe du Hoc which they assaulted in support of Omaha Beach landings on D Day June 6 1944 Ranger in right center is apparently using his middle finger to push cartridges into an M1 carbine magazine The carbine and a backpack frame are nearby nbsp Paratrooper armed with a folding stock M1A1 carbine fires a bazooka at an enemy pillbox on Greary Point Corregidor nbsp A marine armed with an M1 carbine and M8 grenade launcher attached to the muzzle during the Battle of Iwo JimaAmmunition edit The 30 Carbine cartridge is essentially a rimless version of the obsolete 32 Winchester Self Loading cartridge introduced for the Winchester Model 1905 rifle 23 The propellant was much newer though taking advantage of chemistry advances As a result the 30 Carbine cartridge is approximately 27 more powerful than its parent cartridge A standard 30 Carbine ball bullet weighs 110 grains 7 1 g a complete loaded round weighs 195 grains 12 6 g and has a muzzle velocity of 1 990 ft s 610 m s giving it 967 ft lbf 1 311 joules of energy when fired from the M1 carbine s 17 75 in 451 mm barrel In comparison the 30 06 Springfield ball round used by the M1 Garand is almost three times as powerful as the 30 Carbine while the carbine round is twice as powerful as the 45 ACP caliber Thompson submachine gun in common use at the time As a result the carbine offers much better range accuracy and penetration than those submachine guns The M1 is also half the weight of the Thompson and fires a lighter cartridge Therefore soldiers armed with the carbine can carry much more ammunition than those armed with a Thompson 15 Categorizing the M1 carbine series has been the subject of much debate Although commonly compared to the later German StG 44 and Russian AK 47 the M1 and M2 carbines are under powered and outclassed 24 Instead the carbine falls somewhere between the submachine gun and assault rifle and could be called a precursor of the personal defense weapon since it fulfilled a similar role 15 One characteristic of 30 caliber Carbine ammunition is that from the beginning of production non corrosive primers were specified This was the first major use of this type of primer in a military firearm Because the rifle had a closed gas system not normally disassembled in the field corrosive primers would have led to a rapid deterioration of the function of the gas system 25 The use of non corrosive primers was a novelty in service ammunition at this time 26 Some failures to fire were reported in early lots of 30 caliber Carbine ammunition attributed to moisture ingress of the non corrosive primer compound 27 Sights range and accuracy edit The M1 carbine entered service with a simple flip sight which had two settings 150 and 300 yd 140 and 270 m 28 However field reports indicated that this sight was inadequate and in 1944 it was replaced by a sliding ramp type adjustable sight with four settings 100 yd 91 m 200 yd 180 m 250 yd 230 m and 300 yd 270 m This new rear sight was also adjustable for windage 9 At 100 yards 91 m the M1 carbine can deliver groups between 3 and 5 in 76 and 127 mm sufficient for its intended purpose as a close range defensive weapon The M1 carbine has a maximum effective range of 300 yards 270 m However bullet drop is significant past 200 yards 180 m 23 Therefore the M1 has a practical effective range of about 200 yd 180 m 29 Magazines edit The M1 carbine entered service with a standard straight 15 round box magazine The introduction of the select fire M2 carbine in October 1944 30 also brought into service the curved 30 round box magazine or Banana Clip 31 After WWII the 30 round magazine quickly became the standard magazine for both the M1 and M2 carbines although the 15 round magazine remained in service until the end of the Vietnam War 24 Perhaps the most common accessory used on the M1 carbine was a standard magazine belt pouch that was slid over the stock and held two extra 15 round magazines This field adaptation was never officially approved but proved an efficient method to supply extra ammunition in combat After the introduction of the 30 round magazine it was common for troops to tape two 30 round magazines together a practice that became known as jungle style This led the military to introduce the Holder Magazine T3 A1 also called the jungle clip a metal clamp that held two magazines together without the need for tape 32 The 30 round magazines introduced for use with the selective fire M2 carbine would not be reliably retained by the magazine catch made for the original M1 carbine which was designed to retain a 15 round magazine so the much heavier 30 round magazine would not be properly seated in the M1 carbine magazine well The loaded 30 round magazine would typically slant impairing feed reliability or even fall out which contributed to the poor reliability record of the 30 round magazines Because of their thin steel construction they were also more prone to damage due to their added length and weight when loaded In response to these issues early production M1 carbines had to be fitted with the type IV magazine catch used on the M2 carbine and late production M1 carbines if they were to be used with 30 round magazines in order to ensure reliable loading and feeding The type IV magazine catch has a leg on the left side to correspond with the additional nub on the 30 round magazines 33 Initial combat reports noted that the M1 carbine s magazine release button was often mistaken for the safety button while under fire 9 When this occurred pressing the magazine release caused the loaded magazine to drop while the safety remained in the off position As a result the push button safety was redesigned using a rotating lever 9 34 Accessories edit This section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed January 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message Originally the M1 carbine did not have a bayonet lug but personnel equipped with it were often issued with an M3 fighting knife Due to requests from the field the carbine was modified to incorporate a bayonet lug attached to the barrel band starting in 1945 35 However very few carbines with bayonet lugs reached the front lines before the end of World War II After the war the bayonet lug was added to many M1 carbines during the arsenal refurbishing process By the start of the Korean War the bayonet lug equipped M1 was standard issue It is now rare to find an original M1 carbine without the bayonet lug The M1 carbine mounts the M4 bayonet which was based on the earlier M3 fighting knife and formed the basis for the later M5 M6 and M7 bayonet knives A folding stock version of the carbine the M1A1 was also developed after a request for a compact and light infantry arm for airborne troops The Inland Division of General Motors manufactured 140 000 of them in two product runs in late 1942 30 They were originally issued to the 82nd and 101st airborne divisions but were later issued to all U S Army Airborne units and the U S Marine Corps 30 The folding stock M1A1 is an unusual design in that the stock is not locked in the open or closed position but is instead held in place by a spring loaded cam As carbines were reconditioned parts such as the magazine catch rear sight barrel band without bayonet lug and stock were upgraded with current standard issue parts Also both during and after World War II many semi automatic M1 carbines were converted to select fire M2 carbines by using the T17 and T18 conversion kits 36 The conversion included a modified sear slide and trigger housing and added a disconnector disconnector lever and selector switch that could be set for semi auto or full automatic fire During World War II the T23 M3 flash hider was designed to reduce the muzzle flash from the carbine but was not introduced into service until the advent of the M3 carbine 37 With the exception of T23 hiders mounted on M3 carbines few if any T23 flash hider attachments saw service during the war though unit armorers occasionally hand built improvised compensator flash hiders of their own design 37 26 Combat tests of the M2 carbine resulted in an Army Ground Forces request that led to development of the T13 recoil check adopted September 1945 38 The M1 carbine was used with the M8 grenade launcher see M7 grenade launcher which was developed in early 1944 It was fired with the 30 caliber Carbine M6 grenade blank cartridge to launch 22 mm rifle grenades However the stress from firing rifle grenades could eventually crack the carbine s stock and it also could not use the launcher with the M7 auxiliary booster charge to extend its range without breaking the stock This made the M1 carbine with M8 grenade launcher a type of emergency use weapon Production edit nbsp American infantrymen of the 290th Regiment fight in fresh snowfall near Amonines Belgium Soldier in foreground is armed with an M1 carbine A total of over 6 1 million M1 carbines of various models were manufactured making it the most produced small arm for the American military during World War II compared with about 5 4 million M1 rifles and about 1 3 million Thompson submachine guns Despite being designed by Winchester the great majority of these were made by other companies see Military contractors below The largest producer was the Inland division of General Motors but many others were made by contractors as diverse as IBM the Underwood Typewriter Company and Rock Ola Manufacturing Corporation Few contractors made all the parts for carbines bearing their names some makers bought parts from other major contractors or sub contracted minor parts to companies like Marlin Firearms or Auto Ordnance Parts by all makers were required to be interchangeable Often one company would get ahead or behind in production and parts would be shipped from one company to the other to help them catch up on their quota When receivers were shipped for this purpose the manufacturers would often mark them for both companies Some of the strangest combinations were the M1s made by the combined efforts of Underwood and Quality Hardware resulting in the manufacturer mark Un quality 39 The receiver was subcontracted from Union Switch and Signal not Underwood Many carbines were refurbished at several arsenals after the war with many parts interchanged from original maker carbines True untouched war production carbines therefore are the most desirable for collectors 40 The M1 carbine was also one of the most cost effective weapons used by the United States military during World War II At the beginning of World War II the average production cost for an M1 carbine was approximately 45 about half the cost of an M1 rifle at approximately 85 and about a fifth of the cost of a Thompson submachine gun at approximately 225 The 30 caliber Carbine ammunition was also far cheaper to produce than the standard 30 06 ammunition used fewer resources was smaller lighter and easier to make These were major factors in the United States military decision to adopt the M1 carbine especially when considering the vast numbers of weapons and ammunition manufactured and transported by the United States during World War II citation needed U S combat use editWorld War II edit nbsp U S marine in combat at Guam nbsp M1 carbine at first Iwo Jima flag raisingThe M1 carbine with its reduced power 30 cartridge was not originally intended to serve as a primary weapon for combat infantrymen nor was it comparable to more powerful assault rifles developed late in the war However it was markedly superior to the 45 caliber submachineguns in use at the time in both accuracy and penetration 15 and its lighter 30 caliber cartridge allowed soldiers to carry more ammunition As a result the carbine was soon widely issued to infantry officers American paratroopers non commissioned officers ammunition bearers forward artillery observers and other frontline troops 41 The first M1 carbines were delivered in mid 1942 with initial priority given to troops in the European Theater of Operations ETO 15 During World War II a standard U S Army infantry company was issued a total of 28 M1 carbines 42 The company headquarters was issued nine carbines for the company commander executive officer first sergeant mess sergeant supply sergeant bugler and three messengers the weapons platoon was issued sixteen carbines for the platoon leader platoon sergeant two platoon messengers in the platoon headquarters one messenger in each of the two mortar and machine gun section headquarters and ten for the mortar and machine gun ammunition bearers and the three rifle platoons were issued one each for the platoon leader 42 The M1 carbine gained generally high praise for its small size light weight and firepower especially by those troops who were unable to use a full size rifle as their primary weapon 27 43 However its reputation in front line combat was mixed and negative reports began to surface with airborne operations in Sicily in 1943 44 and increased during the fall and winter of 1944 45 In the Asiatic Pacific Theater soldiers and guerrilla forces operating in heavy jungle with only occasional enemy contact praised the carbine for its small size light weight and firepower 46 However soldiers and marines engaged in frequent daily firefights particularly those serving in the Philippines found the weapon to have insufficient penetration and stopping power 26 47 While carbine bullets would easily penetrate the front and back of steel helmets as well as the body armor used by Japanese forces of the era 48 49 reports of the carbine s failure to stop enemy soldiers sometimes after multiple hits appeared in individual after action reports postwar evaluations and service histories of both the U S Army and the U S Marine Corps 26 47 The carbine s exclusive use of non corrosive primer ammunition was found to be ideal by troops and ordnance personnel serving in the Pacific where barrel corrosion was a significant issue with the corrosive primers used in 30 06 caliber weapons 26 However in the European theatre some soldiers reported misfires attributed to moisture ingress of the non corrosive primer compound 27 Selective fire version edit nbsp U S Marines fighting in the streets of Seoul South Korea September 20 1950 The M1 carbine in the foreground has a bayonet mounted Initially the M1 carbine was intended to have a select fire capability but the requirement for rapid production of the new carbine resulted in the omission of this feature from the Light Rifle Program On 26 October 1944 in response to the Germans widespread use of automatic weapons especially the Sturmgewehr 44 assault rifle the select fire M2 carbine was introduced along with a new 30 round magazine The M2 had a fully automatic rate of fire of 750 775 rounds per minute Although actual M2 production began late in the war April 1945 U S Ordnance issued conversion part kits to allow field conversion of semi auto M1 carbines to the selective fire M2 configuration These converted M1 M2 select fire carbines saw limited combat service in Europe primarily during the final Allied advance into Germany In the Pacific both converted and original M2 carbines saw limited use in the last days of the fighting in the Philippines 26 Infrared sight versions edit The M3 carbine was an M2 carbine with the M2 infrared night sight or sniperscope 12 The M3 did not have iron sights 12 It was first used in combat by Army units during the invasion of Okinawa where about 150 M3 carbines were used For the first time U S soldiers had a weapon that allowed them to visually detect Japanese infiltrating into American lines at night even during complete darkness A team of two or three soldiers was used to operate the weapon and provide support 41 At night the scope would be used to detect Japanese patrols and assault units moving forward At that point the operator would fire a burst of automatic fire at the greenish images of enemy soldiers 41 The M3 carbine had an effective range of about 70 yards 64 meters limited by the visual capabilities of the sight 50 Fog and rain further reduced the weapon s effective range 41 50 However it is estimated that 30 of Japanese casualties inflicted by rifle and carbine fire during the Okinawan campaign were caused by the M3 carbine 41 The system was refined over time and by the Korean War the improved M3 infrared night sight was in service The M3 sight has a longer effective range than its predecessor about 125 yards 114 meters However it still required the user to carry a heavy backpack mounted battery pack to power the scope and infrared light They were used primarily in static defensive positions in Korea to locate troops attempting to infiltrate in darkness M3 operators would not only use their carbines to dispatch individual targets but also used tracer ammo to identify troop concentrations for machine gunners to decimate 9 In total about 20 000 sets were made before they became obsolete and were given to the public as surplus citation needed Korean War edit nbsp M1 carbine in action during Korean War with 30 round magazine stock pouch for two 15 round Magazine and grenade launcher near a captured Soviet DP 27 machine gun nbsp U S Marines with M1 carbine with mounted bayonet holding captured Chinese soldiers during fighting on the central Korean frontBy the Korean War the select fire M2 carbine had largely replaced the submachine gun in U S service 51 and was the most widely used carbine variant 9 52 However the semi auto M1 carbine was also widely used especially by support troops However in Korea all versions of the carbine soon acquired a widespread reputation for jamming in extremely cold weather 53 52 54 this being eventually traced to weak return springs freezing of parts due to overly viscous lubricants and inadequate cartridge recoil impulse as the result of subzero temperatures 55 56 There were also many complaints from individual soldiers that the carbine bullets failed to stop heavily clothed 57 56 58 59 or gear laden 60 59 61 North Korean and Chinese PVA troops even at close range and after multiple hits 52 55 62 Marines of the 1st Marine Division also reported instances of carbine bullets failing to stop enemy soldiers and some units issued standing orders for carbine users to aim for the head 56 57 PVA infantry forces who had been issued captured U S small arms disliked the carbine for the same reason 63 A 1951 official U S Army evaluation reported that There are practically no data bearing on the accuracy of the carbine at ranges in excess of 50 yd 46 m The record contains a few examples of carbine aimed fire felling an enemy soldier at this distance or perhaps a little more But they are so few in number that no general conclusion can be drawn from them Where carbine fire had proved killing effect approximately 95 percent of the time the target was dropped at less than 50 yd 46 m 55 The evaluation also reported that Commanders noted that it took two to three engagements at least to settle their men to the automatic feature of the carbine so that they would not greatly waste ammunition under the first impulse of engagement By experience they would come to handle it semi automatically but it took prolonged battle hardening to bring about this adjustment in the human equation 55 Despite its mixed reputation the M2 carbine s firepower often made it the weapon of choice when it came to night patrols in Korea 55 The M3 carbine with its infrared sniper scope was also used against night infiltrators especially during the static stages of the conflict citation needed Vietnam War edit nbsp ARVN soldiers with M1 carbines and U S Special Forces with M16sThe M1 and M2 carbines issued to U S forces were first given to American military advisors in Vietnam beginning in 1956 64 and later the United States Air Force Security Police and United States Army Special Forces These weapons began to be replaced by the M16 in 1964 and they were generally out of service by the 1970s By the war s end it was estimated that a total of 1 5 million M1 and M2 carbines were left in Vietnam 64 At least 793 994 M1 and M2 carbines were given to the South Vietnamese and were widely used throughout the Vietnam War 65 A number were captured during the war by Viet Cong 66 with some made compact by shortening the barrel and or stock 9 While the carbine s lighter weight and high rate of fire made it an excellent weapon for small statured Asians these guns lacked sufficient hitting power and penetration and they were eventually outclassed by the AK 47 assault rifle 24 The M1 M2 M3 carbines were the most heavily produced family of U S military weapons for several decades They were used by every branch of the U S Armed Forces citation needed Foreign usage editThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed March 2011 Learn how and when to remove this template message nbsp Winston Churchill fires an American M1 carbine during a visit to the U S 2nd Armored Division on Salisbury Plain 23 March 1944 nbsp British officers Brigadier Mad Mike Calvert left gives orders to Lieutenant Colonel Shaw while Major James Lumley stands with M1 carbine under his arm after the capture of Mogaung in Burma during the second Chindit expedition June 1944 After World War II the M1 and M2 carbines were widely exported to U S allies and client states 1 015 568 to South Korea 793 994 to South Vietnam 269 644 to France etc 65 they were used as a frontline weapon well into the Vietnam War era and they continue to be used by military police and security forces around the world to this day British Army edit During World War II the British SAS used the M1 and M1A1 carbines after 1943 The weapon was taken into use simply because a decision had been taken by Allied authorities to supply 30 caliber weapons from U S stocks in the weapons containers dropped to Resistance groups sponsored by an SOE or later also Office of Strategic Services OSS organizer on the assumption the groups so supplied would be operating in areas within the operational boundaries of U S forces committed to Operation Overlord citation needed They were found to be suited to the kind of operation the two British two French and one Belgian Regiment carried out It was handy enough to parachute with and in addition could be easily stowed in an operational Jeep Other specialist intelligence collection units such as 30 Assault Unit sponsored by the Naval Intelligence Division of the British Admiralty which operated across the entire Allied area of operations also made use of this weapon citation needed The carbine continued to be utilized as late as the Malayan Emergency by the Police Field Force of the Royal Malaysian Police along with other units of the British Army were issued the M2 carbine for both jungle patrols and outpost defense 67 68 69 The Royal Ulster Constabulary also used the M1 carbine 70 German Army edit Small numbers of captured M1 carbines were used by German forces in World War II particularly after D Day 71 The German designation for captured carbines was Selbstladekarabiner 455 a The a came from the country name in German in this case Amerika It was also used by German police and border guards in Bavaria after World War II and into the 1950s The carbines were stamped according to the branch they were in service with for instance those used by the border guard were stamped Bundesgrenzschutz Some of these weapons were modified with different sights finishes and sometimes new barrels Japanese GSDF edit A variant was produced shortly after World War II by Japanese manufacturer Howa Machinery under U S supervision These were issued to all branches of the Japan Self Defense Forces and large numbers of them found their way to Southeast Asia during the Vietnam War Howa also made replacement parts for US made M1 carbines issued to Japanese police and military citation needed Israel Defense Forces edit The M1 carbine was also used by the Israeli Palmach based special forces in the 1948 Arab Israeli War And because of their compact size and semi automatic capabilities they continued to be used by Israeli Defence Forces after the creation of Israel The Israeli police still use the M1 carbine as a standard long gun for non combat elements and Mash az volunteers French Army edit The U S provided France with 269 644 M1 and M2 carbines from World War II to 1963 65 The carbines were used by the French Paratroopers and Legionnaires as well as specialists e g drivers radio operators engineers during the First Indochina War 72 the Algerian War 73 and the Suez Crisis nbsp South Vietnamese Popular Force members on patrol with M1 carbines nbsp Che Guevara atop a mule in Las Villas province Cuba in November 1958 with an M2 CarbineSouth Vietnam edit The U S provided the Army of the Republic of Vietnam with 793 994 M1 and M2 carbines from 1963 to 1973 65 Along with tens of thousands of carbines left behind by the French after the First Indochina War the M1 and M2 carbines were the most widely issued small arm during the early stages in the Vietnam War and remained in service in large numbers until the fall of Saigon The South Vietnamese would also receive 220 300 M1 Garands and 520 M1C M1D rifles 74 and 640 000 M16 rifles The Viet Minh and the Viet Cong also used large numbers of M1 and M2 carbines captured from the French ARVN and local militia forces of South Vietnam as well as receiving many thousands of carbines from the North Vietnamese Army NVA China and North Korea Over time the SKS and eventually the AK 47 would replace the carbine to become the dominant weapons used by the Viet Cong South Korea edit The Republic of Korea Armed Forces received 1 015 568 M1 and M2 carbines from 1963 to 1972 65 Along with hundreds of thousands of Carbines and M1 Garands provided by the United States Army before during and shortly after the Korean war South Korea would become the largest single recipient of American M1 and M2 carbines The Republic of Korea Armed Forces in Vietnam used M1 and M2 carbines in the early years of participation of the Vietnam War until the forces received the M16 rifle from the United States 75 Philippines edit The government of the Philippines still issues M1 carbines to the infantrymen of the Philippine Army s 2nd Infantry Division citation needed assigned in Luzon Island some units are issued just M14 automatic rifles and M1 carbines and the Civilian Auxiliary Forces Geographical Unit CAFGU and Civilian Volunteer Organizations CVO spread throughout the Philippines Certain provincial police units of the Philippine National Police PNP still use government issued M1 carbines as well as some operating units of the National Bureau of Investigation NBI In many provinces in the Philippines M1 carbines are still a highly valued light small arm Elements of the New People s Army and Islamic secessionist movements value the carbine as a lightweight weapon and preferred choice for mountain and ambush operations The M1 carbine has become one of the most recognized firearms in Philippine society with the Marikina based company ARMSCOR Philippines still continues to manufacture 30 caliber ammunition for the Philippine market Latin America edit The M1 and M2 carbines were widely used by military police and security forces and their opponents during the many guerrilla and civil wars throughout Latin America until the 1990s when they were mostly replaced by more modern designs A notable user was Che Guevara who used them during the Cuban Revolution and in Bolivia where he was executed by a Bolivian soldier armed with an M2 carbine 76 Guevara s fellow revolutionary Camilo Cienfuegos also used an M2 carbine that he modified with the pistol grip and foregrip from a Thompson submachine gun Cienfuegos carbine is on display in the Museum of the Revolution Cuba In Rio de Janeiro Brazil a police battalion named Batalhao de Operacoes Policiais Especiais BOPE or Special Police Operations Battalion still uses the M1 carbine citation needed Users edit nbsp A map with users of the M1 Carbine in blue and former users in redThe unit data provided below refers to original U S Ordnance contract carbines the United States provided these countries Many countries sold traded destroyed and or donated these carbines to other countries and or private gun brokers 65 Current users edit nbsp Brazil In service with BOPE 77 nbsp Indonesia Used by Indonesian Armed Forces in 1950s and 1960s received from the United States Fielded during the Indonesia Malaysia confrontation 78 Still in service in the Indonesian National Police 79 Former users edit Afghan Mujahideen 80 nbsp Algeria Captured in large numbers from French military personnel during the Algerian Independence War 81 nbsp Angola 12 215 units 65 nbsp FNLA Unknown number captured illegally acquired for use during the Angolan Civil War 82 nbsp Argentina 12 621 units 65 nbsp Austria 39 005 units 65 83 1950s 70s Austrian Army and police nbsp Bolivia 13 438 units 65 nbsp Cambodia 115 568 units 65 Khmer Republic 1967 1975 84 nbsp Canada 230 units 65 nbsp Chile 2 877 units 65 nbsp Republic of China 361 units during World War II 65 nbsp Taiwan 115 948 units from 1963 to 1968 65 nbsp Chetniks OSS supplied during WWII 85 nbsp Colombia 7 037 units 65 nbsp Costa Rica 6 000 units 65 nbsp Cuba 118 units in 1963 65 M1 carbines were used by Batista forces by Castrist militias and by Brigade 2506 2 nbsp Democratic Republic of Congo 86 nbsp Ecuador 576 units 65 nbsp El Salvador 5 000 M1s and 156 M2s until 1965 more delivered during the 1960s and 1970s 87 nbsp Ethiopian soldiers deployed with U S made weapons somewhere in Korea 1953 The M1 carbine has two 30 round magazines taped together jungle style nbsp Ethiopia 16 417 units 65 88 nbsp France 269 644 units 65 nbsp French Indochina 35 429 units 65 nbsp Germany nbsp Nazi Germany No recorded issue 89 dubious discuss Captured M1 carbines were classified as the Selbstladekarabiner 455 a Self loading carbine No 455 American 30 There are staged pictures of late war Fallschirmjager troops and SS Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler s SS Bodyguard Regiment soldiers armed with them 30 nbsp West Germany 34 192 units 65 nbsp Bavaria 14 647 units 90 1945 early 1950s border guard nbsp Greece 38 264 units 65 from 1963 to 1973 nbsp Guatemala 6 063 units 65 91 nbsp Honduras 5 581 units 65 nbsp Iceland 30 M1 carbine and 20 M2 carbine lent to the Reykjavik Police from Icelandic Coast Guard in 1986 92 nbsp Iran 10 000 units 65 nbsp Ireland 1969 1980s Used by the Provisional IRA Official IRA INLA and IPLO during the early years of their campaign and beyond 93 94 nbsp Israel 10 000 units 65 nbsp Italy 146 863 units 65 First used by Italian partisans 95 Later classified by the Italian Army as the Carabina Winchester M1 cal 7 62 and Carabina Winchester M2 cal 7 62 In service until the 1990s with the Carabinieri 96 97 nbsp Japan 3 974 units 65 from 1950 to 1989 nbsp Jordan 1912 units 65 Fielded during the Six Day War 98 nbsp Kingdom of Laos Received 74 587 units during Vietnam War and the Laotian Civil War 1955 1975 65 99 nbsp Lebanon 900 units 65 nbsp Liberia 80 units 65 100 nbsp Libya 106 units 65 nbsp Malaysia 101 nbsp Mexico 48 946 units 65 nbsp Morocco 945 units 65 nbsp Myanmar 28 792 units 65 nbsp Dutch police officer shoots teargas ammunition from the muzzle of an M1 carbine during a blockade and demonstration against the nuclear power plant Dodewaard September 18 1981 nbsp Netherlands 84 523 units 65 1940s 1970s Army Korps Mariniers 1 and Police nbsp Nicaragua 121 units 65 nbsp Nigeria 100 units 65 nbsp Norway 98 267 units 65 Norwegian Army 1951 1970 with some Norwegian police units until the 1990s nbsp Pakistan 45 units 65 nbsp Panama 917 units 65 nbsp Peru 821 units 65 nbsp Philippines 8 831 units 65 nbsp South Korea The Armed Forces was equipped with 19 402 M1 M2 carbines before the Korean War and received 219 700 more carbines throughout the war By the end of the war 159 393 carbines were in service with the Army 102 103 1 015 558 additional M1 M2 carbines also received from the U S between 1963 and 1972 65 and these guns were provided to the Reserve Forces in 1968 104 105 Carbines were used in the early years of the Vietnam War until XM16E1 1966 or M16A1 1968 became available to Korean troops The carbines were replaced by license produced M16A1 rifles and were removed from active service in 1978 103 Some of these M1 carbines were sold back to the United States 100 000 carbines in 1986 to 1989 via Blue Sky and 100 000 carbines in 1991 to 1993 via Century Arms 106 107 In 2005 the Reserve Forces began replacing carbines with 850 000 M16A1s that are decommissioning from active service 108 109 Since 2006 South Korea attempted to sell 770 160 M1 carbines back to the United States but was rejected by the Obama Administration in 2013 110 111 112 The replacement for carbine was completed in 2016 113 nbsp Thailand 73 012 units from 1963 to 1976 65 nbsp Tunisia 771 units 65 nbsp Turkey 450 units 65 nbsp United Kingdom 200 766 units 65 nbsp United States 6 110 730 units 65 1940s 1960s 1970s Armed Forces and 1940s present various law enforcement agencies and the Tennessee Valley Authority nbsp Uruguay 32 346 units 65 nbsp Soviet Union 7 units 65 nbsp Vietnam Largely captured and or inherited from now defunct Army of the Republic of Vietnam 65 114 Some used by the Viet Cong and the Viet Minh taken from American French and South Vietnamese forces armories with a few modified to make them compact 9 nbsp South Vietnam 793 994 units 65 1960s 70s Variants editThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed January 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message The standard issue versions of the carbine officially listed and supported were the M1 M1A1 M2 and M3 115 nbsp M1A1 carbine Paratrooper model with folding buttstock and late issue adjustable sight and bayonet lug Carbine Cal 30 M1A1 edit Side folding stock 15 round box magazine Paratrooper model About 150 000 producedThe M1A1 was designed in May 1942 for paratrooper units and came with a folding stock but was otherwise identical to a standard M1 116 M1A1 carbines were made by Inland a division of General Motors and originally came with the early L nonadjustable sight and barrel band without bayonet lug Inland production of M1A1 carbines was interspersed with Inland production of M1 carbines with the standard stock Stocks were often swapped out as carbines were refurbished at arsenals Carbine Cal 30 M1A2 edit Proposed variant with improved sight adjustable for windage and elevation Produced only as an overstamped model an arsenal refurbished M1 with new rear sight and other late M1 improvements Carbine Cal 30 M1A3 edit Underside folding pantograph stock 15 round magazine Type standardized to replace the M1A1 but may not have been issued Pantograph stock was more rigid than the M1A1 s folding stock and folded flush under the fore end A more common name for this type of stock is an underfolder Carbine Cal 30 M2 edit nbsp M2 carbine with the selector lever on the left side opposite the bolt handle nbsp Exploded view of the M2 carbineMid to Late 1944 117 118 Selective fire capable of semi automatic or fully automatic fire 15 round magazine or 30 round magazine About 600 000 producedInitially the M1 carbine was intended to have a selective fire capability but the decision was made to put the M1 into production without this feature Fully automatic capability was incorporated into the design of the M2 an improved selective fire version of the M1 introduced in 1944 The M2 featured the late M1 improvements to the rear sight addition of a bayonet lug and other minor changes Research into a conversion kit for selective fire began May 1944 the first kit was developed by Inland engineers and known as the T4 Inland was awarded a contract for 500 T4 carbines in September 1944 Although the conversion was seen as satisfactory the heavier 30 round magazine put greater strain on the magazine catch necessitating the development of a sturdier catch The slide sear and stock design also had to be modified On fully automatic fire the T4 model could fire about 750 rounds per minute and generated a manageable recoil 9 Although some carbines were marked at the factory as M2 the only significant difference between an M1 and M2 carbine is in the fire control group The military issued field conversion kits T17 and T18 to convert an M1 to an M2 Legally a carbine marked M2 is always a machine gun for national firearms registry purposes 119 These M2 parts including the heavier M2 stock were standardized for arsenal rebuild of M1 and M1A1 carbines A modified round bolt replaced the original flat top bolt to save machining steps in manufacture Many sources erroneously refer to this round bolt as an M2 bolt but it was developed as a standard part for new manufacture M1 and later M2 carbines and as a replacement part with priority given to use on M1A1 and M2 carbines 18 The slightly heavier round bolt did moderate the cyclic rate of the M2 on full automatic 120 Despite being in demand very few M2 carbines saw use during World War II and then mostly in the closing days against Japan 9 The M2 carbine was logistically compatible with the millions of M1 carbines in U S service and offered longer range better accuracy and better penetration than pistol caliber submachine guns like the M1 Thompsons and M3 Grease Guns 121 Therefore after World War II the M2 carbine largely replaced the submachine guns in U S service until it was itself replaced by the M16 rifle 51 The M2 model was the most widely used carbine variant during the Korean War 9 A detailed study of the effectiveness of the M2 in the war was assembled by S L A Marshall He found that many troops complained on the lack of effective range of the gun which allowed the enemy to get close enough to throw hand grenades A more detailed analysis showed however that most troops who complained actually tended to run low on ammo because they fired their M2 on fully automatic too soon Troops who fired their guns on semi automatic at distance generally complained less about the M2 s effectiveness Generally the more seasoned troops used the latter approach The carbine was usually given to second line troops administrative support etc who had little combat experience and also did not have much training in small unit tactics but who usually had to engage the enemy at some critical moment like a breakthrough or ambush Marshall noted that almost all killing shots with carbines in Korea were at ranges of 50 yd 46 m or less The M2 was a preferred weapon for night patrols The M2 was also used in the early stages of the Vietnam War by special forces ARVN advisers and air crews 9 Contemporary authors have struggled to categorize the M2 carbine While it did introduce select fire capability and an intermediate cartridge its stopping power and weight was far below that of the StG 44 As such it is considered by some to be an early predecessor to the assault rifle or personal defense weapon 9 Carbine Cal 30 M2A1 edit M2 with an M1A1 folding stock Like the M1A1 it was made for paratroopers Carbine Cal 30 M2A2 edit Arsenal refurbished over stamped M2 modelCarbine Cal 30 M3 edit M2 with mounting T3 mount for an early active infrared night vision sight About 3 000 produced Three versions of night sight M1 M2 M3 nbsp Original Korean War era USMC M3 night vision scopeThe M3 carbine was an M2 carbine fitted with a mount designed to accept an infrared sight for use at night It was initially used with the M1 sniperscope and an active infrared sight and saw action in 1945 with the Army during the invasion of Okinawa Before the M3 carbine and M1 sniperscope were type classified they were known as the T3 and T120 respectively The system continued to be developed and by the time of the Korean War the M3 carbine was used with the M3 sniperscope The M2 sniper scope extended the effective nighttime range of the M3 carbine to 100 yd 91 m In the later stages of the Korean War an improved version of the M3 carbine with a revised mount a forward pistol grip and a new M3 sniperscope design was used in the latter stages of Korea and briefly in Vietnam The M3 sniperscope had a large active infrared spotlight mounted on top of the scope body itself allowing use in the prone position The revised M3 M3 had an effective range of around 125 yd 114 m 50 Eventually the M3 carbine and its M3 sniperscope would be superseded by passive design night vision scopes with extended visible ranges the improved scopes in turn required the use of rifle caliber weapons with flatter trajectories and increased hit probability Military contractors editThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed January 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message Inland Division General Motors production 2 632 097 Receiver marked Inland Div Sole producer of the M1A1 carbine Winchester Repeating Arms production 828 059 Receiver marked Winchester 122 Underwood Elliot Fisher production 545 616 Receiver marked Underwood Saginaw Steering Gear Division General Motors production 517 213 Receivers marked Saginaw S G 370 490 Saginaw S G for weapons manufactured in Grand Rapids and Irwin Pedersen 146 723 Irwin Pedersen operated by Saginaw Steering Gear and production included with Saginaw total National Postal Meter production 413 017 Receiver marked National Postal Meter Quality Hardware Manufacturing Corp production 359 666 Receiver marked Quality H M C or Un quality receivers subcontracted to Union Switch amp Signal International Business Machines production 346 500 Receiver marked I B M Corp Also barrel marked IBM Corp Standard Products production 247 100 Receiver marked Std Pro Rock Ola Manufacturing Corporation production 228 500 Receiver marked Rock Ola 123 Commercial Controls Corporation production 239 Receiver marked Commercial Controls Formerly National Postal Meter Derivatives conversions and commercial copies editSeveral companies manufactured copies of the M1 carbine after World War II which varied in quality Some companies used a combination of original USGI and new commercial parts while others manufactured entire firearms from new parts which may or may not be of the same quality as the originals These copies were marketed to the general public and police agencies but were not made for or used by the U S military 124 page needed In 1963 firearms designer Col Melvin M Johnson developer of the M1941 Johnson rifle offered the US Military a conversion of original US Military M1 carbines to his new 5 7mm MMJ cartridge while also introducing a newly manufactured version of the M1 carbine called the Spitfire made by his Johnson Arms Inc business that was designed and built specifically for this new 5 7 mm 22 in wildcat cartridge also known as the 5 7 mm MMJ or 22 Spitfire 23 The Spitfire was advertised firing a 40 grain 2 6 g bullet with a muzzle velocity of 3050 ft s 930 m s though handloaders with careful selection of modern powders and appropriate bullets consistently safely exceed those numbers while remaining within the M1 carbine s maximum pressure rating of 38 500 psi 265 MPa 23 In comparison the standard load for the 30 Carbine has a 30 Carbine ball bullet weighing 110 grains 7 1 g a complete loaded round weighs 195 grains 12 6 g and has a muzzle velocity of 1 990 ft s 610 m s giving it 967 ft lbf 1 311 joules of energy when fired from the M1 carbine s 17 75 in 451 mm barrel 23 Johnson advertised the smaller caliber and the modified carbine as a survival rifle for use in jungles or other remote areas It provided for light easily carried ammunition in a light fast handling carbine with negligible recoil While the concept had some military application when used for this role in the selective fire M2 carbine it was not pursued and few Spitfire carbines were made nbsp An Auto Ordnance AOM 130 carbine manufactured in 2007More recently the Auto Ordnance division of Kahr Arms began production of an M1 carbine replica in 2005 based on the typical M1 carbine as issued in 1944 without the later adjustable sight or barrel band with bayonet lug The original Auto Ordnance had produced various parts for IBM carbine production during World War II but did not manufacture complete carbines until the introduction of this replica The AOM110 and AOM120 models no longer produced featured birch stocks and handguards Parkerized receivers flip style rear sights and barrel bands without bayonet lugs The current AOM130 and AOM140 models are identical except for American walnut stocks and handguards 125 126 In 2014 Inland Manufacturing LLC in Dayton Ohio introduced the reproduction of the Inland M1 carbine Inland Manufacturing LLC is a private entity that is producing reproductions of the M1 carbine and M1A1 paratrooper models that were built by the original Inland Division of General Motors from 1941 to 1945 The new Inland M1 carbines feature many of the same characteristics of the original Inland carbines and are manufactured in the US The M1 carbine is modeled after the last production model that Inland manufactured in 1945 and features a Type 3 bayonet lug and barrel band adjustable rear sights push button safety round bolt and low wood walnut stock and a 15 round magazine A 30 round mag catch was utilized to allow high capacity magazines A 1944 M1 carbine is also available that has the same features as the 1945 only with a Type 2 barrel Band and 10 round magazine and is available for sale in most states with magazine capacity and bayonet lug restrictions The M1A1 is modeled after a late production 1944 M1A1 paratrooper model with a folding low wood walnut stock Type two barrel band and includes the same adjustable sights which were actually introduced in 1944 127 An Israeli arms company Advanced Combat Systems offers a modernized bullpup variant called the Hezi SM 1 The company claims accuracy of 1 5 MOA at 100 yards 91 m 128 Commercial manufacturers edit This section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed January 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message Alpine of Azusa Calif 129 AMAC of Jacksonville Ark acquired Iver Johnson Arms 130 AMPCO of Miami Fla 131 Auto Ordnance Bullseye Gun Works of Miami Fla 132 ERMA s Firearms Manufacturing of Steelville MO 133 Erma Werke of Dachau Bavaria serviced carbines used by the West German police post World War II Manufactured replacement parts for the same carbines Manufactured 22 replica carbines for use as training rifles for police in West Germany and Austria and for commercial export worldwide 134 135 Federal Ordnance of South El Monte Calif 136 Fulton Armory of Savage MD 137 Global Arms 138 H amp S of Plainfield NJ Haas amp Storck predecessor of Plainfield Machine 139 Howa of Nagoya Japan made carbines and parts for the post World War II Japanese and Thai militaries and limited numbers of a hunting rifle version 140 Inland Manufacturing of Dayton Ohio 141 Israel Arms International IAI of Houston Texas assembled carbines from parts from other sources 142 The Iver Johnson Arms of Plainfield NJ and later Jacksonville Ark acquired M1 carbine operations of Plainfield Machine and followed the lead of Universal in producing a pistol version called the Enforcer 143 Johnston Tucker of St Louis Mo 144 Millvile Ordnance MOCO of Union N J predecessor of H amp S 145 National Ordnance of Azusa Calif and later South El Monte Calif 146 NATO of Atlanta GA 147 Plainfield Machine Company of Plainfield N J and later Middlesex N J P O Box in Dunellen N J M1 Carbine manufacture later purchased and operated by Iver Johnson 148 Rock Island Armory of Geneseo Ill 149 Rowen Becker Company of Waterville Ohio 150 Springfield Armory of Geneseo Ill 151 Texas Armament Co of Brownwood Tex 152 Tiroler Sportwaffenfabrik und Apparatenbau GmbH of Kugstein Austria manufactured an air rifle that looked and operated like the M1 carbine for use in training by Austria and West Germany 153 Universal Firearms of Hialeah Fla Early Universal guns were like other manufacturers assembled from USGI parts However beginning in 1968 the company began producing the new carbine which externally resembled the M1 but was in fact a completely new firearm internally using a different receiver bolt carrier bolt recoil spring assembly etc with almost no interchangeability with GI issue carbines 154 Universal was acquired by Iver Johnson in 1983 and moved to Jacksonville Ark in 1985 Williams Gun Sight of Davison Mich produced a series of 50 sporterized M1 carbines 155 Derivatives edit Ingram SAMThe Ingram SAM rifles are M1 carbine derivatives in 5 56 45mm NATO SAM 1 7 62 39mm SAM 2 and 7 62 51mm NATO SAM 3 The 5 56 45mm versions accept M16 magazines the 7 62 39mm accept AK magazines and the 7 62 51mm versions use FN FAL magazines They did not catch on in competition against the Ruger Mini 14 in both the police and civilian markets The Ingram SAM rifles are occasionally found on auction sites for collectors 156 157 9 19mm ParabellumIver Johnson s 9 19mm Parabellum carbine was introduced in 1985 until 1986 using modified Browning High Power 20 round magazines 158 Chiappa Firearms produces a 9mm M1 carbine derivative called the M1 9 which uses Beretta M9 92FS magazines The Chiappa is not gas operated and instead relies on blowback operation 159 Competitors editDesigns that ultimately lost to Winchesters attempt are the M1944 Hyde Carbine Thompson Light Rifle Woodhull light rifle H amp R Reising light rifleHunting and civilian use editThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed February 2011 Learn how and when to remove this template message nbsp Patty Hearst holding a M1 Enforcer carbine during her infamous bank robbery attemptSome U S states prohibit use of the 30 Carbine cartridge for hunting deer and larger animals due to a lessened chance of killing an animal in a single shot even with expanding bullets The M1 carbine is also prohibited for hunting in several states such as Pennsylvania 160 because of the semi automatic function and Illinois 161 which prohibits all non muzzleloading rifles for big game hunting Five round magazines are commercially made for use in states that limit the capacity of semi automatic hunting rifles After World War II the USA decommissioned surplus M1 carbines for sale to the general public The last batch came from Blue Sky and Arlington Ordinance in 1963 and was sold to NRA members for 20 each Inland Mfg continues to make new M1 carbine replicas 162 The M1 carbine was also used by various law enforcement agencies and prison guards and was prominently carried by riot police during the civil unrest of the late 1960s and early 1970s until it was replaced in those roles by more modern 223 caliber semi automatic rifles such as the Ruger Mini 14 and the Colt AR 15 type rifles in the late 1970s and early 1980s The ease of use and great adaptability of the weapon led to it being used by Malcolm X and Patty Hearst Both were featured in famous news photographs carrying a version the carbine One of these firearms was also the weapon used in the 1947 assassination of notorious American mobster Benjamin Bugsy Siegel See also editList of U S Army weapons by supply catalog designation SNL B 28 T29Notes edit a b Bloomfield amp Leiss 1967 pp 80 81 a b de Quesada Alejandro 10 January 2009 The Bay of Pigs Cuba 1961 Elite 166 Osprey Publishing p 60 ISBN 978 1 84603 323 0 Rifles of Bolivia 1900 1990 Archived from the original on December 4 2022 Katz Sam 24 Mar 1988 Arab Armies of the Middle East Wars 2 Men at Arms 128 Osprey Publishing pp 40 41 ISBN 978 0 85045 800 8 Warga Aceh serahkan delapan senjata api ke TNI AD gorontalo antaranews com in Indonesian 3 January 2019 Archived from the original on November 20 2022 Retrieved 3 May 2021 Nayarit Update Borderland Beat Archived from the original on August 2 2019 Brian Wood Johan Peleman 1999 The Arms Fixers Controlling the Brokers and Shipping Agents Report PRIO p 40 Archived from the original on May 13 2023 Retrieved May 13 2023 At the busiest US port Long Beach in California an average of 8 400 cargo containers in the port area could be checked every day but US Customs has fewer than 135 inspectors there It was therefore almost by accident that in March 1997 federal agents at the US Mexico border opened two suspect sealed containers from Long Beach and this led them to the largest illicit arms shipment ever intercepted en route from the USA to Mexico 2 The arms including M 2 automatic rifles had originally been left behind in Vietnam by the US armed forces Small Arms Captured by SAA During Operation BASALT Aug 7 2018 Archived from the original on April 7 2023 Retrieved Jun 20 2020 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Thompson Leroy 22 November 2011 The M1 Carbine Osprey Publishing pp 25 30 32 41 56 57 70 ISBN 978 1 84908 619 6 M1 Carbine Weaponsystems net 2022 11 26 Archived from the original on 2022 11 26 Retrieved 2024 01 18 Meche W Derek 6 June 2013 M1 Carbine The collector s item you can actually use Guns com Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 a b c Hogg Ian V Weeks John S 10 February 2000 Military Small Arms of the 20th Century 7th ed Krause Publications p 290 ISBN 978 0 87341 824 9 International Encyclopedia of Military History James C Bradford Routledge Dec 1 2004 p 886 Dabbs Will 21 January 2019 THE CARBINE CONUNDRUM Two Steps Forward One Step Back Archived from the original on February 8 2023 a b c d e f George John 1981 Shots Fired In Anger 2nd Revised amp Enlarged ed Washington D C National Rifle Association of America p 394 ISBN 978 0 935998 42 9 Weeks John S 1 May 1989 World War II Small Arms Chartwell House p 130 ISBN 978 0 88365 403 3 Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine M1 Carbine at 300 Yards Video YouTube 2 October 2012 a b c Ruth Larry L 1988 M1 Carbine Design Development amp Production The Gun Room Press ISBN 0 88227 020 6 contains many Ordnance documents related to the Light Rifle specification that led to the M1 carbine Herbert Terril Gun Review Inland M1A1 Paratrooper Carbine in 30 Carbine Archived from the original on December 1 2022 a b c Canfield Bruce N 7 April 2016 Carbine Williams Myth amp Reality The American Rifleman NRA Publications Archived from the original February 2009 Reprint on March 5 2018 Bishop Chris 1998 The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II New York Orbis Publishing Ltd ISBN 0 7607 1022 8 E H Harrison Who Designed the M1 Carbine in U S Caliber 30 Carbine NRA American Rifleman Reprint a b c d e Barnes Frank C 1997 Cartridges of the World 6th ed Iola WI DBI Books Inc pp 52 127 ISBN 978 0 87349 033 7 a b c Rottman Gordon L 20 June 2012 Green Beret in Vietnam 1957 73 Osprey Publishing p 41 ISBN 978 1 78200 051 8 Roberts Joseph B 1992 The American rifleman goes to war The guns troops and training of World War II as reported in NRA s magazine First ed National Rifle Association of America p 20 ISBN 0 935998 63 2 a b c d e f Dunlap Roy F 1993 Ordnance Went Up Front 1st ed R amp R Books pp 240 293 297 a b c Shore C Capt 1988 With British Snipers To The Reich Lancer Militaria pp 191 195 Small statured men such as Capt Shore and Sgt Audie Murphy liked the carbine as its small stock dimensions fit them particularly well BASIC FIELD MANUAL U S CARBINE CALIBER 30 Ml PDF War Department 20 May 1942 Archived from the original FM 23 7 on April 5 2023 Hogg Ian Gander Terry 20 September 2005 Jane s Gun Recognition Guide Harper Collins Publishers p 330 ISBN 978 0 00 718328 9 a b c d e The M1 carbine short history RJ Militaria Archived from the original on April 25 2023 Retrieved 29 October 2015 Rottman Gordon L 15 May 1995 US Marine Corps 1941 45 Osprey Publishing p 14 Leroy Thompson 2011 The M1 Carbine Bloomsbury USA p 57 ISBN 978 1 84908 619 6 Carbine magazine catches Civilian Marksmanship Program January 2010 Retrieved 10 February 2016 James Garry 6 October 2014 M1 Carbine America s Unlikely Warrior Guns amp Ammo Archived from the original on January 9 2023 The M1 carbine M1A1 shown was one of America s most widely used arms in three major conflicts and a popular lend lease item to Allied countries Collecting The M1 carbine RJ Militaria Archived from the original on January 28 2023 Retrieved 29 October 2015 Walker Robert E 2012 11 26 Cartridges and Firearm Identification 1st ed CRC Press p 254 ISBN 978 1 4665 0206 2 a b Ruth Larry L 1992 War Baby The U S Caliber 30 Carbine Vol 1 1st Limited ed Collector Grade Publications pp 621 623 ISBN 978 0 88935 117 2 Larry L Ruth M1 Carbine Design Development amp Production The Gun Room Press 1979 ISBN 088227 020 6 p 193 UN QUALITY Stamp 11 November 2013 Archived from the original Photo on 11 November 2013 Gibson Robert A Pocket History of the M1 Carbine Fulton Armory Archived from the original on 12 October 2007 a b c d e Rush Robert S 21 November 2003 GI The US Infantryman in World War II Osprey Publishing Ltd pp 33 35 ISBN 1 84176 739 5 Officers were issued 45 M1911 pistols as individual weapons until 1943 when they were issued the M1 carbine in place of the pistol a b T O amp E 7 17 Infantry Rifle Company PDF U S Government War Department 1944 02 26 Archived from the original PDF on April 5 2023 Retrieved 15 June 2018 McManus John C 27 April 1998 The Deadly Brotherhood The American Combat Soldier in World War II New York Random House Publishing p 52 ISBN 978 0 89141 655 5 Armored infantryman Herb Miller of the U S 6th Armored Division pointed out one of the M1 s strong points I was very happy with the carbine It s fast it s easy to use in a hurry For churches and houses and things like that it was good Gavin James M Lt Gen 1958 War and Peace in the Space Age New York Harper and Brothers pp 57 63 Col Gavin s love affair with his M1A1 carbine ended in Sicily when his carbine and that of Maj Vandervoort jammed repeatedly Noticing that carbine fire rarely suppressed rifle fire from German infantry he and Vandervoort traded with wounded soldiers for their M1 rifles and ammunition Gavin carried an M1 rifle for the rest of the war Burgett Donald 14 April 1999 Seven Roads To Hell New York Presidio Press pp 153 154 ISBN 0 440 23627 4 Burgett a machine gunner in the 101st Airborne from Normandy to the Battle of the Bulge witnessed several failures of the 30 carbine to stop German soldiers after being hit Chapman F Spencer 2003 The Jungle Is Neutral A Soldier s Two Year Escape from the Japanese Army 1st ed Lyons Press p 300 ISBN 978 1 59228 107 7 a b McManus p 52 Richard Lovett of the U S Americal Division was one of several who did not like the carbine It didn t have stopping power Enemy soldiers were shot many times but kept on coming Chapter X Equipment TM E 30 480 U S Army 15 September 1944 George John Shots Fired In Anger NRA Press 1981 p 450 a b c M3 Infra Red Night Sight Archived from the original on 5 October 2008 a b Rottman Gordon L 20 December 2011 The M16 Osprey Publishing p 6 a b c Canfield Bruce 2 November 2010 Arms of the Chosin Few American Rifleman Archived from the original on March 16 2023 Retrieved 10 May 2011 Dill James December 1982 Winter of the Yalu Changjin Journal Archived from the original on April 7 2023 A soldier remembers the freezing fearful retreat down the Korean Peninsula after the Chinese armies smashed across the border Hammel Eric 1 March 1990 Chosin Heroic Ordeal of the Korean War 1st ed Presidio Press p 205 ISBN 978 0 7603 3154 5 a b c d e S L A Marshall Commentary on Infantry and Weapons in Korea 1950 51 1st Report ORO R 13 of 27 October 1951 Project Doughboy Restricted Operations Research Office ORO U S Army a b c Clavin Tom Drury Bob 2009 Last Stand of Fox Company A True Story of U S Marines in Combat New York Atlantic Monthly Press pp 82 113 161 ISBN 978 0 87113 993 1 In addition to their bulky cotton padded telegroika coats which could freeze solid with perspiration Chicom infantry frequently wore vests or undercoats of thick goatskin a b O Donnell Patrick K 2 November 2010 Give Me Tomorrow The Korean War s Greatest Untold Story The Epic Stand of the Marines of George Company 1st ed Da Capo Press pp 88 168 173 ISBN 978 0 306 81801 1 Jowett Philip S 10 July 2005 The Chinese Army 1937 49 World War II and Civil War Osprey Publishing p 47 ISBN 978 1 84176 904 2 a b Thomas Nigel Abbott Peter 27 March 1986 The Korean War 1950 53 Osprey Publishing Ltd pp 37 47 ISBN 978 0 85045 685 1 Many Chinese troops carried either rice or shaoping an unleavened bread flour mixture in a fabric tube slung over the shoulder Andrew Martin Dr March April 2010 Logistics in the PLA Army Sustainment PB 700 10 02 Volume 42 Issue 2 Archived from the original on January 19 2019 a href Template Cite news html title Template Cite news cite news a CS1 maint location link Chinese troops frequently wore bandolier type ammunition pouches and carried extra PPSh or Thompson magazines in addition to 4 5 stick grenades Russ Martin 1 April 1999 Breakout The Chosin Reservoir Campaign Korea 1950 Penguin Publishing p 40 ISBN 978 0 14 029259 6 The failure of the 30 carbine round to stop enemy soldiers may not have been due to inadequate penetration Marine Lt James Stemple reported that he shot an enemy soldier with his M2 carbine four times in the chest and saw the padding fly out the back of the soldier s padded jacket as the bullets penetrated his body yet the enemy soldier kept on coming Spurr Russell 1988 Enter the Dragon China s Undeclared War Against the U S in Korea 1950 51 New York NY Newmarket Press p 182 ISBN 978 1 55704 914 8 Chinese frontline PLA troops disliked the M1 M2 carbine as they believed its cartridge had inadequate stopping power Captured U S carbines were instead issued to runners and mortar crews a b Laemlein Tom The M1 Carbine in Vietnam American Rifleman Archived from the original on November 27 2018 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd Foreign Military Assistance and the U S M1 amp M2 Carbines BavarianM1Carbines com 1963 Archived from the original on March 17 2023 Diagram Group 1991 Weapons An international encyclopedia from 5000 B C to 2000 A D New York St Martin s Press Inc ISBN 0 312 03950 6 Moran Jack William Grace Sir 1959 Spearhead in Malaya 1st ed London Peter Davies p 239 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Crawford Oliver 1958 The Door Marked Malaya 1st ed London Rupert Hart Davis p 88 The Jungle Beat Roy Follows of Fort Brooke and Cameron Highlands Retrieved 29 October 2015 Central Office of Information British Information Services Survey of Current Affairs 1977 H M Stationery Office Goldstein Donald M Dillon Katherine V Wenger J Michael 4 November 1994 Nuts The Battle of the Bulge 1st ed University of Nebraska Press p 75 ISBN 978 0 02 881069 0 captured German film shows German officer armed with a M1 carbine in the Battle of the Bulge Dec 1944 McNab Chris 31 July 2002 Unwin Charles C Vanessa U Mike R eds 20th Century Military Uniforms 2nd ed Kent Grange Books p 84 ISBN 1 84013 476 3 Huon Jean March 1992 L armement francais en A F N Gazette des Armes in French No 220 pp 12 16 Archived from the original on December 17 2022 Walter John 2006 Rifles of the World 3rd ed Iola WI Krause Publications p 147 ISBN 0 89689 241 7 대한뉴스 제 551호 월남소식 retrieved 2023 09 07 The Death of Che Guevara Declassified The National Security Archive Archived from the original on May 9 2023 Retrieved 2016 01 24 Da Redacao 25 March 2011 Armas da vida real Real life weapons Super Interessante in Portuguese Archived from the original on 9 April 2023 Retrieved 5 May 2016 Carabina M 1 Bloomfield Lincoln P Leiss Amelia Catherine 30 June 1967 The Control of local conflict a design study on arms control and limited war in the developing areas PDF Vol 3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology Center for International Studies p 191 hdl 2027 uiug 30112064404368 Archived PDF from the original on August 4 2020 Liputan6 com This World War Legacy Rifle is Still Used by Malang Police in Indonesian 1 February 2016 Archive Soldier of Fortune Robert K Brown April 1980 pgs 40 41 McNab 2002 p 17 David Thompkins Interview GWU 14 February 1999 Archived from the original on October 13 2022 Retrieved 17 October 2011 Austria s Story Archived from the original on April 7 2023 Retrieved 29 October 2015 Small Arms Survey Working Papers PDF 4 March 2015 Archived from the original PDF on August 11 2006 Retrieved 29 October 2015 Scarlata Paul 1 October 2017 Yugoslav Part II World War II small arms an assortment of small arms from friends and foe alike Firearms News Archived from the original on September 21 2022 Abbott Peter 20 February 2014 Modern African Wars 4 The Congo 1960 2002 Oxford Osprey Publishing p 37 ISBN 978 1 78200 076 1 Montes Julio A May 2000 Infantry Weapons of the Salvadoran Forces Small Arms Review Vol 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SYSTEMS Ltd Hezi SM 1 SecurityArms com 15 March 2001 Archived from the original on April 5 2023 Retrieved 29 October 2015 Alpine Post WWII Commercially Manufactured M1 Carbines U S A Archived from the original on April 5 2023 Retrieved 29 October 2015 AMAC M1 Carbine Archived from the original on April 5 2023 Retrieved 29 October 2015 AMPRO Post WWII Commercially Manufactured M1 Carbines U S A Retrieved 29 October 2015 Bullseye Gun Works Miami Florida Post WWII Commercially Manufactured M1 Carbines U S A Retrieved 29 October 2015 Erma s Firearms Manufacturing Co Post WWII Commercially Manufactured M1 Carbines U S A Retrieved 29 October 2015 U S Carbines during the American Occupation of Germany and Austria Bavarian M1 Carbines com Archived from the original on April 7 2023 Retrieved 29 October 2015 Erma WerkeThe ERMA Werke Model E M1 22 LR Self Loading Rimfire Rifle ERMA Werke Dachau Bavaria Retrieved 29 October 2015 Federal Ordnance Post WWII Commercially Manufactured M1 Carbines U S A Retrieved 29 October 2015 The Fulton Armory M1 Carbine Fulton Armory Retrieved 29 October 2015 Global Arms Post WWII Commercially Manufactured M1 Carbines U S A Retrieved 29 October 2015 H amp S M1 Carbine Post WWII Commercially Manufactured M1 Carbines U S A Retrieved 29 October 2015 HOWA M1 Carbine Post WWII Commercially Manufactured M1 Carbines U S A Retrieved 29 October 2015 About Inland Manufacturing Post WWII Commercially Manufactured M1 Carbines U S A Retrieved 29 October 2015 Israel Arms International Post WWII Commercially Manufactured M1 Carbines U S A Retrieved 29 October 2015 Iver Johnson Arms Post WWII Commercially Manufactured M1 Carbines U S A Retrieved 29 October 2015 Johnston Tucker M1 Carbine Post WWII Commercially Manufactured M1 Carbines U S A permanent dead link Millville Ordnance Company Post WWII Commercially Manufactured M1 Carbines U S A Retrieved 29 October 2015 National Ordnance M1 Carbine Post WWII Commercially Manufactured M1 Carbines U S A Retrieved 29 October 2015 NATO M1 Carbine Post WWII Commercially Manufactured M1 Carbines U S A Retrieved 29 October 2015 Plainfield Machine Co Post WWII Commercially Manufactured M1 Carbines U S A Retrieved 29 October 2015 Rock Island Armory M1 Carbine Post WWII Commercially Manufactured M1 Carbines U S A permanent dead link Rowen Becker M1 Carbine Post WWII Commercially Manufactured M1 Carbines U S A permanent dead link Springfield Armory Inc Post WWII Commercially Manufactured M1 Carbines U S A Retrieved 29 October 2015 Texas Armaments M1 Carbine Post WWII Commercially Manufactured M1 Carbines U S A permanent dead link Tiroler Sportwaffenfabrik und Apparatenbau GmbH Post WWII Commercially Manufactured M1 Carbines U S A Kufstein Austria Retrieved 29 October 2015 Universal Firearms Corp Post WWII Commercially Manufactured M1 Carbines U S A Retrieved 29 October 2015 Williams Gun Sight M1 Carbines Post WWII Commercially Manufactured M1 Carbines U S A Retrieved 29 October 2015 F Nathaniel 18 March 2016 Inside the Ingram SAM at Gunlab The Firearm Blog Archived from the original on February 12 2023 McCollum Ian 2 April 2021 Gordon Ingram s Westarm 308 Battle Rifle Forgotten Weapons Archived from the original on February 28 2023 Iver Johnson Arms The 9mm Parabellum Archived from the original on February 1 2022 M1 9 Retrieved May 13 2023 Hunting amp Trapping Digest Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Illinois Digest of Hunting and Trapping Regulations 2007 2008 Statewide Deer Hunting Information PDF Illinois Department of Natural Resources p 11 Archived from the original PDF on 27 February 2008 The M1 Carbine 10 Little Known Facts American Rifleman Archived from the original on April 2 2023 Further reading editBarnes Frank C Cartridges of the World Iola WI DBI Books Inc ISBN 0 87349 033 9 ISBN 978 0 87349 033 7 6th ed 1989 Canfield Bruce N June 2007 A New Lease on Life The Post World War II M1 Carbine American Rifleman Dunlap Roy F Ordnance Up Front Plantersville SC Small Arms Technical Pub Co The Samworth Press ISBN 1 884849 09 1 1948 George John Lt Col Shots Fired In Anger Second Edition enlarged Washington D C NRA Press ISBN 0 935998 42 X 9780935998429 1981 Hufnagl Wolfdieter U S Karabiner M1 Waffe und Zubehor Motorbuchverlag 1994 IBM Archives Korean War cold weather malfunctions Archived 2009 02 14 at the Wayback Machine Laemlein Tom The M1 Carbine Stamford CT Historical Archive Press 2006 ISBN 0 9748389 2 6 OCLC 82494967 Marshall S L A Commentary on Infantry and Weapons in Korea 1950 51 1st Report ORO R 13 Project Doughboy Report ORO R 13 of 27 October 1951 Restricted Operations Research Office ORO U S Army 1951 ISBN 0 935856 02 1 ISBN 978 0 935856 02 6 1988 United States Government Departments of the Army and Air Force TM 9 1305 200 TO 11A13 1 101 Small Arms Ammunition Washington DC Departments of the Army and Air Force 1961 U S Army Catalog of Standard Ordnance Items Second Edition 1944 Volume III p 419 Weeks John World War II Small Arms London Orbis Publishing Ltd and New York Galahad Books ISBN 0 88365 403 2 ISBN 978 0 88365 403 3 1979 Riesch Craig U S M1 Carbines Wartime Production 8th Edition North Cape Publications 2019 ISBN 1882391543External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to M1 Carbine The Carbine Club 30 cal Carbine History amp all things carbine The Carbine Club Commercial M1 Carbine Manufacturers since WWII The Carbine Club U S Carbines used by Austria amp Germany post WWII US Army M1 Carbine Technical Manual Bonnier Corporation June 1942 Lightweight Carbine Increases Firepower Popular Science Bonnier Corporation pp 79 80 M1 Carbine Article M1 Carbine Family M1 M1A1 M2 M3 The M1 M2 Carbine Magazine FAQ 90th Reference manual page including FM 23 7 Carbine 1942 manual Articles page including information on blank adapting the M1 carbine M1 Carbine page at Modern Firearms M1 Carbine Bayonet M4 Bayonet Knife Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title M1 carbine amp oldid 1213329628, wikipedia, wiki, 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