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M. S. Swaminathan

February 16, 2024

Mankombu Sambasivan Swaminathan (7 August 1925 – 28 September 2023) was an Indian agronomist, agricultural scientist, plant geneticist, administrator, and humanitarian.[1] Swaminathan was a global leader of the green revolution.[2] He has been called the main architect[a] of the green revolution in India for his leadership and role in introducing and further developing high-yielding varieties of wheat and rice.[5][6] Swaminathan's collaborative scientific efforts with Norman Borlaug, spearheading a mass movement with farmers and other scientists and backed by public policies, saved India and Pakistan from certain famine-like conditions in the 1960s.[7][8] His leadership as director general of the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in the Philippines was instrumental in his being awarded the first World Food Prize in 1987, recognized as one of the highest honours in the field of agriculture.[9] The United Nations Environment Programme has called him "the Father of Economic Ecology".[10] He was recently conferred the Bharat Ratna, the highest civilian award of the Republic of India, in 2024.

M. S. Swaminathan
Swaminathan in 2013
Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha
In office
2007–2013
ConstituencyNominated
Personal details
Born
Mankombu Sambasivan Swaminathan

(1925-08-07)7 August 1925
Kumbakonam, Tanjore District, Madras Presidency, British India (present-day Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India)
Died28 September 2023(2023-09-28) (aged 98)
Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Alma mater
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1955; died 2022)​
Children3, including Soumya
Awards
Scientific career
Fields
Institutions
ThesisSpecies Differentiation, and the Nature of Polyploidy in certain species of the genus Solanum–section Tuberarium (1952)
Doctoral advisorH. W. Howard

Swaminathan contributed basic research related to potato, wheat, and rice, in areas such as cytogenetics, ionizing radiation, and radiosensitivity.[11] He was a president of the Pugwash Conferences and the International Union for Conservation of Nature.[12][13] In 1999, he was one of three Indians, along with Gandhi and Tagore, on Time's list of the 20 most influential Asian people of the 20th century.[5] Swaminathan received numerous awards and honours, including the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award, the Ramon Magsaysay Award, and the Albert Einstein World Science Award.[10] Swaminathan chaired the National Commission on Farmers in 2004, which recommended far-reaching ways to improve India's farming system.[14] He was the founder of an eponymous research foundation.[5] He coined the term "Evergreen Revolution" in 1990 to describe his vision of "productivity in perpetuity without associated ecological harm".[2][15] He was nominated to the Parliament of India for one term between 2007 and 2013.[16] During his tenure he put forward a bill for the recognition of women farmers in India.[17]

Life edit

Early life and education edit

Swaminathan was born in Kumbakonam, Madras Presidency, on 7 August 1925.[18] He was the second son of general surgeon M. K. Sambasivan and Parvati Thangammal Sambasivan. At age 11, after his father's death, Swaminathan was looked after by his father's brother. [19]

Swaminathan was educated at a local high school and later at the Catholic Little Flower High School in Kumbakonam,[20] from which he matriculated at age 15.[21] From childhood, he interacted with farming and farmers; his extended family grew rice, mangoes, and coconut, and later expanded into other areas such as coffee.[22] He saw the impact that fluctuations in the price of crops had on his family, including the devastation that weather and pests could cause to crops as well as incomes.[23]

His parents wanted him to study medicine. With that in mind, he started off his higher education with zoology.[24] But when he witnessed the impacts of the Bengal famine of 1943 during the Second World War and shortages of rice throughout the sub-continent, he decided to devote his life to ensuring India had enough food.[25] Despite his family background, and belonging to an era where medicine and engineering were considered much more prestigious, he chose agriculture.[26]

He went on to finish his undergraduate degree in zoology at Maharaja's College in Trivandrum, Kerala (now known as University College, Thiruvananthapuram at the University of Kerala).[21] He then studied at University of Madras (Madras Agricultural College, now the Tamil Nadu Agricultural University) from 1940 to 1944 and earned a Bachelor of Science degree in Agricultural Science.[27] During this time he was also taught by Cotah Ramaswami, a professor of agronomy.[28]

In 1947 he moved to the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) in New Delhi to study genetics and plant breeding.[29] He obtained a post-graduate degree with high distinction in cytogenetics in 1949. His research focused on the genus Solanum, with specific attention to the potato.[30] Social pressures resulted in him competing in the examinations for civil services, through which he was selected to the Indian Police Service.[31] At the same time, an opportunity for him arose in the agriculture field in the form of a UNESCO fellowship in genetics in the Netherlands. He chose genetics.[31]

Netherlands and Europe edit

Swaminathan was a UNESCO fellow at the Wageningen Agricultural University's Institute of Genetics in the Netherlands for eight months.[32] The demand for potatoes during the Second World War resulted in deviations in age-old crop rotations. This caused golden nematode infestations in certain areas such as reclaimed agricultural lands. Swaminathan worked on adapting genes to provide resilience against such parasites, as well as cold weather. To this effect, the research succeeded.[33] Ideologically the university influenced his later scientific pursuits in India with respect to food production.[34] During this time he also made a visit to the Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research in war-torn Germany; this would later influence him deeply as during his next visit, a decade later, he saw that the Germans had transformed Germany, both infrastructurally and energetically.[35]

United Kingdom edit

In 1950, he moved to study at the Plant Breeding Institute of the University of Cambridge School of Agriculture.[36] He earned a Doctor of Philosophy degree in 1952 for his thesis "Species Differentiation, and the Nature of Polyploidy in certain species of the genus Solanum – section Tuberarium".[36] The following December he stayed for a week with F.L. Brayne, a former Indian Civil Service officer, whose experiences with rural India influenced Swaminathan in his later years.[37]

United States of America edit

Swaminathan then spent 15 months in the United States.[38] He accepted a post-doctoral research associateship at the University of Wisconsin's Laboratory of Genetics to help set up a USDA potato research station.[38] The laboratory at the time had Nobel laureate Joshua Lederberg on its faculty.[39] His associateship ended in December 1953. Swaminathan turned down a faculty position in order to continue to make a difference back home in India.[40]

India edit

Swaminathan returned to India in early 1954. There were no jobs in his specialisation and it was only three months later that he received an opportunity through a former professor to work temporarily as an assistant botanist at Central Rice Research Institute in Cuttack.[41] At Cuttack, he was under an indica-japonica rice hybridisation program started by Krishnaswami Ramiah. This stint would go on to influence his future work with wheat.[42] Half a year later he joined Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) in New Delhi in October 1954 as an assistant cytogeneticist.[41] Swaminathan was critical of India importing food grains when seventy percent of India was dependent on agriculture. Further drought and famine-like situations were developing in the country.[43]

 
An Indian postage stamp released on 17 July 1968 commemorated the "Wheat Revolution" with wheat stalks, the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), and a bar graph of the increase in wheat production.[44]

Swaminathan and Norman Borlaug collaborated, with Borlaug touring India and sending supplies for a range of Mexican dwarf varieties of wheat, which were to be bred with Japanese varieties.[45] Initial testing in an experimental plot showed good results. The crop was high-yield, good quality, and disease free.[46] There was hesitation by farmers to adopt the new variety whose high yields were unnerving.[46] In 1964, following repeated requests by Swaminathan to demonstrate the new variety, he was given funding to plant small demonstration plots. A total of 150 demonstration plots on 1 hectare were planted.[46] The results were promising and the anxieties of the farmers were reduced.[46] More modifications were made to the grain in the laboratory to better suit Indian conditions.[47] The new wheat varieties were sown and in 1968 production went to 17 million tonnes, 5 million tonnes more than the last harvest.[48]

Just before receiving his Nobel Prize in 1970, Norman Borlaug wrote to Swaminathan:[49]

The Green Revolution has been a team effort and much of the credit for its spectacular development must go to the Indian officials, organizations, scientists, and farmers. However, to you, Dr. Swaminathan, a great deal of the credit must go for first recognizing the potential value of the Mexican dwarfs. Had this not occurred, it is quite possible that there would not have been a Green Revolution in Asia.

Notable contributions were made by Indian agronomists and geneticists such as Gurdev Khush and Dilbagh Singh Athwal.[8] The Government of India declared India self-sufficient in food production in 1971.[49] India and Swaminathan could now deal with other serious issues of access to food, hunger, and nutrition.[49][50][51] He was with IARI between 1954 and 1972.[1]

Administrator and educator edit

In 1972, Swaminathan was appointed as the director-general of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) and a secretary to the Government of India.[52] In 1979, in a rare move for a scientist, he was made a principal secretary, a senior position in the Government of India.[53] The next year he was shifted to the Planning Commission.[54] As director-general of ICAR, he pushed for technical literacy, setting up centres all over India for this.[53] Droughts during this period led him to form groups to watch weather and crop patterns, with the ultimate aim of protecting the poor from malnutrition.[55] His shift to the Planning Commission for two years resulted in the introduction of women and environment with respect to development in India's five year plans for the first time.[54][52]

In 1982, he was made the first Asian director general of the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in the Philippines.[54] He was there until 1988.[1] One of the contributions he made during his tenure here was conducting an international conference "Women in Rice Farming Systems".[56] For this, the United States-based Association for Women in Development gave Swaminathan their first award for "outstanding contributions to the integration of women in development".[57] As director general, he spread awareness among rice-growing families of making the value of each part of the rice crop.[57] His leadership at IRRI was instrumental in the first World Food Prize being awarded to him.[9] In 1984 he became the president and vice-president of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and World Wildlife Fund respectively.[58]

In 1987 he was awarded the first World Food Prize.[59] The prize money was used to set up the M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation.[60] Accepting the award, Swaminathan spoke of the growing hunger despite the increase in food production. He spoke of the fear of sharing "power and resources", and that the goal of a world without hunger remains unfinished.[61] In their commendation letters, Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, Frank Press, President Ronald Reagan, and others recognized his efforts.[62]

Swaminathan would go on to chair the World Food Prize Selection Committee following Borlaug.[63] In ICAR, from the late 1950s onwards, he taught cytogenetics, radiation genetics, and mutation breeding.[64] Swaminathan mentored numerous Borlaug‐Ruan interns, part of the Borlaug‐Ruan International Internship.[65]

Institution builder edit

Swaminathan established the Nuclear Research Laboratory at the IARI. He played a role in and promoting the setting up of the International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics in India; the International Board for Plant Genetic Resources (now known as Bioversity International) in Italy and the International Council for Research in Agro-Forestry in Kenya. He helped to build and develop a number of institutions and provided research support in China, Vietnam, Myanmar, Thailand, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Iran, and Cambodia.[66]

Later years edit

Swaminathan co-chaired the United Nations Millennium Project on hunger from 2002 to 2005 and was head of the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs between 2002 and 2007.[67] In 2005 Bruce Alberts, President of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences said of Swaminathan: "At 80, M.S. retains all the energy and idealism of his youth, and he continues to inspire good behaviour and more idealism from millions of his fellow human beings on this Earth. For that, we can all be thankful".[68] Swaminathan had the aim of a hunger-free India by 2007.[69]

 
Swaminathan (right) with A. K. Sharma (left), considered as the father of Indian cytology,[70] in 2013 at the 100th Indian Science Congress.

Swaminathan was the chair of the National Commission on Farmers constituted in 2004.[71] In 2007, President A.P.J. Abdul Kalam nominated Swaminathan to the Rajya Sabha.[72] Swaminathan introduced one bill during his tenure, The Women Farmers' Entitlements Bill 2011, which lapsed.[16][73] One of the aims it proposed was recognising women farmers.[17]

A term coined by Swaminathan, 'Evergreen Revolution', based on the enduring influence of the green revolution, aims to address the continuous increase in sustainable productivity that mankind requires.[74] He has described it as "productivity with perpetuity".[2]

In his later years, he had also been part of initiatives related to bridging the digital divide,[75] and bringing research to decision-makers in the field of hunger and nutrition.[76]

Personal life and death edit

He was married to Mina Swaminathan, whom he met in 1951 while they were both studying at Cambridge.[77] They lived in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. Their three daughters are Soumya Swaminathan (a paediatrician), Madhura Swaminathan (an economist), and Nitya Swaminathan (gender and rural development).[78]

Gandhi and Ramana Maharshi influenced his life.[79] Of the 2000 acres owned by their family, they donated one-third to Vinoba Bhave's cause.[80] In an interview in 2011, he said that when he was young, he followed Swami Vivekananda.[81]

Swaminathan died at home in Chennai on 28 September 2023, at age 98.[82]

Scientific career edit

Potato edit

In the 1950s, Swaminathan's explanation and analysis of the origin and evolutionary processes of potato was a major contribution.[83] He elucidated its origin as an autotetraploid and its cell division behaviour.[84] His findings related to polyploids were also significant.[84] Swaminathan's thesis in 1952 was based on his basic research related to "species differentiation and the nature of polyploidy in certain species of the genus Solanum, section Tuberarium".[85] The impact was the greater ability to transfer genes from a wild species to the cultivated potato.[86]

What made his research on potatoes valuable was its real-world application in the development of new potato varieties.[87] During his post-doctoral at Wisconsin University, he helped develop a frost-resistant potato.[87] His genetic analysis of potatoes, including the genetic traits that govern yield and growth, important factors in increasing productivity, was pivotal. His multi-disciplinary systems approach perspective brought together many different genetic facets.[88]

Wheat edit

In the 1950s and 1960s Swaminathan did basic research into the cytogenetics of hexaploid wheat.[86] The varieties of wheat and rice developed by Swaminathan and Borlaug were foundational to the green revolution.[88]

Rice edit

Efforts towards growing rice with C4 carbon fixation capabilities, which would allow a better photosynthesis and water usage, were started at IRRI under Swaminathan.[88] Swaminathan also played a role in the development of the world's first high-yielding basmati.[89]

Radiation botany edit

The Genetics Division of the IARI under Swaminathan was globally renowned for its research on mutagens.[85] He set up a 'Cobalt-60 Gamma Garden' to study radiation mutation.[84][86] Swaminathan's association with Homi J. Bhabha, Vikram Sarabhai, Raja Ramana, M. R. Srinivasan and other Indian nuclear scientists allowed agricultural scientists to access facilities at the Atomic Energy Establishment, Trombay (which would later become the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre).[85] Swaminathan's first PhD student, A. T. Natarajan, would go on to write his thesis in this direction.[85] One of the aims of such research was to increase plant responsiveness to fertilisers and demonstrate real-world application of crop mutations.[86] Swaminathan's early basic research on the effects of radiation on cells and organisms partly formed the base of future redox biology.[90]

Rudy Rabbinge [nl] calls Swaminathan's paper on neutron radiation in agriculture in 1966 presented at an International Atomic Energy Agency conference in the United States as "epoch-making".[84] The work of Swaminathan and his colleagues was relevant to food irradiation.[84]

Public recognition edit

 
The B. P. Pal Centenary Award, eponymously named after the Indian agricultural scientist, being awarded to Swaminathan in 2006.

Awards and honours edit

Swaminathan received the Mendel Memorial Medal from the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences in 1965.[91] Following this he received numerous international awards and honours, including the Ramon Magsaysay Award (1971),[6] the Albert Einstein World Science Award (1986), the first World Food Prize (1987),[10] the Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement (1991),[91] the Four Freedoms Award (2000),[92] and the Planet and Humanity Medal of the International Geographical Union (2000).[93] When accepting the Ramon Magsaysay Award, Swaminathan quoted Seneca: "A hungry person listens neither to reason, nor to religion, nor is bent by any prayer."[94]

He was conferred with the Order of the Golden Heart of the Philippines,[95] the Order of Agricultural Merit of France, the Order of the Golden Ark of Netherlands,[96] and the Royal Order of Sahametrei of Cambodia.[91] China awarded him with the "Award for International Co-operation on Environment and Development".[97] In the 'Dr Norman E. Borlaug Hall of Laureates' at Des Moines, Iowa, United States, there is an artwork of Swaminathan made up of 250,000 pieces of glass.[98] The IRRI has named a building and a scholarship fund after him.[91]

One of the first national awards he received was the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in 1961.[52] Following this he was conferred with the Padma Shri, Padma Bhushan, and Padma Vibhushan awards, as well as the H K Firodia award, the Lal Bahadur Shastri National Award, and the Indira Gandhi Prize.[99] As of 2016, he had received 33 national and 32 international awards.[100] On 9 February 2024, he was conferred the Bharat Ratna, the highest civilian award of the Republic of India. In 2004, an agricultural think-tank in India named an annual award after Swaminathan, the eponymously named 'Dr. M.S. Swaminathan Award for Leadership in Agriculture'.[101]

Honorary doctorates and fellowships edit

 
Norman E. Borlaug being awarded the first M. S. Swaminathan Award for Leadership in Agriculture by President A. P. J. Abdul Kalam in New Delhi in 2005.

Swaminathan was the recipient of 84 honorary doctorates and was a guide for numerous Ph.D. scholars.[99][102] Sardar Patel University conferred him with an honorary degree in 1970; Delhi University, Banaras Hindu University and others would follow.[83] Internationally, the Technical University of Berlin (1981) and the Asian Institute of Technology (1985) honoured him.[83] The University of Wisconsin honoured Swaminathan with an honorary doctorate in 1983.[103] When the University of Massachusetts, Boston, honoured him with a science doctorate, they commented on the "magnificent inclusiveness of [Swaminathan's] concerns, by nation, socioeconomic group, gender, inter-generational, and including both human and natural environments".[104] Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge, from where he received his PhD in botany, made him an honorary fellow in 2014.[105]

Swaminathan had been elected a fellow of a number of science academies in India. Internationally he had been recognised as a fellow by 30[102] academies of science and societies across the world including the United States, the United Kingdom, Russia, Sweden, Italy, China, Bangladesh, as well as the European Academy of Arts, Science and Humanities.[99][106] He was a founder fellow of The World Academy of Sciences.[99] The National Agrarian University in Peru conferred him with an honorary professorship.[83]

Publications edit

 
Prime Minister of India M. Singh with From Green to Evergreen Revolution
 
Prime Minister of India N. Modi with a two-part book series on Swaminathan

Swaminathan published 46 single-author papers between 1950 and 1980. In total he had 254 papers to his credit, 155 of which he was the single or first author. His scientific papers are in the fields of crop improvement (95), cytogenetics and genetics (87) and phylogenetics (72). His most frequent publishers were Indian Journal of Genetics (46), Current Science (36), Nature (12) and Radiation Botany (12).[107] Selected publications include:

  • Swaminathan, M.S. (1951). "Notes on induced polyploids in the tuber-bearing Solanum species and their crossability with Solanum tuberosum". American Potato Journal. 28: 472–489. doi:10.1007/BF02854980. S2CID 38717901.
  • Howard, H. W.; Swaminathan, M. S. (1953). "The cytology of haploid plants of Solanum demissum". Genetica. 26 (1): 381–391. doi:10.1007/BF01690622. ISSN 0016-6707. PMID 13142313. S2CID 39650946.
  • Swaminathan, M. S.; Hougas, R. W. (1954). "Cytogenetic Studies in Solanum verrucosum Variety Spectabilis". American Journal of Botany. 41 (8): 645–651. doi:10.2307/2438291. ISSN 0002-9122. JSTOR 2438291.
  • Swaminathan, M. S. (1 January 1954). "Nature of Polyploidy in Some 48-Chromosome Species of the Genus Solanum, Section Tuberarium". Genetics. 39 (1): 59–76. doi:10.1093/genetics/39.1.59. ISSN 0016-6731. PMC 1209637. PMID 17247468.
  • Swaminathan, M. S. (November 1955). "Overcoming Cross-Incompatibility among some Mexican Diploid Species of Solanum". Nature. 176 (4488): 887–888. Bibcode:1955Natur.176..887S. doi:10.1038/176887b0. ISSN 1476-4687. S2CID 4266064.
  • Swaminathan, M. S. (September 1956). "Disomic and Tetrasomic Inheritance in a Solanum Hybrid". Nature. 178 (4533): 599–600. Bibcode:1956Natur.178..599S. doi:10.1038/178599b0. ISSN 1476-4687. S2CID 4298507.
  • Swaminathan, M. S.; Murty, B. R. (1 November 1959). "Aspects of Asynapsis in Plants. I. Random and Non Random Chromosome Associations". Genetics. 44 (6): 1271–1280. doi:10.1093/genetics/44.6.1271. ISSN 0016-6731. PMC 1224432. PMID 17247892.

In addition he has written a few books on the general theme of his life's work, biodiversity and sustainable agriculture for alleviation of hunger. Swaminathan's books, papers, dialogues and speeches include:

  • Swaminathan, M. S.; Kochhar, S. L. (2019). Major Flowering Trees of Tropical Gardens. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-48195-3.
  • Swaminathan, M. S. (2017). 50 Years of Green Revolution: An Anthology of Research Papers. World Scientific. ISBN 978-981-320-007-4.
  • Swaminathan, M. S. (2014). "EDITORIAL: Zero hunger". Science. 345 (6196): 491. doi:10.1126/science.1258820. JSTOR 24745192. PMID 25082671. S2CID 206560890.
  • Swaminathan, M. S. (2011). In Search Of Biohappiness: Biodiversity And Food, Health And Livelihood Security. World Scientific. ISBN 978-981-4462-56-3.
  • Swaminathan, M. S. (2010). Science and Sustainable Food Security: Selected Papers of M S Swaminathan. World Scientific. ISBN 978-981-4282-11-6.
  • Swaminathan, M. S. (September 2006). "An Evergreen Revolution". Crop Science. 46 (5): 2293–2303. doi:10.2135/cropsci2006.9999.
  • Swaminathan, M. S.; Ikeda, Daisaku (2005). Revolutions to Green the Environment, to Grow the Human Heart: A Dialogue Between M.S. Swaminathan, Leader of the Ever-green Revolution and Daisaku Ikeda, Proponent of the Human Revolution. East West Books (Madras). ISBN 978-81-88661-34-3.
  • Halving Hunger: It Can Be Done. United Nations Millennium Project Hunger Task Force. 2005.
  • Swaminthan, M. S., ed. (1998). Gender Dimensions in Biodiversity Management. Papers presented at a workshop held at MSSRF in June 1997. Konark Publishers. ISBN 978-81-220-0531-8.
  • Swaminathan, M. S. (1997). "Implementing the benefit-sharing provisions of the Convention on Biological Diversity: Challenges and opportunities". Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter (No. 112). pp. 19–27. Retrieved 26 November 2021 – via ecolex.org.
  • Swaminathan, M.S., ed. (1993). Wheat Revolution—A dialogue. Macmillan India.

Controversies edit

In the 1970s, a scientific paper in which Swaminathan and his team claimed to have produced a mutant breed of wheat by gamma irradiation of a Mexican variety (Sonora 64) resulting in Sharbati Sonora, claimed to have a very high lysine content, led to a major controversy. The case was claimed to be an error made by the laboratory assistant.[108] The episode was also compounded by the suicide of an agricultural scientist.[109][110][111][112][113] It has been studied as part of a systemic problem in Indian agriculture research.[114]

A paper published in the 25 November 2018 edition of Current Science titled 'Modern Technologies for Sustainable Food and Nutrition Security' listed Swaminathan as a co-author.[115] The article was criticised by a number of scientific experts, including K. VijayRaghavan, the principal scientific adviser to the Government of India, who commented that it was "deeply flawed and full of errors".[115][116][117] Swaminathan claimed that his role in the paper was "extremely limited" and that he shouldn't have been named as the co-author.[115][118]

Explanatory footnotes edit

  1. ^ A number of people have been recognized for their efforts during India's Green Revolution. Chidambaram Subramaniam, the food and agriculture minister at the time, a Bharat Ratna, has been called the Political Father of the Green Revolution.[3] Dilbagh Singh Athwal is called the Father of Wheat Revolution.[4]

Citations edit

  1. ^ a b c Polunin, Nicholas (5 November 2013). World Who Is Who and Does What in Environment and Conservation. Routledge. pp. 320–321. ISBN 978-1-134-05938-6.
  2. ^ a b c Cabral, Lídia; Pandey, Poonam; Xu, Xiuli (3 July 2021). "Epic narratives of the Green Revolution in Brazil, China, and India" (PDF). Agriculture and Human Values. 39: 249–267. doi:10.1007/s10460-021-10241-x. S2CID 237804269.
  3. ^ Dugger, Celia W. (10 November 2000). "Chidambaram Subramaniam, India's 'Green' Rebel, 90, Dies". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 3 December 2021. Chidambaram Subramaniam, the political architect of the green revolution in India...
  4. ^ "'Father of Wheat Revolution' DS Athwal passes away". Hindustan Times. 15 May 2017. Retrieved 3 December 2021.
  5. ^ a b c Spaeth, Anthony (23–30 August 1999). . TIME. Time 100. Vol. 154, no. 7/8. Archived from the original on 25 January 2001.
  6. ^ a b "Swaminathan, Moncompu Sambasivan". Ramon Magsaysay Award. 1971. from the original on 25 November 2021. Retrieved 25 November 2021. A cytogeneticist from India who made major advances in breeding sturdier, more productive and better quality plant types
  7. ^ Quinn 2015, p. 418-420.
  8. ^ a b Damodaran, Harish (13 August 2015). "A living legend: Swaminathan@90". The Indian Express. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
  9. ^ a b Quinn 2015, p. 417-418.
  10. ^ a b c Worth, Brett. . The Hunger Project. Archived from the original on 10 June 2023. Retrieved 25 November 2021.
  11. ^ Kesavan & Iyer 2014, p. 2041-2042.
  12. ^ Gopalkrishnan 2002, p. 2.
  13. ^ Kesavan & Iyer 2014, p. 2045.
  14. ^ Mishra, Dheeraj (27 December 2020). "Reality Belies Modi Govt Claims of Implementing Swaminathan Commission's Report". The Wire. Retrieved 26 November 2021.
  15. ^ Quinn 2015, p. 426...'Evergreen Revolution' to mean increasing agricultural productivity in perpetuity without associated ecological harm...
  16. ^ a b "M.S. Swaminathan". PRS Legislative Research (PRSIndia). Retrieved 30 November 2021.
  17. ^ a b Bedi, Bani (30 July 2018). "The Centre Is Barely Serious About Recognising Women as Farmers". The Wire. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
  18. ^ Gopalkrishnan 2002, p. 14.
  19. ^ Gopalkrishnan 2002, p. 18-19.
  20. ^ Gopalkrishnan 2002, p. 17.
  21. ^ a b Gopalkrishnan 2002, p. 22.
  22. ^ Gopalkrishnan 2002, p. 9, 11, 12, 13.
  23. ^ Gopalkrishnan 2002, p. 13.
  24. ^ Yadugiri 2011, p. 996.
  25. ^ Gopalkrishnan 2002, p. 24.
  26. ^ Gopalkrishnan 2002, p. 25-26.
  27. ^ Gopalkrishnan 2002, p. 25.
  28. ^ Gopalkrishnan 2002, p. 26.
  29. ^ Gopalkrishnan 2002, p. 28.
  30. ^ Gopalkrishnan 2002, p. 28-29.
  31. ^ a b Gopalkrishnan 2002, p. 30-31.
  32. ^ Gopalkrishnan 2002, p. 31.
  33. ^ Gopalkrishnan 2002, p. 33-34.
  34. ^ Gopalkrishnan 2002, p. 33.
  35. ^ Gopalkrishnan 2002, p. 34-35.
  36. ^ a b Gopalkrishnan 2002, p. 35.
  37. ^ Gopalkrishnan 2002, p. 36-37.
  38. ^ a b Gopalkrishnan 2002, p. 38.
  39. ^ Gopalkrishnan 2002, p. 39.
  40. ^ Gopalkrishnan 2002, p. 40.
  41. ^ a b Gopalkrishnan 2002, p. 41-42.
  42. ^ Yadugiri 2011, p. 997.
  43. ^ Gopalkrishnan 2002, p. 42-43.
  44. ^ "Prime Minister to Release Stamp on "Wheat Revolution"" (PDF). Press Information Bureau, Government of India. 12 July 1968. Retrieved 2 December 2021.
  45. ^ Gopalkrishnan 2002, p. 43-44.
  46. ^ a b c d Gopalkrishnan 2002, p. 44.
  47. ^ Gopalkrishnan 2002, p. 44-45.
  48. ^ Gopalkrishnan 2002, p. 45.
  49. ^ a b c Gopalkrishnan 2002, p. 47.
  50. ^ Singh, Akancha (18 October 2021). "Global Hunger Index: The labyrinth of India's eternal tryst with hunger and malnutrition". Down to Earth. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
  51. ^ Singh, Joginder (3 October 2016). "India is self-sufficient, but millions go hungry". The Pioneer. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
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Cited and general references and further reading edit

  • Hariharan, G. N.; Kesavan, P. C. (2015). "Birth and growth of M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation, Chennai". Current Science. 109 (3): 502–512. JSTOR 24906104.
  • Denning, Glenn (2015). "Fostering international collaboration for food security and sustainable development: a personal perspective of M. S. Swaminathan's vision, impact and legacy for humanity". Current Science. 109 (3): 447–455. JSTOR 24906099.
  • Rabbinge, Rudy (2015). "M. S. Swaminathan: his contributions to science and public policy". Current Science. 109 (3): 439–446. JSTOR 24906098.
  • Yadugiri, V. T. (2011). "M. S. Swaminathan". Current Science. 101 (8): 996–1002. JSTOR 24079264.
  • Singh, Kamal (January 2016). "M S Swaminathan "Father of Indian Green Revolution". Interview" (PDF). Biotech Express. Vol. 3, no. 30. pp. 6–17. ISSN 2454-6968.
  • Kalyane, V.L. (July–September 1992). "Dr M.S. Swaminathan – Biologist Par Excellence" (PDF). Biology Education: 246–248 – via CORE, Open University.
  • Kesavan, P. C.; Iyer, R. D. (25 December 2014). "M. S. Swaminathan: a journey from the frontiers of life sciences to the state of a 'Zero Hunger' world". Current Science. 107 (12): 2036–2051.

Biographies edit

Books
  • Gopalkrishnan, G (2002). M.S. Swaminathan: One Man's Quest for a Hunger-free World. Education Development Centre. OCLC 643489739.
  • Iyer, R. D. (2002). Scientist and Humanist: M.S. Swaminathan. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. ISBN 978-81-7276-260-5.
  • — Iyer, R. D., , harmonyindia.org, archived from the original on 27 September 2007
  • Kesavan, P. C. (2017). M.S. Swaminathan: Legend In Science And Beyond. World Scientific. ISBN 978-981-320-011-1.
  • Parasuraman (13 August 2020). Perasiriyar Maa Saa Swaminathan Vazhum Panium (Thesis). hdl:10603/294255.
  • Erdélyi, András (2002). The Man who Harvests Sunshine: The Modern Gandhi: M.S. Swaminathan. Tertia. ISBN 978-963-9387-08-9.
  • Dil, Anwar S; Swaminathan, Monkombu Sambasivan (2005). Life and work of M. S. Swaminathan toward a hunger-free world. East West Books (Madras). ISBN 978-81-88661-33-6. OCLC 1068850456.
  • Deulgaonkar, Atul (2000). स्वामीनाथन: भूकमुक्तीचा ध्यास [Swaminathan: Bhukmukticha Dhyas (Liberator from hunger)]. Sadhana Prakashan. ISBN 978-93-86273-19-2.
Short biographies
  • Quinn, Kenneth M. (1 August 2015). . Current Science. 109 (3): 417–429. doi:10.18520/cs/v109/i3/417-429 (inactive 31 January 2024). EBSCOhost 108871418. Archived from the original on 28 November 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2024 (link)
  • Gopalan, Shanti. Scientists of International Repute. Sura Books. pp. 39–44. ISBN 978-81-7478-628-9.

External links edit

 
Scholia has a profile for M. S. Swaminathan (Q982109).
  • mssrf.org
  • Search Results for author Swaminathan MS on PubMed.
  • Search Results for author Swaminathan, M. S. on AGRICOLA, US National Agricultural Library
  • M. S. Swaminathan at the Encyclopædia Britannica
  • M.S. Swaminathan Rajya Sabha profile at PRS Legislative Research
  • Official Rajya Sabha, Parliament of India, profile, p. 515
  • Catalogue of the Swaminathan papers at the Archives at NCBS

February 16, 2024
swaminathan, mankombu, sambasivan, swaminathan, august, 1925, september, 2023, indian, agronomist, agricultural, scientist, plant, geneticist, administrator, humanitarian, swaminathan, global, leader, green, revolution, been, called, main, architect, green, re. Mankombu Sambasivan Swaminathan 7 August 1925 28 September 2023 was an Indian agronomist agricultural scientist plant geneticist administrator and humanitarian 1 Swaminathan was a global leader of the green revolution 2 He has been called the main architect a of the green revolution in India for his leadership and role in introducing and further developing high yielding varieties of wheat and rice 5 6 Swaminathan s collaborative scientific efforts with Norman Borlaug spearheading a mass movement with farmers and other scientists and backed by public policies saved India and Pakistan from certain famine like conditions in the 1960s 7 8 His leadership as director general of the International Rice Research Institute IRRI in the Philippines was instrumental in his being awarded the first World Food Prize in 1987 recognized as one of the highest honours in the field of agriculture 9 The United Nations Environment Programme has called him the Father of Economic Ecology 10 He was recently conferred the Bharat Ratna the highest civilian award of the Republic of India in 2024 M S SwaminathanSwaminathan in 2013Member of Parliament Rajya SabhaIn office 2007 2013ConstituencyNominatedPersonal detailsBornMankombu Sambasivan Swaminathan 1925 08 07 7 August 1925Kumbakonam Tanjore District Madras Presidency British India present day Thanjavur Tamil Nadu India Died28 September 2023 2023 09 28 aged 98 Chennai Tamil Nadu IndiaAlma materUniversity of Kerala BSc University of Madras BSc Indian Agricultural Research Institute Associateship in Genetics Wageningen University UNESCO Fellow in Genetics University of Cambridge PhD University of Wisconsin postdoc SpouseMina Swaminathan m 1955 died 2022 wbr Children3 including SoumyaAwardsPadma Shri 1967 Ramon Magsaysay Award 1971 Padma Bhushan 1972 World Food Prize 1987 Padma Vibhushan 1989 Bharat Ratna 2024 Scientific careerFieldsBotanyplant geneticsgeneticscytogeneticsecological economicsplant breedingecotechnologyInstitutionsIndian Agricultural Research Institute IARI as teacher researcher and research administrator 1954 1972 Indian Council of Agricultural Research ICAR as Director General 1972 1980 International Rice Research Institute IRRI as Director General 1982 1988 ThesisSpecies Differentiation and the Nature of Polyploidy in certain species of the genus Solanum section Tuberarium 1952 Doctoral advisorH W HowardSwaminathan contributed basic research related to potato wheat and rice in areas such as cytogenetics ionizing radiation and radiosensitivity 11 He was a president of the Pugwash Conferences and the International Union for Conservation of Nature 12 13 In 1999 he was one of three Indians along with Gandhi and Tagore on Time s list of the 20 most influential Asian people of the 20th century 5 Swaminathan received numerous awards and honours including the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award the Ramon Magsaysay Award and the Albert Einstein World Science Award 10 Swaminathan chaired the National Commission on Farmers in 2004 which recommended far reaching ways to improve India s farming system 14 He was the founder of an eponymous research foundation 5 He coined the term Evergreen Revolution in 1990 to describe his vision of productivity in perpetuity without associated ecological harm 2 15 He was nominated to the Parliament of India for one term between 2007 and 2013 16 During his tenure he put forward a bill for the recognition of women farmers in India 17 Contents 1 Life 1 1 Early life and education 1 2 Netherlands and Europe 1 3 United Kingdom 1 4 United States of America 1 5 India 1 6 Administrator and educator 1 7 Institution builder 1 8 Later years 1 9 Personal life and death 2 Scientific career 2 1 Potato 2 2 Wheat 2 3 Rice 2 4 Radiation botany 3 Public recognition 3 1 Awards and honours 3 2 Honorary doctorates and fellowships 4 Publications 4 1 Controversies 5 Explanatory footnotes 6 Citations 7 Cited and general references and further reading 7 1 Biographies 8 External linksLife editEarly life and education edit Swaminathan was born in Kumbakonam Madras Presidency on 7 August 1925 18 He was the second son of general surgeon M K Sambasivan and Parvati Thangammal Sambasivan At age 11 after his father s death Swaminathan was looked after by his father s brother 19 Swaminathan was educated at a local high school and later at the Catholic Little Flower High School in Kumbakonam 20 from which he matriculated at age 15 21 From childhood he interacted with farming and farmers his extended family grew rice mangoes and coconut and later expanded into other areas such as coffee 22 He saw the impact that fluctuations in the price of crops had on his family including the devastation that weather and pests could cause to crops as well as incomes 23 His parents wanted him to study medicine With that in mind he started off his higher education with zoology 24 But when he witnessed the impacts of the Bengal famine of 1943 during the Second World War and shortages of rice throughout the sub continent he decided to devote his life to ensuring India had enough food 25 Despite his family background and belonging to an era where medicine and engineering were considered much more prestigious he chose agriculture 26 He went on to finish his undergraduate degree in zoology at Maharaja s College in Trivandrum Kerala now known as University College Thiruvananthapuram at the University of Kerala 21 He then studied at University of Madras Madras Agricultural College now the Tamil Nadu Agricultural University from 1940 to 1944 and earned a Bachelor of Science degree in Agricultural Science 27 During this time he was also taught by Cotah Ramaswami a professor of agronomy 28 In 1947 he moved to the Indian Agricultural Research Institute IARI in New Delhi to study genetics and plant breeding 29 He obtained a post graduate degree with high distinction in cytogenetics in 1949 His research focused on the genus Solanum with specific attention to the potato 30 Social pressures resulted in him competing in the examinations for civil services through which he was selected to the Indian Police Service 31 At the same time an opportunity for him arose in the agriculture field in the form of a UNESCO fellowship in genetics in the Netherlands He chose genetics 31 Netherlands and Europe edit Swaminathan was a UNESCO fellow at the Wageningen Agricultural University s Institute of Genetics in the Netherlands for eight months 32 The demand for potatoes during the Second World War resulted in deviations in age old crop rotations This caused golden nematode infestations in certain areas such as reclaimed agricultural lands Swaminathan worked on adapting genes to provide resilience against such parasites as well as cold weather To this effect the research succeeded 33 Ideologically the university influenced his later scientific pursuits in India with respect to food production 34 During this time he also made a visit to the Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research in war torn Germany this would later influence him deeply as during his next visit a decade later he saw that the Germans had transformed Germany both infrastructurally and energetically 35 United Kingdom edit In 1950 he moved to study at the Plant Breeding Institute of the University of Cambridge School of Agriculture 36 He earned a Doctor of Philosophy degree in 1952 for his thesis Species Differentiation and the Nature of Polyploidy in certain species of the genus Solanum section Tuberarium 36 The following December he stayed for a week with F L Brayne a former Indian Civil Service officer whose experiences with rural India influenced Swaminathan in his later years 37 United States of America edit Swaminathan then spent 15 months in the United States 38 He accepted a post doctoral research associateship at the University of Wisconsin s Laboratory of Genetics to help set up a USDA potato research station 38 The laboratory at the time had Nobel laureate Joshua Lederberg on its faculty 39 His associateship ended in December 1953 Swaminathan turned down a faculty position in order to continue to make a difference back home in India 40 India edit Swaminathan returned to India in early 1954 There were no jobs in his specialisation and it was only three months later that he received an opportunity through a former professor to work temporarily as an assistant botanist at Central Rice Research Institute in Cuttack 41 At Cuttack he was under an indica japonica rice hybridisation program started by Krishnaswami Ramiah This stint would go on to influence his future work with wheat 42 Half a year later he joined Indian Agricultural Research Institute IARI in New Delhi in October 1954 as an assistant cytogeneticist 41 Swaminathan was critical of India importing food grains when seventy percent of India was dependent on agriculture Further drought and famine like situations were developing in the country 43 nbsp An Indian postage stamp released on 17 July 1968 commemorated the Wheat Revolution with wheat stalks the Indian Agricultural Research Institute IARI and a bar graph of the increase in wheat production 44 Swaminathan and Norman Borlaug collaborated with Borlaug touring India and sending supplies for a range of Mexican dwarf varieties of wheat which were to be bred with Japanese varieties 45 Initial testing in an experimental plot showed good results The crop was high yield good quality and disease free 46 There was hesitation by farmers to adopt the new variety whose high yields were unnerving 46 In 1964 following repeated requests by Swaminathan to demonstrate the new variety he was given funding to plant small demonstration plots A total of 150 demonstration plots on 1 hectare were planted 46 The results were promising and the anxieties of the farmers were reduced 46 More modifications were made to the grain in the laboratory to better suit Indian conditions 47 The new wheat varieties were sown and in 1968 production went to 17 million tonnes 5 million tonnes more than the last harvest 48 Just before receiving his Nobel Prize in 1970 Norman Borlaug wrote to Swaminathan 49 The Green Revolution has been a team effort and much of the credit for its spectacular development must go to the Indian officials organizations scientists and farmers However to you Dr Swaminathan a great deal of the credit must go for first recognizing the potential value of the Mexican dwarfs Had this not occurred it is quite possible that there would not have been a Green Revolution in Asia Notable contributions were made by Indian agronomists and geneticists such as Gurdev Khush and Dilbagh Singh Athwal 8 The Government of India declared India self sufficient in food production in 1971 49 India and Swaminathan could now deal with other serious issues of access to food hunger and nutrition 49 50 51 He was with IARI between 1954 and 1972 1 Administrator and educator edit In 1972 Swaminathan was appointed as the director general of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research ICAR and a secretary to the Government of India 52 In 1979 in a rare move for a scientist he was made a principal secretary a senior position in the Government of India 53 The next year he was shifted to the Planning Commission 54 As director general of ICAR he pushed for technical literacy setting up centres all over India for this 53 Droughts during this period led him to form groups to watch weather and crop patterns with the ultimate aim of protecting the poor from malnutrition 55 His shift to the Planning Commission for two years resulted in the introduction of women and environment with respect to development in India s five year plans for the first time 54 52 In 1982 he was made the first Asian director general of the International Rice Research Institute IRRI in the Philippines 54 He was there until 1988 1 One of the contributions he made during his tenure here was conducting an international conference Women in Rice Farming Systems 56 For this the United States based Association for Women in Development gave Swaminathan their first award for outstanding contributions to the integration of women in development 57 As director general he spread awareness among rice growing families of making the value of each part of the rice crop 57 His leadership at IRRI was instrumental in the first World Food Prize being awarded to him 9 In 1984 he became the president and vice president of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and World Wildlife Fund respectively 58 In 1987 he was awarded the first World Food Prize 59 The prize money was used to set up the M S Swaminathan Research Foundation 60 Accepting the award Swaminathan spoke of the growing hunger despite the increase in food production He spoke of the fear of sharing power and resources and that the goal of a world without hunger remains unfinished 61 In their commendation letters Javier Perez de Cuellar Frank Press President Ronald Reagan and others recognized his efforts 62 Swaminathan would go on to chair the World Food Prize Selection Committee following Borlaug 63 In ICAR from the late 1950s onwards he taught cytogenetics radiation genetics and mutation breeding 64 Swaminathan mentored numerous Borlaug Ruan interns part of the Borlaug Ruan International Internship 65 Institution builder edit Swaminathan established the Nuclear Research Laboratory at the IARI He played a role in and promoting the setting up of the International Crop Research Institute for the Semi Arid Tropics in India the International Board for Plant Genetic Resources now known as Bioversity International in Italy and the International Council for Research in Agro Forestry in Kenya He helped to build and develop a number of institutions and provided research support in China Vietnam Myanmar Thailand Sri Lanka Pakistan Iran and Cambodia 66 Later years edit Swaminathan co chaired the United Nations Millennium Project on hunger from 2002 to 2005 and was head of the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs between 2002 and 2007 67 In 2005 Bruce Alberts President of the U S National Academy of Sciences said of Swaminathan At 80 M S retains all the energy and idealism of his youth and he continues to inspire good behaviour and more idealism from millions of his fellow human beings on this Earth For that we can all be thankful 68 Swaminathan had the aim of a hunger free India by 2007 69 nbsp Swaminathan right with A K Sharma left considered as the father of Indian cytology 70 in 2013 at the 100th Indian Science Congress Swaminathan was the chair of the National Commission on Farmers constituted in 2004 71 In 2007 President A P J Abdul Kalam nominated Swaminathan to the Rajya Sabha 72 Swaminathan introduced one bill during his tenure The Women Farmers Entitlements Bill 2011 which lapsed 16 73 One of the aims it proposed was recognising women farmers 17 A term coined by Swaminathan Evergreen Revolution based on the enduring influence of the green revolution aims to address the continuous increase in sustainable productivity that mankind requires 74 He has described it as productivity with perpetuity 2 In his later years he had also been part of initiatives related to bridging the digital divide 75 and bringing research to decision makers in the field of hunger and nutrition 76 Personal life and death edit He was married to Mina Swaminathan whom he met in 1951 while they were both studying at Cambridge 77 They lived in Chennai Tamil Nadu Their three daughters are Soumya Swaminathan a paediatrician Madhura Swaminathan an economist and Nitya Swaminathan gender and rural development 78 Gandhi and Ramana Maharshi influenced his life 79 Of the 2000 acres owned by their family they donated one third to Vinoba Bhave s cause 80 In an interview in 2011 he said that when he was young he followed Swami Vivekananda 81 Swaminathan died at home in Chennai on 28 September 2023 at age 98 82 Scientific career editPotato edit In the 1950s Swaminathan s explanation and analysis of the origin and evolutionary processes of potato was a major contribution 83 He elucidated its origin as an autotetraploid and its cell division behaviour 84 His findings related to polyploids were also significant 84 Swaminathan s thesis in 1952 was based on his basic research related to species differentiation and the nature of polyploidy in certain species of the genus Solanum section Tuberarium 85 The impact was the greater ability to transfer genes from a wild species to the cultivated potato 86 What made his research on potatoes valuable was its real world application in the development of new potato varieties 87 During his post doctoral at Wisconsin University he helped develop a frost resistant potato 87 His genetic analysis of potatoes including the genetic traits that govern yield and growth important factors in increasing productivity was pivotal His multi disciplinary systems approach perspective brought together many different genetic facets 88 Wheat edit In the 1950s and 1960s Swaminathan did basic research into the cytogenetics of hexaploid wheat 86 The varieties of wheat and rice developed by Swaminathan and Borlaug were foundational to the green revolution 88 Rice edit Efforts towards growing rice with C4 carbon fixation capabilities which would allow a better photosynthesis and water usage were started at IRRI under Swaminathan 88 Swaminathan also played a role in the development of the world s first high yielding basmati 89 Radiation botany edit The Genetics Division of the IARI under Swaminathan was globally renowned for its research on mutagens 85 He set up a Cobalt 60 Gamma Garden to study radiation mutation 84 86 Swaminathan s association with Homi J Bhabha Vikram Sarabhai Raja Ramana M R Srinivasan and other Indian nuclear scientists allowed agricultural scientists to access facilities at the Atomic Energy Establishment Trombay which would later become the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre 85 Swaminathan s first PhD student A T Natarajan would go on to write his thesis in this direction 85 One of the aims of such research was to increase plant responsiveness to fertilisers and demonstrate real world application of crop mutations 86 Swaminathan s early basic research on the effects of radiation on cells and organisms partly formed the base of future redox biology 90 Rudy Rabbinge nl calls Swaminathan s paper on neutron radiation in agriculture in 1966 presented at an International Atomic Energy Agency conference in the United States as epoch making 84 The work of Swaminathan and his colleagues was relevant to food irradiation 84 Public recognition edit nbsp The B P Pal Centenary Award eponymously named after the Indian agricultural scientist being awarded to Swaminathan in 2006 Awards and honours edit Swaminathan received the Mendel Memorial Medal from the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences in 1965 91 Following this he received numerous international awards and honours including the Ramon Magsaysay Award 1971 6 the Albert Einstein World Science Award 1986 the first World Food Prize 1987 10 the Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement 1991 91 the Four Freedoms Award 2000 92 and the Planet and Humanity Medal of the International Geographical Union 2000 93 When accepting the Ramon Magsaysay Award Swaminathan quoted Seneca A hungry person listens neither to reason nor to religion nor is bent by any prayer 94 He was conferred with the Order of the Golden Heart of the Philippines 95 the Order of Agricultural Merit of France the Order of the Golden Ark of Netherlands 96 and the Royal Order of Sahametrei of Cambodia 91 China awarded him with the Award for International Co operation on Environment and Development 97 In the Dr Norman E Borlaug Hall of Laureates at Des Moines Iowa United States there is an artwork of Swaminathan made up of 250 000 pieces of glass 98 The IRRI has named a building and a scholarship fund after him 91 One of the first national awards he received was the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in 1961 52 Following this he was conferred with the Padma Shri Padma Bhushan and Padma Vibhushan awards as well as the H K Firodia award the Lal Bahadur Shastri National Award and the Indira Gandhi Prize 99 As of 2016 he had received 33 national and 32 international awards 100 On 9 February 2024 he was conferred the Bharat Ratna the highest civilian award of the Republic of India In 2004 an agricultural think tank in India named an annual award after Swaminathan the eponymously named Dr M S Swaminathan Award for Leadership in Agriculture 101 Honorary doctorates and fellowships edit nbsp Norman E Borlaug being awarded the first M S Swaminathan Award for Leadership in Agriculture by President A P J Abdul Kalam in New Delhi in 2005 Swaminathan was the recipient of 84 honorary doctorates and was a guide for numerous Ph D scholars 99 102 Sardar Patel University conferred him with an honorary degree in 1970 Delhi University Banaras Hindu University and others would follow 83 Internationally the Technical University of Berlin 1981 and the Asian Institute of Technology 1985 honoured him 83 The University of Wisconsin honoured Swaminathan with an honorary doctorate in 1983 103 When the University of Massachusetts Boston honoured him with a science doctorate they commented on the magnificent inclusiveness of Swaminathan s concerns by nation socioeconomic group gender inter generational and including both human and natural environments 104 Fitzwilliam College Cambridge from where he received his PhD in botany made him an honorary fellow in 2014 105 Swaminathan had been elected a fellow of a number of science academies in India Internationally he had been recognised as a fellow by 30 102 academies of science and societies across the world including the United States the United Kingdom Russia Sweden Italy China Bangladesh as well as the European Academy of Arts Science and Humanities 99 106 He was a founder fellow of The World Academy of Sciences 99 The National Agrarian University in Peru conferred him with an honorary professorship 83 Publications edit nbsp Prime Minister of India M Singh with From Green to Evergreen Revolution nbsp Prime Minister of India N Modi with a two part book series on Swaminathan Swaminathan published 46 single author papers between 1950 and 1980 In total he had 254 papers to his credit 155 of which he was the single or first author His scientific papers are in the fields of crop improvement 95 cytogenetics and genetics 87 and phylogenetics 72 His most frequent publishers were Indian Journal of Genetics 46 Current Science 36 Nature 12 and Radiation Botany 12 107 Selected publications include Swaminathan M S 1951 Notes on induced polyploids in the tuber bearing Solanum species and their crossability with Solanum tuberosum American Potato Journal 28 472 489 doi 10 1007 BF02854980 S2CID 38717901 Howard H W Swaminathan M S 1953 The cytology of haploid plants of Solanum demissum Genetica 26 1 381 391 doi 10 1007 BF01690622 ISSN 0016 6707 PMID 13142313 S2CID 39650946 Swaminathan M S Hougas R W 1954 Cytogenetic Studies in Solanum verrucosum Variety Spectabilis American Journal of Botany 41 8 645 651 doi 10 2307 2438291 ISSN 0002 9122 JSTOR 2438291 Swaminathan M S 1 January 1954 Nature of Polyploidy in Some 48 Chromosome Species of the Genus Solanum Section Tuberarium Genetics 39 1 59 76 doi 10 1093 genetics 39 1 59 ISSN 0016 6731 PMC 1209637 PMID 17247468 Swaminathan M S November 1955 Overcoming Cross Incompatibility among some Mexican Diploid Species of Solanum Nature 176 4488 887 888 Bibcode 1955Natur 176 887S doi 10 1038 176887b0 ISSN 1476 4687 S2CID 4266064 Swaminathan M S September 1956 Disomic and Tetrasomic Inheritance in a Solanum Hybrid Nature 178 4533 599 600 Bibcode 1956Natur 178 599S doi 10 1038 178599b0 ISSN 1476 4687 S2CID 4298507 Swaminathan M S Murty B R 1 November 1959 Aspects of Asynapsis in Plants I Random and Non Random Chromosome Associations Genetics 44 6 1271 1280 doi 10 1093 genetics 44 6 1271 ISSN 0016 6731 PMC 1224432 PMID 17247892 In addition he has written a few books on the general theme of his life s work biodiversity and sustainable agriculture for alleviation of hunger Swaminathan s books papers dialogues and speeches include Swaminathan M S Kochhar S L 2019 Major Flowering Trees of Tropical Gardens Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 1 108 48195 3 Swaminathan M S 2017 50 Years of Green Revolution An Anthology of Research Papers World Scientific ISBN 978 981 320 007 4 Swaminathan M S 2014 EDITORIAL Zero hunger Science 345 6196 491 doi 10 1126 science 1258820 JSTOR 24745192 PMID 25082671 S2CID 206560890 Swaminathan M S 2011 In Search Of Biohappiness Biodiversity And Food Health And Livelihood Security World Scientific ISBN 978 981 4462 56 3 Swaminathan M S 2010 Science and Sustainable Food Security Selected Papers of M S Swaminathan World Scientific ISBN 978 981 4282 11 6 Swaminathan M S September 2006 An Evergreen Revolution Crop Science 46 5 2293 2303 doi 10 2135 cropsci2006 9999 Swaminathan M S Ikeda Daisaku 2005 Revolutions to Green the Environment to Grow the Human Heart A Dialogue Between M S Swaminathan Leader of the Ever green Revolution and Daisaku Ikeda Proponent of the Human Revolution East West Books Madras ISBN 978 81 88661 34 3 Halving Hunger It Can Be Done United Nations Millennium Project Hunger Task Force 2005 Swaminthan M S ed 1998 Gender Dimensions in Biodiversity Management Papers presented at a workshop held at MSSRF in June 1997 Konark Publishers ISBN 978 81 220 0531 8 Swaminathan M S 1997 Implementing the benefit sharing provisions of the Convention on Biological Diversity Challenges and opportunities Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter No 112 pp 19 27 Retrieved 26 November 2021 via ecolex org Swaminathan M S ed 1993 Wheat Revolution A dialogue Macmillan India Controversies edit In the 1970s a scientific paper in which Swaminathan and his team claimed to have produced a mutant breed of wheat by gamma irradiation of a Mexican variety Sonora 64 resulting in Sharbati Sonora claimed to have a very high lysine content led to a major controversy The case was claimed to be an error made by the laboratory assistant 108 The episode was also compounded by the suicide of an agricultural scientist 109 110 111 112 113 It has been studied as part of a systemic problem in Indian agriculture research 114 A paper published in the 25 November 2018 edition of Current Science titled Modern Technologies for Sustainable Food and Nutrition Security listed Swaminathan as a co author 115 The article was criticised by a number of scientific experts including K VijayRaghavan the principal scientific adviser to the Government of India who commented that it was deeply flawed and full of errors 115 116 117 Swaminathan claimed that his role in the paper was extremely limited and that he shouldn t have been named as the co author 115 118 Explanatory footnotes edit A number of people have been recognized for their efforts during India s Green Revolution Chidambaram Subramaniam the food and agriculture minister at the time a Bharat Ratna has been called the Political Father of the Green Revolution 3 Dilbagh Singh Athwal is called the Father of Wheat Revolution 4 Citations edit a b c Polunin Nicholas 5 November 2013 World Who Is Who and Does What in Environment and Conservation Routledge pp 320 321 ISBN 978 1 134 05938 6 a b c Cabral Lidia Pandey Poonam Xu Xiuli 3 July 2021 Epic narratives of the Green Revolution in Brazil China and India PDF Agriculture and Human Values 39 249 267 doi 10 1007 s10460 021 10241 x S2CID 237804269 Dugger Celia W 10 November 2000 Chidambaram Subramaniam India s Green Rebel 90 Dies The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 3 December 2021 Chidambaram Subramaniam the political architect of the green revolution in India Father of Wheat Revolution DS Athwal passes away Hindustan Times 15 May 2017 Retrieved 3 December 2021 a b c Spaeth Anthony 23 30 August 1999 Asians of the Century A Tale of Titans M S Swaminathan TIME Time 100 Vol 154 no 7 8 Archived from the original on 25 January 2001 a b Swaminathan Moncompu Sambasivan Ramon Magsaysay Award 1971 Archived from the original on 25 November 2021 Retrieved 25 November 2021 A cytogeneticist from India who made major advances in breeding sturdier more productive and better quality plant types Quinn 2015 p 418 420 a b Damodaran Harish 13 August 2015 A living legend Swaminathan 90 The Indian Express Retrieved 30 November 2021 a b Quinn 2015 p 417 418 a b c Worth Brett M S Swaminathan Honorary The Hunger Project Archived from the original on 10 June 2023 Retrieved 25 November 2021 Kesavan amp Iyer 2014 p 2041 2042 Gopalkrishnan 2002 p 2 Kesavan amp Iyer 2014 p 2045 Mishra Dheeraj 27 December 2020 Reality Belies Modi Govt Claims of Implementing Swaminathan Commission s Report The Wire Retrieved 26 November 2021 Quinn 2015 p 426 Evergreen Revolution to mean increasing agricultural productivity in perpetuity without associated ecological harm a b M S Swaminathan PRS Legislative Research PRSIndia Retrieved 30 November 2021 a b Bedi Bani 30 July 2018 The Centre Is Barely Serious About Recognising Women as Farmers The Wire Retrieved 30 November 2021 Gopalkrishnan 2002 p 14 Gopalkrishnan 2002 p 18 19 Gopalkrishnan 2002 p 17 a b Gopalkrishnan 2002 p 22 Gopalkrishnan 2002 p 9 11 12 13 Gopalkrishnan 2002 p 13 Yadugiri 2011 p 996 Gopalkrishnan 2002 p 24 Gopalkrishnan 2002 p 25 26 Gopalkrishnan 2002 p 25 Gopalkrishnan 2002 p 26 Gopalkrishnan 2002 p 28 Gopalkrishnan 2002 p 28 29 a b Gopalkrishnan 2002 p 30 31 Gopalkrishnan 2002 p 31 Gopalkrishnan 2002 p 33 34 Gopalkrishnan 2002 p 33 Gopalkrishnan 2002 p 34 35 a b Gopalkrishnan 2002 p 35 Gopalkrishnan 2002 p 36 37 a b Gopalkrishnan 2002 p 38 Gopalkrishnan 2002 p 39 Gopalkrishnan 2002 p 40 a b Gopalkrishnan 2002 p 41 42 Yadugiri 2011 p 997 Gopalkrishnan 2002 p 42 43 Prime Minister to Release Stamp on Wheat Revolution PDF Press Information Bureau Government of India 12 July 1968 Retrieved 2 December 2021 Gopalkrishnan 2002 p 43 44 a b c d Gopalkrishnan 2002 p 44 Gopalkrishnan 2002 p 44 45 Gopalkrishnan 2002 p 45 a b c Gopalkrishnan 2002 p 47 Singh Akancha 18 October 2021 Global Hunger Index The labyrinth of India s eternal tryst with hunger and malnutrition Down to Earth Retrieved 22 November 2021 Singh Joginder 3 October 2016 India is self sufficient but millions go hungry The Pioneer Retrieved 10 November 2021 a b c Biotech Express 2016 p 8 a b Gopalkrishnan 2002 p 52 a b c Gopalkrishnan 2002 p 53 Gopalkrishnan 2002 p 52 53 Gopalkrishnan 2002 p 54 a b Gopalkrishnan 2002 p 55 Gopalkrishnan 2002 p 75 Gopalkrishnan 2002 p 56 Gopalkrishnan 2002 p 57 Gopalkrishnan 2002 p 56 57 Gopalkrishnan 2002 p 121 122 Quinn 2015 p 423 Iyer Scientist and Humanist M S Swaminathan 2002 Quinn 2015 p 427 Kesavan amp Iyer 2014 p 2045 2046 Jain Ajit 14 September 2010 Canada varsity honours Green Revolution pioneer Rediff Retrieved 28 November 2021 Alberts Bruce 25 July 2005 The M S Swaminathan I know PDF Current Science 89 2 310 311 Gopalkrishnan 2002 p 114 Soni N K 2010 Fundamentals Of Botany Tata McGraw Hill Education pp 375 ISBN 978 1 259 08349 5 National Commission on Farmers Ministry of Agriculture Govt of India Serving Farmers and Saving Farming PDF Archived from the original PDF on 30 June 2007 Retrieved 28 February 2007 Swaminathan Vatsyayan nominated to Rajya Sabha The Hindu 11 April 2007 Archived from the original on 24 September 2008 Jiwani Subuhi 11 May 2012 The Women Farmers Entitlements Bill 2011 People s Archive of Rural India PARI Retrieved 30 November 2021 Gopalkrishnan 2002 p 110 National Alliance for Mission 2007 Every Village a Knowledge Centre Mobilising the power of partnership International Development Research Centre Report M S Swaminathan Research Foundation 2004 hdl 10625 33827 Leadership Council Compact2025 Archived from the original on 5 January 2016 Leadership Council members as of November 2015 Gopalkrishnan 2002 p 84 Gopalkrishnan 2002 p 84 86 Gopalkrishnan 2002 p 88 Gopalkrishnan 2002 p 89 Yadugiri 2011 p 1002 Ramakrishnan T 28 September 2023 M S Swaminathan eminent agricultural scientist passes away The Hindu ISSN 0971 751X Retrieved 28 September 2023 a b c d 1987 General Foods World Food Prize Dr M S Swaminathan PDF worldfoodprize org 1987 a b c d e Rabbinge Rudy 10 February 2018 Book Review M S Swaminathan Legend in Science and Beyond P C Kesavan World Scientific Current Science 114 3 686 689 doi 10 18520 cs v114 i03 686 687 a b c d Kesavan amp Iyer 2014 p 2039 a b c d Kesavan amp Iyer 2014 p 2041 a b Kesavan amp Iyer 2014 p 2036 a b c Rabbinge 2015 p 440 Gopalkrishnan 2002 p 51 52 Kesavan amp Iyer 2014 p 2042 a b c d Biotech Express 2016 p 9 Gopalkrishnan 2002 p 124 Gopalkrishnan 2002 p 125 Gopalkrishnan 2002 p 95 Gopalkrishnan 2002 p 122 Gopalkrishnan 2002 p 126 Gopalkrishnan 2002 p 127 Quinn 2015 p 417 a b c d Prof Monkombu Sambasivan Swaminathan National Academy of Agricultural Sciences India Archived from the original on 26 November 2021 Retrieved 26 November 2021 Biotech Express 2016 p 8 9 Dr M S Swaminathan Award for Leadership in Agriculture Indian Council of Agricultural Research Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare Archived from the original on 30 November 2021 a b Gopalkrishnan 2002 p 1 2 Gopalkrishnan 2002 p 39 40 Gopalkrishnan 2002 p 81 Professor M S Swaminathan is new Honorary Fellow Fitzwilliam College Cambridge 28 November 2014 Retrieved 1 December 2021 Biotech Express 2016 p 12 Kalyane V L Kalyane S V 1994 Scientometric portrait of M S Swaminathan Library Science 31 1 31 46 Kohn Alexander 1997 False Prophets Barnes amp Noble Books ISBN 978 0 7607 0407 3 page needed Hanlon Joseph 7 November 1974 Top food scientist published false data New Scientist 64 922 436 437 via Google Books permanent dead link Anderson Robert S 1983 Cultivating Science as Cultural Policy A Contrast of Agricultural and Nuclear Science in India Pacific Affairs 56 1 38 50 doi 10 2307 2758769 JSTOR 2758769 Borlaug Norman E Anderson R Glenn 30 January 1975 Joseph Hanlon Letters Defence of Swaminathan New Scientist 65 934 280 281 via Google Books permanent dead link Silow R A Kumar Anand 6 February 1975 Letters Swaminathan controversy New Scientist 65 935 339 via Google Books permanent dead link Seshachar B R Fischer D A V 26 December 1974 Letters Swaminathan controversy New Scientist 64 929 948 via Google Books permanent dead link Raina Rajeswari Sarala December 1999 Professionalization and evaluation The case of Indian agricultural research Knowledge Technology amp Policy 11 4 69 96 doi 10 1007 s12130 999 1004 6 a b c Vembu Venky 24 December 2018 Storm in a scientific teacup The Hindu BusinessLine Retrieved 30 November 2021 Ramesh Sandhya 19 December 2018 How MS Swaminathan father of India s Green Revolution got GM crops all wrong ThePrint Retrieved 30 November 2021 Nandi Jayashree 21 December 2018 Prof MS Swaminathan distances himself from his anti GM write up Hindustan Times Retrieved 30 November 2021 Ramesh Sandhya 20 December 2018 Shouldn t have been named author of anti GM paper MS Swaminathan ThePrint Retrieved 30 November 2021 Cited and general references and further reading editHariharan G N Kesavan P C 2015 Birth and growth of M S Swaminathan Research Foundation Chennai Current Science 109 3 502 512 JSTOR 24906104 Denning Glenn 2015 Fostering international collaboration for food security and sustainable development a personal perspective of M S Swaminathan s vision impact and legacy for humanity Current Science 109 3 447 455 JSTOR 24906099 Rabbinge Rudy 2015 M S Swaminathan his contributions to science and public policy Current Science 109 3 439 446 JSTOR 24906098 Yadugiri V T 2011 M S Swaminathan Current Science 101 8 996 1002 JSTOR 24079264 Singh Kamal January 2016 M S Swaminathan Father of Indian Green Revolution Interview PDF Biotech Express Vol 3 no 30 pp 6 17 ISSN 2454 6968 Kalyane V L July September 1992 Dr M S Swaminathan Biologist Par Excellence PDF Biology Education 246 248 via CORE Open University Kesavan P C Iyer R D 25 December 2014 M S Swaminathan a journey from the frontiers of life sciences to the state of a Zero Hunger world Current Science 107 12 2036 2051 Biographies edit BooksGopalkrishnan G 2002 M S Swaminathan One Man s Quest for a Hunger free World Education Development Centre OCLC 643489739 Iyer R D 2002 Scientist and Humanist M S Swaminathan Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan ISBN 978 81 7276 260 5 Iyer R D An extract from Scientist and Humanist M S Swaminathan harmonyindia org archived from the original on 27 September 2007 Kesavan P C 2017 M S Swaminathan Legend In Science And Beyond World Scientific ISBN 978 981 320 011 1 Parasuraman 13 August 2020 Perasiriyar Maa Saa Swaminathan Vazhum Panium Thesis hdl 10603 294255 Erdelyi Andras 2002 The Man who Harvests Sunshine The Modern Gandhi M S Swaminathan Tertia ISBN 978 963 9387 08 9 Dil Anwar S Swaminathan Monkombu Sambasivan 2005 Life and work of M S Swaminathan toward a hunger free world East West Books Madras ISBN 978 81 88661 33 6 OCLC 1068850456 Deulgaonkar Atul 2000 स व म न थन भ कम क त च ध य स Swaminathan Bhukmukticha Dhyas Liberator from hunger Sadhana Prakashan ISBN 978 93 86273 19 2 Short biographiesQuinn Kenneth M 1 August 2015 M S Swaminathan Scientist Hunger Fighter World Food Prize Laureate Current Science 109 3 417 429 doi 10 18520 cs v109 i3 417 429 inactive 31 January 2024 EBSCOhost 108871418 Archived from the original on 28 November 2021 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint DOI inactive as of January 2024 link Gopalan Shanti Scientists of International Repute Sura Books pp 39 44 ISBN 978 81 7478 628 9 External links editM S Swaminathan at Wikipedia s sister projects nbsp Media from Commons nbsp Quotations from Wikiquote nbsp Texts from Wikisource nbsp Data from Wikidata nbsp Scholia has a profile for M S Swaminathan Q982109 mssrf org Search Results for author Swaminathan MS on PubMed Search Results for author Swaminathan M S on AGRICOLA US National Agricultural Library M S Swaminathan at the Encyclopaedia Britannica M S Swaminathan Rajya Sabha profile at PRS Legislative Research Official Rajya Sabha Parliament of India profile p 515 Catalogue of the Swaminathan papers at the Archives at NCBS Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title M S Swaminathan amp oldid 1205522622, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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