Proto-Markham was reconstructed by Susanne Holzknecht in 1989 in her paper The Markham Languages of Papua New Guinea. It descends from Proto-Huon Gulf on the basis of shared phonological, morphosyntactic and lexicosemantic innovations, such as the merger of Proto-Huon Gulf *t, *r, and *R as Proto-Markham *r, the accretion of *ka- into focal pronoun bases (Proto-Oceanic *kamu "you" > Proto-Markham *ka-gam "id."), and the replacement of Proto-Oceanic *qacan "name" by Proto-Markham *biŋa "id.", among many others.
Vowelsedit
The vowels of Proto-Markham, according to Holzknecht, are:
markham, languages, form, family, huon, gulf, languages, consists, dozen, languages, spoken, ramu, valley, markham, valley, associated, valley, systems, lowlands, madang, morobe, provinces, papua, guinea, unlike, almost, other, western, oceanic, languages, gui. The Markham languages form a family of the Huon Gulf languages It consists of a dozen languages spoken in the Ramu Valley Markham Valley and associated valley systems in the lowlands of the Madang and Morobe Provinces of Papua New Guinea 1 2 Unlike almost other Western Oceanic languages of New Guinea which are spoken exclusively in coastal areas many Markham languages are spoken in the mountainous interior of Morobe Province Papua New Guinea where they are in heavy contact with Trans New Guinea languages 3 MarkhamGeographicdistributionMadang and Morobe Provinces Papua New GuineaLinguistic classificationAustronesianMalayo PolynesianOceanicWestern OceanicNorth New Guinea Ngero Vitiaz Huon GulfMarkhamProto languageProto MarkhamGlottologmark1257 Although the Markham languages are Austronesian they have had much contact with neighboring Papuan languages A phonological reconstruction of Proto Markham is presented in Holzknecht 1989 and is summarized below 1 Contents 1 Languages 2 Proto Markham 2 1 Vowels 2 2 Consonants 3 ReferencesLanguages editLabu Hapa Lower Markham Aribwaung Aribwaungg Yalu Aribwatsa Lae Lahe Musom Nafi Sirak Duwet Guwot Waing Wampar Silisili Middle Watut Maralango South Watut Dangal South Watut Upper Markham Adzera dialect cluster Sarasira Sukurum Mari WampurProto Markham editProto MarkhamReconstruction ofMarkham languagesReconstructedancestorsProto Austronesian Proto Malayo Polynesian Proto Oceanic Proto Huon Gulf Proto Markham was reconstructed by Susanne Holzknecht in 1989 in her paper The Markham Languages of Papua New Guinea It descends from Proto Huon Gulf on the basis of shared phonological morphosyntactic and lexicosemantic innovations such as the merger of Proto Huon Gulf t r and R as Proto Markham r the accretion of ka into focal pronoun bases Proto Oceanic kamu you gt Proto Markham ka gam id and the replacement of Proto Oceanic qacan name by Proto Markham biŋa id among many others Vowels edit The vowels of Proto Markham according to Holzknecht are Vowels Front Central Back Close i u Close mid e o Open a Consonants edit The consonants of Proto Markham according to Holzknecht are Consonants Labiovelar Bilabial Alveolar Palatal Velar Stop voiced b d ɟ g voiceless k ʷ p t c k Nasal m ʷ m ᵐb n ⁿd ᶮɟ ŋ ᵑɡ Fricative f s Approximant w l rReferences edit a b Holzknecht Susanne 1989 The Markham Languages of Papua New Guinea Pacific Linguistics ISBN 0 85883 394 8 Lynch John Malcolm Ross Terry Crowley 2002 The Oceanic languages Richmond Surrey Curzon ISBN 978 0 7007 1128 4 OCLC 48929366 Hammarstrom Harald Forkel Robert Haspelmath Martin eds 2019 Glottolog 3 4 Jena Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Markham languages amp oldid 1074839214, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
