Wikipedia
List of gauge conversions
This is a list of notable railway track gauge conversions, railway lines where the distance between a set of tracks is broadened or narrowed. Conversions to broader gauge are generally to accommodate heavier loads or for wider cars, while conversions to narrower gauge tend to be for compatibility with other lines on a rail network. This list also contains instances of lines already prepared for conversion and those which are planned to be converted.
| New gauge (mm) | Original (mm) | Date | Location | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) | 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) | Angola | Luanda Railway | |
| 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) | 600 mm (1 ft 11+5⁄8 in) | 1950s | Angola | Moçâmedes Railway[1][2] |
| 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) | 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) | 1970 | Australia | Transcontinental line: Broken Hill to Port Augusta and Kalgoorlie to Perth as part of the Sydney–Perth rail corridor. |
| 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) | 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) | 1980 | Australia | Completion of the penultimate link in the Adelaide–Darwin rail corridor, from Tarcoola to Alice Springs. The new line replaced the ancient narrow-gauge Central Australia Railway that was on a different, more floodprone alignment.[citation needed] |
| 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) | 1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in) | 1990-1995 | Australia | Melbourne–Adelaide rail corridor – 600 km (370 mi) of convertible sleepers installed in 1990 to facilitate quick conversion in 1995.[citation needed] |
| 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) | 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) | 2004 | Australia | Completion of the final link in the Adelaide–Darwin rail corridor, from Alice Springs to Darwin. For about half the distance, the new line replaced the ancient narrow-gauge North Australia Railway that was closed in 1976.[citation needed] |
| 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) | 1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in) | 2008–2010 | Australia | North East railway line in Victoria. A 200 km (120 mi) section between Seymour and Albury was converted, changing two parallel tracks of different gauges to double track. The Oaklands line that would otherwise have been left as an orphan was converted in 2009. The cost of converting this 126 km (78 mi) line has been estimated as just over A$13,000,000.[3] |
| 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) | 1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in) | 2012 | Australia | South Australia planned to convert its suburban (broad gauge) network to standard gauge in 2012, in conjunction with proposed electrification works. The Outer Harbour and Belair lines were rebuilt with gauge convertible sleepers and re-sleepering of the Gawler line commenced in 2010. The Seaford line was to commence once the Gawler line was completed.[4] However, both gauge conversion and electrification works were suspended due to funding constraints, with work unlikely to proceed for the foreseeable future.[needs update][citation needed] |
| 1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in) (temporary) | 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) | 1950s | Australia | The Mount Gambier line in South Australia was fitted with some 3-gauge steel sleepers when it was "temporarily" converted,[ambiguous] pending later proposed conversion to 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) (which did not occur, the line being abandoned instead).[citation needed] |
| 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) | 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) | Australia | In Western Australia, the narrow-gauge iron ore railways serving Geraldton port and the new port at Oakajee will be designed for ease of conversion to standard gauge.[5][needs update] | |
| 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) | 1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in) | 2016–present | Australia | In Victoria, several wheat lines amounting to about 1,100 km (680 mi) of track, were (or are to be) converted to standard gauge, including:[6] Maryborough to Mildura, Yelta and Murrayville; Sea Lake and Manangatang. Lines will be converted to dual gauge between Gheringhap to Maryborough. This is part of the Murray Basin Rail Project. |
| 900 mm (2 ft 11+7⁄16 in) | 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) | 2008–2009 | Austria | Pöstlingbergbahn |
| 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) | 760 mm (2 ft 5+15⁄16 in) | 1961 | Austria | Tschagguns–Partenen railway |
| 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) | 1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in) | 1854–1855 | Baden | Grand Duchy of Baden State Railway |
| 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) | 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in), 2 ft 6 in (762 mm), 2 ft (610 mm) | ongoing | Bangladesh | |
| 762 mm (2 ft 6 in) | 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) | 1898 | Barbados | Barbados Railway |
| 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) | 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) | 1880s | Canada | Numerous Provincial Gauge railways in Canada |
| 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) | 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) | 1881 | Canada | Toronto, Grey and Bruce Railway |
| 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) | 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) | 1883 | Canada | Toronto and Nipissing Railway with third rail stage. |
| 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) | 1,524 mm (5 ft) | 1938 | China | Chinese–Russian-owned line[7] |
| 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) | 1,524 mm (5 ft) | China | South Manchuria Railway, during the Russo-Japanese War | |
| 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) | 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) | China | South Manchuria Railway, following the Russo-Japanese War | |
| 600 mm (1 ft 11+5⁄8 in) | 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) | Czech Republic | Muzeum Průmyslových Železnic | |
| 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) | 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) | 1956 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Kindu (Lualaba River port) – Kibombo – Kongolo – Kabalo (Lualaba River port and junction with Katanga line) – Nyunzu – Niemba – Kalemie (the port on Lake Tanganyika): This line was isolated meter gauge until 1955, when the gauge was changed for the connection with the Katanga line in 1956. |
| 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) | 762 mm (2 ft 6 in) | 1932 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Matadi–Kinshasa Railway converted to 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) on new alignment. |
| 600 mm (1 ft 11+5⁄8 in) | 610 mm (2 ft) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Mayumbe line | |
| 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) | 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) | 1924 | Denmark | Skagen Line in Denmark |
| 500 mm (19+3⁄4 in) | 600 mm (1 ft 11+5⁄8 in) | France | Chemin de Fer Touristique du Tarn | |
| 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) | 1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in) | 1941 | Nazi Germany | Brest–Minsk[8] |
| 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) | 750 mm (2 ft 5+1⁄2 in) | 1964/65 | Germany | Zabergäu Railway |
| 600 mm (1 ft 11+5⁄8 in) | 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) | 2004 | Germany | Malente-Gremsmühlen–Lütjenburg railway |
| 600 mm (1 ft 11+5⁄8 in) | 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) | 2006 | Germany | Waldheim–Kriebethal railway |
| 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) | 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in), 2 ft 6 in (762 mm), 2 ft (610 mm) | ongoing | India | Project Unigauge |
| 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) | 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) | 1923 | Japan | Iyo Railway |
| 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) | 1,372 mm (4 ft 6 in) | 1959 | Japan | Keisei Electric Railway; converted for through-service into Toei Asakusa Line |
| 1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in) | 750 mm (2 ft 5+1⁄2 in) | early 1970s | Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic | Kokchetav network, 305 km (190 mi), operational since 1954, partly regauged to Russian gauge.[9] |
| 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) | 600 mm (1 ft 11+5⁄8 in) | Laos | Don Det–Don Khon narrow-gauge railway | |
| 750 mm (2 ft 5+1⁄2 in) | 600 mm (1 ft 11+5⁄8 in) | Latvia | Liepāja–Rucava line, 52 km military line | |
| 750 mm (2 ft 5+1⁄2 in) | 600 mm (1 ft 11+5⁄8 in) | Lithuania | ||
| 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) | 600 mm (1 ft 11+5⁄8 in) | 1950s | Yugoslavia: Macedonia | Ohrid line |
| 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) | 610 mm (2 ft) | 1910 | Mozambique / Zimbabwe | Beira–Salisbury |
| 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) | 600 mm (1 ft 11+5⁄8 in) | 1950 | Namibia | Moçâmedes Railway |
| 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) | 600 mm (1 ft 11+5⁄8 in) | 1915–1961 | Namibia | Otavi Mining and Railway Company |
| 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) | 600 mm (1 ft 11+5⁄8 in) | 1910– | Namibia | Swakopmund–Windhoek line |
| 914 mm (3 ft) | 610 mm (2 ft) | 1920 | Nauru | Rail transport in Nauru |
| 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) | 762 mm (2 ft 6 in) | 2018 | Nepal | Jaynagar–Janakpur railway was regauged. |
| 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) | 1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in) | New Zealand | Canterbury Provincial Railways | |
| 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) | 762 mm (2 ft 6 in) | 1912–1914 | Nigeria | Bauchi Light Railway |
| Nigeria | Port Harcourt – Onne, convertible sleepers installed since gauge conversion not imminent. | |||
| 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) | 750 mm (2 ft 5+1⁄2 in) | 1915 | Norway | Sulitjelma Line converted from 750 mm (2 ft 5+1⁄2 in) to dual gauge with 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) and when later closed was converted to a road. |
| 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) | 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) | 1922 | Norway | Skøyen–Filipstad Line |
| 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) | 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) | 1922 | Norway | Trondhjem–Støren Line |
| 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) | 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) | 1935 | Norway | Arendal Line |
| 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) | 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) | 1944 | Norway | Ålgård Line |
| 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) | 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) | 1941 | Norway / Nazi Germany | Røros Line in occupied Norway converted by German forces. |
| 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) | 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) | 1949 | Norway | Grevskap Line in Norway |
| 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) | 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in), 2 ft 6 in (762 mm), 2 ft (610 mm) | 2000 | Pakistan | All narrow-gauge tracks in Pakistan were re-gauged or were dismantled. |
| 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) | 1,524 mm (5 ft) | 2001 | Panama | The Panama Canal Railroad, by then in a dilapidated state, was reconstructed and relaid. |
| 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) | 914 mm (3 ft) | 2009 | Peru | Peru from Huancayo to Huancavelica; 147 km (91 mi).[10][11] |
| 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) | 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) | 2019–ongoing | Philippines | The Philippine National Railways is reconstructing its dilapidated narrow-gauge network to standard gauge.[12][13] |
| 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) | 1,524 mm (5 ft) | after 1918 | Poland | In part of Poland under Russian control (Russian Partition), some railways were Russian broad gauge. These were converted to standard gauge after Poland gained independence, to unify the national system. |
| 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) | 600 mm (1 ft 11+5⁄8 in) | 1924 | Poland | World War I field railway connecting Nasielsk and Sierpc, 88 km long. |
| 750 mm (2 ft 5+1⁄2 in) | 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) | 1932 | Poland | World War I field railway from Dūkštas to Druya. After the occupation of the Vilnius Region by Poland, the PKP regauged the line.[14] After World War II the majority of the line ended up in Belorussian SSR and closed in the 1970s.[15] |
| 1,668 mm (5 ft 5+21⁄32 in) | 1,664 mm (5 ft 5+1⁄2 in) | 19th century | Portugal | |
| 1,668 mm (5 ft 5+21⁄32 in) | 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) | 2004 | Portugal | The Guimarães line in Portugal was electrified and converted from metre gauge to Iberian broad gauge in 2004. |
| 1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in) | 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) | 2003-2019 | Russia | The railways of Sakhalin Island were converted in sections, first laying the third (outer) rail, making rail lines usable by both Japanese- and Russian-gauge trains. Once the railways throughout the island have been converted to the Russian gauge (by 2012), the inner rail was removed.[16] |
| –1918 | Russian Empire / German Empire | World War I as fronts and borders changed | ||
| –1945 | Soviet Union / Nazi Germany | World War II as fronts and borders changed | ||
| 1,524 mm (5 ft) | 1,829 mm (6 ft) | 1897 | Russian Empire | The first railway in Russia connecting Saint Petersburg to Tsarskoye Selo |
| 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) | 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) | (proposed) | Sierra Leone | Port Pepel iron ore line, derelict[17] |
| 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) | 610 mm (2 ft) | South Africa | ||
| 1,668 mm (5 ft 5+21⁄32 in) | 1,672 mm (5 ft 5+13⁄16 in) | 19th century | Spain | |
| 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) | 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) | 1976 | Spain | The line from Cartagena to Los Blancos was converted at the same time it was extended to Los Nietos.[18] |
| 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) | 1,668 mm (5 ft 5+21⁄32 in) | 2000s | Spain | Spain is building its high-speed lines to standard gauge, even though the existing system is Iberian; new cutoff lines are being built with gauge-convertible sleepers. |
| 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) | 762 mm (2 ft 6 in) | 1996 | Sri Lanka | The only narrow-gauge lines in Sri Lanka: Kelani Valley line was regauged while the 762 mm (2 ft 6 in) Uda Pussellawa railway was dismantled. |
| 600 mm (1 ft 11+5⁄8 in) | 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) | 1960s | Sweden | The Östra Södermanlands Järnväg railway in Mariefred mostly runs on tracks which were converted from standard gauge when it was remade into a heritage railway in the 1960s. |
| 891 mm (2 ft 11+3⁄32 in) | 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) | 1934 | Sweden | The short and isolated standard gauge tram line Långängsbanan built in 1911 in the northern Stockholm suburb of Stocksund, was converted to the narrow 891 mm (2 ft 11+3⁄32 in) Swedish three foot of the adjacent Roslag Railway in 1934. Långängsbanan was closed in 1966. |
| 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) | 891 mm (2 ft 11+3⁄32 in) | 1973-1978 | Sweden | The railway between Kalmar and Berga was converted during the 1970s. |
| 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) | 891 mm (2 ft 11+3⁄32 in) | 1972 | Sweden | The railway between Sandbäckshult and Mönsterås was converted between 1970 and 1972. In Sandbäckshult, the line connects to the Kalmar-Berga line. Both were converted to facilitate standard gauge transport to the pulp mill in Mönsterås. |
| 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) | 891 mm (2 ft 11+3⁄32 in) | 1953-1962 | Sweden | Kinnekulle Line |
| 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) | 1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in) | 1854 | Switzerland | Swiss Northern Railway |
| 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) | 750 mm (2 ft 5+1⁄2 in) | 2022 | Switzerland | Waldenburg Railway Being converted as part of a modernisation of the line. |
| 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) | 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) | 2010 | Switzerland | Swiss National Railway The former Nationalbahn line from Aarau to Suhr was converted to metre gauge to allow replacement of a street running section on the Menziken–Aarau–Schöftland railway line |
| 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) | 1,050 mm (3 ft 5+11⁄32 in) | (proposed) | Syria | Hejaz Railway |
| Tanzania | Tanzania in 2008 is proposed 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in)/1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) steel sleepers and 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in)/1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) concrete sleepers to suit gauge conversion. | |||
| 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) | 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) | 1920 onward | Thailand | From 1920, the standard gauge part of the Siam railway amounting to 1,000 km (620 mi) was converted first to third rail, and then to 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) (metre gauge) making the whole system metre gauge.[19] |
| 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) | 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) | (proposed) | Tunisia | Tunis - Sfax Line |
| 750 mm (2 ft 5+1⁄2 in) | 760 mm (2 ft 5+15⁄16 in) | 1948–1949 | Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic | Beregovo region network, around 200 km (120 mi); initially built during the Hungarian Empire and regauged when Ukraine became part of the Soviet Union.[20] |
| 750 mm (2 ft 5+1⁄2 in) | 760 mm (2 ft 5+15⁄16 in) | Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic | Uzhgorod region, 35 km (22 mi).[20] | |
| 750 mm (2 ft 5+1⁄2 in) | 600 mm (1 ft 11+5⁄8 in) | Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic | Vapniarka railways, 140 km (87 mi). | |
| 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) | 1,524 mm (5 ft) | 1844 | United Kingdom: England | The Eastern Counties Railway, constructed in 1839 and the connecting Northern and Eastern Railway, constructed in 1840. |
| 610 mm (2 ft) | 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) | United Kingdom: Wales | Eigiau Reservoir Tramway | |
| 381 mm (15 in) | 610 mm (2 ft) | 1916 | United Kingdom: Wales | Fairbourne Railway |
| 311 mm (12+1⁄4 in) | 381 mm (15 in) | 1986 | United Kingdom: Wales | Fairbourne Railway |
| 610 mm (2 ft) | 914 mm (3 ft) | 1986 | United Kingdom: Wales | Gorseddau Junction and Portmadoc Railway |
| 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) | 2,140 mm (7 ft 1⁄4 in) | 1892 | United Kingdom: England / Wales | Great Western Railway |
| 600 mm (1 ft 11+5⁄8 in) | 597 mm (1 ft 11+1⁄2 in) | United Kingdom: England | Lynton and Barnstaple Railway | |
| 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) | 597 mm (1 ft 11+1⁄2 in) | 2002 | United Kingdom: England | Southport Pier Tramway |
| 597 mm (1 ft 11+1⁄2 in) | 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) | 1950 | United Kingdom: England | Southport Pier Tramway |
| 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) | 2,140 mm (7 ft 1⁄4 in) | 1872 | United Kingdom: Wales | Teifi Valley Railway |
| 603 mm (1 ft 11+3⁄4 in) | 597 mm (1 ft 11+1⁄2 in) | 1901–1902 | United Kingdom: Wales | Vale of Rheidol Railway |
| 825 mm (2 ft 8+1⁄2 in) | 610 mm (2 ft) | 1884 | United Kingdom: England | Volk's Electric Railway |
| 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) | 1,473 mm (4 ft 10 in) | 1866 | United States New Jersey | Morris and Essex converted in 12 days[21] |
| 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) | 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) | 1871 | United States Maine | Maine Central Railroad Company |
| 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) | 914 mm (3 ft) | 1879 | United States California | Monterey Branch Line |
| 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) | 914 mm (3 ft) | 1881 | United States Colorado | Denver to Pueblo on Denver & Rio Grande Railroad.[22] This began a progressive and gradual conversion to standard gauge across Colorado, wherever the traffic justified the conversion |
| 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) | 1,524 mm (5 ft) | 1886 | United States | AN ACT to establish the gauge of the Pacific railroad and its branches.[23] set the standard for the First transcontinental railroad and encouraged previously laid lines to regauge. Southern railroads were not converted until 1886[24] when they were regauged to 1448 mm (4 ft 9 in). This was functionally compatible with standard gauge, final conversions taking place as track was maintained. |
| 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) | 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) | 1898 | United States California | San Diego Electric Railway |
| 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) | 914 mm (3 ft) | 1902 | United States Iowa | Burlington and Northwestern Railway |
| 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) | 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) | 1906 | United States California | Venice Short Line when sold from the Los Angeles Pacific Railroad to the Pacific Electric |
| 1,588 mm (5 ft 2+1⁄2 in) | 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) | 1997 | United States Louisiana | The Riverfront Streetcar Line of the New Orleans streetcar system was converted to conform with the rest of the historic streetcar system. |
| 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) | 1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in) | Central Asia | While China and Europe are connected by rail, and while both are mainly 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in), the intervening Central Asia Railways are 1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in) gauge. There are discussions about facilitating an eventual linkage of the Chinese and European standard gauge system. |
See also
References
- ^ Durrant, A.E., A.A. Jorgensen, C.P. Lewis. Steam in Africa, London, 1981, Hamlyn.
- ^ "Railways in Angola". 11 November 2010. Retrieved 27 November 2010.
- ^ . Australia: Ken Jasper MLA, Member for Murray Valley. 9 July 2008. Archived from the original on 18 July 2008. Retrieved 1 June 2016.
- ^ "Rail Revitalisation". South Australian Department of Transport, Energy and Infrastructure. Retrieved 25 August 2008.
- ^ . Mml.net.au. Archived from the original on 21 March 2012. Retrieved 6 May 2012.
- ^ Railway Digest, October 2015, pg 36
- ^ "ABOUT BOOKS". The Morning Bulletin. Rockhampton, Qld. 6 October 1939. p. 9. Retrieved 19 March 2014 – via National Library of Australia.
- ^ Stolfi, Russel H. S. (1991). "Chapter Eleven. German Logistics: Could the Germans Support an Advance into the Moscow-Gorki Space in the Summer of 1941?". Hitler's Panzers East: World War II Reinterpreted. Norman and London: University of Oklahoma Press. Retrieved 1 December 2016 – via Military Literature.
- ^ . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
- ^ Trains, March 2009, p68
- ^ Fender, Keith (8 December 2015). "High hopes for Peru's Andean railway". International Railway Journal. US. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
- ^ Barrow, Keith (9 August 2016). "Philippines adopts standard gauge for new lines". International Rail Journal. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Ordinario, Cai (18 September 2020). "Neda says 104 flagship projects ready for implementation next year". BusinessMirror. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Linia Dukszty - Druja" (in Polish).
- ^ . Archived from the original on 3 March 2016.
- ^ Сахалинская узкоколейная железная дорога (The narrow-gauge railways of Sakhalin) Archived 15 November 2013 at archive.today (in Russian)
- ^ . Archived from the original on 24 October 2008.
- ^ Ferropedia – Ferrocarril Cartagena – Los Nietos, http://ferropedia.es/wiki/Ferrocarril_Cartagena_-_Los_Nietos
- ^ "Break of Gauge – Letters to the Editor". The Sydney Morning Herald. Australia. 13 June 1938. Retrieved 1 June 2016 – via Trove – National Library of Australia.
- ^ a b . Archived from the original on 3 March 2016.
- ^ https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1866/07/03/90433709.pdf The New York Times, 3 July 1866
- ^ Wilkins, Tivis (Tiv) E. (1974). "Part II – Expansion And Consolidation". Colorado Railroads. Pruett Publishing Company.
- ^ "An act to establish the gauge of the Pacific railroad and its branches". US: Congress. 1 March 1863. Retrieved 1 June 2016 – via Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum.
- ^ "The Days They Changed the Gauge".