Liquid consonant
In phonetics, liquids are a class of consonants consisting of voiced lateral approximants like /l/ together with rhotics like /r/.[1][2]
This article discusses the etymology, phonological properties, and areal distribution of liquid consonants in various languages. The term "liquid" refers to sonorant consonants such as /l/, /r/, /m/, and /n/. Liquids are known for their flexibility in occurring in consonant clusters and their propensity for metathesis and dissimilation. They are also the consonants most likely to occupy the nucleus slot in a syllable. The number and nature of liquid consonants vary across languages, with some having a single liquid phoneme that has both lateral and rhotic allophones, while others have multiple liquid phonemes. Additionally, some languages do not have any liquid consonants at all.
Etymology
The grammarian Dionysius Thrax used the Ancient Greek word ὑγρός (hygrós, transl. moist) to describe the sonorant consonants (/l, r, m, n/) of classical Greek.[3] Most commentators assume that this referred to their "slippery" effect on meter in classical Greek verse when they occur as the second member of a consonant cluster.[3] This word was calqued into Latin as liquidus, whence it has been retained in the Western European phonetic tradition.
Phonological properties
Liquids as a class often behave in a similar way in the phonotactics of a language: for example, they often have the greatest freedom in occurring in consonant clusters.[1]
Metathesis
Cross-linguistically, liquids are the consonants most prone to metathesis.
Spanish
In Spanish, /r/ is liable for metathesis. More specifically, /r/ and /l/ frequently switch places:
- Lat. crocodīlus > Span. cocodrilo “crocodile”
- Lat. mīrāculum > Span. milagro “miracle”
- Lat. perīculum > Span. peligro “danger”
- Lat. parabola > Span. palabra “speech”
English
comfortable is frequently pronounced /ˈkʌmf.tɚ.bəl/ in rhotic varieties, although its stem, comfort is pronounced /ˈkʌm.fɚt/, with the rhotic /ɹ/ in its original position.
Dissimilation
Liquids are also prone to dissimilation when they occur in sequence.
Sequence r..r > l..r
- Latin peregrinus > Old French pelegrin (> pilgrim)
Sequence l..l > r..l
- Italian colonello > Middle French coronnel
This example of a relatively old case of phonetic dissimilation has been artificially undone in the spelling of English colonel, whose standard pronunciation is /ˈkɝnəl/ (with the r sound) in North-American English, or /ˈkɜːnəl/ in RP. It was formerly spelt coronel and is a borrowing from Middle French coronnel, which arose as a result of dissimilation from Italian colonnello.[4]
Nucleus slot
Liquids are also the consonants most prone to occupying the nucleus slot in a syllable (the slot usually assigned to vowels).[5] Thus Czech and other Slavic languages allow their liquid consonants /l/ and /r/ to be the center of their syllables – as witnessed by the classic tonguetwister strč prst skrz krk "push (your) finger through (your) throat".
Areal distribution
Languages differ in the number and nature of their liquid consonants.
Many languages, such as Japanese, Korean, or Polynesian languages (see below), have a single liquid phoneme that has both lateral and rhotic allophones.[1]
English has two liquid phonemes, one lateral, /l/ and one rhotic, /ɹ/, exemplified in the words led and red.
Many other European languages have one lateral and one rhotic phoneme. Some, such as Greek, Italian and Serbo-Croatian, have more than two liquid phonemes. All three languages have the set /l/, /ʎ/, /r/, with two laterals and one rhotic. Similarly, the Iberian languages contrast four liquid phonemes. /l/, /ʎ/, /ɾ/, and a fourth phoneme that is an alveolar trill in all but many varieties of Portuguese, where it is a uvular trill or fricative (also, the majority of Spanish speakers lack /ʎ/ and use the central /ʝ/ instead). Some European languages, for example Russian and Irish, contrast a palatalized lateral–rhotic pair with an unpalatalized (or velarized) set (e.g. /lʲ/ /rʲ/ /l/ /r/ in Russian).
Elsewhere in the world, two liquids of the types mentioned above remains the most common attribute of a language's consonant inventory except in North America and Australia. In North America, a majority of languages do not have rhotics at all and there is a wide variety of lateral sounds though most are obstruent laterals rather than liquids. Most indigenous Australian languages are very rich in liquids, with some having as many as seven distinct liquids. They typically include dental, alveolar, retroflex and palatal laterals, and as many as three rhotics.
On the other side, there are many indigenous languages in the Amazon Basin and eastern North America, as well as a few in Asia and Africa, with no liquids.
Polynesian languages typically have only one liquid, which may be either a lateral or a rhotic. Non-Polynesian Oceanic languages usually have both /l/ and /r/, occasionally more (e.g. Araki has /l/, /ɾ/, /r/) or less (e.g. Mwotlap has only /l/). Hiw is unusual in having a prestopped velar lateral /ᶢʟ/ as its only liquid.[6]
See also
References
- ^ a b c Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. p. 182. ISBN 978-0-631-19815-4.
- ^ Gussenhoven, Carlos; Jacobs, Haike (2017). Understanding Phonology. Net York: Routledge. p. 68. ISBN 978-1-138-96141-8.
- ^ a b Allen, William Sidney (1965). Phonetics in ancient India. Oxford University Press. p. 31.
- ^ "Pronunciation Note" at Colonel @ Dictionary.Reference.com.
- ^ Anderson, Catherine (2018-03-15), "3.5 Syllabic Consonants", Essentials of Linguistics, McMaster University, retrieved 2021-02-02
- ^ François, Alexandre (2010a), "Phonotactics and the prestopped velar lateral of Hiw: Resolving the ambiguity of a complex segment", Phonology, 27 (3): 393–434, doi:10.1017/s0952675710000205, S2CID 62628417.