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Lamassu

January 01, 1970

Lama, Lamma, or Lamassu (Cuneiform: ð’€­ð’†—, an.kal; Sumerian: dlammaÅ™; later in Akkadian: lamassu; sometimes called a lamassus)[1][2] is an Assyrian protective deity.[3]

Lamma, protective winged deity, Sumerian Isin-Larsa period (2000–1800 BC)
Lamassu, Neo-Assyrian Empire, c. 721–705 BC

Initially depicted as a goddess in Sumerian times, when it was called Lamma, it was later depicted from Assyrian times as a hybrid of a human, bird, and either a bull or lion—specifically having a human head, the body of a bull or a lion, and bird wings, under the name Lamassu.[3][4] In some writings, it is portrayed to represent a goddess.[5] A less frequently used name is shedu (Cuneiform: 𒀭𒆘, an.kal×bad; Sumerian: dalad; Akkadian, šēdu), which refers to the male counterpart of a lamassu.[6] Lamassu represent the zodiacs, parent-stars or constellations.[7][8]

Goddess Lama edit

 
Lamassu at the Iraq Museum, Baghdad.

The goddess Lama appears initially as a mediating goddess who precedes the orans and presents them to the deities.[3] The protective deity is clearly labelled as Lam(m)a in a Kassite stele unearthed at Uruk, in the temple of Ishtar, goddess to which she had been dedicated by king Nazi-Maruttash (1307–1282 BC).[9] It is a goddess wearing a ruffled dress and wearing a horned tiara symbolizing the deity, with two hands raised, in sign of prayer. Agnès Spycket proposed that similar female figures appearing in particular in glyptics and statuary from the Akkadian period, and in particular in the presentation scenes (common especially in the Paleo-Babylonian era) were to be considered as Lam(m)a.[10] This opinion is commonly followed and in artistic terminology these female figures are generally referred to as Lam(m)a.[3] From Assyrian times, Lamma becomes a hybrid deity, half-animal, half-human.[3]

Iconography edit

 
Human-headed winged bulls from Sargon II's palace in Dur-Sharrukin, modern Khorsabad (Louvre)

From Assyrian times, lamassu were depicted as hybrids, with bodies of either winged bulls or lions and heads of human males.[3] The motif of a winged animal with a human head is common to the Near East, first recorded in Ebla around 3000 BC. The first distinct lamassu motif appeared in Assyria during the reign of Tiglath-Pileser II as a symbol of power.[11][12]

Assyrian sculpture typically placed prominent pairs of lamassu at entrances in palaces, facing the street and also internal courtyards. They were represented as "double-aspect" figures on corners, in high relief. From the front they appear to stand, and from the side, walk, and in earlier versions have five legs, as is apparent when viewed obliquely. Lumasi do not generally appear as large figures in the low-relief schemes running round palace rooms, where winged genie figures are common, but they sometimes appear within narrative reliefs, apparently protecting the Assyrians.[13]

The colossal entrance figures were often followed by a hero grasping a wriggling lion, also colossal in scale and in high relief. In the palace of Sargon II at Dur-Sharrukin, a group of at least seven lamassu and two such heroes with lions surrounded the entrance to the "throne room", "a concentration of figures which produced an overwhelming impression of power."[14] They also appear on cylinder seals. Notable examples include those at the Gate of All Nations at Persepolis in Iran, the British Museum in London, the Louvre in Paris, the National Museum of Iraq in Baghdad, the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, and the University of Chicago Oriental Institute. Several examples left in situ in northern Iraq were destroyed in the 2010s by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant when they occupied the area, as were those in the Mosul Museum.

Terminology edit

Lamassu represent the zodiacs, parent-stars, or constellations.[7][8] They are depicted as protective deities because they encompass all life within them. In the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh, they are depicted as physical deities as well, which is where the lamassu iconography originates, physical representations or embodiments of divine higher principles associated with specific celestial origins. Although lamassu had a different iconography and portrayal in the culture of Sumer, the terms "lamassu", "alad", and "shedu" evolved throughout the Assyro-Akkadian culture from the Sumerian culture to denote the Assyrian-winged-man-bull symbol and statues during the Neo-Assyrian Empire. Eventually, female lamassu were identified as "apsasû".[4]

 
Cast from the original in Iraq, this is one of a pair of five-legged lamassu with lion's feet in Berlin

The motif of the Assyrian-winged-man-bull called Aladlammu and Lamassu interchangeably is not the lamassu or alad of Sumerian origin, which were depicted with different iconography.[clarification needed] These monumental statues were called aladlammû or lamassu which meant "protective spirit".[4][clarification needed] In Hittite, the Sumerian form dlamma is used both as a name for the so-called "tutelary deity", identified in certain later texts with the goddess Inara, and a title given to similar protective deities.[15]

Mythology edit

 
The lamassu in Persepolis

The lamassu is a celestial being from ancient Mesopotamian religion bearing a human head, symbolising intelligence, a bull's body, symbolizing strength; and wings of an eagle to symbolize freedom. Sometimes it had the horns and the ears of a bull. It appears frequently in Mesopotamian art. The lamassu and shedu were household protective spirits of the common Assyrian people, becoming associated later as royal protectors, and were placed as sentinels at entrances.[16] The Akkadians associated the god Papsukkal with a lamassu and the god IÅ¡um with shedu.

To protect houses, the lamassu were engraved in clay tablets, which were then buried under the door's threshold. They were often placed as a pair at the entrance of palaces. At the entrance of cities, they were sculpted in colossal size, and placed as a pair, one at each side of the door of the city, that generally had doors in the surrounding wall, each one looking toward one of the cardinal points.

In modern culture edit

The British 10th Army, which operated in Iraq and Iran in 1942–1943, adopted the lamassu as its insignia. A bearded man with a winged bull body appears on the logo of the United States Forces – Iraq.

A man with a bull's body is found among the creatures that make up Aslan's army in The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe by C. S. Lewis. He appears at the Stone Table, challenging the White Witch "with a great bellowing voice". In the film Alexander (2004), lamassu are seen at the Ishtar Gate in Babylon. In the Disney film Aladdin (1992), a gold lamassu can be found in the scene where Aladdin and Abu enter the cave in the desert to find the lamp. And, in the "Star Wars" prequel: Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones, Lama Su is the name of the Kaminoan cloner who tells Obi-Wan Kenobi about Jango Fett being the clone army's template.

Michael Rakowitz, a Northwestern University professor of Art Theory & Practice, won a Fourth Plinth commission to recreate the Lamassu that stood in Nineveh, Iraq, from 700 BC until it was destroyed by ISIS in 2015. Rakowitz's sculpture has been displayed in London's Trafalgar Square since 2018.[17]

Lamassu appear in the novel Magic Rises, the 6th book of the Kate Daniels series by Ilona Andrews.

Games edit

Lammasu [sic] and shedu are two distinct types of good-aligned creatures in the role-playing game Dungeons & Dragons, with lammasu having the bodies of winged lions and shedu depicted as human-headed winged bulls.

Lammasu appear in the Magic: The Gathering trading card game as the white card Hunted Lammasu[18] in the Ravnica expansion, as well as the white card Venerable Lammasu[19] found in the Khans of Tarkir expansion.

In the Games Workshop miniatures wargame, Warhammer Fantasy Battle, the Lamasu was a mount for the Chaos Dwarf army. It has since returned as part of the Storm of Magic expansion release.

A lammasu briefly appears in the Fablehaven series.

In the video game Heroes of Might and Magic VI, the lamasu [sic] is a recruitable elite creature of the necropolis faction (undead).

Lamassu is an enemy in the Neo Babylon levels of Spelunky 2, and in the Neo Babylon level set in the Cosmic Ocean section.

A Lamassu appears in Axiom Verge 2 as a godly machine, designed to protect against interlopers.

A Lamassu appears in Prince of Persia 3D at the end of the Floating Ruins level, where the prince rides on it to the Cliffs. It is also appears in the ending of the game, where the Prince and Princess ride it to an unknown destination.

The Lamassu is one of the character backgrounds in the role-playing game Troika!.

Lamassu is the name of a spell card in the MMO Wizard101.

Gallery edit

External videos
  Assyrian Human Headed Winged Lion and Bull (Lamassu), Smarthistory[20]
  •  
    The British Museum – human-headed winged lions and reliefs from Nimrud with the Gates of Balawat
  •  
    The British Museum – human-headed winged bulls from Dur-Sharrukin
  •  
    The British Museum – human-headed winged lion and bull from Nimrud, companion pieces in Metropolitan Museum of Art
  •  
    Louvre – human-headed winged bulls from Dur-Sharrukin
  •  
    Louvre – human-headed winged bulls, sculpture and Reliefs from Dur-Sharrukin.
  •  
    Louvre – human-headed winged bulls and reliefs from Dur-Sharrukin, in their wider setting of reliefs
  •  
    Louvre – human-headed winged bulls and reliefs from Dur-Sharrukin
  •  
    The Metropolitan Museum of Art – human-headed winged lion and bull from Nimrud, companion pieces to those in the British Museum
  •  
    Detail, University of Chicago Oriental Institute. Possibly gypsum, Dur-Sharrukin, entrance to the throne room, c. 721–705 BC
  •  
    Cuneiform script on the back of a lamassu in the University of Chicago Oriental Institute
  •  
    Modern impression of Achaemenid cylinder seal, fifth century BC. A winged solar disc legitimises the Achaemenid emperor, who subdues two rampant Mesopotamian lamassu figures
  •  
    Seal of United States Forces – Iraq
  •  
    Insignia of the British 10th Army
  •  
    Insignia of the SAVAK of Iran
  •  
    The entrance of a fire temple in Fort Mumbai displaying a lamassu
  •  
    Head of lamassu. Marble, eighth century BC, from Assur, Iraq. Museum of the Ancient Orient, Istanbul.
  •  
    Head of a lamassu from the palace of Esarhaddon, from Nimrud, Iraq, seventh century BC, the British Museum
  •  
    Lamassu from the Throne Room (Room B) of the North-West Palace at Nimrud, Iraq, ninth century BC, the British Museum, London
  •  
    Lamassu on an Assyrian Genocide memorial in Yerevan

See also edit

Citations edit

  1. ^ Kriwaczek, Paul. Babylon: Mesopotamia and the Birth of Civilization, p. 37.
  2. ^ . Archived from the original on 2016-03-08. Retrieved 2015-05-06.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Leick, Gwendolyn (2002). A Dictionary of Ancient Near Eastern Mythology. Routledge. pp. 109–110. ISBN 978-1-134-64102-4.
  4. ^ a b c . Archived from the original on 2014-06-01. Retrieved 2020-03-26.
  5. ^ Beaulieu, Paul-Alain (2003). The Pantheon of Uruk During the Neo-Babylonian Period. Brill. ISBN 90-04-13024-1.
  6. ^ Black, Jeremy; Green, Anthony (2003). An Illustrated dictionary, Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia. The British Museum Press. ISBN 0-7141-1705-6.
  7. ^ a b Hewitt, J.F. History and Chronology of the Myth-Making Age. p. 85.
  8. ^ a b W. King, Leonard. Enuma Elish Vol 1 & 2: The Seven Tablets of Creation; The Babylonian and Assyrian Legends Concerning the Creation of the World and of Mankind. p. 78.
  9. ^ "The deity which we have here called the Babylonian Goddess has been identified as the goddess Lama thanks to an inscription found at Uruk. Agnes Spycket has discussed the textual references to this interceding deity, and the way she is represented in art." Collon, Dominique (1975). The seal impressions from Tell Atchana/Alalakh. Butzon & Bercker. p. 181. ISBN 978-3-7887-0469-8.
  10. ^ Spycket, Agnès (1960). "La Déesse Lama". Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale. 54 (2): 73–84. ISSN 0373-6032. JSTOR 23294909.
  11. ^ "History – Mesopotamia". BBC. from the original on 2007-07-13. Retrieved 2019-12-22.
  12. ^ "Lamassu". ancientneaeast.net. from the original on 2008-06-28. Retrieved 2010-07-17.
  13. ^ Frankfort, 147–148
  14. ^ Frankfort, 147–148, 148 quoted
  15. ^ McMahon, John Gregory (1991). The Hittite State Cult of the Tutelary Deities. Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. ISBN 978-0-918986-69-6.
  16. ^ Castor, Marie-José. "Winged human-headed bull". Louvre.fr. from the original on January 28, 2017. Retrieved February 19, 2017.
  17. ^ "The Lamassu, Resurrected". from the original on 2017-04-15. Retrieved 2017-04-14.
  18. ^ . Archived from the original on March 11, 2007.
  19. ^ "Venerable Lammasu". from the original on 2014-12-17. Retrieved 2014-12-18.
  20. ^ "Assyrian Human Headed Winged Lion and Bull (Lamassu)". Smarthistory at Khan Academy. from the original on January 17, 2013. Retrieved January 8, 2013.

General references edit

  • Frankfort, Henri, The Art and Architecture of the Ancient Orient, Pelican History of Art, 4th ed 1970, Penguin (now Yale History of Art), ISBN 0140561072

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shedu.
  • (in French)

January 01, 1970
lamassu, lama, lamma, cuneiform, 𒀭𒆗, sumerian, lammař, later, akkadian, lamassu, sometimes, called, lamassus, assyrian, protective, deity, lamma, protective, winged, deity, sumerian, isin, larsa, period, 2000, 1800, assyrian, empire, initially, depicted, godde. Lama Lamma or Lamassu Cuneiform 𒀭𒆗 an kal Sumerian d lammar later in Akkadian lamassu sometimes called a lamassus 1 2 is an Assyrian protective deity 3 Lamma protective winged deity Sumerian Isin Larsa period 2000 1800 BC Lamassu Neo Assyrian Empire c 721 705 BC Initially depicted as a goddess in Sumerian times when it was called Lamma it was later depicted from Assyrian times as a hybrid of a human bird and either a bull or lion specifically having a human head the body of a bull or a lion and bird wings under the name Lamassu 3 4 In some writings it is portrayed to represent a goddess 5 A less frequently used name is shedu Cuneiform 𒀭𒆘 an kal bad Sumerian d alad Akkadian sedu which refers to the male counterpart of a lamassu 6 Lamassu represent the zodiacs parent stars or constellations 7 8 Contents 1 Goddess Lama 2 Iconography 3 Terminology 4 Mythology 5 In modern culture 5 1 Games 6 Gallery 7 See also 8 Citations 9 General references 10 External linksGoddess Lama edit nbsp Lamassu at the Iraq Museum Baghdad The goddess Lama appears initially as a mediating goddess who precedes the orans and presents them to the deities 3 The protective deity is clearly labelled as Lam m a in a Kassite stele unearthed at Uruk in the temple of Ishtar goddess to which she had been dedicated by king Nazi Maruttash 1307 1282 BC 9 It is a goddess wearing a ruffled dress and wearing a horned tiara symbolizing the deity with two hands raised in sign of prayer Agnes Spycket proposed that similar female figures appearing in particular in glyptics and statuary from the Akkadian period and in particular in the presentation scenes common especially in the Paleo Babylonian era were to be considered as Lam m a 10 This opinion is commonly followed and in artistic terminology these female figures are generally referred to as Lam m a 3 From Assyrian times Lamma becomes a hybrid deity half animal half human 3 nbsp Statuette of the goddess Lama probably made in a workshop on the outskirts of Mesopotamia Isin Larsa period 2000 1800 BC Royal Museums of Art and History Brussels nbsp Cylinder seal showing the representation of a devotee center by goddess Lamma left to Ishtar right Babylonian c 18th 17th century BC Metropolitan Museum of Art nbsp Stele with inscription showing the protectrice deity Lam m a dedicated by king Nazi Maruttash to goddess Ishtar from Uruk 1307 1282 BC Metropolitan Museum of Art Iconography edit nbsp Human headed winged bulls from Sargon II s palace in Dur Sharrukin modern Khorsabad Louvre From Assyrian times lamassu were depicted as hybrids with bodies of either winged bulls or lions and heads of human males 3 The motif of a winged animal with a human head is common to the Near East first recorded in Ebla around 3000 BC The first distinct lamassu motif appeared in Assyria during the reign of Tiglath Pileser II as a symbol of power 11 12 Assyrian sculpture typically placed prominent pairs of lamassu at entrances in palaces facing the street and also internal courtyards They were represented as double aspect figures on corners in high relief From the front they appear to stand and from the side walk and in earlier versions have five legs as is apparent when viewed obliquely Lumasi do not generally appear as large figures in the low relief schemes running round palace rooms where winged genie figures are common but they sometimes appear within narrative reliefs apparently protecting the Assyrians 13 The colossal entrance figures were often followed by a hero grasping a wriggling lion also colossal in scale and in high relief In the palace of Sargon II at Dur Sharrukin a group of at least seven lamassu and two such heroes with lions surrounded the entrance to the throne room a concentration of figures which produced an overwhelming impression of power 14 They also appear on cylinder seals Notable examples include those at the Gate of All Nations at Persepolis in Iran the British Museum in London the Louvre in Paris the National Museum of Iraq in Baghdad the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York and the University of Chicago Oriental Institute Several examples left in situ in northern Iraq were destroyed in the 2010s by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant when they occupied the area as were those in the Mosul Museum Terminology editLamassu represent the zodiacs parent stars or constellations 7 8 They are depicted as protective deities because they encompass all life within them In the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh they are depicted as physical deities as well which is where the lamassu iconography originates physical representations or embodiments of divine higher principles associated with specific celestial origins Although lamassu had a different iconography and portrayal in the culture of Sumer the terms lamassu alad and shedu evolved throughout the Assyro Akkadian culture from the Sumerian culture to denote the Assyrian winged man bull symbol and statues during the Neo Assyrian Empire Eventually female lamassu were identified as apsasu 4 nbsp Cast from the original in Iraq this is one of a pair of five legged lamassu with lion s feet in Berlin The motif of the Assyrian winged man bull called Aladlammu and Lamassu interchangeably is not the lamassu or alad of Sumerian origin which were depicted with different iconography clarification needed These monumental statues were called aladlammu or lamassu which meant protective spirit 4 clarification needed In Hittite the Sumerian form dlamma is used both as a name for the so called tutelary deity identified in certain later texts with the goddess Inara and a title given to similar protective deities 15 Mythology edit nbsp The lamassu in Persepolis The lamassu is a celestial being from ancient Mesopotamian religion bearing a human head symbolising intelligence a bull s body symbolizing strength and wings of an eagle to symbolize freedom Sometimes it had the horns and the ears of a bull It appears frequently in Mesopotamian art The lamassu and shedu were household protective spirits of the common Assyrian people becoming associated later as royal protectors and were placed as sentinels at entrances 16 The Akkadians associated the god Papsukkal with a lamassu and the god Isum with shedu To protect houses the lamassu were engraved in clay tablets which were then buried under the door s threshold They were often placed as a pair at the entrance of palaces At the entrance of cities they were sculpted in colossal size and placed as a pair one at each side of the door of the city that generally had doors in the surrounding wall each one looking toward one of the cardinal points In modern culture editThe British 10th Army which operated in Iraq and Iran in 1942 1943 adopted the lamassu as its insignia A bearded man with a winged bull body appears on the logo of the United States Forces Iraq A man with a bull s body is found among the creatures that make up Aslan s army in The Lion the Witch and the Wardrobe by C S Lewis He appears at the Stone Table challenging the White Witch with a great bellowing voice In the film Alexander 2004 lamassu are seen at the Ishtar Gate in Babylon In the Disney film Aladdin 1992 a gold lamassu can be found in the scene where Aladdin and Abu enter the cave in the desert to find the lamp And in the Star Wars prequel Star Wars Episode II Attack of the Clones Lama Su is the name of the Kaminoan cloner who tells Obi Wan Kenobi about Jango Fett being the clone army s template Michael Rakowitz a Northwestern University professor of Art Theory amp Practice won a Fourth Plinth commission to recreate the Lamassu that stood in Nineveh Iraq from 700 BC until it was destroyed by ISIS in 2015 Rakowitz s sculpture has been displayed in London s Trafalgar Square since 2018 17 Lamassu appear in the novel Magic Rises the 6th book of the Kate Daniels series by Ilona Andrews Games edit Lammasu sic and shedu are two distinct types of good aligned creatures in the role playing game Dungeons amp Dragons with lammasu having the bodies of winged lions and shedu depicted as human headed winged bulls Lammasu appear in the Magic The Gathering trading card game as the white card Hunted Lammasu 18 in the Ravnica expansion as well as the white card Venerable Lammasu 19 found in the Khans of Tarkir expansion In the Games Workshop miniatures wargame Warhammer Fantasy Battle the Lamasu was a mount for the Chaos Dwarf army It has since returned as part of the Storm of Magic expansion release A lammasu briefly appears in the Fablehaven series In the video game Heroes of Might and Magic VI the lamasu sic is a recruitable elite creature of the necropolis faction undead Lamassu is an enemy in the Neo Babylon levels of Spelunky 2 and in the Neo Babylon level set in the Cosmic Ocean section A Lamassu appears in Axiom Verge 2 as a godly machine designed to protect against interlopers A Lamassu appears in Prince of Persia 3D at the end of the Floating Ruins level where the prince rides on it to the Cliffs It is also appears in the ending of the game where the Prince and Princess ride it to an unknown destination The Lamassu is one of the character backgrounds in the role playing game Troika Lamassu is the name of a spell card in the MMO Wizard101 Gallery editExternal videos nbsp Assyrian Human Headed Winged Lion and Bull Lamassu Smarthistory 20 nbsp The British Museum human headed winged lions and reliefs from Nimrud with the Gates of Balawat nbsp The British Museum human headed winged bulls from Dur Sharrukin nbsp The British Museum human headed winged lion and bull from Nimrud companion pieces in Metropolitan Museum of Art nbsp Louvre human headed winged bulls from Dur Sharrukin nbsp Louvre human headed winged bulls sculpture and Reliefs from Dur Sharrukin nbsp Louvre human headed winged bulls and reliefs from Dur Sharrukin in their wider setting of reliefs nbsp Louvre human headed winged bulls and reliefs from Dur Sharrukin nbsp The Metropolitan Museum of Art human headed winged lion and bull from Nimrud companion pieces to those in the British Museum nbsp Detail University of Chicago Oriental Institute Possibly gypsum Dur Sharrukin entrance to the throne room c 721 705 BC nbsp Cuneiform script on the back of a lamassu in the University of Chicago Oriental Institute nbsp Modern impression of Achaemenid cylinder seal fifth century BC A winged solar disc legitimises the Achaemenid emperor who subdues two rampant Mesopotamian lamassu figures nbsp Seal of United States Forces Iraq nbsp Insignia of the British 10th Army nbsp Insignia of the SAVAK of Iran nbsp The entrance of a fire temple in Fort Mumbai displaying a lamassu nbsp Head of lamassu Marble eighth century BC from Assur Iraq Museum of the Ancient Orient Istanbul nbsp Head of a lamassu from the palace of Esarhaddon from Nimrud Iraq seventh century BC the British Museum nbsp Lamassu from the Throne Room Room B of the North West Palace at Nimrud Iraq ninth century BC the British Museum London nbsp Lamassu on an Assyrian Genocide memorial in YerevanSee also edit nbsp Mythology portal nbsp Asia portal Anzu older reading Zu Mesopotamian monster Apis Buraq Centaur Cherubim Chimera Greek mythological hybrid monster Enlil Griffin or griffon lion bird hybrid Harpy Jinn Kamadhenu Hindu bovine goddess Lakhmu Akkadian deity also known as Lammasu Manticore Persian sphinx like creature Mermaid Minotaur Mythological hybrid List of hybrid creatures in mythology Pamola the Abenaki origin indigenous American winged moose spirit protecting Mount Katahdin Pegasus winged stallion in Greek mythology Sharabha Hindu mythology lion bird hybrid Simurgh Iranian mythical flying creature Sphinx mythical creature with lion s body and human head Thunderbird mythology Yali Hindu mythological lion elephant horse hybrid Ziz giant griffin like bird in Jewish mythologyCitations edit Kriwaczek Paul Babylon Mesopotamia and the Birth of Civilization p 37 Kaskal Rivista di storia ambiente e culture del vicino oriente antico Volume 6 2009 LoGisma editore Archived from the original on 2016 03 08 Retrieved 2015 05 06 a b c d e f Leick Gwendolyn 2002 A Dictionary of Ancient Near Eastern Mythology Routledge pp 109 110 ISBN 978 1 134 64102 4 a b c Livius org Archived from the original on 2014 06 01 Retrieved 2020 03 26 Beaulieu Paul Alain 2003 The Pantheon of Uruk During the Neo Babylonian Period Brill ISBN 90 04 13024 1 Black Jeremy Green Anthony 2003 An Illustrated dictionary Gods Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia The British Museum Press ISBN 0 7141 1705 6 a b Hewitt J F History and Chronology of the Myth Making Age p 85 a b W King Leonard Enuma Elish Vol 1 amp 2 The Seven Tablets of Creation The Babylonian and Assyrian Legends Concerning the Creation of the World and of Mankind p 78 The deity which we have here called the Babylonian Goddess has been identified as the goddess Lama thanks to an inscription found at Uruk Agnes Spycket has discussed the textual references to this interceding deity and the way she is represented in art Collon Dominique 1975 The seal impressions from Tell Atchana Alalakh Butzon amp Bercker p 181 ISBN 978 3 7887 0469 8 Spycket Agnes 1960 La Deesse Lama Revue d Assyriologie et d archeologie orientale 54 2 73 84 ISSN 0373 6032 JSTOR 23294909 History Mesopotamia BBC Archived from the original on 2007 07 13 Retrieved 2019 12 22 Lamassu ancientneaeast net Archived from the original on 2008 06 28 Retrieved 2010 07 17 Frankfort 147 148 Frankfort 147 148 148 quoted McMahon John Gregory 1991 The Hittite State Cult of the Tutelary Deities Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago ISBN 978 0 918986 69 6 Castor Marie Jose Winged human headed bull Louvre fr Archived from the original on January 28 2017 Retrieved February 19 2017 The Lamassu Resurrected Archived from the original on 2017 04 15 Retrieved 2017 04 14 Hunted Lammasu Archived from the original on March 11 2007 Venerable Lammasu Archived from the original on 2014 12 17 Retrieved 2014 12 18 Assyrian Human Headed Winged Lion and Bull Lamassu Smarthistory at Khan Academy Archived from the original on January 17 2013 Retrieved January 8 2013 General references editFrankfort Henri The Art and Architecture of the Ancient Orient Pelican History of Art 4th ed 1970 Penguin now Yale History of Art ISBN 0140561072External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shedu Webpage about the Sedu in the Louvre Museum in French Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Lamassu amp oldid 1212432621, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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