This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources. Find sources: "Lake retention time" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR(November 2011)
Lake retention time (also called the residence time of lake water, or the water age or flushing time) is a calculated quantity expressing the mean time that water (or some dissolved substance) spends in a particular lake. At its simplest, this figure is the result of dividing the lake volume by the flow in or out of the lake. It roughly expresses the amount of time taken for a substance introduced into a lake to flow out of it again. The retention time is especially important where pollutants are concerned.
The lake retention time for a body of water with the volume 2,000 m3 (71,000 cu ft) and the exit flow of 100 m3/h (3,500 cu ft/h) is 20 hours.
The global retention time for a lake (the overall mean time that water spends in the lake) is calculated by dividing the lake volume by either the mean rate of inflow of all tributaries, or by the mean rate of outflow (ideally including evaporation and seepage). This metric assumes that water in the lake is well-mixed (rather than stratified), so that any portion of the lake water is much like any other. In reality, larger and deeper lakes are generally not well-mixed. Many large lakes can be divided into distinct portions with only limited flow between them. Deep lakes are generally stratified, with deeper water mixing infrequently with surface water. These are often better modeled as several distinct sub-volumes of water.[1]
More specific residence times
It is possible to calculate more specific residence time figures for a particular lake, such as individual residence times for sub-volumes (e.g. particular arms), or a residence time distribution for the various layers of a stratified lake. These figures can often better express the hydrodynamics of the lake. However, any such approach remains a simplification and must be guided by an understanding of the processes operating in the lake.
Two approaches can be used (often in combination) to elucidate how a particular lake works: field measurements and mathematical modeling. One common technique for field measurement is to introduce a tracer into the lake and monitor its movement. This can be a solid tracer, such as a float constructed to be neutrally buoyant within a particular water layer, or sometimes a liquid. This approach is sometimes referred to as using a Lagrangian reference frame. Another field measurement approach, using an Eulerian reference frame, is to capture various properties of the lake water (including mass movement, water temperature, electrical conductivity and levels of dissolved substances, typically oxygen) at various fixed positions in the lake. From these can be constructed an understanding of the dominant processes operating in the various parts of the lake and their range and duration.[1]
Field measurements alone are usually not a reliable basis for generating residence times, mainly because they necessarily represent a small subset of locations and conditions. Therefore, the measurements are generally used as the input for numerical models. In theory it would be possible to integrate a system of hydrodynamic equations with variable boundary conditions over a very long period sufficient for inflowing water particles to exit the lake. One could then calculate the traveling times of the particles using a Lagrangian method. However, this approach exceeds the detail available in current hydrodynamic models and the capacity of current computer resources. Instead, residence time models developed for gas and fluid dynamics, chemical engineering, and bio-hydrodynamics can be adapted to generate residence times for sub-volumes of lakes.[1]
Renewal time
One useful mathematical model the measurement of how quickly inflows are able to refill a lake. Renewal time is a specific measure of retention time, where the focus is on 'how long does it take to completely replace all water in a lake.' This is modeling can only be done with an accurate budget of all water gained and lost by the system. Renewal time simply becomes a question how quickly could the inflows of the lake fill the entire volume of the basin (this does still assume the outflows are unchanged). For example if Lake Michigan was emptied, it would take 99 years for its tributaries to completely refill the lake.[2]
List of residence times of lake water
The residence time listed is taken from the infobox in the associated article unless otherwise specified.
^ abcDuwe, Kurt (2003-01-03). (PDF). Integrated Water Resource Management for Important Deep European Lakes and their Catchment Areas. EUROLAKES. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 26, 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-11.
^Wetzel, R. G. (2001). Limnology 3rd Edition. New York: Academic Press.
^. International Lake Environment Committee Foundation. Archived from the original on December 13, 2013. Retrieved February 13, 2014.
^Colman, John A and Paul J. Friesz. "Geohydrology and Limnology of Walden Pond, Concord, Massachusetts". USGS. Retrieved 2020-07-07.
Further reading
Quinn, Frank H. (1992). "Hydraulic residence times for the Laurentian Great Lakes". Journal of Great Lakes Research. 18 (1): 22–28. doi:10.1016/S0380-1330(92)71271-4.
External links
EPA's Great Lakes Factsheet #1
EPA's Great Lakes Atlas
Jody Richardson, Alistair McKerchar (December 2006). "Land-locked fish and lake-residence time". Retrieved 22 May 2007. - relationship between residence time of lakes of New Zealand and koaro, smelt and common bully populations.
January 06, 2023
lake, retention, time, this, article, relies, largely, entirely, single, source, relevant, discussion, found, talk, page, please, help, improve, this, article, introducing, citations, additional, sources, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor,. This article relies largely or entirely on a single source Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources Find sources Lake retention time news newspapers books scholar JSTOR November 2011 Lake retention time also called the residence time of lake water or the water age or flushing time is a calculated quantity expressing the mean time that water or some dissolved substance spends in a particular lake At its simplest this figure is the result of dividing the lake volume by the flow in or out of the lake It roughly expresses the amount of time taken for a substance introduced into a lake to flow out of it again The retention time is especially important where pollutants are concerned The lake retention time for a body of water with the volume 2 000 m3 71 000 cu ft and the exit flow of 100 m3 h 3 500 cu ft h is 20 hours Contents 1 Global retention time 2 More specific residence times 3 Renewal time 4 List of residence times of lake water 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External linksGlobal retention time EditThe global retention time for a lake the overall mean time that water spends in the lake is calculated by dividing the lake volume by either the mean rate of inflow of all tributaries or by the mean rate of outflow ideally including evaporation and seepage This metric assumes that water in the lake is well mixed rather than stratified so that any portion of the lake water is much like any other In reality larger and deeper lakes are generally not well mixed Many large lakes can be divided into distinct portions with only limited flow between them Deep lakes are generally stratified with deeper water mixing infrequently with surface water These are often better modeled as several distinct sub volumes of water 1 More specific residence times EditIt is possible to calculate more specific residence time figures for a particular lake such as individual residence times for sub volumes e g particular arms or a residence time distribution for the various layers of a stratified lake These figures can often better express the hydrodynamics of the lake However any such approach remains a simplification and must be guided by an understanding of the processes operating in the lake Two approaches can be used often in combination to elucidate how a particular lake works field measurements and mathematical modeling One common technique for field measurement is to introduce a tracer into the lake and monitor its movement This can be a solid tracer such as a float constructed to be neutrally buoyant within a particular water layer or sometimes a liquid This approach is sometimes referred to as using a Lagrangian reference frame Another field measurement approach using an Eulerian reference frame is to capture various properties of the lake water including mass movement water temperature electrical conductivity and levels of dissolved substances typically oxygen at various fixed positions in the lake From these can be constructed an understanding of the dominant processes operating in the various parts of the lake and their range and duration 1 Field measurements alone are usually not a reliable basis for generating residence times mainly because they necessarily represent a small subset of locations and conditions Therefore the measurements are generally used as the input for numerical models In theory it would be possible to integrate a system of hydrodynamic equations with variable boundary conditions over a very long period sufficient for inflowing water particles to exit the lake One could then calculate the traveling times of the particles using a Lagrangian method However this approach exceeds the detail available in current hydrodynamic models and the capacity of current computer resources Instead residence time models developed for gas and fluid dynamics chemical engineering and bio hydrodynamics can be adapted to generate residence times for sub volumes of lakes 1 Renewal time EditOne useful mathematical model the measurement of how quickly inflows are able to refill a lake Renewal time is a specific measure of retention time where the focus is on how long does it take to completely replace all water in a lake This is modeling can only be done with an accurate budget of all water gained and lost by the system Renewal time simply becomes a question how quickly could the inflows of the lake fill the entire volume of the basin this does still assume the outflows are unchanged For example if Lake Michigan was emptied it would take 99 years for its tributaries to completely refill the lake 2 List of residence times of lake water EditThe residence time listed is taken from the infobox in the associated article unless otherwise specified Lake Location Basin countries Residence timeStausee Ferden Ferden Valais Switzerland 36 hoursLake Wohlen Wohlensee Canton of Berne Switzerland 2 1 daysLake Heviz Heviz Hungary 3 daysLake St Clair Great Lakes Canada United States 7 days 2 30 days Lake Arapuni North Island New Zealand 1 weekMilton Pond Strafford County New Hampshire York County Maine United States 11 1 daysGibson Lake Gibson Generating Station Princeton Indiana United States 2 weeksRacksta Trask Sweden 2 3 weeksLake Sagami Kanagawa Japan 0 05 yearLake Cristallina Ticino Switzerland 2 4 weeksNortheast Pond Strafford County New Hampshire York County Maine United States 23 7 daysBrandy Pond Naples Maine United States 34 daysChampagne Pool Waiotapu North Island New Zealand 34 daysProspect reservoir Prospect New South Wales Australia 30 40 daysSicklasjon Sweden 0 1 yearDevils Lake Lincoln County Oregon United States 0 15 yearsLough Derg Ireland 0 15 yearsDerwent Water Cumbria United Kingdom 55 daysLake Biel Bielersee Lac de Bienne Canton of Berne Switzerland 58 daysVeluwemeer Netherlands 2 monthsHacksjon Sweden 0 2 yearsKamloops Lake British Columbia Canada ca 0 2 years 20 340 days Malham Tarn North Yorkshire England United Kingdom 11 weeksLac d Anterne Passy Haute Savoie France 90 daysGraham Lake Hancock County Maine United States 3 monthsGrand Lac de Clairvaux Jura department Franche Comte France 3 monthsLaduviken Sweden 3 monthsEsthwaite Water Lake District Cumbria United Kingdom 0 26 yearsTrehorningen Huddinge Southern Stockholm County Sweden 0 27 yearsLac de Divonne Divonne les Bains Ain France 100 daysLake Lesina Lago di Lesina Province of Foggia Apulia Italy 100 daysSeeweidsee Canton of Zurich Switzerland 100 daysHuttnersee Hutten Canton of Zurich Switzerland 120 daysLake Lauerz Lauerzersee Canton of Schwyz Switzerland 0 3378 yearsMorris Lake Halifax Regional Municipality Nova Scotia Canada 4 1 monthsSobradinho Reservoir Brazil 0 35 yearsBalch Pond Carroll County New Hampshire York County Maine United States 136 daysMagelungen Sweden 4 5 monthsRussell Lake Halifax Regional Municipality Nova Scotia Canada 4 6 monthsLoweswater Lake District Cumbria United Kingdom 150 daysLappkarret Sweden 5 monthsLough Feeagh County Mayo Ireland 0 47 yearEgelsee Bubikon Canton of Zurich Switzerland 180 daysLac de Vouglans France 180 daysMettmenhaslisee Canton of Zurich Switzerland 180 daysAlbysjon Sweden 0 5 yearChesuncook Lake Piscataquis County Maine United States 6 monthsClinton Lake DeWitt County Illinois United States 6 monthsFlagstaff Lake Somerset County and Franklin County Maine United States 6 monthsLake Coeur d Alene Northern Idaho United States 0 5 yearsLac de Saint Point Doubs department Franche Comte France 200 daysKyrksjon Sweden 7 monthsNewnan s Lake Gainesville Florida United States 0 6 yearsStaples Pond Temple Maine United States 8 2 monthsLac Cornu Chamonix Mont Blanc Haute Savoie France 250 daysLac du Brevent Chamonix Haute Savoie France 250 daysLake Silvaplana Silvaplanersee Lej da Silvaplauna Engadin Grisons Switzerland 250 daysLoch Awe Argyll and Bute Scotland United Kingdom 0 7 yearLangsjon Sweden 9 10 monthsLake Sarnen Sarnersee Obwalden Switzerland 0 8 yearsLake Lovozero Kola Peninsula Murmansk Oblast Russia 10 monthsDrevviken Sweden 10 11 monthsMortsjon Sweden lt 1 yearJudarn Bromma Stockholm Sweden 11 monthsConiston Water Lake District Cumbria United Kingdom 340 daysUllswater Lake District Cumbria United Kingdom 350 daysKhanka Lake Heilongjiang Province China and Primorsky Krai Russia China Russia 1 yearLake Monona Dane County Wisconsin United States 1 1 yearsLong Lake Maine United States 1 1 yearsMooselookmeguntic Lake Franklin County Maine United States 1 1 yearsGreifensee Canton of Zurich Switzerland 408 daysNainital Lake Uttarakhand India 1 16 yearsManasbal Lake Kashmir Valley India 1 2 yearsLake Zurich Zurichsee Switzerland 440 daysTegernsee Bavaria Germany 1 28 yearsDeer Creek Reservoir Utah United States 1 3 yearOrlangen Huddinge Sweden 1 33 yearsHaweswater Reservoir Lake District Cumbria United Kingdom 500 daysLoch Shiel Lochaber Highland Scotland United Kingdom 1 37 yearLake Walen Walensee Lake Walenstadt St Gallen Glarus Switzerland 1 4258 yearsKeoka Lake Maine United States 1 5 yearsKootenay Lake British Columbia Canada 1 5 yearsLake Murten Lac de Morat Murtensee Canton of Fribourg Vaud Switzerland 1 6 yearsOeschinen Lake Bernese Oberland Switzerland 1 61 yearsLac de Lessy Haute Savoie France 600 daysEast Grand Lake Maine New Brunswick Canada United States 1 7 yearsLake Ikeda Kyushu island Japan 1 7 yearsLake Poyang China 0 173 years 3 Faaker See Carinthia Austria 1 8 yearsOssiacher See Lake Ossiach Carinthia Austria 1 8 yearsVarese Lake Lago di Varese Province of Varese Lombardy Italy 1 8 yearsLong Lost Lake Clearwater County Minnesota United States 1 8 yearsAltasjon Alta Sweden 1 8 yearsLake Thun Thunersee Canton of Berne Switzerland 684 daysGreen Lake Maine United States 1 9 yearsGommaren Sweden 1 9 yrsLoch Lomond Dunbartonshire Central Scotland Scotland United Kingdom 1 9 yearsLake Balaton Hungary Hungary 2 yearsLake Rotoroa Hamilton Waikato North Island New Zealand approx 2 yearsLake Tutira Hawke s Bay North Island New Zealand 2 yearsTurlersee Canton of Zurich Switzerland 730 daysPfaffikersee Canton of Zurich Switzerland 2 085 yearsCaniapiscau Reservoir Quebec Canada 2 2 yearsLake Sils Silsersee Lej da Segl Engadin Grisons Switzerland 2 2 yearsWilersee Canton of Zug Switzerland 2 2 yearsGreat Pond Maine United States 2 3 yearsMoberly Lake British Columbia Canada 2 4 yearsPaijanne Finland 2 5 yearsLake Erie North America Canada United States 2 6 yearsRangeley Lake Franklin County Maine United States 2 6 yearsLake Brienz Brienzersee Canton of Berne Switzerland 2 69 yearsAmmersee Lake Ammer Upper Bavaria Germany 2 7 yearsGrosser Ploner See Schleswig Holstein Germany 3 yearsPaudash Lake Haliburton County Ontario Canada 3 yearsMoosehead Lake Maine United States 3 1 yearsTrekanten Sweden 3 1 yearsGreat East Lake Carroll County New Hampshire York County Maine United States 3 3 yearsLake Champlain North America Canada United States 3 3 yearsFlathead Lake Montana United States 3 4 yearsLake Lucerne Vierwaldstattersee Central Switzerland Switzerland 3 4 yearsLake Winnipeg Manitoba Canada Canada 3 5 yearsLac de Paladru Isere France 3 6 yearsLake Hallwil Hallwilersee Aargau Switzerland 3 9 yearsFlaten southern Stockholm Sweden 4 yearsLake Annecy Lac d Annecy Haute Savoie France 4 yearsLake Maggiore Verbano Lago Maggiore Lombardy and Piedmont Italy Canton Ticino Switzerland Italy Switzerland 4 yearsTodos los Santos Lake Chile 4 yearsLake Baldegg Baldeggersee Canton of Lucerne Switzerland 4 2 yearsLake Iseo Lago d Iseo Lombardy Italy 4 2 yearsLake Constance Bodensee Germany Switzerland Austria Germany Switzerland Austria 4 3 yearsCorey Lake Michigan United States 4 4 yearsElk and Beaver Lakes Saanich British Columbia Canada 4 4 years Elk Lake Lake Como Lombardy Italy 4 5 yearsLake Mendota Wisconsin United States 4 5 yearsSea of Galilee Israel 5 yearsWalden Pond Massachusetts United States 5 years 4 Bannwaldsee Allgau Bavaria Germany 5 2 yearsSebago Lake Cumberland County Maine United States 5 1 to 5 4 yrsKennisis Lake Haliburton Highlands Ontario Canada 5 26 yearsBay Lake Crow Wing County Minnesota United States 4 7 yearsLake Biwa 琵琶湖 Japan 5 5 yearsJordan Pond Hancock County Maine United States 6 yearsLago di Mergozzo Piedmont Italy 6 yearsLake Ontario North America Canada United States 6 yearsLac la Nonne Alberta Canada 6 5 yearsLago di Candia Province of Turin Italy 6 or 7 yearsAgerisee Canton of Zug Switzerland 6 8 yearsLoch Morar Morar Lochaber Highland Scotland United Kingdom 6 87 yearsLake Powell Utah Arizona United States 7 2 yearsMillstatter See Lake Millstatt Carinthia Austria 7 5 yearsMoose Lake Alberta Canada 7 5 yearsSchaalsee Schleswig Holstein Germany 5 to 10 yearsIliamna Lake Lake and Peninsula Borough Alaska United States 7 8 yearsLac du Bourget Savoie France France 8 yearsOdell Lake Klamath County Oregon United States 8 yearsLake Lugano Lago di Lugano Ticino Lombardy Switzerland Italy 8 2 yearsLake Neuchatel Lac de Neuchatel Neuenburgersee Switzerland 8 2 yearsLake Orta Lago d Orta Cusio Piedmont Italy 8 9 yearsWeissensee Carinthia Austria 9 2 yearsQuesnel Lake British Columbia Canada 10 1 yearsSchweriner See Mecklenburg Vorpommern Germany 10 1 yearsLake Taupo Taupo District Waikato region North Island New Zealand 10 5 yearsWorthersee Lake Worth west of Klagenfurt Austria 10 5 yearsLake Chelan Washington United States 10 6 yearsLake Geneva Switzerland France Switzerland France 11 4 yearsLake Wakatipu Queenstown Lakes District Otago Region South Island New Zealand c 12 yearsHiggins Lake Michigan United States 12 5 yearsCrescent Lake Klamath County Oregon United States 13 yearsYellowstone Lake Yellowstone National Park Wyoming United States 14 yearsLake Zug Zugersee Switzerland 14 7 yearsMuritz Mecklenburg Vorpommern Germany 15 years Western Brook Pond Gros Morne National Park Newfoundland Newfoundland and Labrador Canada 15 4 yearsLake Sempach Sempachersee Canton of Lucerne Switzerland 16 9 yearsSkaneateles Lake New York United States 18 yearsCayuga Lake New York United States 18 2 yearsBear Lake Idaho Utah United States 19 6 yearsGreen Lake Green Lake County Wisconsin United States 21 yearsLake Starnberg Starnberger See Bavaria Germany 21 yearsLake Huron North America Canada United States 22 yearsLake Garda Lago di Garda Northern Italy Italy 26 8 yearsWaldo Lake Cascade Mountains United States 32 yearsCrystal Lake Benzie County Michigan United States 30 to 60 yearsLake Columbia Jackson County Michigan United States 47 yearsOkanagan Lake British Columbia Canada 52 8 yearsLake Ohrid Albania Republic of Macedonia 70 yearsLake Michigan United States United States 99 yearsArendsee Saxony Anhalt Germany 100 yearsGull Lake Alberta Canada gt 100 yearsLake Yosemite California United States 121 yearsGreat Bear Lake Northwest Territories Canada 124 yearsCrater Lake Oregon United States 157 yearsLake Superior North America Canada United States 191 yearsCaspian Sea Azerbaijan Iran Kazakhstan Russia Turkmenistan 250 yearsLake Baikal Russia 330 yearsLake Tahoe California Nevada United States 650 yearsLake Titicaca Peru Bolivia 1343 yearsLake Eucumbene Snowy Mountains New South Wales Australia 1953 yearsLakes Qaban Russia 2000 yearsLake Tanganyika Burundi DR Congo Tanzania Zambia 5500 yearsLake Vostok Antarctica 13300 yearsSee also EditWater cycle Residence timesReferences Edit a b c Duwe Kurt 2003 01 03 D24 Realistic Residence Times Studies PDF Integrated Water Resource Management for Important Deep European Lakes and their Catchment Areas EUROLAKES Archived from the original PDF on January 26 2007 Retrieved 2007 12 11 Wetzel R G 2001 Limnology 3rd Edition New York Academic Press Poyang Lake International Lake Environment Committee Foundation Archived from the original on December 13 2013 Retrieved February 13 2014 Colman John A and Paul J Friesz Geohydrology and Limnology of Walden Pond Concord Massachusetts USGS Retrieved 2020 07 07 Further reading EditQuinn Frank H 1992 Hydraulic residence times for the Laurentian Great Lakes Journal of Great Lakes Research 18 1 22 28 doi 10 1016 S0380 1330 92 71271 4 External links EditEPA s Great Lakes Factsheet 1 EPA s Great Lakes Atlas Jody Richardson Alistair McKerchar December 2006 Land locked fish and lake residence time Retrieved 22 May 2007 relationship between residence time of lakes of New Zealand and koaro smelt and common bully populations Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Lake retention time amp oldid 1125853269, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
